1430:, which is considered to be the most sensitive (although not the most specific) test for MG, a thin needle electrode is inserted into different areas of a particular muscle to record the action potentials from several samplings of different individual muscle fibers. Two muscle fibers belonging to the same motor unit are identified, and the temporal variability in their firing patterns is measured. Frequency and proportion of particular abnormal action potential patterns, called "jitter" and "blocking", are diagnostic. Jitter refers to the abnormal variation in the time interval between action potentials of adjacent muscle fibers in the same motor unit. Blocking refers to the failure of nerve impulses to elicit action potentials in adjacent muscle fibers of the same motor unit.
1145:
1106:
1411:
844:). About 1-2% of individuals treated long term with penicillamine develop MG and/or develop low concentrations of antibodies to AChR. Their MG is often mild and predominantly ocular MG, becomes evident usually 6â7 months (range one month to 8 years) after starting the drug, and goes into complete remission in 70% of the cases within 6â10 months after discontinuing the drug. It is recommended that penicillamine be discontinued and thereafter avoided in patients who develop MG symptoms when treated with it.
1596:(LEMS) is an autoimmune condition that attacks the neuromuscular junction, either as a paraneoplastic syndrome (typically older patients) or associated with a non-cancerous primary autoimmune condition (typically younger patients). It usually involves lower limb weakness and exercise-induced fatiguability, although the upper limbs and eyes may also be involved. Lambert's sign is the unusual improvement of grip strength that follows after squeezing the hand at maximum intensity for 2â3 seconds.
1571:(osteomalic myopathy). Although limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) involve fixed muscle weakness, LGMDR8 also involves muscle fatigue; as do some limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathies such as MDDGC3 (a.k.a. LGMDR15 and LGMD2O). Myofibrillar myopathy 10, dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency, erythrocyte lactate transporter defect, and myopathy with myalgia, increased serum creatine kinase, with or without episodic rhabdomyolysis (MMCKR) also include muscle fatigue.
676:), 138 had developed generalized MG, 13 had developed ocular MG, and 18 had worsening of their MG. Following discontinuance of the statin and treatment of their MG, 63 patients fully recovered, 27 patients were recovering, 19 patients had not yet recovered, 5 patients recovered but had ongoing symptoms, 1 patient had died, and there was no follow-up data for 54 patients. Among these cases, 56% were considered to be serious. Non-statin cholesterol-lowering drugs, (e.g.,
785:(i.e., a drug that reverses neuromuscular blockade) significantly reduced the development of this crisis. These studies suggest that inhalation anesthetics are best avoided in MG patients but if used close post-operation monitoring should be conducted for MG patients being anesthetized with these agents and sugammadex should be considered for routine use in MG patients anesthetized with these agents who undergo thymectomy or other types of surgery.
1133:
1629:
1403:
1621:
34:
7980:
1191:
However, a small percentage of fetuses and newborns with TNMG, particularly those who have antibodies directed against the fetal form of the AChR (their disorder is a subtype of TNMG termed the "acetylcholine receptor inactivation syndrome") have a more severe form of TNMG which includes weakness in skeletal muscles regulating breathing, respiratory failure, and various deformities such as
5457:
630:. Other studies have reported that these checkpoint inhibitors cause respiratory failure in 45% and death in 25â40% of patients. These medications, it is suggested, are best avoided in MG patients, particularly in patients who previously had a life-threatening reaction to them. If these medications must be used in MG patients, it is recommended that the patients be pre-treated with a
830:. Felodipine and nifedipine are reported to worsen MG and nifedipine and verapamil are reported to cause respiratory failure in patients with severe generalized MG. MG patients, especially those who are in remission or have well-controlled disease, generally can be treated with these blockers using their lowest effective doses and close monitoring for the worsening of MG symptoms.
1768:
intervention. Generally, the most disabling period of MG might be years after the initial diagnosis. Assistive devices may be needed to assist with mobility. In the early 1900s, 70% of detected cases died from lung problems; now, that number is estimated to be around 3â5%, an improvement attributed to increased awareness and medications to manage symptoms.
414:). Eye symptoms tend to get worse when watching television, reading, or driving, particularly in bright conditions. Consequently, some affected individuals choose to wear sunglasses. The term "ocular myasthenia gravis" describes a subtype of MG where muscle weakness is confined to the eyes, i.e. extraocular muscles, m. levator palpebrae superioris, and m.
390:) during periods of physical activity and improves after periods of rest. Typically, the weakness and fatigue are worse toward the end of the day. MG generally starts with ocular (eye) weakness; it might then progress to a more severe generalized form, characterized by weakness in the extremities or in muscles that govern basic life functions.
3840:
Allen NM, O'Rahelly M, Eymard B, Chouchane M, Hahn A, Kearns G, Kim DS, Byun SY, Nguyen CE, Schara-Schmidt U, Kölbel H, Marina AD, Schneider-Gold C, Roefke K, Thieme A, Van den Bergh P, Avalos G, Ălvarez-Velasco R, Natera-de Benito D, Cheng MH, Chan WK, Wan HS, Thomas MA, Borch L, Lauzon J, Kornblum
854:
to paralyze the muscles into which it is injected. Local botulinum toxin A injections for cosmetic purposes have on occasion caused weaknesses in distant muscles, symptoms resembling ocular or generalized MG in individuals with subclinical MG, and exacerbations of previously controlled MG. Botulinum
803:
treatment for MG. To avoid exacerbation of MG, it is recommended that the corticosteroids should be started at a low dose and gradually increased to the dose achieving maximal responses. To achieve a faster therapeutic responses in cases with severe MG symptoms, it has been recommended to start with
750:
in patients with muscle disease although the role of succinylcholine in causing these side effects also remains unclear. Until more evidence on these issues becomes available and since there are other neuromuscular blocking agents without these deleterious side effects, the use of succinylcholine in
4822:
Scalco, Renata S.; Lucia, Alejandro; Santalla, Alfredo; Martinuzzi, Andrea; Vavla, Marinela; Reni, Gianluigi; Toscano, Antonio; Musumeci, Olimpia; Voermans, Nicol C.; Kouwenberg, Carlyn V.; LaforĂȘt, Pascal; San-MillĂĄn, Beatriz; Vieitez, Irene; Siciliano, Gabriele; KĂŒhnle, Enrico (24 November 2020).
1729:
are seen in 10% of all people with the MG, they are often given a chest X-ray and CT scan to evaluate their need for surgical removal of their thymus glands and any cancerous tissue that may be present. Even if surgery is performed to remove a thymoma, it generally does not lead to the remission of
1362:
During a physical examination to check for MG, a doctor might ask the person to perform repetitive movements. For instance, the doctor may ask one to look at a fixed point for 30 seconds and to relax the muscles of the forehead, because a person with MG and ptosis of the eyes might be involuntarily
1346:
Based on the affected muscle group, patients can be sub-grouped into ocular MG or generalized MG. Ocular MG is characterized by exclusively ocular symptoms, droopy eyelids, or double vision. Generalized MG has muscle weakness with a variable combination of the bulbar, axial, or limb and respiratory
1190:
difficulties that develop about 12 hours to several days after birth. A child with TNMG typically responds very well to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and the condition generally resolves over a period of three weeks, as the antibodies diminish, and generally does not result in any complications.
952:
which in MG patients taking anticholinesterase drugs may lead to excessive levels of these ester anesthetics. Amide local anesthetics are not metabolized by psuedocholineesterases. Based on these considerations, amide local anesthetics are strongly preferred over ester local anesthetics in patients
1738:
People with MG should be educated regarding the fluctuating nature of their symptoms, including weakness and exercise-induced fatigue. Exercise participation should be encouraged with frequent rest. In people with generalized MG, some evidence indicates a partial home program including training in
351:
MG affects 50 to 200 people per million. It is newly diagnosed in 3 to 30 people per million each year. Diagnosis has become more common due to increased awareness. MG most commonly occurs in women under the age of 40 and in men over the age of 60. It is uncommon in children. With treatment, most
1767:
The prognosis of people with MG is generally good, as is quality of life, when given very good treatment. Monitoring of a person with MG is very important, as at least 20% of people diagnosed with it will experience a myasthenic crisis within two years of their diagnosis, requiring rapid medical
1692:
might also be used to achieve a better result, but it can lead to the worsening of symptoms and takes weeks to achieve its maximal effectiveness. Research suggests that up to 15% of patients do not positively respond to immune suppressants. Due to the myriad symptoms that steroid treatments can
1679:
is a relatively long-acting drug (when compared to other cholinergic agonists), with a half-life around four hours with relatively few side effects. Generally, it is discontinued in those who are being mechanically ventilated, as it is known to increase the amount of salivary secretions. A few
1670:
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can provide symptomatic benefit and may not fully remove a person's weakness from MG. While they might not fully remove all symptoms of MG, they still may allow a person the ability to perform normal daily activities. Usually, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are
726:
in MG patients who, prior to being treated with it, did not have respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, this drug has caused MG-like symptoms in patients who have kidney failure but do not have MG. And, procainamide worsened muscle dysfunction in a rat model of human MG. These studies suggest that
470:
and muscles of mastication, facial weakness may manifest as the inability to hold the mouth closed (the "hanging jaw sign") and as a snarling expression when attempting to smile. With drooping eyelids, facial weakness may make the individual appear sleepy or sad. Difficulty in holding the head
1589:
Limbâgirdle myasthenia gravis is a distinct condition from myasthenia gravis. It is an adult-onset, autoimmune condition affecting the neuromuscular junction. However, it lacks eye abnormalities and is associated with autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's
1717:(IVIGs) can be used to bind the circulating antibodies. Both of these treatments have relatively short-lived benefits, typically measured in weeks, and often are associated with high costs, which make them prohibitive; they are generally reserved for when MG requires hospitalization.
622:. From a total 5,898 patients who received these drugs, 52 developed new onset MG and 11 had a flare of their preexisting MG. The symptoms of MG developed within 6 days to 16 weeks (median time 4âweeks). Their medicine-induced MG symptoms were often severe with 29 patients developing
1098:
The thymus gland cells form part of the body's immune system. In those with myasthenia gravis, the thymus gland is large and abnormal. It sometimes contains clusters of immune cells that indicate lymphoid hyperplasia, and the thymus gland may give wrong instructions to immune cells.
598:: Immune checkpoint inhibitors promote certain types of autoimmune responses by blocking checkpoint pathways that inhibit these responses. They are used to treat cancers that promote their own growth and spread by stimulating checkpoint pathways. These checkpoint inhibitors include
777:) may develop neuromuscular blockage and have an increased incidence of developing a life-threatening myasthenia crisis which must be treated by prolonged mechanical ventilation. In a study of 795 MG patients undergoing surgical removal of their thymus under general anesthesia,
5534:
791:: Glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory agents that in initial studies were used at high dosages and found to worsen MG in 25-75% of cases. However, further studies found that glucocorticoids do have favorable effects on MG when taken long-term. Two glucocorticoids, oral
5560:
5650:
3293:
Ghimire A, Kunwar B, Aryal B, Gaire A, Bist A, Shah B, Mainali A, Ghimire B, Gajurel BP (March 2024). "Assessing the comparative efficacy of plasmapheresis and
Intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
1671:
started at a low dose and increased until the desired result is achieved. If taken 30 minutes before a meal, symptoms will be mild during eating, which is helpful for those who have difficulty swallowing due to their illness. Another medication used for MG,
1350:
Patients can also be sub-grouped by the age of onset: juvenile-onset MG (onset age †18 years of age), early-onset MG (EOMG; 19â50 years of age), late-onset MG (LOMG; onset > 50 years of age), and very late-onset (VLOMG; onset age â„ 65 years of age).
