Mysteries of Isis - Knowledge

727:. Urged by more visions sent by the gods, he undergoes two more initiations, incurring more expenses each time, such as having to buy a replacement for the cloak he left behind at Cenchreae. These initiations are not described in as much detail as the first. The second is dedicated to Osiris and is said to be different from the one dedicated to Isis. Apuleius calls it "the nocturnal mysteries of the foremost god" but gives no other details. The third initiation may be dedicated to both Isis and Osiris. Before this initiation, Lucius has a vision where Osiris himself speaks to him, suggesting that he is the dominant figure in the rite. At the novel's end Lucius has been admitted to a high position in the cult by Osiris, and he is confident that the god will ensure his future success in his work as a lawyer. 961:

myth of Osiris's death was rarely referred to in the Greco-Roman Isis cult and may not have played a major role in its belief system, even if the nocturnal union of Osiris and Ra did so. If the symbolism in Lucius's first initiation was a reference to the sun in the Egyptian underworld, that would indicate that it involved Osirian afterlife beliefs, even though Osiris is not mentioned in the description of the rite. As the classicist Robert Turcan put it, when Lucius is revealed to the crowd after his initiation he is "honoured almost like a new Osiris, saved and regenerated through the ineffable powers of Isis. The palms radiating from his head were the signs of the Sun triumphing over death."

918:, which her Greek and Roman devotees frequently mentioned, gives her control over life and death. According to the priest who initiates Lucius, devotees of Isis "who had finished their life's span and were already standing on the threshold of light’s end, if only they could safely be trusted with the great unspoken mysteries of the cult, were frequently drawn forth by the goddess' power and in a manner reborn through her providence and set once more on the course of renewed life." In another passage, Isis herself says that when Lucius dies he will be able to see her shining in the darkness of the underworld and worship her there. 1167: 22: 687:

Greco-Roman world. The plea for forgiveness may derive from the oaths that Egyptian priests were required to take, in which they declared themselves to be free of wrongdoing. The sprinkling with water and the refraining from certain foods probably come from the purification rituals that Egyptian priests had to undergo before entering a temple. On the evening of the tenth day, Lucius receives a variety of unspecified gifts from fellow devotees of Isis before donning a clean linen robe and entering the deepest part of the temple.

611:, is taking place nearby, and that the festival procession carries with it garlands of roses that will restore his human form if he eats them. After Lucius becomes human again, the high priest at the festival declares that Lucius has been saved from his misfortunes by the goddess, and that he will now be free of the inquisitiveness and self-indulgence that drew him into many of the misadventures he has experienced. Lucius joins the local temple of Isis, becomes her devoted follower, and eventually undergoes initiation. 175: 914:, but Greeks and Romans expressed uncertainty about what would happen to them after death. In both Greek and Roman traditional religion, no god was thought to guarantee a pleasant afterlife to his or her worshippers. The gods of some mystery cults may have been exceptions, but evidence about those cults' afterlife beliefs is vague. Apuleius's account, if it is accurate, provides stronger evidence for Isiac afterlife beliefs than is available for the other cults. The book says Isis's power over 615:

the Isis cult. Those who believe it is satirical point to the way Lucius is pushed to undergo several initiations, each requiring a fee, despite having little money. Although many of the scholars who have tried to analyze the mysteries based on the book have assumed it is serious, the descriptions may be broadly accurate even if the book is satirical. Apuleius's description of the Isis cult and its mysteries generally fits with much of the outside evidence about them. The classicist

407: 1078:. He claimed to have translated this book from an ancient Greek work of fiction that was based on real events. The book was actually his own invention, inspired by ancient Greek sources that assumed Greek philosophers had derived their wisdom from Egypt. In his novel, Egypt's priests run an elaborate education system like a European university. To join their ranks, the protagonist, Sethos, undergoes an initiation presided over by Isis, taking place in hidden chambers beneath the 5211: 818:

Jaime Alvar considers the text to treat Serapis and Osiris as distinct figures, whereas the authors of the 2015 commentary doubt that Apuleius meant to sharply distinguish the two. They point out that Lucius refers to Osiris using epithets that were often given to Serapis. Gasparini argues that the shift in focus in the book reflects a belief that Osiris was the supreme being and Isis was an intermediary between him and humanity. This interpretation is found in the essay

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modern scholars have often tried to discern what the mysteries may have meant to their initiates. The classicist Hugh Bowden argues that there may have been no single, authoritative interpretation of the rites and that "the desire to identify a lost secret—something that, once it is correctly identified, will explain what a mystery cult was all about—is bound to fail." He regards the effort to meet the gods directly, exemplified by the climax of Lucius's initiation in

704: 11086: 985:. Mystery cults died out near the start of the fifth century. They existed alongside Christianity for centuries before their extinction, and some elements of their initiations resembled Christian beliefs and practices. As a result, the possibility has often been raised that Christianity was directly influenced by the mystery cults. Evidence about interactions between Christianity and the mystery cults is poor, making the question difficult to resolve. 11096: 1313:". The same is often true for the worship of individual gods within Greek or Roman religion. Scholars sometimes refer to the veneration of Isis, or of certain other deities who were introduced to the Greco-Roman world, as "religions" because they were more distinct from the culture around them than the cults of Greek or Roman gods. These cults did not form the kind of independent, self-contained communities with distinct worldviews that 571: 1049:, did involve beliefs about salvation and the afterlife that resembled those in Christianity. But they did not become similar by borrowing directly from each other, only by adapting in similar ways to the Greco-Roman religious environment. He says: "Each cult found the materials it required in the common trough of current ideas. Each took what it needed and adapted these elements according to its overall drift and design." 875:

Many ancient sources, both written by Isiacs and by outside observers, suggest that many of Isis's devotees considered her the focus of their lives and that the cult emphasized moral purity, self-denial, and public declarations of devotion to the goddess. Joining Isis's cult was therefore a sharper change in identity than in some other mystery cults, such as the cult dedicated to Dionysus. The account in

309:, a Greek historian writing in the fifth century BCE, was the first to do so. He used the term for the Khoiak Festival, likening it to the mysteries of Dionysus with which he was familiar, because both took place at night and involved a myth in which the god in question was dismembered. He further said that the Greek worship of Dionysus was influenced by the worship of Osiris in Egypt. 157:. The question of whether they influenced Christianity is controversial and the evidence is unclear; some scholars today attribute the similarities to a shared cultural background rather than direct influence. In contrast, Apuleius's account has had direct effects in modern times. Through his description, the mysteries of Isis have influenced many works of fiction and modern 113:, in which the worship of Isis arose, and may have incorporated aspects of Egyptian ritual. Although Isis was worshipped across the Greco-Roman world, the mystery rites are only known to have been practiced in a few regions. In areas where they were practiced, they served to strengthen devotees' commitment to the Isis cult, although they were not required to worship her 1347:" who had the power to overcome death. Scholars in the early twentieth century often assumed that these cults all believed that the initiate would die and be reborn like the god to whom they dedicated themselves. These gods and their myths are now known to be more different from each other than was once thought, and some may not have been resurrected at all. 361:

Isis as a mystery goddess." Isis's devotees may have adapted aspects of Egyptian ritual to fit the model of the Eleusinian mysteries, perhaps incorporating Dionysian elements as well. The end product would have seemed to the Greeks like an authentic Egyptian precursor to Greek mysteries. Many Greco-Roman sources claim that Isis herself devised these rites.

511:, mentions a priest of Isis named Meniketes who furnished beds that were "forbidden to the laymen", suggesting that they were connected in some way with the mysteries, although they may have served some other ritual function instead. Burkert suggested that these beds were involved in some kind of ritual relating to the marriage of Isis and Osiris. 286:, have suggested some funerary texts were also used in priestly consecration rituals; Assmann argues that "initiation into the temples and cults of Egypt anticipated and prefigured the ultimate initiation into the mysteries of the realm of the dead." Other Egyptologists contest the idea that funerary texts were ever used in rituals by the living. 646:, the initiation "was performed in the manner of voluntary death and salvation obtained by favor". Only Isis herself could determine who should be initiated and when; thus, Lucius only begins preparing for the mysteries after Isis appears to him in a dream. The implication that Isis was thought to command her followers directly is supported by 855:; worshippers of Isis could continue to revere other gods as well. Devotees of Isis were among the very few religious groups in the Greco-Roman world to have a distinctive name for themselves, loosely equivalent to "Jew" or "Christian", that might indicate they defined themselves by their exclusive devotion to the goddess. However, the word— 380:. Isis's cult was conjoined with that of Serapis. She too was reinterpreted to resemble Greek goddesses, particularly Demeter, while retaining many of her Egyptian characteristics. The mysteries of Isis, modeled on those in Demeter's honor at Eleusis, could have been developed at the same time. According to the Greek historian 894:, it is possible that members moved up in the cult hierarchy by going through the series of initiations. Apuleius refers to initiates and to priests as if they are separate groups within the cult. Initiation may have been a prerequisite for a devotee to become a priest but not have automatically made him or her into one. 716:

a feature known to have existed at the climax of the Eleusinian mysteries. The gods he saw face to face may have been statues or frescoes of deities. Some scholars believe that the initiation also entailed some kind of reenactment of or reference to the death of Osiris, but if it did, Apuleius's text does not mention it.

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The ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris lived on in the Duat after death, thanks in part to Isis's help, and that after their deaths they could be revived like him with the assistance of other deities, including Isis. These beliefs may have carried over into the Greco-Roman Isis cult, although the

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Some funerary inscriptions provide evidence of Isiac afterlife beliefs outside Apuleius's work. They show that some of Isis's followers thought she would guide them to a better afterlife, but also suggest the Isis cult had no firm picture of the afterlife and that its members drew upon both Greek and

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and gave increasing prominence to Osiris in the late first and early second centuries CE. In contrast, Serapis, whose identity largely overlapped with that of Osiris and who was frequently worshipped jointly with Isis, is mentioned only once in the text, in the description of the festival procession.

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of and repentance for past sins fits with an emphasis on chastity and other forms of self-denial found in many other sources about the Isis cult. Lucius next has to wait ten days, while abstaining from meat and wine, before the initiation begins. Purifying baths were common in many rituals across the

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The novel's protagonist is Lucius, a man who has been magically transformed into a donkey. In the eleventh and last book of the novel, Lucius, after falling asleep on the beach at Cenchreae in Greece, wakes to see the full moon. He prays to the moon, using the names of several moon goddesses known in

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and the Egyptologist Francesco Tiradritti both argue that there is a grain of truth in these claims, as the oldest Greek mysteries developed in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE, at the same time that Greece was developing closer contacts with Egyptian culture. The imagery of the afterlife found in

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In a series of paradoxes, Lucius travels to the underworld and to the heavens, sees the sun amid darkness, and approaches the gods. Many people have speculated about how the ritual may have simulated these impossible experiences. The bright "sun" Lucius mentions may have been a fire in the darkness,

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The Isis cult developed its mysteries in response to the widespread belief that the Greek mystery cults had originated with Isis and Osiris in Egypt. As the classicist Miguel John Verlsuys puts it, "For the Greeks, the image of Egypt as old and religious was so strong that they could not but imagine

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wrote an essay based on Reinhold's work that treated the mystery rite as a meeting with the awe-inspiring power of nature. He argued that Moses's people were not prepared to grasp such an understanding of divinity, and thus the Jewish and Christian conception of God was a compromised version of the

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Lucius's apparently solemn devotion to the Isis cult in this book contrasts strongly with the comic misadventures that make up the rest of the novel. Scholars debate whether the account is intended to seriously represent Lucius's devotion to the goddess, or whether it is ironic, perhaps a satire of

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indicate that they were initiates. Devotees of Isis were often portrayed wearing a mantle with a large knot at the chest, borrowed from the iconography of Isis herself, and the art historian Elizabeth Walters suggests that this garment is a sign that the devotee was an initiate. The Tigrane tomb at

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was an ancient story, used the resemblance between their rites and the initiation of Sethos as evidence of Freemasonry's supposedly ancient origin. Many works of fiction from the 1790s to the 1820s reused and modified the signature traits of Terrasson's Egyptian initiation: trials by three or four

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to a deity were a nearly universal practice in Mediterranean religions and do not prove a direct link between Christianity and the mysteries of Isis. The most distinctive trait of Christian communion—the belief that the god himself was the victim of the sacrifice—was not present in the cult, or in

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or natural body of water. Thus, like the mysteries of Isis, early Christian baptism involved a days-long fast and a washing ritual. Both fasting and washing were common types of ritual purification found in the religions of the Mediterranean, and Christian baptism was specifically derived from the

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suggests that initiation may have been classifiable as a mystical conversion, characterized by visionary experiences, intense emotions, and a dramatic change in the convert's behavior, whereas, for instance, the evidence about Mithraism suggests the process of joining it was less mystical and more

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and Egyptian afterlife beliefs, saying that the initiate took on the role of Osiris by undergoing symbolic death. In his view, the imagery of the initiation refers to the Egyptian underworld, the Duat. Griffiths argued that the sun in the middle of the night, in Lucius's account of the initiation,

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under a narrow definition of the term. Some of these initiations did involve smaller changes in religious identity, such as joining a new community of worshippers or strengthening devotees' commitment to a cult of which they were already part, that would qualify as conversions in a broader sense.

