233:
195:
become more sophisticated. Many automatic mutators and accessors eventually get replaced by separate blocks of code. The benefit of automatically creating them in the early days of the implementation is that the public interface of the class remains identical whether or not greater sophistication is
121:
other than private and access it directly from outside the objects. Much finer control of access rights can be defined using mutators and accessors. For example, a parameter may be made read-only simply by defining an accessor but not a mutator. The visibility of the two methods may be different; it
203:
the class where they are defined often requires some additional thought. In the early days of an implementation, when there is little or no additional code in these blocks, it makes no difference if the private instance variable is accessed directly or not. As validation,
78:
to the variable to be modified is passed to the mutator, along with the new value. In this scenario, the compiler cannot restrict code from bypassing the mutator method and changing the variable directly. The responsibility falls to the
59:
are made private to hide and protect them from other code, and can only be modified by a public member function (the mutator method), which takes the desired new value as a parameter, optionally validates it, and modifies the private
4592:, the object system is a way to organize code that comes in addition to modules and units. As in the rest of the language, the object system has first-class values and lexical scope is used to control access to objects and methods.
183:. In these cases, no code blocks are created for validation, preprocessing or synthesis. These simplified accessors still retain the advantage of encapsulation over simple public instance variables, but it is common that, as
133:
or preprocessing of incoming data. If all external access is guaranteed to come through the mutator, then these steps cannot be bypassed. For example, if a date is represented by separate private
5379:
In VB.NET 2010, Auto
Implemented properties can be utilized to create a property without having to use the Get and Set syntax. Note that a hidden variable is created by the compiler, called
160:
Accessors conversely allow for synthesis of useful data representations from internal variables while keeping their structure encapsulated and hidden from outside modules. A monetary
1614:
member. Unlike Java, no explicit methods are defined; a public 'property' contains the logic to handle the actions. Note use of the built-in (undeclared) variable
219:
Accessor functions can be less efficient than directly fetching or storing data fields due to the extra steps involved, however such functions are often
5465:
5605:
4878:
may be used both to declare a private variable in a class and to provide either read-only or read-write public access to it respectively.
1715:
In later C# versions (.NET Framework 3.5 and above), this example may be abbreviated as follows, without declaring the private variable
5274:
This example illustrates the VB.NET idea of properties, which are used in classes. Similar to C#, there is an explicit use of the
2200:
supports a getter and setter function syntax. In version 2 of the language getter and setter class/struct methods should have the
1849:
options (even multiple times) to define reader methods, setter methods and accessor methods (a reader method and the respective
5659:
4773:
Struct definitions are an alternative way to define new types of values, with mutators being present when explicitly required:
1768:
Using the abbreviated syntax means that the underlying variable is no longer available from inside the class. As a result, the
2401:
This is a simple class in Delphi language which illustrates the concept of public property for accessing a private field.
1869:
1872:
extension specifies means to access a slot's reader and writer function names, including the ones generated with the
48:
5491:
122:
is often useful for the accessor to be public while the mutator remains protected, package-private or internal.
1603:
75:
4589:
1879:
The following example shows a definition of a student class using these slot options and direct slot access:
205:
65:
4881:
Defining individual accessor and mutator methods creates space for pre-processing or validation of the data
2595:
is private, i.e. only visible from the
Student class, and the "setter" and "getter" are public, namely the "
5469:
5391:
would result in an error. Privileged access to the underlying variable is available from within the class.
4165:
is private, i.e. only visible from the
Student class, and the "setter" and "getter" is public, namely the
164:
accessor may build a string from a numeric variable with the number of decimal places defined by a hidden
4867:
44:
216:
may appear where some internal access makes use of the newer code while in other places it is bypassed.
184:
5505:
1834:
25:
3484:
4155:
2585:
2197:
1611:
56:
5525:
1607:
5434:
4159:
3479:
Using traditional
Objective-C 1.0 syntax, with manual reference counting as the one working on
2589:
110:
87:
52:
5629:
83:
to ensure the variable is only modified through the mutator method and not modified directly.