1363:
using the forehead muscles to compensate for the weakness in the eyelids. The clinical examiner might also try to elicit the "curtain sign" in a person by holding one of the person's eyes open, which in the case of MG will lead the other eye to close.
6107:
Cup EH, Pieterse AJ, Ten Broek-Pastoor JM, Munneke M, van
Engelen BG, Hendricks HT, van der Wilt GJ, Oostendorp RA (November 2007). "Exercise therapy and other types of physical therapy for patients with neuromuscular diseases: a systematic review".
1446:
is thought to be inhibited at the lower temperature, which is the basis for this diagnostic test. This generally is performed on the eyelids when ptosis is present and is deemed positive if a â„2-mm rise in the eyelid occurs after the ice is removed.
567:
has not been reported to exacerbate MG and may be used in patients that require aminoglycoside treatment. Because of the rarity or absent reports on their exacerbation of MG, the following antibiotics are considered safe to use in MG patients: the
1574:
X-linked episodic muscle weakness (EMWX) includes general muscle weakness, ptosis, and fluctuations in strength. In some individuals, fatiguability was demonstrable, the phenotype having features comparable to congenital myasthenic syndromes and
894:
and after magnesium replacement during the course of a hospitalization in patients with underlying MG. It is suggested that magnesium when given intravenously or when given orally at high doses should be used with extreme caution in MG patients.
1680:
high-quality studies have directly compared cholinesterase inhibitors with other treatments (or placebo); their practical benefit may be so significant that conducting studies in which they would be withheld from some people would be difficult.
3841:
C, Reimann J, Mueller A, Kuntzer T, Norwood F, Ramdas S, Jacobson LW, Jie X, Fernandez-Garcia MA, Wraige E, Lim M, Lin JP, Claeys KG, Aktas S, Oskoui M, Hacohen Y, Masud A, Leite MI, Palace J, De Vivo D, Vincent A, Jungbluth H (October 2023).
1810:
in 1934. Simpson and
Nastuck detailed the autoimmune nature of the condition. In 1973, Patrick and Lindstrom used rabbits to show that immunization with purified muscle-like acetylcholine receptors caused the development of MG-like symptoms.
733:: Depolarizing neuromuscular blockers suppress the neurons' signaling at neuromuscular junctions thereby reducing the affected skeletal muscles contractibility. These blockers are used as muscle relaxants in patients undergoing surgery.
1495:(MRI) are more sensitive ways to identify thymomas and are generally done for this reason. MRI of the cranium and orbits may also be performed to exclude compressive and inflammatory lesions of the cranial nerves and ocular muscles.
1072:. The disorder occurs when the immune system malfunctions and generates antibodies that attack the body's tissues. The antibodies in MG attack a normal human protein, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, or a related protein called
5530:
438:) may cause difficulty chewing. In individuals with MG, chewing tends to become more tiring when chewing tough, fibrous foods. Difficulty in swallowing, chewing, and speaking is the first symptom in about one-sixth of individuals.
1827:
seems to benefit some people more than other medications, but it has not been properly studied as of 2014. In the laboratory, MG is mostly studied in model organisms, such as rodents. In addition, in 2015, scientists developed an
1342:
When diagnosed with MG, patient can be stratified into distinct subgroups based on the clinical features and serological status, e.g. affected muscle group, age of onset, thymic abnormalities, and profile of serum autoantibodies.
272:
from triggering muscle contractions. Most cases are due to immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG3 antibodies that attack AChR in the postsynaptic membrane, causing complement-mediated damage and muscle weakness. Rarely, an inherited
1224:
Congenital myasthenias cause muscle weakness and fatigability similar to those of MG. The signs of congenital myasthenia usually are present in the first years of childhood, although they may not be recognized until adulthood.
5556:
1546:
Other diseases that involve abnormal muscle fatigue (which may be described as exercise-induced muscle weakness, reversible muscle weakness, or muscle weakness that improves with rest) include: endocrine myopathies (such as
804:
high doses of oral or intravenous glucocorticoids after first treating patients with plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, each of which reduces the chance of having a severe reaction to the corticosteroids.
704:) have been used in patients without causing or worsening MG. It is advised that a statin be discontinued and thereafter all statins be avoided in the rare cases where the statin caused the development or worsening of MG.
3487:
Valenzuela DM, Stitt TN, DiStefano PS, Rojas E, Mattsson K, Compton DL, Nunez L, Park JS, Stark JL, Gies DR, Thomas S, LeBeau MM, Fernald AA, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Burden SJ, Glass DJ, Yancopoulos GD (September 1995).
1730:
MG. Surgery in the case of MG involves the removal of the thymus, although in 2013, no clear benefit was indicated except in the presence of a thymoma. A 2016 randomized, controlled trial, however, found some benefits.
5646:
1776:
MG occurs in all ethnic groups and both sexes. It most commonly affects women under 40 and people from 50 to 70 years old of either sex, but it has been known to occur at any age. Younger people rarely have thymoma.
3140:
Mouri H, Jo T, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H (February 2020). "Effect of
Sugammadex on Postoperative Myasthenic Crisis in Myasthenia Gravis Patients: Propensity Score Analysis of a Japanese Nationwide Database".
5624:
6604:
6589:
6574:
737:
is the only depolarizing neuromuscular blocker available in the U.S. market. Succinylcholine's ability to induce or worsen MG is unclear. It has been suggested to cause life-threatening side effects such as
871:. Botulinum toxin A treatment, it is suggested, is best avoided in MG patients but may be offered with caution to patients with mild or stable MG using gradual increases in its dosages and close monitoring.
1094:
haplotypes are associated with increased susceptibility to myasthenia gravis and other autoimmune disorders. Relatives of people with myasthenia gravis have a higher percentage of other immune disorders.
1781:
in the United States is estimated at between 0.5 and 20.4 cases per 100,000, with an estimated 60,000 Americans affected. In the United
Kingdom, an estimated 15 cases of MG occur per 100,000 people. The
885:
at the neuromuscular junction and also by lowering the sensitivity of these muscles to acetylcholine. Respiratory failure has occurred after systemic use of magnesium (mainly in the form of intravenous
1105:
5508:
5590:
1414:
Photograph of a person showing right partial ptosis (left picture), the left lid shows compensatory pseudo lid retraction because of equal innervation of the m. levator palpabrae superioris (
5726:
5583:"Argenx Announces U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval of Vyvgart Hytrulo (efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc) Injection for Subcutaneous Use in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis"
901:: Local anesthetics cause absence of pain and all other sensations in a specific body part without loss of consciousness. There are two broad classes of these anesthetics: esters (i.e.,
6763:
1163:
For women who are pregnant and already have MG, in a third of cases, they have been known to experience an exacerbation of their symptoms, and in those cases, it usually occurs in the
1644:(HSCT) is sometimes used in severe, treatment-refractory MG. Available data provide preliminary evidence that HSCT can be an effective therapeutic option in carefully selected cases.
1924:
1819:
Immunomodulating substances, such as drugs that prevent acetylcholine receptor modulation by the immune system, are currently being researched. Some research recently has been on
1535:, the "30 for 80 rule," and "six second rule"). A small minority of patients with McArdle disease also have the comorbidity of ptosis (drooping upper eyelid). Late-onset GSD-II (
430:). Typically, this means that some food may be left in the mouth after an attempt to swallow, or food and liquids may regurgitate into the nose rather than go down the throat (
5327:"Practice parameter: thymectomy for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology"
5478:
3051:
Gras-Champel V, Batteux B, Masmoudi K, Liabeuf S (October 2019). "Statin-induced myasthenia: A disproportionality analysis of the WHO's VigiBase pharmacovigilance database".
6325:
Losen M, MartĂnez-MartĂnez P, Phernambucq M, Schuurman J, Parren PW, De Baets MH (2008). "Treatment of myasthenia gravis by preventing acetylcholine receptor modulation".
7379:
7236:
5612:
2965:
Safa H, Johnson DH, Trinh VA, Rodgers TE, Lin H, Suarez-Almazor ME, Fa'ak F, Saberian C, Yee C, Davies MA, Tummala S, Woodman K, Abdel-Wahab N, Diab A (November 2019).
6756:
3970:
8005:
3697:
1186:
About 10â20% of infants with mothers affected by the condition are born with transient neonatal myasthenia gravis (TNMG), which generally produces feeding and
3176:
Cata JP, Lasala JD, Williams W, Mena GE (September 2019). "Myasthenia Gravis and
Thymoma Surgery: A Clinical Update for the Cardiothoracic Anesthesiologist".
5500:
4740:
1586:, which can be inherited in either an autosomal dominant or recessive manner. There are currently over two dozen types of congenital myasthenic syndromes.
491:
to sustain life. Crises may be triggered by various biological stressors such as infection, fever, an adverse reaction to medication, or emotional stress.
6091:
5582:
483:
and limb movements can also be affected; rarely do these present as the first symptoms of MG, but develop over months to years. In a myasthenic crisis, a
7207:
1527:, such as McArdle disease (GSD-V), have abnormal muscle fatigue rather than fixed muscle weakness. Also, like myasthenia gravis, exercise intolerance in
6749:
1077:
3016:
Puwanant A, Isfort M, Lacomis D, ĆœivkoviÄ SA (February 2019). "Clinical spectrum of neuromuscular complications after immune checkpoint inhibition".
1844:, the neuromuscular co-culture shows symptoms such as weaker muscle contractions. Recent years, scientists have been working on finding the reliable
3490:"Receptor tyrosine kinase specific for the skeletal muscle lineage: expression in embryonic muscle, at the neuromuscular junction, and after injury"
3364:
Petrucelli N, Barra ME, Koehl JL (January 2024). "Evaluation of
Medication Exposure on Exacerbation of Disease in Patients With Myasthenia Gravis".
863:(involuntary contraction of the eye lids), and other uncontrolled facial muscle spasms in MG patients without side effects or with only short-lived
7858:
1207:
MG can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be subtle and hard to distinguish from both normal variants and other neurological disorders.
5730:
1747:, and interval-based muscle therapy may improve respiratory muscle strength, chest wall mobility, respiratory pattern, and respiratory endurance.
7372:
1604:
Treatment is by medication and/or surgery. Medication consists mainly of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to directly improve muscle function and
1214:
Transient neonatal myasthenia gravis occurs in 10 to 15% of babies born to mothers afflicted with the disorder, and disappears after a few weeks.
285:. Babies of mothers with myasthenia may have symptoms during their first few months of life, known as neonatal myasthenia or more specifically
2930:
Hall DR, McGibbon DH, Evans CC, Meadows GA (December 1972). "Gentamicin, tubocurarine, lignocaine and neuromuscular blockade. A case report".
7231:
1916:
761:
that are delivered by inhalation generally for patients undergoing surgery. MG patients undergoing surgery with inhaled anesthetics (i.e.,
1759:
used for medical imaging have caused an increased risk of exacerbation of the disease, but modern forms have no immediate increased risk.
3907:
2031:
1963:
1183:
should be maintained throughout pregnancy, as this reduces the chance of neonatal muscle weakness, and controls the mother's myasthenia.