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Lucius emerges from this experience in the morning, and the priests dress him in an elaborately embroidered cloak. He then stands on a dais carrying a torch and wearing a crown of palm leaves—"decorated in the likeness of the Sun and set up in the guise of a statue", as Apuleius describes it. The

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Most mystery rites were connected with myths about the deities on which they focused, and claimed to convey to initiates details about the myths that were not generally known. Several Greco-Roman writers produced theological and philosophical interpretations. Spurred by the fragmentary evidence,

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The priests in Lucius's initiation read the procedure for the rite from a ritual book kept in the temple that is covered in "unknown characters", some of which are "shapes of all sorts of animals" while others are ornate and abstract. The use of a book for ritual purposes was much more common in

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passes through the underworld each night and unites with Osiris to emerge renewed, just as deceased souls do. The five scholars who authored a 2015 commentary on Book 11 caution that the solar and underworld imagery could be based solely on Greek and Roman precedents, and they doubt Griffiths's

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that oversaw the Eleusinian mysteries, helped establish Serapis as a patron god in the court of the Ptolemies. The classicist Jaime Alvar suggests that Timotheus could have introduced elements of the Eleusinian mysteries into the worship of Isis at the same time. Another possibility is that the

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movement, which asserts that ancient Egyptian civilization was more sophisticated and more closely connected to other African civilizations than mainstream scholars believe it to have been. James envisioned the mystery school in terms reminiscent of Freemasonry and believed it was a grandiose

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Most religious traditions in the Greco-Roman world centered on a particular city or ethnic group and did not require personal devotion, only public ritual. In contrast, the cult of Isis, like Christianity and some other mystery cults, was made up of people who joined voluntarily, out of their

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that he was "borne through all the elements" during his initiation, Terrasson describes the initiation as an elaborate series of ordeals based on the classical elements: running over hot metal bars for fire, swimming a canal for water, and swinging through the air over a pit.

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of Greek tradition. None of them make specific reference to mystery rites, although the inscription of Meniketes asserts that he is blessed in part because of his work furnishing the ritual beds. Initiation may not have been considered necessary for receiving Isis's blessing.

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Veymiers, Richard (2020). "Les mystères isiaques et leurs expressions figurées. Des exégèses modernes aux allusions antiques" [Isiac Mysteries and Their Figurative Expressions: From Modern Exegesis to Ancient Allusions]. In Belayche, Nicole; Massa, Francesco (eds.).

667:, which in the eyes of Greek and Roman worshippers would emphasize the Egyptian background of the rite and add to its solemnity. David Frankfurter, a scholar of ancient Mediterranean religions, suggests that they are akin to the deliberately unintelligible 654:

without her inviting them in a dream, and by inscriptions in which priests of Isis write that she called them to become her servants. In Apuleius's description, the goddess also determines how much the initiate must pay to the temple to undergo the rites.

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personal commitment to a deity that many of them regarded as superior to all others. Furthermore, if Isiac initiates were thought to benefit in the afterlife from Osiris's death and resurrection, this belief would parallel the Christian belief that the

776:. In the Isis cult, Pachis writes, astrological symbols may have alluded to the belief that Isis governed the movements of the stars and thus the passage of time and the order of the cosmos, beliefs that Lucius refers to when praying to the goddess. 633:

may be idealized rather than strictly accurate, and the Isis cults may have included many varieties of mystery rite. The novel actually mentions three distinct initiation rites in two cities, although only the first is described in any detail.

349:. Under the influence of Greco-Roman tradition, some of these cults, including that of Isis, developed their own mystery rites. Much of Isis's cult involved activities that were far more public than the mystery rites, such as the adoration of 189:. They were dedicated to a particular deity or group of deities, and used a variety of intense experiences, such as nocturnal darkness interrupted by bright light, or loud music or noise, that induced a state of disorientation and an intense 1044:

Bowden doubts that afterlife beliefs were a very important aspect of mystery cults and therefore thinks their resemblance to Christianity was small. Jaime Alvar, in contrast, argues that the mysteries of Isis, along with those of Mithras and

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have both argued that the worship of Isis should be called a "cult", because it formed a part of the wider systems of Greek and Roman religion, rather than an independent, all-encompassing system of beliefs like Judaism or Christianity.

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Terrasson did not include a trial by the fourth element, earth, possibly because the initiation's underground setting made it seem superfluous. Authors who imitated Terrasson's description of the initiation included a trial by earth as

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or "Isiac"—was rarely used, and the level of commitment it implied seems to have varied according to the circumstances. Many priests of Isis officiated in other cults as well. Several people in late Roman times, such as the aristocrat

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Hellenistic and Roman temples to Isis varied widely in form, and although some contained underground areas that have been proposed to have been sites where the mysteries were performed, the evidence is inconclusive. The archaeologist

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undermined old assumptions about ancient Egyptian society, but the concept lingered among Freemasons and esotericists. Several esoteric organizations that emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as the

699:, I travelled through all the elements and returned. In the middle of the night I saw the sun flashing with bright light, I came face to face with the gods below and the gods above and paid reverence to them from close at hand. 3844:

Gasparini, Valentino (2016). "'I will not be thirsty. My lips will not be dry': Individual Strategies of Re-constructing the Afterlife in the Isiac Cults". In Waldner, Katharina; Gordon, Richard; Spickermann, Wolfgang (eds.).

274:, in which they were said to have close contact with the gods. Priests may have also undergone a consecration ceremony of some kind, connected with the specialized religious knowledge or training required for their positions. 117:, and devotees may have risen in the cult's hierarchy by undergoing initiation. The rites may also have been thought to guarantee that the initiate's soul, with the goddess's help, would continue after death into a blissful 720:

priests draw back curtains to reveal Lucius to a crowd of his fellow devotees. During the next three days, Lucius enjoys a series of banquets and sacred meals with his fellow worshippers, completing the initiation process.

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in Asia Minor. Bremmer argues that such inscriptions are only found in Italy and the eastern Mediterranean and that the mysteries were only practiced in those regions, whereas temples to Isis were found in every

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In the course of the book, as Valentino Gasparini puts it, "Osiris explicitly snatches out of Isis's hands the role of Supreme Being" and replaces her as the focus of Lucius's devotion. Osiris's prominence in

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shows that "the cult of Isis had implications for life and death, but even so more emphasis is placed on extending the span of life than on the after-life—which is pictured in fairly undifferentiated terms."

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The description of what happens next is deliberately cryptic. Lucius reminds the reader that the uninitiated are not allowed to know the details of the rites, before describing his experience in vague terms.

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Individuals and Materials in the Greco-Roman Cults of Isis: Agents, Images, and Practices. Proceedings of the VIth International Conference of Isis Studies (Erfurt, May 6–8, 2013 – Liège, September 23–24,

1029:. Therefore, according to Hugh Bowden, these similarities are likely to come from the shared religious background of Christianity and the Isis cult, not from the influence of one tradition upon the other. 607:

the Greco-Roman world, asking her to restore him to human form. Isis appears in a vision before Lucius and declares herself the greatest of all goddesses. She tells him that a festival in her honor, the

524:, a type of basket in which ritual objects were stored in several Greek mystery cults, was also used in the cult of Isis. Richard Veymiers, a classicist, argues that images of devotees of Isis carrying 454:, both from the first century BCE, say Isis gave sacred or hidden writings to initiates. The classicist Petra Pakkanen says that these aretalogies prove the mysteries of Isis existed by that time, but 293:

were performed by high-ranking priests out of public view, and festivals formed the main opportunity for commoners to participate in formal ceremonies. Some of these festivals reenacted events from

1036:. For instance, the classicist R. E. Witt called the banquet that concluded the Isiac initiation "the pagan Eucharist of Isis and Sarapis". Feasts in which worshippers ate the food that had been 764:

of earth, air, water and fire that were believed to make up the world, or to regions of the cosmos. The religious studies scholar Panayotis Pachis suggests the word refers specifically to the

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truth devised for public consumption. Throughout the eighteenth century, the veiled Isis was used as a symbol of modern science, which hoped to uncover nature's secrets. In the wake of the

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The evidence about the mysteries of Isis is sparse, although some information can be gleaned from passing mentions in inscriptions and literary texts. One possible early indication is a

248:, which were performed in many places across the Greek world, participants drank and danced in frenzied nocturnal celebrations. Dionysian celebrations were connected in some way with 1240:

and to Christianity in general, as she represented both scientific knowledge and the mystical wisdom of the mystery rites, which offered an alternative to traditional Christianity.

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Quack, Joachim Friedrich (2002). "Königsweihe, Priesterweihe, Isisweihe" [Royal Ordination, Priestly Ordination, Isis Ordination]. In Assmann, Jan; Bommas, Martin (eds.).

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Tiradritti, Francesco (2005). "The Return of Isis in Egypt: Remarks on some statues of Isis and on the diffusion of her cult in the Greco-Roman World". In Hoffmann, Adolf (ed.).

1256:, repeated the belief that Egyptians underwent initiation within the pyramids and that Greek philosophers were initiates who learned Egypt's secret wisdom. Writers influenced by 1008:

with the Isiac initiation. Before the early fourth century CE, baptism was the culmination of a long process, in which the convert to Christianity fasted for the forty days of

537:, near Alexandria, contains a painting of a man carrying palm branches that the art historian Marjorie Venit interpreted as an image of a new initiate emerging from the rites. 848:, which briefly refers to initiates of Isis, suggest that initiation was considered part of the larger process of joining the cult and dedicating oneself to the goddess. 757:. Yet Lucius's meeting with the gods fits with a trend, found in several religious groups in Roman times, toward a closer connection between the worshipper and the gods. 1233: 201:

the details of what they experienced, and modern understanding of these rites is limited by this secrecy. The most prestigious mysteries in the Greek world were the

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Brenk, Frederick (2009). "'Great Royal Spouse Who Protects Her Brother Osiris': Isis in the Isaeum at Pompeii". In Casadio, Giovanni; Johnston, Patricia A. (eds.).

11398: 11247: 866:, joined multiple priesthoods and underwent several initiations dedicated to different gods. Mystery initiations thus did not require devotees to abandon whatever 282:, or underworld, that was characterized as profoundly secret and was believed to allow deceased souls to reach a pleasant afterlife. Some Egyptologists, such as 5611: 368:, as the evidence about them from the Hellenistic period is ambiguous. Yet they could have emerged as far back as the early third century BCE, after the Greek 11671: 5753: 4325:

Isis on the Nile: Egyptian Gods in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. Proceedings of the IVth International Conference of Isis Studies, Liège, November 27–29, 2008

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Isis on the Nile: Egyptian Gods in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. Proceedings of the IVth International Conference of Isis Studies, Liège, November 27–29, 2008

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says it shows "detailed knowledge of Egyptian cult, whether or not Apuleius himself was in fact an initiate of Isiac religion". In another of his works, the

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Venit, Marjorie S. (2010). "Referencing Isis in Tombs of Graeco-Roman Egypt: Tradition and Innovation". In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.).

11494: 11509: 629:, he may have drawn on personal experience of the Isiac initiation or of other initiations that he underwent. Even so, the detailed description given in 289:

An element of Greek mysteries that did not exist in Egypt was the opportunity for ordinary individuals to undergo initiation. The most sacred rituals in

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organization with branches on several continents, including the Americas, so that the purported system of Egyptian mysteries extended across the world.

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mysteries emerged in Greece itself, sometime after the Isis cult became established there and came into direct contact with Demeter's rites at Eleusis.

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might have been influenced by the contrasts of light and dark in other mystery rites, but it derived mainly from the depictions of the underworld in

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Because not all local cults of Isis held mystery rites, not all her devotees would have undergone initiation. Both Apuleius's story and Plutarch's

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Some aspects of the mysteries of Isis and of other mystery cults, particularly their connection with the afterlife, resemble important elements of

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Egyptian precedents to envision it. Some inscriptions say that devotees would benefit from Osiris's enlivening water, while others refer to the

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Power, Politics and the Cults of Isis. Proceedings of the Vth International Conference of Isis Studies, Boulogne-sur-Mer, October 13–15, 2011

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Power, Politics and the Cults of Isis: Proceedings of the Vth International Conference of Isis Studies, Boulogne-sur-Mer, October 13–15, 2011

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for much of its evidence. Assuming that all mystery rites derived from Egypt, Warburton argued that the public face of Egyptian religion was

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Greek writers who came after Herodotus viewed Egypt and its priests as the source of all mystical wisdom. They claimed that many elements of

11944: 10897: 8245: 3744:(2010). "Culte d'Isis ou religion Isiaque?" [Cult of Isis or Isiac Religion?]. In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.). 974:

The mysteries of Isis, like those of other gods, continued to be performed into the late fourth century CE. Toward the end of the century,

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does not say how initiation may have affected a devotee's rank within the cult. After going through his third initiation, Lucius becomes a

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tracing their history back to ancient times. Egypt was among the civilizations that Masons claimed had influenced their traditions. After

4279:Ägyptische Kulte und ihre Heiligtümer im Osten des Römischen Reiches. Internationales Kolloquium 5./6. September 2003 in Bergama (Türkei) 475:

in reference to Isis, that suggest the mysteries of Isis were practiced nearby. These inscriptions are found in cities such as Rome and

345:(323–30 BCE), when Greek people and culture spread to lands across the Mediterranean and most of those same lands were conquered by the 9933: 9860: 7031: 6132: 5696: 462:, also in the first century BCE, refers to the vows to Isis taken by his mistress, Delia, which may indicate that she was an initiate. 9733: 6110: 5360: 4283:

Egyptian Cults and Their Sanctuaries in the East of the Roman Empire. International Colloquium 5–6 September 2003 in Bergama (Turkey)

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and the Polytheistic Identity in Rome at the End of the Fourth Century CE]. In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.).