36:, which returns the value of the private member variable. They are also known collectively as
5439:
4870:, individual accessor and mutator methods may be defined, or the metaprogramming constructs
188:
68:
4064:# Moose uses the attribute name as the setter and getter, the reader and writer properties
8:
5545:
4067:# allow us to override that and provide our own names, in this case get_name and set_name
126:
2130:;; The slot accessing options generate methods, thus allowing further method definitions
1772:
portion of the property must be present for assignment. Access can be restricted with a
5139:" Set the receiver age to be aNumber if is greater than 0 and less than 150 "
118:
80:
74:
Mutator methods may also be used in non-object-oriented environments. In this case, a
114:
98:
5444:
172:
17:
1853:
method). Slots are always directly accessible through their names with the use of
149:
mutator while for consistency the same private instance variables are accessed by
220:
130:
94:
61:
157:. In all cases month values outside of 1 - 12 can be rejected by the same code.
209:
192:
90:
offer a convenient alternative without giving up the utility of encapsulation.
5653:
3670:
4317:
This example uses a Python class with one variable, a getter, and a setter.
2712:
is used to create objects representing a student with only the name stored.
4038:
213:
2163:;; You could also check if a student with the new-number already exists.
71:
but they typically appear at different levels of the object hierarchy.
1837:, slot specifications within class definitions may specify any of the
175:
for mutators and accessors in a single line—as for example C#'s
3756:
232:
171:
Modern programming languages often offer the ability to generate the
28:
used to control changes to a variable. They are also widely known as
2037:;; Example of direct slot access within a calculated property setter
1986:;; Example of a calculated property getter (this is simply a method)
1861:, and the slot accessor options define specialized methods that use
93:
In the examples below, a fully implemented mutator method can also
4158:
representing a student with only the name stored, one can see the
2588:
representing a student with only the name stored, one can see the
5565:
3480:
2830:
Or (using a deprecated way to define accessors in Web browsers):
199:
Manipulation of parameters that have mutators and accessors from
5585:
212:
checks, preprocessing or other sophistication is added, subtle
3764:
3760:
3678:
3674:
109:
The alternative to defining mutator and accessor methods, or
97:
the input data or take further action such as triggering an
2958:
129:
where the mutator is defined provides an opportunity for
5606:"Object.prototype.__defineGetter__() - JavaScript | MDN"
1868:
CLOS itself has no notion of properties, although the
4370:# An instance variable to hold the student's name
196:
added, requiring no extensive refactoring if it is.
5538:
145:variables, then incoming dates can be split by the
3681:3.2, generating the same code as described above:
223:which eliminates the overhead of a function call.
5518:
2367:// same effect as student.name("David")
5651:
5387:. Using another variable within the class named
3669:Using newer Objective-C 2.0 syntax as used in
5463:
86:In programming languages that support them,
32:methods. Often a setter is accompanied by a
5492:"Run Time Efficiency of Accessor Functions"
4962:Read-write simple public access to implied
3767:4.4 and up, syntax can be even simplified:
4936:Read-only simple public access to implied
4250:* @param string $ newName The name to set.
2957:Or (using prototypes for inheritance and
43:The mutator method is most often used in
5498:
5489:
2472:/// Get or set the name of the student.
5652:
51:. According to this principle, member
2708:In this example constructor-function
64:. Mutator methods can be compared to
5566:"Functions - D Programming Language"
5269:
3821://Nothing goes here and it's OK.
3336:
1650:/// Gets or sets student's name
47:, in keeping with the principle of
13:
5383:, to correspond with the Property
14:
5671:
5466:"Automatic Properties in C# 3.0"
4143:PHP defines the "magic methods"
2391:// same effect as student.name()
2326:instance can be used like this:
231:
177:public string Name { get; set; }
3091:Or (without using prototypes):
1923:; student-name is setf'able
104:
5622:
5598:
5578:
5558:
5483:
5457:
3474:
1828:
1610:, which are a special type of
1:
5660:Method (computer programming)
5526:"CLHS: 7.5.2 Accessing Slots"
5450:
2703:
1602:This example illustrates the
191:and requirements change, the
5126:
4154:In this example of a simple
2584:In this example of a simple
7:
5630:"PHP: Overloading - Manual"
5428:
4151:for properties of objects.