5557:"Halozyme Announces argenx Receives FDA Approval for Vyvgart Hytrulo With Enhanze for Subcutaneous Use in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis"
5531:"argenx Announces U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Approval of Vyvgart (efgartigimod alfa-fcab) in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis"
5501:"Argenx Announces U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Approval of Vyvgart (efgartigimod alfa-fcab) in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis"
2775:
2517:
1997:
7365:
2054:"Global prevalence of myasthenia gravis and the effectiveness of common drugs in its treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
730:
5162:
3667:
3403:
Muckler VC, O'Brien JM, Matson SE, Rice AN (February 2019). "Perianesthetic
Implications and Considerations for Myasthenia Gravis".
1840:
and somatic-muscle stem cells. After the addition of pathogenic antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor and activation of the
7941:
7936:
7537:
7261:
6540:
5647:"UCB announces U.S. FDA approval of Rystiggo (rozanolixizumab-noli) for the treatment of adults with generalized myasthenia gravis"
5466:
1354:
The subgroup of the autoantibody profile includes AChR seropositive, MuSK seropositive, LRP4 seropositive, and agrin seropositive.
7892:
1641:
3545:
1144:
7714:
6920:
6877:
3440:"Anesthetic considerations for a patient with myasthenia gravis undergoing deep sedation in an outpatient oral surgery setting"
6969:
6925:
6849:
6813:
4017:
3901:
3824:
2824:
2769:
2601:
2561:
2511:
2025:
1991:
1957:
1593:
652:
levels. In a review of 169 patients who were reported to develop MG or had worsened MG symptoms while taking a statin (i.e.,
2607:
2567:
3093:"Mapping the current evidence on the anesthetic management of adult patients with neuromuscular disorders-a scoping review"
1560:
1415:
727:
procainamide as well as other type Ia antiarrhythmic agents should be avoided or used with extreme caution in MG patients.
711:
286:
2116:
1386:
A proportion of the people without antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor have antibodies against the MuSK protein.
6624:
2967:"Immune checkpoint inhibitor related myasthenia gravis: single center experience and systematic review of the literature"
398:
In about two-thirds of individuals, the initial symptom of MG is related to the muscles around the eye. Eyelid drooping (
6741:
5908:
Tandan R, Hehir MK, Waheed W, Howard DB (August 2017). "Rituximab treatment of myasthenia gravis: A systematic review".
7018:
6872:
4651:
1802:, Erb, and Goldflam. The term "myasthenia gravis pseudo-paralytica" was proposed in 1895 by Jolly, a German physician.
1467:(acetylcholinesterase inhibitors). This test is no longer typically performed, as its use can lead to life-threatening
1192:
1539:) and GSD-XV also have muscle weakness or fatigue with comorbidities of ptosis and ophthalmoplegia; as do many of the
7931:
7709:
3978:
6143:
Mehrizi M, Pascuzzi RM (September 2014). "Complications of radiologic contrast in patients with myasthenia gravis".
3689:
1693:
cause, it is not the preferred method of treatment. Other immune suppressing medications may also be used including
1471:(slow heart rate) which requires immediate emergency attention. Production of edrophonium was discontinued in 2008.
7568:
1151:
1120:
261:
6425:
Steinbeck JA, Jaiswal MK, Calder EL, Kishinevsky S, Weishaupt A, Toyka KV, Goldstein PA, Studer L (January 2016).
7750:
7612:
7134:
2405:
McGrogan A, Sneddon S, de Vries CS (2010). "The incidence of myasthenia gravis: a systematic literature review".
1653:
7704:
4731:
7202:
7122:
6957:
6910:
6867:
6825:
6793:
6789:
5132:
5102:
5072:
4952:
3569:"Mapping autoantigen epitopes: molecular insights into autoantibody-associated disorders of the nervous system"
1583:
1057:. These agents can be used in MG patients because reports on their exacerbation (or induction) of MG are rare.
305:
218:
182:
7607:
4129:
Punga, Anna
Rostedt; Maddison, Paul; Heckmann, Jeannine M; Guptill, Jeffrey T; Evoli, Amelia (February 2022).
139:
7830:
7314:
7127:
6915:
6235:
Cea G, Benatar M, Verdugo RJ, Salinas RA (October 2013). "Thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis".
5994:
Cea G, Benatar M, Verdugo RJ, Salinas RA (October 2013). "Thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis".
5095:"MYOPATHY WITH MYALGIA, INCREASED SERUM CREATINE KINASE, AND WITH OR WITHOUT EPISODIC RHABDOMYOLYSIS; MMCKR"
8000:
7887:
7010:
7004:
5812:"Rebooting the immune system with high-dose cyclophosphamide for treatment of refractory myasthenia gravis"
5618:
5472:
5192:
5042:
5012:
4982:
4825:"Data from the European registry for patients with McArdle disease and other muscle glycogenoses (EUROMAC)"
1564:
1423:
467:
431:
403:
1531:
improves with regular physical activity (performed safely using activity adaptations such as getting into
7789:
7592:
6962:
6930:
3971:"Congenital Myasthenia Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)"
1439:
782:
6720:
7970:
7820:
7498:
4765:
Reason, S. L.; Voermans, N.; Lucia, A.; Vissing, J.; Quinlivan, R.; Bhai, S.; Wakelin, A. (July 2023).
3091:
van den
Bersselaar LR, Gubbels M, Riazi S, Heytens L, Jungbluth H, Voermans NC, Snoeck MM (June 2022).
1714:
1508:
1492:
1132:
639:
340:
may be used during sudden flares of the condition. If the breathing muscles become significantly weak,
337:
5216:"Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: New Developments in Diagnosis and Treatment"
4550:
2312:"Transient Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis as a Common Complication of a Rare Disease: A Systematic Review"
7850:
7673:
7226:
6887:
1556:
1180:
988:
147:
4767:"Development of Continuum of Care for McArdle disease: A practical tool for clinicians and patients"
7764:
7533:
7519:
7197:
6635:
5951:
Juel VC (March 2004). "Myasthenia gravis: management of myasthenic crisis and perioperative care".
3254:"Immunomodulatory effects and clinical benefits of intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis"
850:: Botulinum toxin A (sold under the brand name Botox, Jeuveau, and Xeomin) blocks transmission at
577:
127:
6427:"Functional Connectivity under Optogenetic Control Allows Modeling of Human Neuromuscular Disease"
4460:"CT and myasthenia gravis: correlation between mediastinal imaging and histopathological findings"
2052:
Salari N, Fatahi B, Bartina Y, Kazeminia M, Fatahian R, Mohammadi P, et al. (December 2021).
241:, and difficulties in talking and walking. Onset can be sudden. Those affected often have a large
7637:
7400:
7309:
4130:
1740:
1091:
807:
1511:
may be used to determine adequacy of ventilation; it is performed on those individuals with MG.
7768:
7212:
7105:
7024:
6777:
1833:
1820:
1605:
1540:
1390:
851:
754:
627:
480:
435:
341:
298:
278:
265:
134:
6675:
6583:
6378:"Ephedrine for myasthenia gravis, neonatal myasthenia and the congenital myasthenic syndromes"
3891:
2263:"Ephedrine for myasthenia gravis, neonatal myasthenia and the congenital myasthenic syndromes"
2015:
1947:
7337:
6781:
2759:
2501:
1981:
1803:
856:
707:
681:
282:
6481:"Evaluation of the quality of guidelines for myasthenia gravis with the AGREE II instrument"
3759:
TĂ©llez-Zenteno JF, HernĂĄndez-Ronquillo L, Salinas V, Estanol B, da Silva O (November 2004).
7926:
7921:
7905:
7815:
7745:
7602:
7514:
7357:
7150:
6492:
6334:
5823:
2720:
Scherer K, Bedlack RS, Simel DL (April 2005). "Does this patient have myasthenia gravis?".
2363:"The myasthenic patient in crisis: an update of the management in Neurointensive Care Unit"
1744:
1568:
1443:
1176:
1046:
949:
595:
488:
7633:
5154:
4131:"Epidemiology, diagnostics, and biomarkers of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders"
4000:
Wolfe GI, Barohn RJ (2009). "Myasthenia Gravis: Classification and Outcome Measurements".
3843:"The emerging spectrum of fetal acetylcholine receptor antibody-related disorders (FARAD)"
2624:
8:
7342:
7319:
7291:
7279:
6897:
6771:
6608:
4529:
3659:
1837:
1488:
1380:
1379:
One test is for antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor; the test has a reasonable
956:
Other Drugs: Rare cases of MG exacerbations have been reported in patients treated with:
841:
723:
623:
455:
411:
7948:
6532:
6496:
6376:
Vrinten C, van der Zwaag AM, Weinreich SS, Scholten RJ, Verschuuren JJ (December 2014).
6338:
5827:
4921:
4886:
4707:
4674:
3867:
3842:
2338:
2311:
2261:
Vrinten C, van der Zwaag AM, Weinreich SS, Scholten RJ, Verschuuren JJ (December 2014).
1582:
Signs and symptoms of myasthenia presenting from infancy or childhood may be one of the
1523:) in myasthenia gravis is a symptom shared by other neuromuscular diseases. Most of the
1217:
Congenital myasthenia, the rarest form, occurs when genes are present from both parents.
7953:
7835:
7825:
7719:
7645:
7617:
7597:
7434:
7392:
7286:
7188:
7114:
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6942:
6882:
6859:
6844:
6617:
6515:
6480:
6451:
6426:
6402:
6377:
6358:
6302:
6267:
6212:
6187:
6168:
6059:
6026:
6025:
Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, Minisman G, Kuo HC, Marx A, et al. (August 2016).
5976:
5933:
5885:
5868:
5844:
5811:
5792:
5703:
5678:
5433:
5408:
5384:
5367:
5302:
5277:
5250:
5215:
4859:
4824:
4804:
4690:
4596:
4440:
4370:
4345:
4321:
4294:
4253:
4228:
4204:
4170:"Myasthenia Gravis: Pathogenic Effects of Autoantibodies on Neuromuscular Architecture"
4169:
4059:
4034:
3947:
3922:
3641:
3595:
3568:
3519:
3464:
3439:
3117:
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2193:
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2139:
2080:
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1524:
1187:
758:
719:
317:
253:
194:
155:
106:
65:
6613:
4631:
4227:
Leite MI, Jacob S, Viegas S, Cossins J, Clover L, Morgan BP, et al. (July 2008).
4146:
4099:
4050:
3938:
3787:
3760:
3342:
426:
The weakness of the muscles involved in swallowing may lead to swallowing difficulty (
7655:
7450:
7439:
7266:
7247:
7038:
6646:
6520:
6456:
6407:
6350:
6307:
6289:
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6217:
6172:
6160:
6125:
6083:
6064:
6007:
5980:
5968:
5925:
5890:
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5784:
5708:
5438:
5389:
5348:
5307:
5255:
5237:
4926:
4908:
4864:
4846:
4808:
4796:
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4712:
4694:
4643:
4635:
4600:
4588:
4580:
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4432:
4375:
4326:
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4209:
4191:
4150:
4111:
4103:
4064:
4013:
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3897:
3872:
3820:
3792:
3741:
3645:
3600:
3537:
3511:
3506:
3489:
3469:
3420:
3385:
3346:
3311:
3275:
3234:
3193:
3158:
3122:
3068:
3033:
2998:
2947:
2912:
2820:
2765:
2737:
2689:
2597:
2557:
2507:
2482:
2422:
2384:
2343:
2292:
2225:
2171:
2108:
2085:
2021:
1987:
1953:
1841:
1823:
for treatment research as they are safe and used in the treatment of other diseases.
1647:
1548:
898:
887:
837:
800:
415:
348:
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may be temporarily held to reduce airway secretions.
113:
53:
6709:
6686:
6266:
Dresser, Laura; Wlodarski, Richard; Rezania, Kourosh; Soliven, Betty (21 May 2021).