749:, though it might be an awe-inspiring experience, could be dangerous and even deadly. In Greek mythology, for example, the sight of 10024: 9898: 9883: 4772: 4651: 1062: 625:, Apuleius claims to have undergone several initiations, though he does not mention the mysteries of Isis specifically. In writing 1343:, also died and were seemingly resurrected in myth. Along with Osiris, these gods were once analyzed as members of a category of " 1288:

asserts that Greek philosophy was built on knowledge taken from the Egyptian school of initiates, and it was an influence on the

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before descending into the innermost part of Isis's temple, where he experiences a symbolic death and rebirth and has an intense

266:, which did not include Greek-style mysteries, although it did contain elements that resembled those in later Greek mysteries. 7823: 650:, a Greek writer in the same era as Apuleius, who said no one was allowed to participate in Isis's festivals in her shrine at 442:

in the late second century BCE that connects Osiris with mystery rites. Other evidence of Isis's worship in Greece comes from

217:, from at least the sixth century BCE to the end of the fourth century CE. They centered on Demeter's search for her daughter 12663: 12420: 10044: 4607: 4581: 4537: 4486: 4448: 4429: 4410: 4391: 4371: 4351: 4332: 4313: 4290: 4267: 4246: 4221: 4202: 4177: 4158: 4119: 4060: 4034: 4004: 3981: 3962: 3918: 3895: 3876: 3854: 3803: 3780: 3753: 3731: 3712: 3693: 3671: 3648: 3629: 3597: 3574: 3509: 3483: 3464: 3442: 3420: 1185: 12282: 11994: 11294: 10509: 7501: 1220:. According to Reinhold, it was this pantheistic belief system that Moses imparted to the Israelites, so that Isis and the 836:

suggests that the sudden switch of focus from Isis to Osiris is simply a satire of grandiose claims of religious devotion.

10627: 9908: 9504: 6047: 1253: 1129: 1026: 814: 5723: 1184:, a philosopher and Freemason writing in the 1780s, drew upon and modified Warburton's claims in an effort to reconcile 1032:

Similarly, the sacred meals shared by the initiates of many mystery cults have been compared with the Christian rite of

458:

argues that they only connect Isis with the Eleusinian mysteries, not with distinctive rites of her own. The Roman poet

12267: 11835: 11132: 10837: 10567: 10449: 9903: 8483: 6395: 6072: 5934: 5664: 5628: 322: 161:, as well as a widespread belief that the ancient Egyptians themselves had an elaborate system of mystery initiations. 813:

is in keeping with other evidence about the Isis cult in Rome, which suggests that it adopted themes and imagery from

12257: 10887: 9708: 6916: 3722:

Casadio, Giovanni; Johnston, Patricia A. (2009). "Introduction". In Casadio, Giovanni; Johnston, Patricia A. (eds.).

1065:. People reusing these motifs often assume that mystery rites were practiced in Egypt long before Hellenistic times. 772:. Astrological themes appeared in many other cults in the Roman Empire, including another mystery cult, dedicated to 1163:, in which the main character, Tamino, undergoes a series of trials overseen by priests who invoke Isis and Osiris. 10940: 8493: 6042: 1107:, but the Egyptian mysteries were designed to reveal a deeper, monotheistic truth to elite initiates. One of them, 1140:

developed rites based on those in the novel. Late in the eighteenth century, Masonic writers, still assuming that

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Iseion: Interior Design and Cult Practice in the Sanctuaries of Graeco-Egyptian Gods in the Mediterranean Region

12709: 12435: 12150: 11879: 11499: 10757: 10582: 9855: 8869: 8810: 8697: 8576: 8508: 6894: 6532: 6451: 4439:

Woolf, Greg (2014). "Isis and the Evolution of Religions". In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.).

4233: 4189: 4106: 3521: 672: 8989: 8864: 1276:(1937), wrote of an age-old Egyptian mystery tradition. An elaborate example of such beliefs is the 1954 book 12024: 11857: 10907: 10322: 10059: 9718: 9567: 9489: 8911: 7953: 7464: 6103: 5962: 5952: 5657: 3992: 3928: 3763:

DuQuesne, Terence (2002). "'Effective in Heaven and on Earth': Interpreting Egyptian Religious Practice". In

3658:

Bricault, Laurent (2014). "Gens isiaca et la identité polythéiste à Rome à la fin du IVe s. apr. J.-C." [

1057:

Motifs from Apuleius's description of the Isiac initiation have been repeated and reworked in fiction and in

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Egyptian religion than in Greek or Roman tradition, and the characters in this book are often thought to be

229:

who presided over the ceremony shouted a cryptic announcement that may have alluded to the birth of the god

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Ancient Egyptian beliefs are one possible source for understanding the symbolism in the mysteries of Isis.

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Veymiers, Richard (2018). "Agents, Images, Practices". In Gasparini, Valentino; Veymiers, Richard (eds.).

4151:

Interpreting Early Hellenistic Religion: A Study Based on the Mystery Cult of Demeter and the Cult of Isis

791:

and its possible Egyptian background in 1975. He pointed out similarities between the first initiation in

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Scholars abandoned the concept of Egyptian mysteries in the early nineteenth century as the emergence of

708: 682:. The priest bathes him, asks the gods for forgiveness on his behalf, and sprinkles him with water. This 534: 9004: 8994: 4342:

Versluys, Miguel John (2013). "Orientalising Roman Gods". In Bricault, Laurent; Bonnet, Corinne (eds.).

9748: 9693: 9389: 8129: 7624: 6295: 6237: 5293: 5267: 1221: 724: 333:

Isis was one of many non-Greek deities whose cults diffused beyond their home lands and became part of

62: 49:. The sarcophagus's appearance here may refer to the emphasis on Osiris and the afterlife found in the 7717: 4473:Ägyptische Mysterien. Reisen in die Unterwelt in Aufklärung und Romantik. Eine kommentierte Anthologie 890:, a member of a particular class of priests. If the third initiation was a requirement for becoming a 12658: 12064: 11845: 11647: 11353: 11000: 10789: 10647: 10099: 8982: 8761: 8392: 8022: 7545: 6677: 6429: 6266: 6221: 6017: 5942: 5427: 5262: 3412: 1310: 998: 271: 263: 110: 66: 9100: 4623: 4570:

Iseion: Raumgestaltung und Kultpraxis in den Heiligtümern gräco-ägyptischer Götter im Mittelmeerraum

3847:

Burial Rituals, Ideas of Afterlife, and the Individual in the Hellenistic World and the Roman Empire

3611: 11874: 11735: 11257: 10504: 10464: 10419: 10209: 10199: 10004: 9753: 9578: 9514: 9484: 9374: 9139: 9048: 9016: 8977: 8889: 7786: 7011: 6947: 6417: 6402: 6096: 6007: 5947: 5542: 5521: 5511: 4918: 4781: 3497: 1216:, which said: "I am all that is, was, and shall be," and argued that Isis was a personification of 940: 906:

and the guarantee of an afterlife. The Greek conception of the afterlife included the paradisiacal

338: 34: 7454: 4131:"Induction into the Mystery of 'Star Talk': The Case of the Isis-Cult During the Graeco-Roman Age" 357:, yet scholars often regard the mysteries as one of the most characteristic features of her cult. 128:

refer to the Isis mysteries, but the only source to describe them is a work of fiction, the novel

12347: 11331: 11289: 10955: 10892: 10842: 10802: 10747: 10382: 10377: 10267: 10214: 10104: 10034: 9830: 9636: 9551: 8756: 8734: 8533: 8355: 7880: 7496: 7423: 7107: 6478: 6278: 6187: 5789: 5728: 5526: 4758: 4637: 4479:

Egyptian Mysteries: Travel to the Underworld in Enlightenment and Romance. An Annotated Anthology

3493: 1261: 1156: 936: 225:, and were subjected to terrifying sights before entering a room brightly lit by fire. There the 12566: 12492: 12472: 12342: 12277: 12206: 11974: 11782: 11713: 11617: 11262: 11125: 10822: 10717: 10677: 10657: 10514: 10489: 10394: 10367: 10317: 10287: 10277: 10194: 10159: 10144: 10129: 10084: 10019: 9688: 9619: 9524: 9519: 9260: 9183: 8945: 8827: 8751: 8548: 8538: 8397: 8365: 8303: 8274: 7781: 7776: 7560: 7441: 7401: 7186: 6527: 6522: 6502: 6498: 6002: 5985: 5890: 5878: 5870: 5706: 5354: 3435:

Romanising Oriental Gods: Myth, Salvation, and Ethics in the Cults of Cybele, Isis, and Mithras

1344: 1181: 647: 334: 4130: 376:, who incorporated traits of Osiris and of Greek deities like Dionysus and the underworld god 12235: 12213: 11954: 11632: 11489: 11428: 11348: 11316: 11063: 11008: 10925: 10877: 10852: 10652: 10474: 10469: 10337: 10327: 10149: 9825: 9763: 9583: 9529: 8950: 8928: 8847: 8788: 8454: 7893: 7744: 6874: 6473: 6385: 6037: 5573: 5470: 5126: 5045: 4793: 1309:

The worship of a particular god, such as Isis, within ancient Egyptian religion is termed a "

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Some scholars are skeptical that the afterlife was a major focus of the cult. The historian

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Isis regina, Zeus Sarapis: die griechisch-ägyptische Religion nach den Quellen dargestellt

1099:

published from 1738 to 1741, included an analysis of ancient mystery rites that drew upon

723:

After this initiation, Lucius moves to Rome and joins its main temple to the goddess, the

8: 12668: 12395: 12390: 12337: 12307: 12302: 12186: 11862: 11787: 11750: 11551: 11448: 11232: 11058: 11033: 11013: 10990: 10917: 10867: 10847: 10762: 10752: 10707: 10667: 10622: 10617: 10607: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10577: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10519: 10429: 10404: 10282: 10272: 10234: 10204: 10189: 10174: 10164: 10154: 10119: 10114: 10064: 10009: 9984: 9928: 9785: 9768: 9656: 9651: 9641: 9509: 9310: 9223: 9168: 9144: 9031: 8916: 8874: 8669: 8518: 8146: 7938: 7813: 7592: 7379: 7264: 7192: 7082: 7003: 6830: 6483: 6307: 6153: 6057: 5895: 5822: 5817: 5715: 5680: 5606: 5412: 5298: 5272: 5131: 4980: 4970: 4933: 1160: 1058: 902:

Many pieces of evidence suggest that the mysteries of Isis were connected in some way to

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Bøgh, Birgitte (2015). "Beyond Nock: From Adhesion to Conversion in the Mystery Cults".

1322: 12608: 12512: 12327: 12240: 12218: 12101: 12049: 11989: 11884: 11642: 11610: 11600: 11561: 11556: 11526: 11516: 11373: 11038: 11018: 10985: 10882: 10872: 10817: 10812: 10742: 10722: 10712: 10697: 10692: 10672: 10642: 10637: 10612: 10602: 10534: 10499: 10484: 10389: 10362: 10352: 10312: 10297: 10292: 10244: 10239: 10179: 10134: 10094: 9989: 9976: 9778: 9758: 9683: 9556: 9379: 9053: 9011: 8852: 8820: 8795: 8722: 8702: 8523: 8471: 8459: 8437: 8029: 7987: 7860: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7474: 7258: 7234: 6613: 6537: 6285: 6231: 6052: 5855: 5832: 5827: 5485: 5111: 5075: 5035: 5010: 4913: 4893: 4833: 4750: 4689: 4529: 4049: 4019: 3832: 3586: 3546: 3538: 1281: 1228: 1166: 867: 342: 305:

were played out in public view. Greek writers called these Egyptian rites "mysteries".