3182:Or (using defineProperty):
1776:-specific access modifier.
1133:"%s's new age = %i
1064:"%s's old age = %i
238:
226:
45:object-oriented programming
10:
5676:
4202:* @return string The name.
3973:Or, using Class::Accessor
4732:; => "Alice"
4583:
4312:
2396:
1835:Common Lisp Object System
5393:
5284:
5168:
5164:
5130:
4992:
4968:
4942:
4883:
4775:
4594:
4470:
4319:
4175:
4043:
3975:
3833:
3769:
3683:
3489:
3340:
3184:
3093:
2963:
2832:
2714:
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2403:
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1881:
1778:
1721:
1620:
1433:
1288:
1185:
950:
574:
402:
267:
242:
5546:"MOP: Slot Definitions"
4988:
4861:
4856:; => "Bob"
4768:; => "Bob"
3829:
2579:
185:system designs progress
113:blocks, is to give the
5506:"CLHS: Macro DEFCLASS"
5490:Tim Lee (1998-07-13).
5464:Stephen Fuqua (2009).
5435:Property (programming)
4138:
1281:
420:/* opaque structure */
5610:developer.mozilla.org
5440:Indexer (programming)
1597:
1439:"Student.h"
1431:In file Student.cpp:
962:"student.h"
592:"student.h"
4005:follow_best_practice
2475:/// </summary>
2192:
1653:/// </summary>
1214:; ./$ < > $ @
395:
69:operator overloading
4575:# bypass the getter
4560:# bypass the setter
4557:"Charlie"
4039:Moose Object System
3993:qw(Class::Accessor)
2469:/// <summary>
1870:MetaObject Protocol
1647:/// <summary>
1286:In file Student.h:
1007:"Maurice"
572:In file student.c:
400:In file student.h:
193:demands on the data
181:attr_accessor :name
4124:'set_name'
4112:'get_name'
3755:And starting with
2961:accessor syntax):
2139:set-student-number
2112:get-universal-time
2019:get-universal-time
1980:set-student-number
1183:In file Makefile:
408:#define _STUDENT_H
405:#ifndef _STUDENT_H
187:, the software is
5270:Visual Basic .NET
4832:set-student-name!
4823:"Alice"
4524:"Alice"
2361:"David"
2028:student-birthdate
1947:student-birthdate
1294:#define STUDENT_H
1291:#ifndef STUDENT_H
115:instance variable
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948:In file main.c:
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206:cross-validation
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18:computer science
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4421:# Setter method
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4388:# Getter method
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1115:student_get_age
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1088:student_set_age
1087:
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956:<stdio.h>
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862:student_get_age
861:
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808:student_set_age
807:
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525:student_get_age
524:
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495:student_set_age
494:
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386:
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321:student_set_age
320:
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315:student_get_age
314:
311:
308:
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299:
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287:
284:
281:
278:
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273:student_get_age
272:
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247:
244:
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229:
180:
176:
165:
161:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
107:
62:member variable
12:
11:
5:
5673:
5663:
5662:
5646:
5645:
5621:
5597:
5577:
5557:
5537:
5517:
5497:
5482:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5430:
5427:
5394:
5285:
5271:
5268:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5131:
5128:
5125:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4969:
4943:
4884:
4863:
4860:
4776:
4595:
4585:
4582:
4471:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4176:
4140:
4137:
4073:'name'
4044:
4037:Or, using the
3976:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3770:
3763:, while using
3684:
3490:
3476:
3473:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3247:'name'
3229:defineProperty
3185:
3094:
2964:
2916:'name'
2877:'name'
2833:
2715:
2705:
2702:
2606:
2581:
2578:
2514:implementation
2404:
2398:
2395:
2329:
2207:
2194:
2191:
1974:student-number
1882:
1830:
1827:
1779:
1722:
1621:
1599:
1596:
1434:
1300:<string>
1289:
1283:
1280:
1186:
1157:student_delete
951:
751:student_delete
575:
474:student_delete
403:
397:
394:
268:
243:
240:
237:
228:
225:
210:data integrity
106:
103:
22:mutator method
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5672:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5587:
5586:"The D Style"
5581:
5567:
5561:
5547:
5541:
5527:
5521:
5507:
5501:
5493:
5486:
5472:on 2011-05-13
5471:
5467:
5460:
5456:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5392:
5283:
4977:attr_accessor
4967:
4941:
4882:
4879:
4876:attr_accessor
4869:
4774:
4657:define/public
4636:define/public
4593:
4591:
4563:>>>
4542:>>>
4527:>>>
4509:>>>
4494:>>>
4473:>>>
4331:# Initializer
4318:
4174:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4100:'Str'
4042:
4040:
3974:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:Mac OS X 10.6
3488:
3486:
3482:
3183:
3092:
2962:
2960:
2831:
2713:
2604:
2601:setName(name)
2594:
2591:
2587:
2402:
2327:
2205:
2199:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1866:
1836:
1777:
1720:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1432:
1287:
1184:
949:
573:
401:
236:
234:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
197:
194:
190:
186:
174:
169:
158:
132:
128:
123:
120:
116:
112:
102:
100:
96:
91:
89:
84:
82:
77:
72:
70:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
49:encapsulation
46:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
5637:. Retrieved
5633:
5624:
5613:. Retrieved
5609:
5600:
5589:. Retrieved
5580:
5569:. Retrieved
5560:
5549:. Retrieved
5540:
5529:. Retrieved
5520:
5509:. Retrieved
5500:
5485:
5474:. Retrieved
5470:the original
5459:
5378:
5273:
5198:""
4961:
4935:
4880:
4865:
4847:student-name
4772:
4587:
4316:
4162:
4153:
4142:
4088:'rw'
4036:
4017:mk_accessors
3972:
3754:
3668:
3485:Ubuntu 12.04
3478:
3181:
3090:
2956:
2829:
2707:
2592:
2583:
2400:
2373:student_name
2321:
2196:
1917:student-name
1911:""
1878:
1867:
1832:
1767:
1714:
1601:
1430:
1285:
1182:
947:
571:
399:
230:
218:
200:
198:
170:
159:
124:
108:
105:Implications
92:
85:
73:
42:
37:
33:
29:
21:
15:
5634:www.php.net
4951:attr_reader
4872:attr_reader
3999:__PACKAGE__
3735:@synthesize
3475:Objective-C
2603:" methods.
2204:attribute.
2052:student-age
1995:student-age
1829:Common Lisp
995:student_new
634:student_new
444:student_new
375:student.age
309:student.age
179:and Ruby's
173:boilerplate
168:parameter.
5639:2021-07-06
5615:2021-07-06
5591:2013-02-01
5571:2013-01-13
5551:2011-03-29
5531:2011-03-29
5511:2011-03-29
5476:2009-10-19
5451:References
5282:methods.
4624:init-field
3772:@interface
3686:@interface
3492:@interface
2704:JavaScript
2172:new-number
2169:check-type
2148:new-number
2079:with-slots
1935::birthdate
1863:slot-value
1859:slot-value
1855:with-slots
1608:properties
189:maintained
131:validation
119:visibility
88:properties
81:developers
66:assignment
5157:)
5127:Smalltalk
4966:variable
4940:variable
4802:#:mutable
4744:set-name!
4690:super-new
4663:set-name!
4391:@property
4298:$ newName
4271:$ newName
4173:methods.