5937:
5796:
4444:
3523:
2434:
2194:"Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: update on disease types, models, and mechanisms"
1637:
1410:
7699:
7550:
7545:
7486:
7413:
7388:
7296:
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6990:
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6500:
6446:
6438:
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6342:
6297:
6279:
6244:
6240:
6207:
6199:
6152:
6117:
6075:
6054:
6046:
6038:
6003:
5999:
5960:
5917:
5880:
5839:
5831:
5776:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5428:
5420:
5379:
5338:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5245:
5227:
4916:
4898:
4854:
4836:
4778:
4702:
4686:
4627:
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4562:
4471:
4424:
4365:
4357:
4316:
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4248:
4240:
4199:
4181:
4142:
4095:
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4046:
4005:
3942:
3934:
3862:
3854:
3782:
3772:
3733:
3631:
3590:
3580:
3501:
3459:
3451:
3412:
3381:
3373:
3338:
3303:
3265:
3224:
3185:
3150:
3112:
3104:
3060:
3025:
2988:
2978:
2939:
2902:
2892:
2729:
2679:
2669:
2472:
2464:
2414:
2374:
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2323:
2282:
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2215:
2205:
2161:
2151:
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2065:
1532:
1427:
1168:
1116:
878:
386:
of specific muscles, not fatigue. The muscle weakness becomes progressively worse (
294:
290:
151:
123:
4517:
4398:
4281:
3270:
3253:
2794:
2210:
2105:
Rituximab for the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis: A 2021 Update [Internet]
1656:(Vyvgart Hytrulo) was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2023.
751:
MG (and other neuromuscular disorders) should probably be avoided where feasible.
418:. Typically, this subtype evolves into generalized MG, usually after a few years.
7984:
7840:
7810:
7694:
7622:
7476:
7429:
7098:
7081:
6640:
6505:
5155:"Phenotypic Series - PS601462, PS610542 - Congenital myasthenic syndromes - OMIM"
4009:
3737:
3154:
2591:
2551:
1659:
1528:
1253:
1172:
1164:
933:
847:
788:
734:
528:
399:
383:
353:
238:
222:
79:
71:
45:
6689:
4229:"IgG1 antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in 'seronegative' myasthenia gravis"
4083:
3455:
3416:
2104:
1167:
of pregnancy. Signs and symptoms in pregnant mothers tend to improve during the
7724:
7678:
7471:
7221:
7216:
7174:
7086:
6693:
6442:
6121:
5409:"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neurological diseases"
4841:
4361:
3758:
3307:
3189:
3108:
2070:
1783:
1710:
1676:
1520:
1507:
may be monitored at intervals to detect increasing muscular weakness. Acutely,
1504:
1464:
1007:
917:
823:
739:
685:
635:
631:
589:
548:
387:
368:
357:
333:
313:
274:
230:
190:
170:
6697:
6651:
6598:
6268:"Myasthenia Gravis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations"
5780:
4783:
4766:
4566:
4476:
4459:
4035:"Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity"
3585:
3377:
3029:
2983:
2379:
2362:
1650:(Vyvgart) was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2021.
1076:, a muscle-specific kinase. Other, less frequent antibodies are found against
7994:
7899:
7491:
7093:
7055:
6905:
6818:
6293:
5461:
5424:
5241:
4912:
4850:
4792:
4698:
4639:
4584:
4195:
4107:
3761:"Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy: clinical implications and neonatal outcome"
2943:
2733:
2674:
2107:(Report). Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health.
1807:
1795:
1675:, can reduce the muscarinic side effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
1576:
1536:
1124:
1003:
891:
882:
860:
833:
599:
569:
532:
520:
269:
234:
6346:
5835:
4615:
4311:
3858:
1418:): Right picture: after an edrophonium test, note the improvement in ptosis.
7794:
7584:
7466:
7455:
7273:
7032:
6524:
6460:
6411:
6354:
6311:
6252:
6221:
6164:
6129:
6087:
6068:
6011:
5972:
5929:
5894:
5853:
5788:
5712:
5442:
5393:
5352:
5311:
5259:
4930:
4868:
4800:
4716:
4647:
4592:
4485:
4436:
4379:
4330:
4262:
4244:
4213:
4154:
4115:
4068:
3956:
3876:
3796:
3777:
3745:
3604:
3473:
3424:
3389:
3350:
3315:
3279:
3238:
3197:
3162:
3126:
3072:
3037:
3002:
2916:
2741:
2693:
2486:
2426:
2388:
2347:
2296:
2229:
2175:
2112:
2089:
1799:
1698:
1662:(Rystiggo) was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2023.
1196:
1073:
1069:
1015:
827:
796:
747:
715:
661:
657:
615:
556:
544:
524:
516:
325:
6324:
6042:
5964:
4903:
3515:
2951:
2881:"Drugs That Induce or Cause Deterioration of Myasthenia Gravis: An Update"
2156:
1713:
can be used to remove the putative antibodies from the circulation. Also,
7481:
7461:
7445:
7255:
6670:
4885:
Urtizberea, Jon Andoni; Severa, Gianmarco; Malfatti, Edoardo (May 2023).
4575:
4512:
4393:
4276:
4186:
3923:"Congenital myasthenic syndromes: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment"
2789:
1484:
1480:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1035:
1027:
968:
960:
945:
937:
925:
774:
693:
673:
665:
653:
649:
585:
581:
536:
512:
504:
309:
289:. Diagnosis can be supported by blood tests for specific antibodies, the
186:
6284:
6079:
6050:
5767:
Kumar V, Kaminski HJ (February 2011). "Treatment of myasthenia gravis".
5232:
4975:"MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (LIMB-GIRDLE), TYPE C, 3; MDDGC3"
4415:
Spillane J, Higham E, Kullmann DM (December 2012). "Myasthenia gravis".
2897:
2328:
1288:
Eye muscle weakness of any severity, moderate weakness of other muscles
7043:
6951:
6802:
6704:
5343:
5326:
4084:"Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies"
2656:
Nair AG, Patil-Chhablani P, Venkatramani DV, Gandhi RA (October 2014).
1778:
1689:
1609:
1066:
1039:
1031:
1023:
996:
992:
976:
964:
941:
929:
913:
910:
815:
811:
792:
778:
766:
701:
697:
689:
669:
619:
607:
573:
564:
552:
451:
447:
329:
321:
257:
177:
166:
119:
41:
6203:
6156:
5921:
4428:
3329:
Vincent A, Palace J, Hilton-Jones D (June 2001). "Myasthenia gravis".
3229:
3212:
3064:
2418:
1312:
Eye muscle weakness of any severity, severe weakness of other muscles
6681:
6375:
4534:
3213:"Glucocorticoids in myasthenia gravis - if, when, how, and how much?"
3090:
2819:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1441â1444.
2655:
2629:
2468:
2260:
1845:
1824:
1694:
1210:
Three types of myasthenic symptoms in children can be distinguished:
1019:
980:
921:
881:
that blocks skeletal muscle contraction by inhibiting the release or
874:
864:
819:
770:
762:
603:
540:
508:
484:
427:
345:
58:
5184:
5124:
5094:
5064:
5034:
5004:
4974:
4944:
3636:
3619:
1264:
Eye muscle weakness of any severity, mild weakness of other muscles
7069:
6835:
6715:
6106:
5869:"Clinical characteristics of refractory myasthenia gravis patients"
5368:"Clinical characteristics of refractory myasthenia gravis patients"
4343:
3696:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
2187:
2185:
1848:
for MG to monitor the disease development and assess the severity.
1672:
1552:
1463:
or neostigmine, drugs that block the breakdown of acetylcholine by
1372:
1011:
984:
902:
868:
743:
611:
560:
407:
143:
75:
6566:
3050:
1383:
of 80â96%, but in ocular myasthenia, the sensitivity falls to 50%.
458:. In some cases, a singing hobby or profession must be abandoned.
7404:
6729:
6424:
5810:
Drachman DB, Adams RN, Hu R, Jones RJ, Brodsky RA (1 June 2008).
5460:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3839:
2243:
Kandel E, Schwartz J, Jessel T, Siegelbaum S, Hudspeth A (2012).
1986:(2 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 72.
1726:
1402:
1054:
906:
246:
6629:
5679:"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment for myasthenia gravis"
5278:"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment for myasthenia gravis"
4945:"MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, LIMB-GIRDLE, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 8; LGMDR8"
4458:
de Kraker M, Kluin J, Renken N, Maat AP, Bogers AJ (June 2005).
2182:
1442:
of 76.9% and 98.3%, respectively, for the identification of MG.
7773:
7178:
6773:
6593:
6578:
4887:"Metabolic Myopathies in the Era of Next-Generation Sequencing"
2556:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, US. pp. 109â110.
1628:
1422:
Muscle fibers of people with MG are easily fatigued, which the
1235:
Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Clinical Classification
677:
645:
242:
6265:
3438:
Prabhu SS, Khan SA, Doudnikoff AL, Reebye UN (February 2019).
2242:
1620:
33:
7740:
7408:
4821:
3486:
3015:
2361:
Godoy DA, Mello LJ, Masotti L, Di Napoli M (September 2013).
2137:
1438:
Applying ice for 2â5 minutes to the muscles reportedly has a
1085:
1081:
7387:
6479:
Zhang Z, Guo J, Su G, Li J, Wu H, Xie X (17 November 2014).
4128:
3567:
Sinmaz N, Nguyen T, Tea F, Dale RC, Brilot F (August 2016).
3402:
2764:(7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. p. 867.
2051:
4344:
Kearsey C, Fernando P, D'Costa D, Ferdinand P (June 2010).
3210:
1112:
642:
to reduce the chances of their developing severe symptoms.
4764:
3893:
Pediatric Nursing: The Critical Components of Nursing Care
3437:
3211:
Hoffmann S, Kohler S, Ziegler A, Meisel A (October 2014).
2817:
Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice
2360:
48:
in a person with myasthenia gravis trying to open her eyes
6024:
5407:
Burman J, Tolf A, HĂ€gglund H, Askmark H (February 2018).
5406:
3724:
Varner M (June 2013). "Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy".
3328:
1519:
The muscle weakness that worsens with activity (abnormal
446:
Weakness of the muscles involved in speaking may lead to
226:
6234:
5993:
5676:
5275:
4884:
4457:
2929:
2878:
2450:
1567:), and poor diet or malabsorption diseases that lead to
16:
Autoimmune disease resulting in skeletal muscle weakness
5907:
4226:
3819:. Vol. 3 (Fourth ed.). Oxford. p. 1170.
3292:
2964:
2404:
1921:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1636:
About 10% of people with generalized MG are considered
523:(which is no longer available in the U.S. market), and
5559:(Press release). Halozyme Therapeutics. 20 June 2023.
4414:
4082:
Gilhus, Nils Erik; Verschuuren, Jan J (October 2015).
3175:
2451:
Conti-Fine BM, Milani M, Kaminski HJ (November 2006).
499:
225:. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the
7968:
6027:"Randomized Trial of Thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis"
5185:"159400 - MYASTHENIA, LIMB-GIRDLE, AUTOIMMUNE - OMIM"
4551:"Physical training and exercise in myasthenia gravis"
4033:
Meriggioli, Matthew N; Sanders, Donald B (May 2009).
2879:
Sheikh S, Alvi U, Soliven B, Rezania K (April 2021).
2757:
2020:(2 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 844.
1220:
Juvenile myasthenia gravis is most common in females.
6556:
6537:
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
6136:
5809:
5677:
Mehndiratta MM, Pandey S, Kuntzer T (October 2014).