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Lumen: Selected Proceedings from the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies

12650: 12591: 12440: 12425: 12415: 12126: 12096: 11964: 11850: 11840: 11777: 11566: 11543: 11521: 11368: 11242: 11227: 11048: 10930: 10827: 10439: 10399: 10347: 10342: 10259: 10229: 10139: 10029: 9893: 9845: 9840: 9399: 9364: 9337: 9095: 9080: 8955: 8879: 8729: 8707: 8615: 8476: 8255: 8218: 8074: 8059: 8007: 7791: 7771: 7739: 7734: 7705: 7700: 7612: 7602: 7411: 7375: 7367: 7338: 7251: 7171: 7166: 7129: 7119: 7045: 6983: 6825: 6662: 6512: 6170: 5883: 5809: 5733: 5516: 5247: 5166: 5106: 4965: 4943: 4928: 4707: 4090: 4044: 3824: 3617: 3530: 3404: 1227:

Others treated the pantheistic Isis as superior to Christianity. In 1790, the poet

1174:, depicted as the climactic moment of an Isiac initiation, in an 1803 engraving by 1022: 922: 829: 765: 760:

The "elements" that Lucius passes through in the first initiation may refer to the

542: 504: 313: 194: 21: 8692: 3932: 12596: 12544: 12464: 12297: 12168: 12106: 12044: 11999: 11772: 11718: 11703: 11627: 11605: 11578: 11504: 11343: 11336: 11326: 11184: 11145: 11110: 11099: 9723: 9703: 9193: 9085: 9075: 8744: 8412: 8203: 8183: 8114: 8079: 8012: 7796: 7722: 7695: 7670: 7607: 7570: 7358: 7301: 7072: 6589: 6390: 6316: 6256: 6211: 6180: 6012: 5970: 5860: 5638: 5633: 5552: 5547: 5400: 5368: 5252: 4785: 3815: 1237: 1151: 953: 929:

call Lucius "reborn", they refer to his new life as a devotee and never call him

608: 550: 496:

of the empire. In Egypt itself, there are only two known texts, both papyri from

354: 290: 2661: 316:

and culture, including their own mystery rites, came from Egypt. The classicist

12683: 12678: 12640: 12400: 12121: 12081: 12076: 12059: 12054: 11908: 11797: 11423: 9850: 9738: 9678: 9394: 9369: 9154: 9058: 8940: 8884: 8837: 8250: 8198: 8094: 8064: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8017: 7913: 7833: 7806: 7759: 7749: 6761: 6424: 6407: 6226: 6206: 6175: 5761: 5738: 5490: 5379: 5242: 4960: 4665: 4547:

Dunand, Françoise; Philonenko, Marc; Benoit, André; Hatt, Jean-Jacques (1975).

4070: 4014: 3681: 3607: 2605: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1111:, learned the elite belief system during his Egyptian upbringing and developed 1075: 1070: 911: 621: 591: 493: 455: 346: 317: 130: 7026: 3542: 2533: 12704: 12698: 12561: 12320: 12086: 12039: 11443: 11388: 11383: 11311: 11217: 9773: 9327: 9208: 8600: 8595: 8543: 8380: 8318: 8213: 8104: 8002: 7933: 7865: 7855: 7818: 7754: 7651: 7617: 7535: 7431: 7394: 7313: 7221: 6672: 6623: 6328: 5799: 5766: 5417: 5341: 5257: 5186: 5156: 5136: 4985: 4908: 4898: 4799: 4560: 4021:

Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History

3907: 3828: 3768: 3558: 1269: 1137: 1126: 978: 935:, or "eternally reborn", which would refer to the afterlife. The classicists 70: 12223: 8442: 4512: 3813:

Gasparini, Valentino (2011). "Isis and Osiris: Demonology vs. Henotheism?".

364:

Scholars disagree on whether the mysteries developed before the time of the

12673: 12613: 12576: 12477: 12430: 12292: 12245: 12116: 9913: 9815: 9671: 9359: 9354: 9332: 9322: 9203: 8635: 8570: 8513: 8498: 8464: 8089: 7997: 6993: 6884: 6879: 6730: 6700: 6574: 6542: 6290: 6261: 6248: 5995: 5480: 5475: 5437: 5334: 4883: 4823: 3948: 1289: 1209: 1175: 1171: 439: 365: 154: 125: 8136: 6781: 4888: 3621: 1192:, with its enthusiasm for Egyptian imagery. He claimed that the sentence " 832:

philosophy, and Gasparini suggests that Apuleius shared Plutarch's views.

465:

Inscriptions from the second century CE use language, such as the epithet

301:, the god of the afterlife and the mythological husband of Isis, in which 11277: 11162: 9835: 9810: 9629: 9597: 9588: 9534: 9464: 9449: 9342: 9233: 8894: 8842: 8630: 8348: 8328: 8168: 8109: 7847: 7843: 7656: 7144: 7092: 7062: 6899: 6753: 6645: 6569: 6434: 6370: 6321: 5232: 4466: 4026: 3764: 3452: 1122: 497: 302: 283: 222: 42: 26: 9149: 9090: 8193: 7587: 7406: 6955: 5210: 3836: 3024: 695:

I came to the boundary of death and, having trodden on the threshold of

12635: 12618: 12556: 12405: 12352: 12315: 12201: 11453: 11433: 11272: 11172: 9801: 9796: 9666: 9661: 9624: 9602: 9459: 9439: 9434: 9275: 9265: 9228: 8832: 8610: 8558: 8298: 7943: 7923: 7459: 7384: 7323: 7087: 7067: 6988: 6640: 6608: 6579: 6358: 6353: 6338: 6077: 6067: 5990: 5649: 5442: 5349: 5116: 5101: 5091: 5020: 5000: 4739: 3255: 1318: 1244: 1116: 1104: 1061:

belief systems in modern times, and they form an important part of the

975: 784: 696: 546: 389: 372:

had taken control of Egypt. The Ptolemies promoted the cult of the god

350: 226: 218: 186: 158: 102: 98: 94: 11284: 8640: 7479: 4095: 4074: 3563:

Heiligtum und Mysterium: Griechenland und seine ägyptischen Gottheiten

174: 12586: 12581: 12549: 12532: 12191: 11755: 11408: 11403: 11167: 9743: 9539: 9454: 9444: 9315: 9270: 9255: 9188: 9036: 8503: 8425: 8385: 8375: 8338: 8313: 8293: 8188: 8054: 7908: 7898: 7660: 7580: 7575: 7486: 7296: 7281: 7246: 7229: 7211: 7124: 6904: 6820: 6799: 6794: 6771: 6766: 6725: 6720: 6657: 6594: 6517: 6488: 6439: 6380: 6333: 5850: 5588: 5176: 5070: 3065: 3063: 2976: 2822: 2820: 1257: 1205: 1037: 1033: 903: 773: 746: 711:, showing a man carrying palm branches who may be an initiate of Isis 575: 443: 306: 253: 234: 147: 118: 7176: 6705: 3991:

Keulen, Wytse Hette; Tilg, Stefan; Nicolini, Lara; Graverini, Luca;

3342: 3291: 3279: 2023: 703: 599:, a comic novel from the late second century CE by the Roman author 406: 12517: 12507: 12502: 12287: 11321: 11267: 11252: 11237: 11141: 9546: 9290: 9280: 9135: 8625: 8605: 8432: 8308: 8163: 7727: 7449: 7389: 7308: 7216: 7203: 7181: 7161: 7139: 7134: 7114: 7054: 7021: 6960: 6804: 6789: 6667: 6628: 6584: 6375: 6312: 6216: 6119: 6062: 5495: 5432: 5373: 5277: 5096: 5050: 5025: 4955: 4863: 4848: 4843: 4818: 4660: 3534: 2721: 825: 664: 651: 600: 508: 480: 476: 459: 447: 381: 303:

Osiris's mythological death, dismemberment, and restoration to life

245: 135: 3060: 3036: 2817: 446:, texts in praise of the goddess. The wording of aretalogies from 12487: 12250: 12111: 11413: 11157: 9820: 9419: 9384: 9305: 9218: 9159: 9063: 8766: 8620: 8370: 8323: 8208: 8084: 7903: 7328: 7291: 7102: 6652: 6618: 6461: 6162: 5151: 5141: 5060: 5030: 5015: 4975: 4873: 2928: 2581: 1314: 1213: 1112: 1017: 1005: 915: 907: 819: 579: 488: 385: 373: 267: 230: 210: 206: 90: 38: 12482: 4384:

Mystery Cults in Visual Representation in Graeco-Roman Antiquity

3359: 3357: 3111: 2622: 2620: 2482: 589:

The only direct description of the mysteries of Isis comes from

12630: 12571: 12527: 12522: 11740: 11438: 11358: 11306: 9728: 9607: 9592: 9411: 9300: 9285: 9243: 9021: 8899: 8173: 7928: 7918: 7530: 7491: 7333: 6941: 6911: 6635: 5578: 5320: 5314: 5227: 5161: 5146: 5121: 4903: 4828: 4600:: the Greco-Egyptian Religion Depicted According to the Sources 3705:

Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis: Eastern Contexts of Greek Culture

2892: 1851: 1629: 1627: 1588: 1540: 1217: 1046: 1013: 754: 583: 451: 414: 298: 214: 30: 8119: 3303: 3231: 3195: 3171: 2266: 1714: 805:

assertion that Lucius undergoes a mystical union with Osiris.

678:

Before the initiation proper, Lucius must undergo a series of

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Attic Grave Reliefs that Represent Women in the Dress of Isis

3457:

Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism

3354: 3332: 3330: 3315: 3243: 3159: 2952: 2904: 2880: 2697: 2617: 2511: 2509: 1875: 1663: 1447: 1399: 1340: 1108: 668: 557:, indicated that the mysteries of Isis were practiced there. 518: 484: 469: 435: 424: 3123: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2593: 2386: 2314: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2163: 2161: 2124: 2122: 1916: 1914: 1827: 1624: 1492: 1375: 570: 233:

and displayed objects that represented Demeter's power over

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The gods of some other mystery cults, such as Dionysus and

1009: 851:

The Isis cult, like most in the Greco-Roman world, was not

750: 279: 259: 74: 46: 4241:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 340–345. 4114:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 407–410. 3997:

Apuleius Madaurensis Metamorphoses, Book XI: The Isis Book

3327: 3207: 3048: 2988: 2856: 2506: 2374: 2302: 2254: 2107: 2035: 1984: 1982: 1887: 1612: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1208:

meaning. He compared it with an Egyptian inscription on a

11418: 9248: 9213: 7888: 7225: 4990: 3957:. Translated by Lorton, David. Cornell University Press. 3478:. Translated by Lorton, David. Cornell University Press. 3099: 3012: 2805: 2745: 2709: 2632: 2458: 2422: 2410: 2209: 2197: 2158: 2119: 2059: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1911: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1774: 1762: 1552: 1234:

dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

828:, which analyzes the Osiris myth based on Plutarch's own 321:

those mysteries may thus have been influenced by that in

97:, and originated sometime between the third century 4780: 4197:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–32. 3933:"Apuleius, Aelius Aristides and Religious Autobiography" 3183: 2769: 2757: 2733: 2673: 2557: 2494: 2470: 2446: 2362: 2350: 2326: 2278: 2185: 2173: 2134: 2047: 1994: 1926: 1702: 1651: 1387: 514:

Some imagery found in art may refer to the mysteries. A

3147: 2940: 2569: 2545: 2521: 2290: 2146: 1979: 1899: 1839: 1803: 1692: 1690: 1600: 1471: 801: 6131: 4659: 4344:

Panthée: Religious Transformations in the Roman Empire

3567:

Sanctuary and Mystery: Greece and its Egyptian Deities

3381: 2964: 2844: 2781: 2685: 2398: 2071: 2011: 1938: 1815: 1786: 1726: 1435: 1423: 787:

and classical scholar, extensively studied Book 11 of

252:, a group of mystical beliefs about the nature of the 3909:

Metamorphoses (The Golden Ass), Volume II: Books 7–11

3087: 2916: 2868: 2649: 2434: 2338: 2230: 2095: 1955: 1675: 969: 353:

within her temples, or outdoor festivals such as the

12158: 11821: 11194: 3794:

Religion in Roman Egypt: Assimilation and Resistance

3135: 3075: 3000: 1687: 1639: 1576: 1564: 1516: 1504: 221:. Eleusinian initiates passed into a dark hall, the 4576:] (in German). Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft. 4172:(in German). Wilhelm Fink Verlag. pp. 95–108. 3369: 3219: 2242: 2083: 1967: 1863: 1750: 1411: 870:they originally had, and they would not qualify as 11140: 4470: 4405:. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 4301: 4232: 4188: 4105: 4048: 4018: 3906: 3791: 3613:Initiation into the Mysteries of the Ancient World 3585: 1738: 1149:. The best-known of these works is the 1791 opera 983:restricted the practice of non-Christian religions 735: 11930: 4505:The Quest for Isis: Essay on the Legend of a Myth 4153:. Foundation of the Finnish Institute at Athens. 12696: 4501:La Quête d'Isis: Essai sur la légende d'un mythe 3954:The Secret Lore of Egypt: Its Impact on the West 3888:Apuleius, the Isis-book (Metamorphoses, book XI) 964: 897: 169: 3974:Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes 3721: 3643:. University of Texas Press. pp. 217–234. 3492: 3030: 2934: 2898: 2727: 1465: 1212:recorded by the Roman-era authors Plutarch and 1063:Western perception of ancient Egyptian religion 109:origins, the mysteries alluded to beliefs from 16:Religious rites in the Greco-Roman cult of Isis 4522:Les Cultes Isiaques Dans Le Monde Gréco-romain 11126: 6104: 5665: 4766: 4645: 910:, and philosophers developed ideas about the 4308:. Translated by Nevill, Antonia. Blackwell. 4138:Pantheon: Journal for the Study of Religions 4103: 3726:. University of Texas Press. pp. 1–29. 1594: 1052: 574:Remains of a temple of Isis on the shore at 500:, that may allude to the mysteries of Isis. 3789: 2272: 930: 856: 526: 516: 467: 422: 412: 270:underwent a consecration, related to their 11133: 11119: 6111: 6097: 5697:List of religions and spiritual traditions 5672: 5658: 4773: 4759: 4652: 4638: 4276: 4069: 3849:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 125–150. 3336: 3261: 3237: 3201: 3177: 1669: 1001:available to those who become Christians. 753:'s true form incinerated the mortal woman 565: 328: 297:, notably the Khoiak Festival in honor of 138:. In it, the initiate undergoes elaborate 4094: 4043: 4013: 3885: 3863: 3843: 3812: 3363: 3321: 3249: 3165: 3129: 2958: 2910: 2886: 2838: 2715: 2626: 2599: 2587: 2563: 2452: 2392: 2320: 2296: 2179: 2113: 2005: 1833: 1068:An influential example is the 1731 novel 1004:Some scholars have specifically compared 839: 560: 388:, a man named Timotheus, a member of the 12715:Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination 8668: 5679: 4624:Lucius Apuleius: The Golden Ass, Book XI 4380: 4360: 4341: 4285:]. Ege Yayınları. pp. 209–225. 4239:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 4195:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 4148: 4112:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 3927: 3762: 3657: 3437:. Translated by Gordon, Richard. Brill. 2982: 2739: 2679: 2152: 2065: 2029: 1988: 1920: 1905: 1881: 1845: 1809: 1558: 1165: 1095:, a treatise by the Anglican theologian 800:. According to these texts, the sun god 702: 569: 553:, outside the Roman Empire but near the 405: 173: 20: 12023: 9965: 4400: 3947: 3775:. Wilhelm Fink Verlag. pp. 37–46. 3702: 3680: 3606: 3569:] (in German). Philipp von Zabern. 3473: 3451: 3348: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3213: 3153: 3117: 2787: 2751: 2515: 2476: 2404: 2380: 2308: 2260: 2101: 2077: 2041: 2017: 1961: 1949: 1932: 1893: 1821: 1797: 1708: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1618: 1546: 1534: 1486: 1441: 1417: 1393: 1254:Ancient and Mystical Order Rosae Crucis 1145:elements, often taking place under the 545:argued that the remains of a shrine at 401: 178:Roman statue of Isis, second century CE 12697: 4602:] (in German). Walter de Gruyter. 4555:] (in French). Éditions Geuthner. 4386:(in French). Brill. pp. 123–168. 4299: 4255: 4230: 4211: 4128: 3904: 3740: 3666:(in French). Brill. pp. 326–359. 3583: 3557: 3502:Religions of Rome, Volume I: A History 3309: 3189: 3093: 3054: 2994: 2970: 2922: 2862: 2850: 2799: 2691: 2575: 2551: 2527: 2500: 2488: 2464: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2344: 2236: 2224: 2203: 2167: 2128: 1780: 1768: 1720: 1681: 1606: 1582: 1522: 1510: 1453: 1429: 1405: 1222:Jewish and Christian conception of God 1186:Freemasonry's traditional origin story 707:Painting from the Tigrane tomb in the 134:, written in the second century CE by 12664:Christianization of saints and feasts 12421:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 12375: 12166: 12022: 11929: 11820: 11474: 11202: 11114: 9964: 9117: 8667: 6130: 6092: 6058:History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic) 5653: 4754: 4633: 4438: 4322: 4167: 3638: 3429: 3403: 3105: 3069: 3042: 3018: 3006: 2946: 2874: 2826: 2811: 2655: 2643: 2368: 2356: 2332: 2284: 2191: 2140: 2089: 2053: 1973: 1869: 1857: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1696: 1570: 1498: 1381: 45:was a prominent motif in the cult of 4526:Isiac Cults In The Greco-Roman World 4419: 4259:Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt 4214:Napoleon's Sorcerers: The Sophisians 4186: 3971: 3748:(in French). Brill. pp. 39–54. 3518: 3476:Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt 3387: 3375: 3225: 3141: 3081: 2775: 2763: 2703: 2248: 1274:Freemasonry of the Ancient Egyptians 6048:Evolutionary psychology of religion 4507:] (in French). Olivier Perrin. 1188:, which traces Freemasonry back to 1172:Isis as a personification of nature 1115:to reveal monotheism to the entire 1074:by a French cleric and classicist, 13: 9934:Religions and spiritual traditions 6133:Religious groups and denominations 5209: 4459: 4424:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3588:Mystery Cults of the Ancient World 1236:, Isis was treated as a symbol of 970:Possible influence on Christianity 430:(ritual basket), second century CE 14: 12726: 4617: 4469:; Ebeling, Florian, eds. (2011). 1082:. Based on Lucius's statement in 11822:Middle-Eastern and North African 11094: 11085: 11084: 10898:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10040:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6043:Evolutionary origin of religions 4216:. University of Delaware Press. 3886:Griffiths, J. Gwyn, ed. (1975). 1350: 1333: 1321:groups in the Roman Empire did. 193:. Some of them involved cryptic 89:in honor of the Greek goddesses 9500:Evolutionary origin of religion 4481:] (in German). C. H. Beck. 4237:. In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). 4193:. In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). 4110:. In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). 3905:Hanson, J. Arthur, ed. (1989). 1303: 798:ancient Egyptian funerary texts 736:Deities and religious symbolism 730: 276:Ancient Egyptian funerary texts 41:from the first century CE. The 12436:Polytheistic reconstructionism 9856:Separation of church and state 8509:Polytheistic reconstructionism 4401:Walters, Elizabeth J. (1988). 4262:. Cambridge University Press. 3869:Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride 3798:. Princeton University Press. 3592:. Princeton University Press. 3504:. Cambridge University Press. 3396: 278:contained knowledge about the 33:, depicted in a fresco in the 1: 11931:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 7465:Traditional Sabahan religions 4591:Merkelbach, Reinhold (2001). 4304:The Cults of the Roman Empire 3871:. University of Wales Press. 3724:Mystic Cults in Magna Graecia 3641:Mystic Cults in Magna Graecia 3409:Qasr Ibrim: The Ballaña Phase 3031:Beard, North & Price 1998 2899:Beard, North & Price 1998 2728:Beard, North & Price 1998 1364: 1170:The unveiling of a statue of 965:Influence on other traditions 925:says that when characters in 898:Connection with the afterlife 170:Greek and Egyptian precedents 81:. They were modeled on other 11475: 6118: 4051:Paganism in the Roman Empire 3913:. Harvard University Press. 3707:. Harvard University Press. 3688:. Harvard University Press. 3459:. Harvard University Press. 3351:, pp. 112–114, 142–143. 3300:, pp. 126–128, 138–139. 3288:, pp. 115–120, 124–125. 3264:, pp. 235–236, 248–251. 3072:, pp. 228–231, 414–415. 3045:, pp. 133–134, 399–401. 2985:, pp. 327–329, 356–359. 2829:, pp. 122–125, 133–134. 2032:, pp. 155–156, 160–161. 1369: 1092:The Divine Legation of Moses 864:Vettius Agorius Praetextatus 410:Priestess of Isis holding a 262:was originally a goddess in 237:, such as a sheaf of wheat. 101:and the second century 7: 9709:National religiosity levels 8934:Nauruan Indigenous religion 8489:Hellenism (modern religion) 4626:, translated by A. S. Kline 4346:. Brill. pp. 235–259. 3790:Frankfurter, David (1998). 2935:Casadio & Johnston 2009 1466:Casadio & Johnston 2009 709:Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa 671:that were commonly used in 25:A ceremony worshipping the 10: 12731: 12167: 9118: 5268:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 5207: 4520:Bricault, Laurent (2013). 4327:. Brill. pp. 89–119. 4212:Spieth, Darius A. (2007). 4129:Pachis, Panayotis (2012). 4104:O'Rourke, Paul F. (2001). 2491:, pp. 44–46, 213–214. 1860:, pp. 58–61, 187–188. 815:Egyptian funerary religion 396: 323:Egyptian afterlife beliefs 209:, which were performed at 164: 63:religious initiation rites 12659:Christianity and paganism 12649: 12463: 12386: 12382: 12376: 12371: 12179: 12175: 12162: 12149: 12035: 12031: 12018: 11940: 11936: 11925: 11831: 11827: 11816: 11485: 11481: 11470: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11198: 11181: 11153: 11080: 10999: 10916: 10788: 10533: 10258: 9975: 9971: 9960: 9869: 9794: 9565: 9473: 9410: 9128: 9124: 9113: 8676: 8663: 8588: 8411: 8393:Transcendental Meditation 8286: 8273: 8238: 7986: 7963: 7952: 7879: 7842: 7544: 7440: 7422: 7366: 7357: 7274: 7202: 7053: 7044: 7002: 6974: 6932: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6813: 6780: 6752: 6743: 6693: 6560: 6247: 6161: 6152: 6143: 6139: 6126: 6030: 5961: 5933: 5915: 5908: 5869: 5841: 5808: 5780: 5752: 5714: 5705: 5687: 5599: 5561: 5535: 5504: 5463: 5391: 5307: 5286: 5263:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 5220: 5084: 4809: 4792: 4732: 4716: 4700: 4673: 4598:Isis regina, Zeus Sarapis 4553:Mysteries and Syncretisms 4443:. Brill. pp. 62–92. 4422:Isis in the Ancient World 4055:. Yale University Press. 3413:Egypt Exploration Society 1053:Influence in modern times 1041:any other mystery cults. 1012:before being immersed at 264:ancient Egyptian religion 205:dedicated to the goddess 111:ancient Egyptian religion 10025:Central African Republic 7012:Vietnamese folk religion 6403:Charismatic Christianity 5522:Rape of the Sabine Women 4568:Kleibl, Kathrin (2009). 4549:Mystères et syncrétismes 4366:. Brill. pp. 1–58. 4300:Turcan, Robert (1996) . 4149:Pakkanen, Petra (1996). 3829:10.1163/156852711X593304 3703:Burkert, Walter (2004). 3120:, pp. 118, 195–196. 3033:, pp. 245, 286–287. 2706:, pp. 278, 281–282. 2590:, pp. 296–297, 308. 1723:, pp. 40–41, 50–51. 1549:, pp. 201, 204–206. 1456:, pp. 105, 110–112. 1408:, pp. 14–18, 23–24. 1384:, pp. 219, 225–229. 1296: 1238:opposition to the clergy 1224:shared a common origin. 1027:Jewish immersion rituals 637: 384:and the Roman historian 9919:New religious movements 9552:Theories about religion 9505:Evolutionary psychology 8534:Modern Finnish paganism 6479:Independent Catholicism 5527:Battle of Lacus Curtius 4187:Roth, Ann Macy (2001). 3312:, pp. 91, 109–110. 1501:, pp. 99–100, 108. 1262:Reuben Swinburne Clymer 1157:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1136:was published, several 912:immortality of the soul 566:Context and reliability 555:frontier of Roman Egypt 329:Spread of the Isis cult 199:not supposed to discuss 185:were voluntary, secret 159:fraternal organizations 105:. Despite their mainly 12567:Religion and mythology 12493:Dying and rising deity 12473:Veneration of the dead 12207:Native American Church 10568:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8549:Erzyan native religion 8398:Unitarian Universalism 7777:Native American Church 6523:Oneness Pentecostalism 5214: 4782:Ancient Roman religion 4256:Teeter, Emily (2011). 4231:Teeter, Emily (2001). 3972:Howe, Stephen (1998). 3474:Assmann, Jan (2005) . 1182:Karl Leonhard Reinhold 1178: 931: 857: 840:Commitment to the cult 712: 701: 586: 561:Apuleius's description 527: 517: 503:One inscription, from 468: 431: 423: 413: 203:Eleusinian initiations 179: 54: 12710:Greco-Roman mysteries 10888:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10185:São Tomé and Príncipe 10045:Republic of the Congo 8246:Aboriginal Australian 6875:Chinese folk religion 6038:Evolution of morality 5213: 4420:Witt, R. E. (1997) . 4234:"Cults: Divine Cults" 4170:Ägyptische Mysterien? 3773:Ägyptische Mysterien? 3686:Ancient Mystery Cults 3622:10.1515/9783110299557 3616:. Walter de Gruyter. 3584:Bowden, Hugh (2010). 1884:, pp. 49–50, 80. 1636:, pp. 87–88, 98. 1345:dying and rising gods 1266:The Mystery of Osiris 1210:veiled statue of Isis 1169: 1080:Great Pyramid of Giza 995:resurrection of Jesus 872:religious conversions 770:Hellenistic astrology 706: 693: 573: 409: 183:Greco-Roman mysteries 177: 24: 11836:Ancient Near Eastern 11623:Hellenistic religion 10510:United Arab Emirates 9296:Religious experience 8670:Historical religions 7630:Four Mothers Society 7032:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 6364:Schwenkfelder Church 5692:Timeline of religion 5681:History of religions 5407:Interpretatio graeca 4497:Baltrušaitis, Jurgis 3522:History of Religions 2802:, pp. 168, 177. 