4167:getName()
3788:nonatomic
3782:@property
3757:OS X 10.8
3702:nonatomic
3696:@property
3241:prototype
3008:prototype
2597:getName()
2517:procedure
2439:procedure
2406:interface
2269:@property
2266:// Setter
2233:@property
2230:// Getter
2202:@property
2136:defmethod
2100:birthdate
2085:birthdate
2043:defmethod
1992:defmethod
1965::initform
1938::initform
1929:birthdate
1914::accessor
1908::initform
1874::accessor
1847::accessor
162:getAmount
76:reference
53:variables
38:accessors
5654:Category
5429:See also
5408:Property
5368:Property
5311:Property
5255:newValue
5146:between:
5072:name_mut
4762:get-name
4726:get-name
4711:student%
4681:new-name
4666:new-name
4642:get-name
4609:student%
4466:new_name
4448:new_name
4337:__init__
4259:function
4211:function
4160:variable
4023:qw(name)
3923:get_name
3872:set_name
3800:NSString
3779:NSObject
3777: :
3714:NSString
3693:NSObject
3691: :
3634:NSString
3628:setName:
3589:NSString
3559:NSString
3553:setName:
3526:NSString
3505:NSString
3499:NSObject
3497: :
3418:function
3382:function
3295:function
3262:function
3187:function
2966:function
2922:function
2883:function
2835:function
2795:function
2762:function
2717:function
2590:variable
2520:TStudent
2478:property
2412:TStudent
1959::initarg
1932::initarg
1902::initarg
1887:defclass
1876:option.
1606:idea of
1436:#include
1297:#include
959:#include
953:#include
589:#include
583:#include
577:#include
239:Assembly
227:Examples
166:currency
155:setMonth
111:property
95:validate
5402:Student
5296:Private
5293:Student
5180:private
5174:Student
5159:ifTrue:
5143:aNumber
5136:aNumber
5020:Student
4998:Student
4974:Student
4948:Student
4889:Student
4820:student
4790:student
4618:object%
4578:Charlie
4482:Student
4325:Student
4262:setName
4214:getName
4187:private
4181:Student
4049:Student
4046:package
4011:Student
3981:Student
3978:package
3839:Student
3836:package
3818:Student
3775:Student
3732:Student
3689:Student
3580:Student
3495:Student
3481:GNUstep
3361:private
3355:Student
3343:package
3235:Student
3190:Student
3099:Student
3002:Student
2969:Student
2838:Student
2789:setName
2756:getName
2720:Student
2710:Student
2689:newName
2674:newName
2665:setName
2638:getName
2620:private
2614:Student
2599:" and "
2526:SetName
2499:SetName
2442:SetName
2424:private
2379:student
2349:student
2343:Student
2334:student
2324:Student
2308:name_in
2284:name_in
2218:private
2212:Student
2178:integer
2157:student
2142::before
2124:new-age
2118:new-age
2070:student
2061:new-age
2004:student
1977::writer
1971::reader
1962::number
1944::reader
1890:student
1843::writer
1839::reader
1811:private
1787:Student
1730:Student
1635:private
1629:Student
1544:Student
1511:Student
1448:Student
1442:Student
1402:private
1318:Student
1306:Student
1242:student
1229:student
1206:out.txt
1204:$ <
1151:new_age
1109:new_age
1082:old_age
1040:old_age
983:student
913:student
868:student
814:student
757:student
688:student
664:student
628:student
598:student
555:student
531:student
501:student
480:student
438:student
432:student
429:student
423:typedef
414:student
260:student
245:student
221:inlined
151:setYear
147:setDate
5417:String
5405:Public
5396:Public
5323:Return
5308:Public
5305:String
5287:Public
5222:return
5210:String
5192:String
5097:String
5089:->
5048:String
5043:->
5008:String
4995:struct
4811:define
4787:struct
4781:racket
4778:#lang
4699:define
4606:define
4600:racket
4597:#lang
4590:Racket
4584:Racket
4430:setter
4409:return
4313:Python
4286:$ this
4268:string
4256:public
4232:$ this
4229:return
4223:string
4208:public
4193:$ name
4190:string
4118:writer
4106:reader
3947:$ self
3944:return
3932:$ self
3893:$ self
3881:$ self
3794:strong
3708:retain
3604:return
3436:String
3415:public
3403:return
3397:String
3379:public
3373:String
3349:public
3271:return
3223:Object
3120:return
3029:return
2892:return
2771:return
2671:String
2659:public
2647:return
2635:String
2632:public
2623:String
2608:public
2541:string
2511:// ...
2487:string
2466:public
2457:string
2433:string
2421:strict
2397:Delphi
2293:return
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