5276:
Mehndiratta MM, Pandey S, Kuntzer T (October 2014).
3363:
3139:
2138:
Dabi A, Solieman N, Kurukumbi M, Kalyanam J (2012).
5672:
5670:
5668:
4616:"Metabolic myopathies: a clinical approach; part I"
4346:"The use of the ice pack test in myasthenia gravis"
3921:Engel AG, Shen XM, Selcen D, Sine SM (April 2015).
3920:
3666:. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3566:
2719:
2309:
5727:"Atropine â Myasthenia-gravis medicines and drugs"
5467:"FDA Approves New Treatment for Myasthenia Gravis"
5413:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
5035:"DIMETHYLGLYCINE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; DMGDHD"
2310:Lindroos JL, BjĂžrk MH, Gilhus NE (February 2024).
1952:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 118.
1709:If the myasthenia is serious (myasthenic crisis),
1665:
563:are reported to exacerbate MG. The aminoglycoside
304:MG is generally treated with medications known as
5866:
5365:
4081:
4032:
3178:Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
1755:In people with myasthenia gravis, older forms of
1389:In specific situations, testing is performed for
1256:, no other evidence of muscle weakness elsewhere
487:of the respiratory muscles occurs, necessitating
256:of the neuromuscular junction which results from
7992:
7859:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
6188:"Myasthenia gravis: an update for the clinician"
6110:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
5665:
5214:Pascuzzi, Robert M.; Bodkin, Cynthia L. (2022).
4614:Darras, B. T.; Friedman, N. R. (February 2000).
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2753:
2751:
2499:
1328:Predominantly bulbar and/or respiratory muscles
1304:Predominantly bulbar and/or respiratory muscles
1280:Predominantly bulbar and/or respiratory muscles
6142:
5449:
4464:Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
3620:"Diagnosis and management of myasthenia gravis"
3086:
3084:
3082:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2191:
5324:
5213:
4613:
4167:
3444:Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2453:"Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future"
1406:A chest CT-scan showing a thymoma (red circle)
948:). Ester local anesthetics are metabolized by
434:). Weakness of the muscles that move the jaw (
8006:Myoneural junction and neuromuscular diseases
7373:
6757:
5766:
3914:
3251:
2748:
2619:
2617:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2256:
2254:
1195:. In some of these cases, the mother remains
6478:
4220:
4168:Koneczny, Inga; Herbst, Ruth (2 July 2019).
3833:
3431:
3396:
3357:
3322:
3286:
3245:
3204:
3169:
3133:
3079:
3044:
3009:
2958:
2833:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2303:
454:. Speech may be slow and slurred, or have a
382:The initial, main symptom in MG is painless
6382:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6237:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5996:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5867:Suh J, Goldstein JM, Nowak RJ (June 2013).
5683:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5533:(Press release). Argenx. 17 December 2021.
5366:Suh J, Goldstein JM, Nowak RJ (June 2013).
5282:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3999:
3889:
2923:
2700:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2267:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2102:
2009:
2007:
840:drug used to treat various diseases (e.g.,
547:are reported to exacerbate MG. And, In the
7380:
7366:
6764:
6750:
6327:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
6318:
5816:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5769:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
5125:"EPISODIC MUSCLE WEAKNESS, X-LINKED; EMWX"
4502:McGraw-Hill Professional; 8 edition (2005)
4500:Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology
3814:
3617:
2614:
2574:
2553:Myasthenia Gravis and Myasthenic Disorders
2400:
2398:
2251:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1704:
1498:
1228:
221:that leads to varying degrees of skeletal
32:
6514:
6504:
6450:
6401:
6301:
6283:
6211:
6058:
5944:
5884:
5843:
5702:
5432:
5383:
5342:
5301:
5249:
5231:
4920:
4902:
4858:
4840:
4782:
4706:
4574:
4475:
4369:
4320:
4310:
4252:
4203:
4185:
4058:
3946:
3866:
3786:
3776:
3635:
3594:
3584:
3505:
3463:
3269:
3228:
3116:
2992:
2982:
2906:
2896:
2799:
2683:
2673:
2524:
2476:
2378:
2337:
2327:
2286:
2236:
2219:
2209:
2192:Phillips WD, Vincent A (1 January 2016).
2165:
2155:
2079:
2069:
1975:
1973:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1514:
5987:
5873:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
5372:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
5065:"ERYTHROCYTE LACTATE TRANSPORTER DEFECT"
4530:Emergent Management of Myasthenia Gravis
3815:Warrell DA, Cox TM, et al. (2003).
2634:
2589:
2549:
2446:
2444:
2004:
1979:
1627:
1619:
1426:test can help diagnose. In single-fiber
1409:
1401:
281:results in a similar condition known as
7893:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
5271:
5269:
4729:
4002:Myasthenia Gravis and Related Disorders
3810:
3808:
3806:
2395:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2017:Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials
1983:Myasthenia Gravis and Related Disorders
1642:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
1357:
332:may improve symptoms in certain cases.
7993:
5220:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
4548:
4451:
4292:
4286:
3752:
3723:
2610:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2593:Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry
2570:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2520:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2034:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2000:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1970:
1966:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1927:from the original on 16 September 2021
1858:
1683:
710:: A type Ia antiarrhythmic agent (see
527:are reported to exacerbate MG. In the
7715:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
7361:
6745:
6543:from the original on 10 December 2017
6539:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5537:from the original on 19 December 2021
5511:from the original on 20 December 2021
5481:from the original on 20 December 2021
4880:
4878:
4672:
4544:
4542:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4299:Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
3719:
3717:
3715:
2457:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2441:
2013:
1945:
1551:), Tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM),
1397:
1336:Intubation needed to maintain airway
648:: Statins are drugs that lower blood
377:
266:junction between the nerve and muscle
6192:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
6185:
5950:
5649:(Press release). UCB. 27 June 2023.
5627:from the original on 21 January 2023
5325:Gronseth GS, Barohn RJ (July 2000).
5266:
5045:from the original on 14 October 2022
3803:
3670:from the original on 18 October 2016
3624:Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry
2814:
2658:"Ocular myasthenia gravis: a review"
2038:
1733:
1561:popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
1320:Predominantly limb or axial muscles
1296:Predominantly limb or axial muscles
1272:Predominantly limb or axial muscles
859:(i.e., involuntarily neck turning),
855:toxin A has also been used to treat
287:transient neonatal myasthenia gravis
6031:The New England Journal of Medicine
5729:. NHS Choices. 2014. Archived from
5507:(Press release). 17 December 2021.
5477:(Press release). 17 December 2021.
3252:Dalakas MC, Meisel A (April 2022).
2971:Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer
2761:Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology
2503:Introduction to Medical Terminology
1450:
1138:A juvenile thymus shrinks with age.
731:Depolarizing neuromuscular blockers
500:Medications that cause or worsen MG
233:, and swallowing. It can result in
13:
7025:BIN1-linked centronuclear myopathy
6471:
5745:
5015:from the original on 21 April 2024
4875:
4691:10.1212/01.CON.0000440660.41675.06
4673:Tobon, Alejandro (December 2013).
4549:Gilhus, Nils Erik (1 March 2021).
4539:
4403:
3726:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
3712:
3258:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
2778:from the original on 2 April 2017.
1750:
1612:is a surgical method to treat MG.
1608:to reduce the autoimmune process.
1252:Any eye muscle weakness, possible
1193:arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
1060:
810:: Calcium channel blockers (e.g.,
82:, trouble talking, trouble walking
14:
8017:
7932:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
7306:Testosterone deficiency myopathy
6814:LambertâEaton myasthenic syndrome
5653:from the original on 28 June 2023
5593:from the original on 24 June 2023
5563:from the original on 24 June 2023
5005:"MYOFIBRILLAR MYOPATHY 10; MFM10"
4829:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
4746:from the original on 5 March 2023
4498:Allan H. Ropper, Robert H. Brown
3910:from the original on 3 June 2016.
3700:from the original on 11 July 2015
3548:from the original on 11 July 2015
3405:Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing
2103:Young C, McGill SC (April 2021).
2058:Journal of Translational Medicine
1794:The first to write about MG were
1594:LambertâEaton myasthenic syndrome
1416:Hering's law of equal innervation
262:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
7978:
7569:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
7262:KocherâDebreâSemelaigne syndrome
6911:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2
6868:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1
6418:
6369:
6259:
6228:
6179:
6100:
6018:
5901:
5455:
5195:from the original on 2 June 2023
5165:from the original on 3 July 2024
5135:from the original on 3 July 2024
5105:from the original on 3 June 2024
5075:from the original on 13 May 2024
4985:from the original on 9 June 2023
4955:from the original on 31 May 2024
4654:from the original on 24 May 2023
3296:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
2758:Rajendran A; Sundaram S (2014).
2506:. Cengage Learning. p. 87.
2500:Ehrlich A, Schroeder CL (2014).
2119:from the original on 7 July 2022
1632:Azathioprine, chemical structure
1152:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
1143:
1131:
1121:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
1104:
461:
402:may occur due to weakness of m.
7751:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
7613:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
6533:"Diagnostic: Myasthenia gravis"
5860:
5803:
5719:
5639:
5613:"Novel Drug Approvals for 2023"
5605:
5589:(Press release). 20 June 2023.
5575:
5549:
5523:
5493:
5400:
5359:
5318:
5207:
5177:
5147:
5117:
5087:
5057:
5027:
4997:
4967:
4937:
4815:
4758:
4723:
4685:(6 Muscle Disease): 1571â1597.
4666:
4607:
4522:
4505:
4492:
4386:
4337:
4269:
4161:
4122:
4075:
4026:
3993:
3963:
3883:
3682:
3652:
3611:
3560:
3530:
3480:
3097:Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
2782:
2662:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
2596:. Elsevier Health Sciences UK.
2493:
2354:
2247:(5 ed.). pp. 318â319.
1771:
1666:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
1654:Efgartigimod alfa/hyaluronidase
1624:Neostigmine, chemical structure
1584:congenital myasthenic syndromes
1371:If the diagnosis is suspected,
1158:
975:anti-cancer medications, i.e.,
712:Vaughan Williams classification
306:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
183:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
7203:Fatty-acid metabolism disorder
6826:Congenital myasthenic syndrome
6394:10.1002/14651858.CD010028.pub2
6245:10.1002/14651858.CD008111.pub2
6004:10.1002/14651858.CD008111.pub2
5695:10.1002/14651858.CD006986.pub3
5294:10.1002/14651858.CD006986.pub3
4679:Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
3690:"Myasthenia Gravis Fact Sheet"
2932:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2279:10.1002/14651858.CD010028.pub2
2131:
2096:
1939:
1917:"Myasthenia Gravis Fact Sheet"
1806:treated a person with MG with
1366:
481:muscles that control breathing
330:surgical removal of the thymus
219:neuromuscular junction disease
167:surgical removal of the thymus
1:
7831:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
7315:Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
4632:10.1016/s0887-8994(99)00133-2
4147:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00297-0
4100:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00145-3
4051:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70063-8
3939:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70201-7
3847:Brain: A Journal of Neurology
3765:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
3618:Sathasivam S (January 2014).