2670:, pp. 450, 452. 1537:, pp. 188, 191. 1250:Theosophical Society 680:ritual purifications 402:Fragmentary evidence 191:religious experience 144:religious experience 124:Many texts from the 87:Eleusinian mysteries 12669:Constantinian shift 12391:Neopagan witchcraft 12025:Sub-Saharan African 10903:Trinidad and Tobago 10798:Antigua and Barbuda 9966:Religion by country 9022:Cult of Magna Mater 7502:Philippine Dayawism 7083:Nimbarka Sampradaya 6831:Chinese Manichaeism 6503:Jehovah's Witnesses 6308:Proto-Protestantism 5896:Kardecist spiritism 5607:Classical mythology 5428:Theology of victory 5273:Kings of Alba Longa 4685:(Machiavelli, 1517) 4528:] (in French). 3366:, pp. 134–136. 3324:, pp. 120–121. 3276:, pp. 134–135. 3252:, pp. 116–121. 3240:, pp. 245–246. 3204:, pp. 244–245. 3180:, pp. 239–243. 3168:, pp. 111–114. 3108:, pp. 419–421. 3057:, pp. 208–210. 3021:, pp. 392–393. 2997:, pp. 210–211. 2961:, pp. 297–299. 2913:, pp. 134–137. 2889:, pp. 53, 171. 2865:, pp. 303–305. 2814:, pp. 343–344. 2778:, pp. 278–283. 2766:, pp. 271–273. 2730:, pp. 307–308. 2646:, pp. 217–218. 2629:, pp. 706–708. 2614:, pp. 400–401. 2602:, pp. 303–306. 2542:, pp. 399–400. 2518:, pp. 123–124. 2467:, pp. 357–359. 2431:, pp. 347–357. 2419:, pp. 341–343. 2395:, pp. 299–301. 2383:, pp. 121–124. 2371:, pp. 340–341. 2359:, pp. 110–111. 2335:, pp. 339–340. 2323:, pp. 286–291. 2311:, pp. 119–120. 2287:, pp. 181–183. 2275:, pp. 255–256. 2263:, pp. 118–119. 2227:, pp. 333–339. 2206:, pp. 333–335. 2194:, pp. 342–343. 2170:, pp. 179–180. 2143:, pp. 336–337. 2131:, pp. 166–167. 2056:, pp. 109–113. 2044:, pp. 5–6, 56. 1896:, pp. 113–114. 1836:, pp. 390–391. 1783:, pp. 164–165. 1771:, pp. 109–115. 1672:, pp. 214–217. 1621:, pp. 110–111. 1597:, pp. 408–409. 1161:Emanuel Schikaneder 932:renatus in aeternam 140:ritual purification 85:, particularly the 12609:Trees in mythology 12604:Supernatural magic 12513:Magic and religion 10838:Dominican Republic 9884:Abrahamic prophets 8973:Proto-Indo-Iranian 7475:Aliran Kepercayaan 6678:Non-denominational 6600:Modernist Salafism 6286:Oriental Orthodoxy 6053:History of atheism 5215: 4690:Till We Have Faces 4530:Les Belles Lettres 3865:Griffiths, J. Gwyn 3216:, pp. 96–102. 3132:, pp. 95–105. 2668:Keulen et al. 2015 2612:Keulen et al. 2015 2540:Keulen et al. 2015 2503:, pp. 1, 216. 1396:, pp. xi–xii. 1282:George G. M. James 1229:Friedrich Schiller 1179: 939:, John North, and 868:religious identity 846:On Isis and Osiris 821:On Isis and Osiris 762:classical elements 713: 587: 432: 420:(bronze jug) or a 343:Hellenistic period 295:Egyptian mythology 187:initiation rituals 180: 55: 53:dedicated to Isis. 12692: 12691: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12143: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12014: 12013: 12010: 12009: 11921: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11812: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11761:Mysteries of Isis 11466: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11108: 11107: 11076: 11075: 11072: 11071: 10060:Equatorial Guinea 9956: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9490:Cognitive science 9109: 9108: 9042:Mysteries of Isis 8816:Frankish paganism 8659: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8403:White Brotherhood 8269: 8268: 8234: 8233: 7635:Keetoowah Society 7536:Sundanese Wiwitan 7353: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7078:Brahma Sampradaya 7040: 7039: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6821:Assianism/Uatsdin 6739: 6738: 6508:British Israelism 6494:Nontrinitarianism 6457:Plymouth Brethren 6452:Nondenominational 6386:Congregationalism 6274:Eastern Orthodoxy 6222:Reconstructionist 6086: 6085: 6026: 6025: 5904: 5903: 5647: 5646: 5624:Etruscan religion 5238:Romulus and Remus 5221:Legendary figures 5205: 5204: 4854:Castor and Pollux 4748: 4747: 4724:Mysteries of Isis 4609:978-3-598-77427-0 4583:978-3-88462-281-0 4539:978-2-251-33969-6 4488:978-3-406-62122-2 4450:978-90-04-27718-2 4431:978-0-8018-5642-6 4412:978-90-04-06331-0 4393:978-90-04-44014-2 4373:978-90-04-38134-6 4353:978-90-04-25690-3 4334:978-90-04-18882-2 4315:978-0-631-20046-8 4292:978-975-8071-05-0 4269:978-0-521-61300-2 4248:978-0-19-510234-5 4223:978-0-87413-957-0 4204:978-0-19-510234-5 4179:978-3-7705-3650-4 4160:978-951-95295-4-7 4121:978-0-19-510234-5 4096:10.7202/1012197ar 4062:978-0-300-02984-0 4045:MacMullen, Ramsay 4036:978-0-465-09838-5 4006:978-90-04-26920-0 3993:Harrison, Stephen 3983:978-1-85984-228-7 3964:978-0-8014-3847-9 3937:Ancient Narrative 3929:Harrison, Stephen 3920:978-0-674-99498-0 3897:978-90-04-04270-4 3878:978-0-900768-48-4 3856:978-3-515-11550-6 3805:978-0-691-02685-5 3782:978-3-7705-3650-4 3755:978-90-04-18882-2 3742:Dunand, Françoise 3733:978-0-292-71902-6 3714:978-0-674-01489-3 3695:978-0-674-03387-0 3673:978-90-04-27718-2 3650:978-0-292-71902-6 3631:978-3-11-029955-7 3599:978-0-691-14638-6 3576:978-3-8053-3442-6 3511:978-0-521-31682-8 3485:978-0-8014-4241-4 3466:978-0-674-58738-0 3444:978-90-04-13293-1 3422:978-0-85698-216-3 3405:Adams, William Y. 3390:, pp. 29–30. 3192:, pp. 51–52. 2949:, pp. 33–35. 2937:, pp. 11–15. 2841:, pp. 53–55. 2754:, pp. 46–50. 2578:, pp. 81–91. 2554:, pp. 88–91. 2530:, pp. 21–22. 2479:, pp. 69–74. 2116:, pp. 71–93. 2068:, pp. 49–50. 1935:, pp. 15–17. 1923:, pp. 79–82. 1735:, pp. 73–76. 1711:, pp. 51–53. 1660:, pp. 19–23. 1609:, pp. 58–60. 1561:, pp. 41–43. 1489:, pp. 40–41. 1432:, pp. 29–31. 1270:Manly Palmer Hall 1196:", spoken by the 1097:William Warburton 781:J. Gwyn Griffiths 673:Greco-Roman magic 370:Ptolemaic dynasty 197:. Initiates were 79:Greco-Roman world 65:performed in the 59:mysteries of Isis 12722: 12651:Christianization 12441:Secular paganism 12426:Goddess movement 12396:Cochrane's Craft 12384: 12383: 12373: 12372: 12177: 12176: 12164: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12033: 12032: 12020: 12019: 11938: 11937: 11927: 11926: 11829: 11828: 11818: 11817: 11633:Sacred mysteries 11483: 11482: 11472: 11471: 11211: 11210: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11185:ethnic religions 11135: 11128: 11121: 11112: 11111: 11098: 11088: 11087: 10966:Papua New Guinea 10941:Marshall Islands 10768:Northern Ireland 9973: 9972: 9962: 9961: 9846:Secular theology 9841:Secular humanism 9126: 9125: 9115: 9114: 8990:Ancestral Pueblo 8665: 8664: 8284: 8283: 7961: 7960: 7364: 7363: 7120:Shaiva Siddhanta 7051: 7050: 6984:Korean shamanism 6863: 6862: 6854: 6853: 6750: 6749: 6663:Mahdawi movement 6533:Swedenborgianism 6513:Christadelphians 6159: 6158: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6128: 6127: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6090: 6089: 5913: 5912: 5712: 5711: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5517:Founding of Rome 5287:Legendary beings 5248:Tullus Hostilius 5085:Abstract deities 4944:Lares Familiares 4807: 4806: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4733:Character source 4708:Cupid and Psyche 4654: 4647: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4613: 4587: 4564: 4543: 4516: 4492: 4476: 4454: 4435: 4416: 4397: 4377: 4357: 4338: 4319: 4307: 4296: 4273: 4252: 4236: 4227: 4208: 4192: 4183: 4164: 4145: 4135: 4125: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4075:"The Travels of 4066: 4054: 4040: 4024: 4010: 3987: 3968: 3944: 3924: 3912: 3901: 3882: 3860: 3840: 3823:(5/6): 697–728. 3809: 3797: 3786: 3759: 3737: 3718: 3699: 3677: 3654: 3635: 3603: 3591: 3580: 3554: 3515: 3489: 3470: 3448: 3426: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2273:Frankfurter 1998 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1992: 1986: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1444:, pp. 5–16. 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1337: 1331: 1323:Françoise Dunand 1307: 1127:pseudohistorical 1023:baptism of Jesus 934: 923:Ramsay MacMullen 860: 834:Stephen Harrison 830:Middle Platonist 617:Stephen Harrison 595:, also known as 551:Meroitic Kingdom 543:William Y. Adams 530: 522: 473: 428: 418: 314:Greek philosophy 291:Egyptian temples 272:coronation rites 12730: 12729: 12725: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12695: 12694: 12693: 12688: 12645: 12545:Myth and ritual 12465:Myth and ritual 12459: 12458: 12445: 12378: 12359: 12312:Turko-Mongolic 12171: 12152: 12145: 12144: 12131: 12027: 12006: 11932: 11913: 11823: 11804: 11477: 11458: 11327:Hindu mythology 11205: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11149: 11146:modern paganism 11139: 11109: 11104: 11068: 10995: 10976:Solomon Islands 10912: 10784: 10688:North Macedonia 10529: 10254: 9967: 9948: 9909:Mass gatherings 9877: 9872: 9865: 9804: 9799: 9790: 9724:Religiocentrism 9704:National church 9572: 9569: 9561: 9476: 9469: 9406: 9328:Bodies of water 9120: 9105: 8890:Jamaican Maroon 8672: 8647: 8584: 8414: 8407: 8278: 8276: 8265: 8230: 8204:Trinidad Orisha 7989: 7982: 7955: 7948: 7875: 7838: 7824:Washat Dreamers 7547: 7540: 7436: 7418: 7345: 7319:Srilankan Vedda 7270: 7198: 7073:Sri Vaishnavism 7036: 6998: 6970: 6928: 6835: 6809: 6776: 6735: 6689: 6614:Twelver Shi'ism 6556: 6418:Neo-charismatic 6391:Presbyterianism 6243: 6135: 6122: 6117: 6087: 6082: 6022: 6003:Illyro-thracian 5957: 5929: 5900: 5865: 5837: 5804: 5776: 5748: 5701: 5683: 5678: 5648: 5643: 5639:Myth and ritual 5634:Greek mythology 5595: 5557: 5553:Pignora imperii 5548:Parabiago Plate 5531: 5500: 5459: 5393: 5387: 5369:Sibylline Books 5303: 5282: 5253:Servius Tullius 5216: 5201: 5080: 4796: 4788: 4779: 4749: 4744: 4728: 4712: 4696: 4669: 4658: 4620: 4610: 4590: 4584: 4567: 4546: 4540: 4519: 4495: 4489: 4465: 4462: 4460:Further reading 4457: 4451: 4432: 4413: 4394: 4374: 4354: 4335: 4316: 4293: 4270: 4249: 4224: 4205: 4180: 4161: 4133: 4122: 4071:Macpherson, Jay 4063: 4037: 4015:Lefkowitz, Mary 4007: 3995:, eds. (2015). 3984: 3965: 3921: 3898: 3879: 3857: 3806: 3783: 3756: 3734: 3715: 3696: 3682:Burkert, Walter 3674: 3651: 3632: 3608:Bremmer, Jan N. 3600: 3577: 3512: 3496:; North, John; 3486: 3467: 3445: 3423: 3399: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3337:Macpherson 2004 3335: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3262:Macpherson 2004 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3238:Macpherson 2004 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3202:Macpherson 2004 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3178:Macpherson 2004 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2742:, pp. 8–9. 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2633: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2182:, pp. 3–6. 2178: 2174: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 1995: 1991:, pp. 2–3. 1987: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1699:, pp. 2–4. 1695: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1670:Tiradritti 2005 1668: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1338: 1334: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1152:The Magic Flute 1125:developed many 1055: 972: 967: 954:Fortunate Isles 900: 842: 747:seeing the gods 738: 733: 669:magical symbols 640: 609:Navigium Isidis 568: 563: 487:in Greece, and 404: 399: 390:Eumolpid family 355:Navigium Isidis 331: 172: 167: 148:seeing the gods 43:death of Osiris 17: 12: 11: 5: 12728: 12718: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12684:Virtuous pagan 12681: 12679:Religio licita 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12655: 12653: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12641:Animal worship 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12606: 12601: 12600: 12599: 12594: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12469: 12467: 12461: 12460: 12455: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12401:Feri Tradition 12398: 12393: 12387: 12380: 12379: 12369: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12318: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12226: 12216: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12204: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12189: 12180: 12173: 12172: 12157: 12155: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12068: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12042: 12036: 12029: 12028: 12016: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12004: 12003: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11941: 11934: 11933: 11923: 11922: 11919: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11843: 11838: 11832: 11825: 11824: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11700: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11681: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11630: 11625: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11588: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11546: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11519: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11492: 11486: 11479: 11478: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11399:Tibeto-Burmese 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11214: 11207: 11206: 11193: 11191: 11188:(existing and 11179: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11138: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11115: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11092: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11005: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10922: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10794: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10758:United Kingdom 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10539: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10264: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9981: 