3343:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05186-2
3271:10.1080/14737175.2022.2057223
3217:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
2367:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
2211:10.12688/f1000research.8206.1
2140:"Myasthenia Gravis: A Review"
1851:
1615:
1599:
1483:may identify widening of the
757:: Inhalation anesthetics are
7888:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
6506:10.1371/journal.pone.0111796
6272:Journal of Clinical Medicine
5619:Food and Drug Administration
5473:Food and Drug Administration
4295:"Single-fiber EMG: A review"
4010:10.1007/978-1-59745-156-7_18
3738:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31828e92c0
3573:Journal of Neuroinflammation
3507:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90146-9
3155:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004239
2885:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2316:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2245:Principles of Neural Science
1762:
1565:chronic venous insufficiency
1424:repetitive nerve stimulation
1202:
596:Immune checkpoint inhibitors
468:muscles of facial expression
432:velopharyngeal insufficiency
404:levator palpebrae superioris
7:
7954:Systemic autoimmune disease
7790:Allergic contact dermatitis
7710:Hypersensitivity vasculitis
7593:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
4733:Living with McArdle Disease
3817:Oxford Textbook of Medicine
3456:10.17245/jdapm.2019.19.1.67
3417:10.1016/j.jopan.2018.03.009
1814:
1715:intravenous immunoglobulins
1487:suggestive of thymoma, but
1440:sensitivity and specificity
1433:
1179:can occur in some mothers.
1115:2. Muscle cell membrane 3.
1111:Neuromuscular junction: 1.
783:neuromuscular-blocking drug
578:tetracycline group of drugs
441:
90:Women under 40, men over 60
10:
8022:
7460:common allergies include:
6443:10.1016/j.stem.2015.10.002
6122:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.07.024
5545:– via Business Wire.
4842:10.1186/s13023-020-01562-x
4362:10.1258/shorts.2009.090037
4293:Selvan VA (January 2011).
3890:Rudd K, Kocisko D (2013).
3308:10.1016/j.jocn.2024.01.025
3190:10.1053/j.jvca.2018.07.036
3109:10.1007/s12630-022-02230-3
2071:10.1186/s12967-021-03185-7
1789:
1720:
1590:thyroiditis, and thymoma.
1509:negative inspiratory force
1493:magnetic resonance imaging
1474:
989:tyrosine kinase inhibitors
640:intravenous immunoglobulin
338:intravenous immunoglobulin
7914:
7880:
7871:
7849:
7803:
7782:
7763:
7733:
7687:
7672:
7631:
7583:
7576:
7562:
7532:
7507:
7422:
7399:
7330:
7292:Hyperparathyroid myopathy
7246:
7187:
7163:
7143:
7113:
7068:
7054:
6982:
6941:
6896:
6858:
6843:
6834:
6788:
6661:
6560:
5781:10.1007/s11910-010-0151-1
4784:10.1016/j.nmd.2023.05.006
4567:10.1016/j.nmd.2020.12.004
4477:10.1510/icvts.2004.097246
3586:10.1186/s12974-016-0678-4
3378:10.1177/19418744231206256
3030:10.1016/j.nmd.2018.11.012
2984:10.1186/s40425-019-0774-y
2380:10.1590/0004-282X20130108
1557:intermittent claudication
1181:Immunosuppressive therapy
1049:(may also cause MG); and
991:that may also cause MG),
799:, are now the first line
718:, which is used to treat
421:
410:, due to weakness of the
200:
176:
161:
148:organophosphate poisoning
133:
118:Blood tests for specific
112:
102:
94:
86:
64:
52:
40:
31:
26:
7705:HenochâSchönlein purpura
7520:Eosinophilic esophagitis
7287:Hypoparathyroid myopathy
7198:Glycogen storage disease
5661:– via PR Newswire.
5571:– via PR Newswire.
5425:10.1136/jnnp-2017-316271
4518:Pulmonary function tests
4513:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
4394:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
4277:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
3143:Anesthesia and Analgesia
2790:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
2734:10.1001/jama.293.15.1906
2675:10.4103/0301-4738.145987
1541:mitochondrial myopathies
808:Calcium channel blockers
708:Ia antiarrhythmic agents
494:
474:
328:, may also be used. The
252:Myasthenia gravis is an
128:nerve conduction studies
7821:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
7608:GuillainâBarrĂ© syndrome
7310:Late-onset hypogonadism
7301:Corticosteroid myopathy
7019:adaptor protein disease
6347:10.1196/annals.1405.034
5836:10.1196/annals.1405.033
4771:Neuromuscular Disorders
4555:Neuromuscular Disorders
4312:10.4103/0972-2327.78058
3542:Genetics Home Reference
3018:Neuromuscular Disorders
1832:functional, all-human,
1741:diaphragmatic breathing
1705:Plasmapheresis and IVIG
1606:immunosuppressant drugs
1499:Pulmonary function test
1455:This test requires the
1229:Subgroup classification
1092:Human leukocyte antigen
987:(these three drugs are
852:neuromuscular junctions
822:) are drugs that lower
551:family of antibiotics,
466:Due to weakness of the
393:
356:. The word is from the
140:GuillainâBarrĂ© syndrome
7922:Autoimmune adrenalitis
7213:Mitochondrial myopathy
7106:Paramyotonia congenita
6778:neuromuscular junction
6186:Sieb JP (March 2014).
4675:"Metabolic myopathies"
4282:Lambert-Eaton syndrome
3778:10.1186/1471-2474-5-42
2944:10.1093/bja/44.12.1329
1834:neuromuscular junction
1786:of MG is around 5-9%.
1633:
1625:
1515:Differential diagnoses
1419:
1407:
1391:Lambert-Eaton syndrome
1053:the chemical element,
755:Inhalation anesthetics
682:bile acid sequestrants
628:mechanical ventilation
436:muscles of mastication
344:may be required. Once
342:mechanical ventilation
299:nerve conduction study
279:neuromuscular junction
260:that block or destroy
135:Differential diagnosis
7338:Inflammatory myopathy
6782:neuromuscular disease
6043:10.1056/NEJMoa1602489
5965:10.1055/s-2004-829595
5953:Seminars in Neurology
4904:10.3390/genes14050954
3927:The Lancet. Neurology
3859:10.1093/brain/awad153
1631:
1623:
1413:
1405:
950:pseudocholinesterases
857:spasmodic torticollis
836:: Penicillamine is a
406:) and double vision (
283:congenital myasthenia
204:50 to 200 per million
7927:Autoimmune hepatitis
7906:Transplant rejection
7816:Giant cell arteritis
7746:Rheumatoid arthritis
7603:Goodpasture syndrome
7515:Autoimmune urticaria
7151:Central core disease
7033:cytoskeleton disease
4730:Wakelin, A. (2017).
4245:10.1093/brain/awn092
4187:10.3390/cells8070671
4135:The Lancet Neurology
4088:The Lancet Neurology
4039:The Lancet Neurology
4004:. pp. 293â302.
3366:The Neurohospitalist
1980:Kaminski HJ (2009).
1949:In a Page: Neurology
1838:embryonic stem cells
1745:pursed-lip breathing
1638:treatment-refractory
1569:vitamin D deficiency
1525:metabolic myopathies
1461:edrophonium chloride
1444:Acetylcholinesterase
1358:Physical examination
489:assisted ventilation
367:"weakness", and the
156:metabolic myopathies
8001:Autoimmune diseases
7393:autoimmune diseases
7343:Congenital myopathy
7320:Androgen deficiency
7280:Thyrotoxic myopathy
6878:Facioscapulohumeral
6497:2014PLoSO...9k1796Z
6339:2008NYASA1132..174L
6285:10.3390/jcm10112235
6080:10.1056/NEJMx170003
5828:2008NYASA1132..305D
5233:10.2147/NDT.S296714
4620:Pediatric Neurology
3660:"Myasthenia Gravis"
3538:"Myasthenia gravis"
2898:10.3390/jcm10071537
2329:10.3390/jcm13041136
2157:10.1155/2012/874680
2144:Autoimmune Diseases
1684:Immune suppressants
1489:computed tomography
1237:
920:) and amides (i.e.
759:general anesthetics
724:respiratory failure
720:cardiac arrhythmias
624:respiratory failure
531:antibiotic family,
471:upright may occur.
412:extraocular muscles
352:live to an average
7836:Reactive arthritis
7826:Multiple sclerosis
7720:Reactive arthritis
7618:Pemphigus vulgaris
7598:Bullous pemphigoid
7499:Penicillin allergy
7435:Allergic urticaria
7189:Metabolic myopathy
7115:Periodic paralysis
7077:Myotonia congenita
6845:Muscular dystrophy
6662:External resources
6145:Muscle & Nerve
5910:Muscle & Nerve
5344:10.1212/wnl.55.1.7
4423:(dec21 3): e8497.
4350:JRSM Short Reports
3053:Muscle & Nerve
1821:anti-c5 inhibitors
1757:iodinated contrast
1634:
1626:
1459:administration of
1420:
1408:
1398:Electrodiagnostics
1375:can be performed:
1233:
378:Signs and symptoms
318:Immunosuppressants
254:autoimmune disease
195:immunosuppressants
107:Autoimmune disease
7966:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7867:
7866:
7759:
7758:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7656:Pernicious anemia
7651:Myasthenia gravis
7528:
7527:
7451:Atopic dermatitis
7440:Allergic rhinitis
7355:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7267:Hoffmann syndrome
7159:
7158:
7039:Nemaline myopathy
6978:
6977:
6809:Myasthenia gravis
6739:
6738:
6710:Myasthenia gravis
6204:10.1111/cei.12217
6157:10.1002/mus.24254
6116:(11): 1452â1464.
5922:10.1002/mus.25597
4429:10.1136/bmj.e8497
4239:(Pt 7): 1940â52.
4094:(10): 1023â1036.
4019:978-1-58829-852-2
3975:www.ninds.nih.gov
3903:978-0-8036-4053-5
3853:(10): 4233â4246.
3826:978-0-19-852787-9
3694:www.ninds.nih.gov
3230:10.1111/ane.12261
3065:10.1002/mus.26637
2826:978-1-4557-0605-1
2795:Myasthenia gravis
2771:978-81-312-3800-4
2728:(15): 1906â1914.
2625:Myasthenia Gravis
2603:978-0-7020-5963-6
2590:Scully C (2014).
2563:978-0-19-973867-0
2550:Engel AG (2012).
2513:978-1-133-95174-2
2463:(11): 2843â2854.
2419:10.1159/000279334
2407:Neuroepidemiology
2027:978-1-4557-3394-1
2014:Adams JG (2012).
1993:978-1-59745-156-7
1959:978-1-4051-0432-6
1842:complement system
1836:assay from human
1734:Physical measures
1648:Efgartigimod alfa
1340:
1339:
899:Local anesthetics
888:magnesium sulfate
877:: Magnesium is a
848:Botulinum toxin A
838:chelation therapy
826:in patients with
801:immunosuppressive
416:orbicularis oculi
217:) is a long-term
211:Myasthenia gravis
208:
207:
114:Diagnostic method
27:Myasthenia gravis
21:Medical condition
8013:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7974:
7949:Sjögren syndrome
7878:
7877:
7780:
7779:
7685:
7684:
7581:
7580:
7560:
7559:
7420:
7419:
7389:Hypersensitivity
7382:
7375:
7368:
7359:
7358:
7297:Hypercortisolism
7208:AMPD1 deficiency
7164:ATPase disorder
7066:
7065:
6997:Bethlem myopathy
6991:collagen disease
6983:Other structural
6856:
6855:
6841:
6840:
6794:junction disease
6766:
6759:
6752:
6743:
6742:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6528:
6518:
6508:
6465:
6464:
6454:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6405:
6388:(12): CD010028.
6373:
6367:
6366:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6305:
6287:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6239:(10): CD008111.
6232:
6226:
6225:
6215:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6093:Retraction Watch
6072:
6062:
6022:
6016:
6015:
5998:(10): CD008111.