9979: 9969: 9968: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9851:Secularization 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9831:Deconstruction 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9807: 9805: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9679:Fundamentalism 9676: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9586: 9581: 9575: 9573: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9481: 9479: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9416: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9157: 9155:Call to prayer 9152: 9147: 9142: 9140:Disaffiliation 9132: 9130: 9122: 9121: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9014: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8909: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8838:Greco-Buddhism 8835: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8798: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8732: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8568: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8435: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8419: 8417: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8281: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8199:Tambor de Mina 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7994: 7992: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7976:Guanche church 7967: 7965: 7958: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7881:Tibeto-Burmese 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7794: 7789: 7787:Nuu-chah-nulth 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:Muscogee Creek 7693: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7563: 7558: 7552: 7550: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7531:Sumbese Marapu 7528: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7452: 7450:Batak Parmalim 7446: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7428: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7372: 7370: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7261: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7214: 7208: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7059: 7057: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6980: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6860: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6762:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 6758: 6756: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6499:Bible Students 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6469:Restorationism 6466: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6425:Evangelicalism 6422: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6336: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6253: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6137: 6136: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6031:Related topics 6028: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6018:Vedic Hinduism 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5875: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5856:Zoroastrianism 5853: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5491:Pythagoreanism 5488: 5486:Peripateticism 5483: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5380:The Golden Ass 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5299:Barnacle goose 5296: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5243:Numa Pompilius 5240: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4790: 4789: 4778: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4682:The Golden Ass 4677: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4666:The Golden Ass 4657: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4618:External links 4616: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4588: 4582: 4565: 4544: 4538: 4517: 4493: 4487: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4449: 4436: 4430: 4417: 4411: 4398: 4392: 4378: 4372: 4358: 4352: 4339: 4333: 4320: 4314: 4297: 4291: 4274: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4228: 4222: 4209: 4203: 4190:"Afrocentrism" 4184: 4178: 4165: 4159: 4146: 4126: 4120: 4101: 4067: 4061: 4041: 4035: 4011: 4005: 3988: 3982: 3969: 3963: 3945: 3925: 3919: 3902: 3896: 3883: 3877: 3867:, ed. (1970). 3861: 3855: 3841: 3810: 3804: 3787: 3781: 3769:Bommas, Martin 3760: 3754: 3738: 3732: 3719: 3713: 3700: 3694: 3678: 3672: 3655: 3649: 3636: 3630: 3604: 3598: 3581: 3575: 3559:Bommas, Martin 3555: 3543:10.1086/678994 3535:10.1086/678994 3529:(3): 260–287. 3516: 3510: 3490: 3484: 3471: 3465: 3449: 3443: 3427: 3421: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3364:Lefkowitz 1997 3353: 3341: 3339:, p. 251. 3326: 3322:Lefkowitz 1997 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3250:Lefkowitz 1997 3242: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3166:Lefkowitz 1997 3158: 3156:, p. 118. 3146: 3144:, p. 122. 3134: 3130:Lefkowitz 1997 3122: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3084:, p. 164. 3074: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2973:, p. 121. 2963: 2959:Griffiths 1975 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2911:Gasparini 2016 2903: 2901:, p. 290. 2891: 2887:MacMullen 1981 2879: 2877:, p. 134. 2867: 2855: 2853:, p. 335. 2843: 2839:MacMullen 1981 2831: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2718:, p. 121. 2716:Griffiths 1970 2708: 2696: 2694:, p. 178. 2684: 2682:, p. 253. 2672: 2660: 2658:, p. 295. 2648: 2631: 2627:Gasparini 2011 2616: 2604: 2600:Griffiths 1975 2592: 2588:Griffiths 1975 2580: 2568: 2566:, p. 283. 2564:Griffiths 1975 2556: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2455:, p. 341. 2453:Griffiths 1975 2445: 2443:, p. 353. 2433: 2421: 2409: 2407:, p. 124. 2397: 2393:Griffiths 1975 2385: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2347:, p. 341. 2337: 2325: 2321:Griffiths 1975 2313: 2301: 2297:Griffiths 1975 2289: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2251:, p. 278. 2241: 2239:, p. 119. 2229: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2180:Griffiths 1975 2172: 2157: 2155:, p. 255. 2145: 2133: 2118: 2114:Griffiths 1975 2106: 2094: 2082: 2080:, p. 121. 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2022: 2020:, p. 107. 2010: 2008:, p. 138. 2006:Gasparini 2016 1993: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1952:, p. 114. 1937: 1925: 1910: 1908:, p. 132. 1898: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1850: 1848:, p. 131. 1838: 1834:Griffiths 1970 1826: 1824:, p. 116. 1814: 1812:, p. 254. 1802: 1800:, p. 113. 1785: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1737: 1725: 1713: 1701: 1686: 1684:, p. 340. 1674: 1662: 1650: 1638: 1623: 1611: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1573:, p. 108. 1563: 1551: 1539: 1527: 1515: 1503: 1491: 1470: 1458: 1446: 1434: 1422: 1410: 1398: 1386: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1349: 1332: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1202:Book of Exodus 1194:I am that I am 1190:ancient Israel 1138:Masonic lodges 1084:The Golden Ass 1076:Jean Terrasson 1071:Life of Sethos 1054: 1051: 971: 968: 966: 963: 945:The Golden Ass 927:The Golden Ass 908:Elysian Fields 899: 896: 884:The Golden Ass 880:intellectual. 877:The Golden Ass 841: 838: 811:The Golden Ass 793:The Golden Ass 789:The Golden Ass 743:The Golden Ass 737: 734: 732: 729: 725:Iseum Campense 644:The Golden Ass 639: 636: 631:The Golden Ass 627:The Golden Ass 592:The Golden Ass 567: 564: 562: 559: 535:Kom El Shoqafa 456:Jan N. Bremmer 403: 400: 398: 395: 347:Roman Republic 339:Roman religion 330: 327: 318:Walter Burkert 171: 168: 166: 163: 131:The Golden Ass 35:Temple of Isis 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12727: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12562:Reincarnation 12560: 12558: 12555: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12381: 12374: 12370: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12329: 12326: 12322: 12321:Vattisen Yaly 12319: 12317: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12238: 12237: 12234: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12165: 12161: 12156: 12154: 12148: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12021: 12017: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11975:Cook Islander 11973: 11972: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11928: 11924: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11856: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11826: 11819: 11815: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11783:Baltic Finnic 11781: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11751:Imperial cult 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11655: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11572: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11484: 11480: 11473: 11469: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11312:Sunda Wiwitan 11310: 11308: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11248:Austroasiatic 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11208: 11201: 11197: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11152: 11147: 11143: 11136: 11131: 11129: 11124: 11122: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11091: 11083: 11082: 11079: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11002: 11001:South America 10998: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10909: 10908:United States 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10790:North America 10787: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10648:Liechtenstein 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10100:Guinea-Bissau 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9963: 9959: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9924:Organizations 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9868: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9787: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9749:Vegetarianism 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9694:Homosexuality 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9564: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9515:Neurotheology 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9209:Folk religion 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9112: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9032:Imperial cult 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8601:Discordianism 8599: 8597: 8596:Anthroposophy 8594: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8544:Mari religion 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8381:Neo-Theosophy 8379: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8319:New Acropolis 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8272: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7985: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964:North African 7962: 7959: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7718:Kwakwakaʼwakw 7716: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7424:Austroasiatic 7421: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7395:Vattisen Yaly 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7314:Kirat Mundhum 7312: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:Milah Abraham 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6329:Protestantism 6327: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6107: 6102: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5963:Indo-European 5960: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5861:Manichaeanism 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5413:Imperial cult 5411: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394:and practices 5390: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5342:Metamorphoses 5339: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:Ancus Marcius 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187:Tranquillitas 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4800:Dii Consentes 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693:(Lewis, 1956) 4692: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674:Modernisation 4672: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3949:Hornung, Erik 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3389: 3384: 3378:, p. 66. 3377: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3228:, p. 67. 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3096:, p. 24. 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3009:, p. 13. 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2983:Bricault 2014 2979: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2925:, p. 29. 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2790:, p. 40. 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2740:Veymiers 2018 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2680:Harrison 2002 2676: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2613: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2299:, p. 99. 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2154: 2153:Harrison 2002 2149: 2142: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2110: 2104:, p. 97. 2103: 2098: 2092:, p. 60. 2091: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2067: 2066:Veymiers 2018 2062: 2055: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2030:Veymiers 2020 2026: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1990: 1989:Veymiers 2018 1985: 1983: 1976:, p. 90. 1975: 1970: 1964:, p. 67. 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1921:Pakkanen 1996 1917: 1915: 1907: 1906:Veymiers 2020 1902: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1882:Pakkanen 1996 1878: 1872:, p. 59. 