5991:
5985:
5984:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5888:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5764:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5706:
5689:(10): CD006986.
5674:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5623:. 28 June 2023.
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5346:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5305:
5288:(10): CD006986.
5273:
5264:
5263:
5253:
5235:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4906:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4844:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4786:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4738:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4578:
4546:
4537:
4526:
4520:
4509:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4412:
4401:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4314:
4290:
4284:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4189:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4030:
4024:
4023:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3977:. Archived from
3967:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3812:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3780:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3721:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3588:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3509:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3384: 10790617.
3361:
3355:
3354:
3337:(9274): 2122â8.
3326:
3320:
3319:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3184:(9): 2537â2545.
3173:
3167:
3166:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3088:
3077:
3076:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2876:
2831:
2830:
2815:Marx JA (2014).
2812:
2797:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2717:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2653:
2632:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2587:
2572:
2571:
2547:
2522:
2521:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2469:10.1172/JCI29894
2448:
2439:
2438:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2273:(12): CD010028.
2258:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2159:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1946:Kahan S (2005).
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1913:
1549:Hoffman syndrome
1451:Edrophonium test
1428:electromyography
1238:
1232:
1173:third trimesters
1147:
1135:
1117:Synaptic vesicle
1108:
890:injections) for
879:chemical element
842:Wilson's disease
572:class of drugs,
295:electromyography
291:edrophonium test
268:. This prevents
239:drooping eyelids
152:brainstem stroke
124:edrophonium test
80:drooping eyelids
70:Varying degrees
36:
24:
23:
8021:
8020:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8010:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7979:
7977:
7969:
7967:
7958:
7910:
7873:
7863:
7845:
7841:Type 1 diabetes
7811:Coeliac disease
7799:
7771:
7755:
7729:
7695:Arthus reaction
7676:
7660:
7646:Graves' disease
7627:
7623:Rheumatic fever
7572:
7540:
7524:
7503:
7430:Allergic asthma
7411:
7395:
7386:
7356:
7347:
7326:
7242:
7183:
7155:
7139:
7109:
7099:Isaacs syndrome
7082:Thomsen disease
7050:
6974:
6937:
6892:
6873:Oculopharyngeal
6847:
6830:
6792:
6784:
6770:
6740:
6735:
6734:
6657:
6656:
6569:
6555:
6546:
6544:
6531:
6491:(11): e111796.
6474:
6472:Further reading
6469:
6468:
6423:
6419:
6374:
6370:
6323:
6319:
6264:
6260:
6233:
6229:
6184:
6180:
6141:
6137:
6105:
6101:
6074:(Erratum:
6073:
6023:
6019:
5992:
5988:
5949:
5945:
5906:
5902:
5865:
5861:
5808:
5804:
5765:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5733:on 12 July 2015
5725:
5724:
5720:
5675:
5666:
5656:
5654:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5594:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5484:
5482:
5465:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5405:
5401:
5364:
5360:
5323:
5319:
5274:
5267:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5106:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5018:
5016:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4883:
4876:
4820:
4816:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4612:
4608:
4547:
4540:
4527:
4523:
4510:
4506:
4497:
4493:
4456:
4452:
4413:
4404:
4391:
4387:
4342:
4338:
4291:
4287:
4274:
4270:
4225:
4221:
4166:
4162:
4127:
4123:
4080:
4076:
4031:
4027:
4020:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3981:on 12 July 2015
3969:
3968:
3964:
3919:
3915:
3904:
3888:
3884:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3813:
3804:
3757:
3753:
3722:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3637:10.1002/pnp.315
3616:
3612:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3485:
3481:
3436:
3432:
3401:
3397:
3362:
3358:
3327:
3323:
3291:
3287:
3250:
3246:
3209:
3205:
3174:
3170:
3138:
3134:
3089:
3080:
3049:
3045:
3014:
3010:
2963:
2959:
2938:(12): 1329â32.
2928:
2924:
2877:
2834:
2827:
2813:
2800:
2787:
2783:
2772:
2756:
2749:
2718:
2701:
2668:(10): 985â991.
2654:
2635:
2622:
2615:
2604:
2588:
2575:
2564:
2548:
2525:
2514:
2498:
2494:
2449:
2442:
2403:
2396:
2359:
2355:
2308:
2304:
2259:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2190:
2183:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2101:
2097:
2050:
2039:
2028:
2012:
2005:
1994:
1978:
1971:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1859:
1854:
1817:
1792:
1774:
1765:
1753:
1751:Medical imaging
1736:
1723:
1707:
1686:
1668:
1660:Rozanolixizumab
1618:
1602:
1577:channelopathies
1529:McArdle disease
1517:
1501:
1477:
1453:
1436:
1400:
1369:
1360:
1231:
1205:
1165:first trimester
1161:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1127:
1109:
1063:
1061:Pathophysiology
934:levobupivacaine
789:Glucocorticoids
735:Succinylcholine
529:fluoroquinolone
502:
497:
477:
464:
444:
424:
396:
380:
363:, "muscle" and
354:life expectancy
223:muscle weakness
72:muscle weakness
46:drooping eyelid
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8019:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7988:
7987:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7929:
7924:
7918:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7884:
7882:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7855:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7792:
7786:
7784:
7777:
7761:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7725:Serum sickness
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7682:
7679:Immune complex
7670:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7642:
7640:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7578:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7566:
7564:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7511:
7509:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7437:
7432:
7426:
7424:
7417:
7397:
7396:
7385:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7362:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7252:
7250:
7248:Endocrinopathy
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7193:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7119:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7087:Becker disease
7084:
7074:
7072:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6970:EmeryâDreifuss
6967:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6947:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6931:WalkerâWarburg
6928:
6923:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6864:
6862:
6853:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6798:
6796:
6790:Neuromuscular-
6786:
6785:
6769:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6746:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6723:
6712:
6701:
6678:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6643:
6632:
6621:
6601:
6586:
6570:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:Classification
6554:
6553:
6529:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6437:(1): 134â143.
6431:Cell Stem Cell
6417:
6368:
6333:(1): 174â179.
6317:
6258:
6227:
6198:(3): 408â418.
6178:
6135:
6099:
6037:(6): 511â522.
6017:
5986:
5943:
5916:(2): 185â196.
5900:
5879:(2): 255â260.
5859:
5822:(1): 305â314.
5802:
5744:
5718:
5664:
5638:
5604:
5574:
5548:
5522:
5492:
5448:
5419:(2): 147â155.
5399:
5358:
5317:
5265:
5206:
5176:
5146:
5116:
5086:
5056:
5026:
4996:
4966:
4936:
4874:
4814:
4777:(7): 575â579.
4757:
4722:
4665:
4606:
4561:(3): 169â173.
4538:
4521:
4504:
4491:
4470:(3): 267â271.
4450:
4402:
4385:
4336:
4285:
4268:
4219:
4160:
4141:(2): 176â188.
4121:
4074:
4045:(5): 475â490.
4025:
4018:
3992:
3962:
3933:(4): 420â434.
3913:
3902:
3896:. F.A. Davis.
3882:
3832:
3825:
3802:
3751:
3711:
3681:
3651:
3610:
3559:
3529:
3500:(3): 573â584.
3479:
3430:
3395:
3356:
3321:
3285:
3264:(4): 313â318.
3244:
3203:
3168:
3149:(2): 367â373.
3132:
3103:(6): 756â773.
3078:
3059:(4): 382â386.
3043:
3024:(2): 127â133.
3008:
2957:
2922:
2832:
2825:
2798:
2781:
2770:
2747:
2699:
2633:
2613:
2602:
2573:
2562:
2523:
2512:
2492:
2440:
2413:(3): 171â183.
2394:
2373:(9A): 627â39.
2353:
2302:
2250:
2235:
2181:
2130:
2095:
2037:
2026:
2003:
1992:
1969:
1958:
1938:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1816:
1813:
1791:
1788:
1784:mortality rate
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1752:
1749:
1735:
1732:
1722:
1719:
1711:plasmapheresis
1706:
1703:
1685:
1682:
1677:Pyridostigmine
1667:
1664:
1617:
1614:
1601:
1598:
1521:muscle fatigue
1516:
1513:
1505:vital capacity
1500:
1497:
1476:
1473:
1465:cholinesterase
1452:
1449:
1435:
1432:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1204:
1201:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1110:
1103:
1062:
1059:
1008:chlorpromazine
918:chloroprocaine
824:blood pressure
740:rhabdomyolysis
686:cholestyramine
636:plasmapheresis
632:glucocorticoid
626:that required
590:nitrofurantoin
549:aminoglycoside
501:
498:
496:
493:
476:
473:
463:
460:
443:
440:
423:
420:
395:
392:
379:
376:
336:and high-dose
334:Plasmapheresis
314:pyridostigmine
275:genetic defect
270:nerve impulses
264:(AChR) at the
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
191:pyridostigmine
180:
174:
173:
171:plasmapheresis
163:
159:
158:
137:
131:
130:
116:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
68:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
38:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8018:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7986:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7900:Latex allergy
7898:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7876:
7870:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7770:
7769:cell-mediated
7766:
7762:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7700:Farmer's lung
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7675:
7671:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7630:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7415:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7378:
7376:
7371:
7369:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7245:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7175:Brody disease
7173:
7171:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7142:
7136:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7094:Neuromyotonia
7092:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7060:(ion channel)
7059:
7058:
7057:
7056:Channelopathy
7053:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6906:Calpainopathy
6904:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6889:
6888:Distal (most)
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6819:Neuromyotonia
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6767:
6762:
6760:
6755:
6753:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6696:(pregnancy),
6695:
6692:(emergency),
6691:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6563:
6559:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6321:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6103:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5626:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5463:
5462:public domain
5452:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5378:(2): 255â60.
5377:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5270:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5226:: 3001â3022.
5225:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4742:
4735:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4576:11250/2767222
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4543:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4501:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4400:
4399:Tensilon test
4396:
4395:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3732:(2): 372â81.
3731:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3669:
3665:
3664:PubMed Health
3661:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3223:(4): 211â21.
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:F1000Research
2195:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1808:physostigmine
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:Thomas Willis
1787:
1785:
1780:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:. Autologous
1639:
1630:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:Pompe disease
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1374:
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1355:
1352:
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1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
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1303:
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1292:
1291:
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1283:
1279:
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1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
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1251:
1248:
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1240:
1239:
1236:
1226:
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1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1200:
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1182:
1178:
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1170:
1166:
1153:
1146:
1141:
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1129:
1126:
1125:Mitochondrion
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
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1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:drugs, i.e.,
1005:
1004:antipsychotic
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:
954:
951:
947:
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927:
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915:
912:
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900:
896:
893:
892:pre-eclampsia
889:
884:
883:acetylcholine
880:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
861:blepharospasm
858:
853:
849:
845:
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839:
835:
834:Penicillamine
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
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794:
790:
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772:
768:
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760:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
725:
722:, has caused
721:
717:
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709:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
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675:
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667:
663:
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655:
651:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
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625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:pembrolizumab
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
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575:
571:
570:cephalosporin
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
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538:
534:
533:ciprofloxacin
530:
526:
522:
521:telithromycin
518:
514:
510:
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490:
486:
482:
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469:
462:Head and neck
459:
457:
456:nasal quality
453:
449:
439:
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
385:
375:
374:, "serious".
373:
370:
366:
362:
359:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
245:or develop a
244:
240:
236:
235:double vision
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:Medications,
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
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89:
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76:double vision
73:
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42:Eye deviation
39:
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7795:Mantoux test
7650:
7456:Food allergy
7274:Hyperthyroid
7135:Hyperkalemic
7031:
7017:
7011:X-linked MTM
7003:
6989:
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6772:Diseases of
6725:
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6669:
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6545:. Retrieved
6536:
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6051:2318/1601939
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5956:
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5903:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5819:
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5805:
5775:(1): 89â96.
5772:
5768:
5735:. Retrieved
5731:the original
5721:
5686:
5682:
5655:. Retrieved
5641:
5629:. Retrieved
5616:
5607:
5595:. Retrieved
5586:
5577:
5565:. Retrieved
5551:
5539:. Retrieved
5525:
5513:. Retrieved
5504:
5495:
5483:. Retrieved
5470:
5451:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5285:
5281:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5197:. Retrieved
5189:www.omim.org
5188:
5179:
5167:. Retrieved
5159:www.omim.org
5158:
5149:
5137:. Retrieved
5129:www.omim.org
5128:
5119:
5107:. Retrieved
5099:www.omim.org
5098:
5089:
5077:. Retrieved
5069:www.omim.org
5068:
5059:
5047:. Retrieved
5039:www.omim.org
5038:
5029:
5017:. Retrieved
5009:www.omim.org
5008:
4999:
4987:. Retrieved
4979:www.omim.org
4978:
4969:
4957:. Retrieved
4949:www.omim.org
4948:
4939:
4894:
4890:
4832:
4828:
4817:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4732:
4725:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4656:. Retrieved
4626:(2): 87â97.
4623:
4619:
4609:
4558:
4554:
4528:
4524:
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4507:
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4077:
4042:
4038:
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3983:. Retrieved
3979:the original
3974:
3965:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3892:
3885:
3850:
3846:
3835:
3816:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3729:
3725:
3702:. Retrieved
3693:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3663:
3654:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3541:
3532:
3497:
3493:
3482:
3450:(1): 67â72.
3447:
3443:
3433:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3372:(1): 52â57.
3369:
3365:
3359:
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3330:
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3299:
3295:
3288:
3261:
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3247:
3220:
3216:
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3181:
3177:
3171:
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3142:
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3100:
3096:
3056:
3052:
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3021:
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2970:
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2931:
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2784:
2760:
2725:
2721:
2665:
2661:
2623:
2592:
2552:
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2460:
2456:
2410:
2406:
2370:
2366:
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2319:
2315:
2305:
2270:
2266:
2244:
2238:
2201:
2197:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2098:
2061:
2057:
2016:
1982:
1948:
1941:
1931:22 September
1929:. Retrieved
1920:
1829:
1818:
1800:Samuel Wilks
1793:
1775:
1772:Epidemiology
1766:
1754:
1737:
1724:
1708:
1699:azathioprine
1688:The steroid
1687:
1669:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1635:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1545:
1518:
1502:
1478:
1454:
1437:
1421:
1370:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1244:Description
1234:
1223:
1209:
1206:
1197:asymptomatic
1185:
1162:
1159:In pregnancy
1097:
1090:
1070:synaptopathy
1064:
1050:
1043:
1016:thioridazine
1000:
972:
957:
955:
897:
873:
846:
832:
828:hypertension
806:
797:prednisolone
787:
753:
748:hyperkalemia
729:
716:procainamide
706:
662:rosuvastatin
658:atorvastatin
644:
616:atezolizumab
594:
557:streptomycin
545:moxifloxacin
525:erythromycin
517:azithromycin
503:
478:
465:
445:
425:
397:
381:
371:
364:
360:
350:
326:azathioprine
303:
297:(EMG), or a
251:
214:
210:
209:
18:
7446:Anaphylaxis
7442:(Hay fever)
7256:Hypothyroid
7123:Hypokalemic
7005:PTP disease
6671:MedlinePlus
6620:(in crisis)
5541:21 December
5515:21 December
5485:21 December
5337:(1): 7â15.
5199:29 February
5169:24 November
5139:24 November
5109:24 November
5079:24 November
5049:24 November
5019:24 November
4989:24 November
4959:24 November
4750:24 November
4658:24 November
3630:(1): 6â14.
3411:(1): 4â15.
2891:(7): 1537.
2322:(4): 1136.
1804:Mary Walker
1533:second wind
1503:The forced
1485:mediastinum
1481:chest X-ray
1469:bradycardia
1457:intravenous
1381:sensitivity
1367:Blood tests
1188:respiratory
1175:. Complete
1036:risperidone
1028:haloperidol
969:amoxicillin
961:penicillins
946:ropivacaine
938:mepivacaine
926:bupivacaine
775:sevoflurane
694:colesevelam
674:fluvastatin
666:pravastatin
654:simvastatin
650:cholesterol
586:polymyxin B
582:clindamycin
574:sulfa drugs
537:norfloxacin
513:antibiotics
505:Antibiotics
310:neostigmine
187:neostigmine
87:Usual onset
7995:Categories
7915:Autoimmune
7804:Autoimmune
7734:Autoimmune
7577:Autoimmune
7508:Autoimmune
7167:(ion pump)
7128:Thyrotoxic
7044:Zaspopathy
6952:dystrophin
6916:Congenital
6803:autoimmune
6705:Patient UK
6647:DiseasesDB
4897:(5): 954.
4835:(1): 330.
4739:. IamGSD.
4180:(7): 671.
3579:(1): 219.
2977:(1): 319.
2123:27 January
2064:(1): 516.
1852:References
1846:biomarkers
1779:Prevalence
1690:prednisone
1616:Medication
1610:Thymectomy
1600:Management
1088:proteins.
1067:autoimmune
1040:olanzapine
1032:quetiapine
1024:olanzapine
997:trametinib
993:dabrafenib
977:lorlatinib
965:ampicillin
942:prilocaine
930:etidocaine
914:benzocaine
911:tetracaine
816:nifedipine
812:felodipine
793:prednisone
779:sugammadex
767:isoflurane
702:evolocumab
698:alirocumab
690:colestipol
670:lovastatin
620:durvalumab
608:ipilimumab
565:tobramycin
553:gentamicin
511:family of
452:hypophonia
448:dysarthria
322:prednisone
320:, such as
308:, such as
258:antibodies
178:Medication
120:antibodies
7585:Cytotoxic
7276:myopathy
7258:myopathy
6690:emerg/325
6687:neuro/232
6682:eMedicine
6294:2077-0383
6173:206295540
5981:260320936
5331:Neurology
5242:1176-6328
4913:2073-4425
4851:1750-1172
4809:259141690
4793:1873-2364
4699:1538-6899
4640:0887-8994
4601:229372884
4585:0960-8966
4535:eMedicine
4356:(1): 14.
4196:2073-4409
4108:1474-4422
3771:(1): 42.
3646:115659064
2630:eMedicine
1825:Ephedrine
1763:Prognosis
1695:rituximab
1555:(such as
1347:muscles.
1203:Diagnosis
1177:remission
1065:MG is an
1020:clozapine
981:nilotinib
953:with MG.
922:lidocaine
875:Magnesium
865:dysphagia
820:verapamil
771:enflurane
763:halothane
714:), i.e.,
604:nivolumab
541:ofloxacin
509:macrolide
507:: In the
485:paralysis
428:dysphagia
365:astheneia
346:intubated
201:Frequency
162:Treatment
98:Long term
59:Neurology
54:Specialty
7985:Medicine
7874:multiple
7872:Unknown/
7674:Type III
7638:receptor
7487:Tree nut
7070:Myotonia
6963:Duchenne
6958:Becker's
6921:Fukuyama
6883:Myotonic
6836:Myopathy
6716:Orphanet
6694:med/3260
6541:Archived
6525:25402504
6485:PLOS ONE
6461:26549107
6412:25515947
6355:18567867
6312:34064035
6253:24122674
6222:24117026
6165:24677227
6130:17964887
6088:28471717
6069:27509100
6012:24122674
5973:15229794
5938:19504332
5930:28164324
5895:23766745
5854:18567882
5797:41052495
5789:20927659
5713:25310725
5651:Archived
5625:Archived
5591:Archived
5561:Archived
5535:Archived
5509:Archived
5479:Archived
5443:28866625
5394:23766745
5353:10891896
5312:25310725
5260:36578903
5193:Archived
5163:Archived
5133:Archived
5103:Archived
5073:Archived
5043:Archived
5013:Archived
4983:Archived
4953:Archived
4931:37239314
4922:10217901
4869:33234167
4801:37354872
4741:Archived
4717:24305448
4708:10563931
4652:Archived
4648:10738913
4593:33461846
4486:17670406
4445:13911967
4437:23261848
4380:21103106
4331:21654930
4263:18515870
4214:31269763
4155:35065040
4116:26376969
4069:19375665
3957:25792100
3908:Archived
3877:37186601
3868:10545502
3797:15546494
3746:23563874
3698:Archived
3668:Archived
3605:27577085
3546:Archived
3524:17575761
3474:30859135
3425:29980408
3390:38235027
3351:11445126
3316:38306763
3302:: 1â10.
3280:35350948
3239:25069701
3198:30219643
3163:31124838
3127:35322378
3073:31298743
3038:30638612
3003:31753014
2917:33917535
2776:Archived
2742:15840866
2694:25449931
2608:Archived
2568:Archived
2518:Archived
2487:17080188
2435:34447321
2427:20130418
2389:24141444
2348:38398450
2339:10889526
2297:25515947
2230:27408701
2204:: 1513.
2176:23193443
2150:: 1â10.
2117:Archived
2113:34255447
2090:34930325
2032:Archived
1998:Archived
1964:Archived
1925:Archived
1830:in vitro
1815:Research
1727:thymomas
1673:atropine
1553:ischemia
1434:Ice test
1373:serology
1012:pimozide
985:imatinib
963:, i.e.,
903:procaine
869:diplopia
744:myotonia
680:and the
612:avelumab
561:neomycin
442:Speaking
408:diplopia
384:weakness
144:botulism
95:Duration
66:Symptoms
7881:Foreign
7783:Foreign
7774:T cells
7765:Type IV
7688:Foreign
7563:Foreign
7534:Type II
7477:Seafood
7423:Foreign
7405:allergy
7331:General
7196:Muscle
6926:Ullrich
6726:Scholia
6698:oph/263
6641:D009157
6547:11 July
6516:4234220
6493:Bibcode
6452:4707991
6403:7387729
6363:3206109
6335:Bibcode
6303:8196750
6213:3927901
6060:5189669
5886:3670444
5845:3390145
5824:Bibcode
5737:11 July
5704:7390275
5657:28 June
5631:28 June
5597:24 June
5567:24 June
5434:5800332
5385:3670444
5303:7390275
5251:9792103
4860:7687836
4371:2984327
4322:3108086
4254:2442426
4205:6678492
4060:2730933
3985:11 July
3948:4520251
3704:10 July
3596:5006540
3552:10 July
3516:7546737
3465:6405345
3118:9132812
2994:6868691
2952:4568132
2908:8038781
2685:4278125
2478:1626141
2288:7387729
2221:4926737
2167:3501798
2081:8686543
1790:History
1721:Surgery
1475:Imaging
1055:lithium
907:cocaine
646:Statins
388:fatigue
277:in the
247:thymoma
7971:Portal
7902:(I+IV)
7634:Type V
7472:Peanut
7401:Type I
7179:ATP2A1
6780:, and
6774:muscle
6676:000712
6630:254200
6618:358.01
6523:
6513:
6459:
6449:
6410:
6400:
6361:
6353:
6310:
6300:
6292:
6251:
6220:
6210:
6171:
6163:
6128:
6086:
6082:,
6067:
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