1871: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1846:Veymiers 2020 1842: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1810:Versluys 2013 1806: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1759:, p. 10. 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1683: 1678: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1596: 1595:O'Rourke 2001 1591: 1585:, p. 56. 1584: 1579: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1559:DuQuesne 2002 1555: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1531: 1525:, p. 31. 1524: 1519: 1513:, p. 11. 1512: 1507: 1500: 1495: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1438: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286:Stolen Legacy 1283: 1279: 1278:Stolen Legacy 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 986: 984: 981:increasingly 980: 977: 962: 958: 955: 949: 946: 942: 938: 933: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 878: 873: 869: 865: 859: 854: 849: 847: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822: 816: 812: 806: 803: 799: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 728: 726: 721: 717: 710: 705: 700: 698: 692: 688: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 656: 653: 649: 645: 642:According to 635: 632: 628: 624: 623: 618: 612: 610: 604: 602: 598: 597:Metamorphoses 594: 593: 585: 581: 577: 572: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 538: 536: 531: 529: 523: 521: 520: 512: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 472: 471: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 429: 427: 426: 419: 417: 416: 408: 394: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 326: 324: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:the mysteries 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 176: 162: 160: 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 132: 127: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 83:mystery rites 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 12674:Neoplatonism 12614:Tree of life 12577:Sacred grove 12478:Bear worship 12431:Neoshamanism 12293:Zalmoxianism 12246:Adyghe Habze 12151:Modern pagan 11858:Mesopotamian 11760: 11714:Paleo-Balkan 11648:Samothracian 11527:Old Prussian 11424:Bongthingism 10505:Turkmenistan 10465:Saudi Arabia 10210:South Africa 10200:Sierra Leone 10005:Burkina Faso 9914:Names of God 9861:Unaffiliated 9816:Antireligion 9672:Universalism 9620:Assimilation 9485:Anthropology 9360:Supernatural 9355:Spirituality 9323:Sacred space 9311:Purification 9184:Denomination 9138: / 9041: 8946:Paleo-Balkan 8912:Mesopotamian 8752:Cook Islands 8723:Old Prussian 8636:UFO religion 8575: 8571:Zalmoxianism 8499:Neoshamanism 8356:Spiritualism 8239:Other ethnic 8128: 7954:Traditional 7914:Bongthingism 7802:Acoma Pueblo 7745:Mesoamerican 7442:Austronesian 7263: 7259:Neo-Buddhism 7191: 7187:Neo-Hinduism 7108:Swaminarayan 6946: 6895:Salvationist 6880:Confucianism 6731:Samaritanism 6701:Ali-Illahism 6682: 6549: 6543:Unitarianism 6484:Old Catholic 6291:Nestorianism 6249:Christianity 6236: 6202:Conservative 6073:Roman School 5996:Neoplatonism 5953:Mesopotamian 5790:Confucianism 5729:Christianity 5707:Major groups 5583: 5543:Gubernaculum 5512:Golden Bough 5481:Neoplatonism 5476:Epicureanism 5405: 5378: 5359: 5340: 5333: 5319: 4824:Anna Perenna 4798: 4723: 4688: 4680: 4664: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4573: 4569: 4552: 4548: 4525: 4521: 4504: 4500: 4478: 4472: 4467:Assmann, Jan 4440: 4421: 4402: 4383: 4362: 4343: 4324: 4303: 4282: 4278: 4258: 4238: 4213: 4194: 4169: 4150: 4144:(1): 79–118. 4141: 4137: 4111: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4050: 4020: 3996: 3973: 3953: 3940: 3936: 3908: 3887: 3868: 3846: 3820: 3814: 3793: 3772: 3765:Assmann, Jan 3745: 3723: 3704: 3685: 3663: 3659: 3640: 3612: 3587: 3566: 3562: 3526: 3520: 3501: 3498:Price, Simon 3475: 3456: 3453:Assmann, Jan 3434: 3431:Alvar, Jaime 3408: 3383: 3371: 3349:Hornung 2001 3344: 3317: 3305: 3298:Assmann 1997 3293: 3286:Assmann 1997 3281: 3274:Assmann 1997 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3214:Assmann 1997 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3154:Hornung 2001 3149: 3137: 3125: 3118:Hornung 2001 3113: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2807: 2795: 2788:Burkert 1987 2783: 2771: 2759: 2752:Burkert 1987 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2516:Bremmer 2014 2496: 2484: 2477:Burkert 1987 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2405:Bremmer 2014 2400: 2388: 2381:Bremmer 2014 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2309:Bremmer 2014 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2261:Bremmer 2014 2256: 2244: 2232: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2148: 2136: 2109: 2102:Burkert 1987 2097: 2085: 2078:Bremmer 2014 2073: 2061: 2049: 2042:Walters 1988 2037: 2025: 2018:Burkert 1987 2013: 1969: 1962:Hornung 2001 1957: 1950:Bremmer 2014 1933:Burkert 1987 1928: 1901: 1894:Bremmer 2014 1889: 1877: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1822:Bremmer 2014 1817: 1805: 1798:Bremmer 2014 1776: 1764: 1752: 1747:, p. 6. 1740: 1728: 1716: 1709:Burkert 1987 1704: 1677: 1665: 1658:Hornung 2001 1653: 1648:, p. 1. 1646:Hornung 2001 1641: 1634:Burkert 2004 1619:Bremmer 2014 1614: 1602: 1590: 1578: 1566: 1554: 1547:Assmann 2005 1542: 1535:Assmann 2005 1530: 1518: 1506: 1494: 1487:Burkert 1987 1468:, p. 7. 1461: 1449: 1442:Bremmer 2014 1437: 1425: 1420:, p. 2. 1418:Burkert 1987 1413: 1401: 1394:Bremmer 2014 1389: 1377: 1352: 1335: 1305: 1290:Afrocentrist 1285: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1264:in his book 1242: 1226: 1180: 1176:Henry Fuseli 1150: 1141: 1133: 1130:origin myths 1121: 1105:polytheistic 1100: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1069: 1067: 1056: 1043: 1031: 1003: 987: 973: 959: 950: 944: 926: 920: 901: 891: 887: 883: 882: 876: 850: 845: 843: 820: 810: 807: 792: 788: 785:Egyptologist 778: 759: 742: 739: 731:Significance 722: 718: 714: 694: 689: 677: 657: 643: 641: 630: 626: 620: 613: 605: 596: 590: 588: 539: 525: 515: 513: 502: 466: 464: 440:Thessalonica 433: 421: 411: 366:Roman Empire 363: 359: 351:cult statues 332: 311: 288: 258: 239: 181: 155:Christianity 152: 129: 126:Roman Empire 123: 58: 56: 18: 12283:Italo-Roman 12187:Ausar Auset 11955:Micronesian 11746:Gallo-Roman 11596:Anglo-Saxon 11394:Satsana Phi 11278:Momolianism 11182:Historical 11163:Panentheism 10956:New Zealand 10893:Saint Lucia 10843:El Salvador 10748:Switzerland 10683:Netherlands 10455:Philippines 10383:South Korea 10378:North Korea 10268:Afghanistan 10215:South Sudan 10105:Ivory Coast 9889:Deification 9836:Objectivism 9811:Agnosticism 9764:Persecution 9754:Video games 9719:Populations 9630:Proselytism 9598:Monasticism 9589:Clericalism 9579:Agriculture 9570:and society 9535:Soteriology 9495:Comparative 9465:Transtheism 9450:Panentheism 9234:Monasticism 9027:Gallo-Roman 8929:Micronesian 8895:Manichaeism 8843:Hermeticism 8811:Continental 8806:Anglo-Saxon 8686:Paleolithic 8681:Prehistoric 8631:Scientology 8494:Italo-Roman 8349:Radha Soami 8329:New Thought 8169:Espiritismo 8110:Waaqeffanna 8050:Fon and Ewe 7988:Sub-Saharan 7871:Satsana Phi 7657:Ghost Dance 7598:Californian 7566:Anishinaabe 7492:Karo Pemena 7471:Indonesian 7145:Lingayatism 7093:Mahanubhava 7063:Vaishnavism 6994:Jeungsanism 6917:Folk Taoism 6900:Xiantiandao 6754:Zoroastrian 6413:Charismatic 6408:Pentecostal 6371:Anglicanism 6322:Waldensians 6257:Catholicism 5925:Paleolithic 5917:Prehistoric 5891:New Thought 5879:Neopaganism 5617:Persecution 5569:Gallo-Roman 5361:Res divinae 5233:Rhea Silvia 4717:Description 4089:: 235–254. 4027:Basic Books 3660:Gens isiaca 3494:Beard, Mary 3397:Works cited 3310:Spieth 2007 3190:Spieth 2007 3094:Bowden 2010 3055:Bowden 2010 2995:Bowden 2010 2971:Turcan 1996 2923:Bommas 2005 2863:Hanson 1989 2851:Hanson 1989 2800:Bowden 2010 2692:Bowden 2010 2576:Pachis 2012 2552:Pachis 2012 2528:Bowden 2010 2501:Bowden 2010 2489:Bowden 2010 2465:Hanson 1989 2441:Hanson 1989 2429:Hanson 1989 2417:Hanson 1989 2345:Hanson 1989 2237:Turcan 1996 2225:Hanson 1989 2204:Hanson 1989 2168:Bowden 2010 2129:Bowden 2010 1781:Bowden 2010 1769:Turcan 1996 1721:Dunand 2010 1682:Teeter 2001 1607:Teeter 2011 1583:Teeter 2011 1523:Teeter 2011 1511:Bommas 2005 1454:Bowden 2010 1430:Bowden 2010 1406:Bowden 2010 1327:Jaime Alvar 1268:(1909) and 1206:pantheistic 941:Simon Price 892:pastophoros 888:pastophoros 661:hieroglyphs 498:Oxyrhynchus 444:aretalogies 341:during the 284:Jan Assmann 244:of the god 223:Telesterion 150:in person. 115:exclusively 107:Hellenistic 27:sarcophagus 12699:Categories 12636:Witchcraft 12619:World tree 12557:Orthopraxy 12406:Stregheria 12353:Udmurt Vos 12316:Burkhanism 12224:Dievturība 12202:Mexicayotl 11970:Polynesian 11950:Melanesian 11945:Australian 11863:Babylonian 11677:Lusitanian 11672:Gallaecian 11662:Cantabrian 11638:Eleusinian 11552:Circassian 11548:Caucasian 11537:Lithuanian 11454:Sanamahism 11434:Donyi-Polo 11295:Philippine 11273:Kaharingan 11258:Vietnamese 11173:Polytheism 10946:Micronesia 10823:Costa Rica 10718:San Marino 10678:Montenegro 10658:Luxembourg 10515:Uzbekistan 10490:Tajikistan 10395:Kyrgyzstan 10368:Kazakhstan 10318:East Timor 10288:Bangladesh 10278:Azerbaijan 10195:Seychelles 10160:Mozambique 10145:Mauritania 10130:Madagascar 10020:Cape Verde 9802:irreligion 9797:Secularism 9699:Minorities 9667:Toleration 9662:Syncretism 9647:Fanaticism 9637:Disability 9625:Missionary 9615:Conversion 9603:Ordination 9525:Psychology 9520:Philosophy 9460:Polytheism 9440:Monotheism 9435:Henotheism 9276:Orthopraxy 9266:Ordination 9229:Meditation 9224:Indigenous 9189:Entheogens 9174:Conversion 9000:Pueblo III 8917:Babylonian 8907:Melanesian 8833:Gnosticism 8718:Lithuanian 8611:Fourth Way 8465:Circassian 8443:Dievturība 8366:Tensegrity 8299:Falun Gong 7944:Sanamahism 7924:Donyi-Polo 7514:Polynesian 7460:Kaharingan 7385:Burkhanism 7324:Ravidassia 7302:Śvetāmbara 7088:Pushtimarg 7068:Krishnaism 7004:Vietnamese 6989:Cheondoism 6922:Yao Taoism 6858:East Asian 6624:Isma'ilism 6580:Maturidism 6359:Mennonites 6354:Hutterites 6339:Anabaptism 6232:Humanistic 6078:Secularism 6068:Irreligion 5991:Gnosticism 5909:Historical 5782:East Asian 5754:Amerindian 5562:Variations 5464:Philosophy 5443:Capitolium 5350:Propertius 5117:Averruncus 5102:Aeternitas 5092:Abundantia 5021:Proserpina 4740:Silverlock 3943:: 245–259. 3106:Alvar 2008 3070:Alvar 2008 3043:Alvar 2008 3019:Alvar 2008 3007:Alvar 2008 2947:Alvar 2008 2875:Alvar 2008 2827:Alvar 2008 2812:Alvar 2008 2656:Alvar 2008 2644:Brenk 2009 2369:Alvar 2008 2357:Venit 2010 2333:Alvar 2008 2285:Alvar 2008 2192:Alvar 2008 2141:Alvar 2008 2090:Adams 2013 2054:Venit 2010 1974:Venit 2010 1870:Alvar 2008 1858:Alvar 2008 1757:Alvar 2008 1745:Alvar 2008 1733:Woolf 2014 1697:Alvar 2008 1571:Quack 2002 1499:Quack 2002 1382:Brenk 2009 1365:References 1260:, such as 1245:Egyptology 1198:Jewish God 1123:Freemasons 1038:sacrificed 937:Mary Beard 697:Proserpina 684:confession 547:Qasr Ibrim 479:in Italy, 227:hierophant 219:Persephone 95:Persephone 12587:Sacrifice 12582:Holy well 12550:Mythology 12533:Stone row 12343:Hungarian 12273:Hellenism 12268:Heathenry 12236:Caucasian 12198:American 12192:Godianism 12153:movements 11885:Canaanite 11788:Hungarian 11756:Mithraism 11687:Camunnian 11628:Hero cult 11495:Anatolian 11409:Benzhuism 11404:Bathouism 11332:Dravidian 11263:Indonesia 11233:Mongolian 11168:Pantheism 11064:Venezuela 11009:Argentina 10926:Australia 10878:Nicaragua 10853:Guatemala 10653:Lithuania 10475:Sri Lanka 10470:Singapore 10450:Palestine 10338:Indonesia 10328:Hong Kong 10150:Mauritius 9871:Overviews 9826:Criticism 9779:Sectarian 9769:Terrorism 9744:Theocracy 9689:Happiness 9657:Pluralism 9642:Education 9568:Religion 9540:Salvation 9530:Sociology 9475:Religious 9455:Pantheism 9445:Nontheism 9338:Mountains 9316:Sacrifice 9271:Orthodoxy 9261:Mythology 9256:Mysticism 9145:Behaviour 9054:Canaanite 9037:Mithraism 9005:Pueblo IV 8995:Pueblo II 8900:Mazdakism 8875:Hungarian 8848:Mysteries 8757:Dravidian 8539:Hungarian 8455:Caucasian 8426:Godianism 8386:Agni Yoga 8376:Theosophy 8339:Rastafari 8314:Modekngei 8294:Brahmoism 8287:Syncretic 8279:movements 8277:religious 8189:Quimbanda 8137:Candomblé 8130:Diasporic 7909:Bathouism 7899:Benzhuism 7814:Tsimshian 7765:Purépecha 7686:Longhouse 7661:Sun Dance 7593:Blackfoot 7581:Wabunowin 7576:Midewiwin 7497:Malaysian 7487:Kapitayan 7297:Digambara 7282:Ayyavazhi 7247:Vajrayana 7212:Theravada 7125:Ganapatya 7098:Ramanandi 7027:Hoahaoism 6905:Yiguandao 6800:Yarsanism 6795:Shabakism 6782:Yazdânism 6772:Zurvanism 6767:Mazdaznan 6726:Rastafari 6721:Mandaeism 6595:Wahhabism 6575:Ash'arism 6538:Tolstoyan 6528:Spiritual 6518:Mormonism 6489:Judaizers 6462:Quakerism 6440:Methodist 6430:Irvingism 6381:Calvinism 6334:Adventism 6317:Moravians 6154:Abrahamic 5935:Near East 5851:Mithraism 5744:Rastafari 5716:Abrahamic 5589:Mithraism 5574:Mysteries 5423:Palladium 5401:Festivals 5177:Securitas 5127:Concordia 5071:Vertumnus 4889:Dīs Pater 4786:mythology 4561:492770601 3999:. Brill. 3976:. Verso. 3890:. 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11044:Paraguay 11029:Colombia 10936:Kiribati 10863:Honduras 10833:Dominica 10808:Barbados 10773:Scotland 10733:Slovenia 10728:Slovakia 10703:Portugal 10573:Bulgaria 10495:Thailand 10445:Pakistan 10425:Mongolia 10420:Maldives 10415:Malaysia 10303:Cambodia 10250:Zimbabwe 10225:Tanzania 10075:Ethiopia 10070:Eswatini 10050:Djibouti 10015:Cameroon 10000:Botswana 9944:Timeline 9939:Scholars 9899:Founders 9759:Violence 9714:Politics 9584:Business 9547:Theology 9291:Prophecy 9281:Paganism 9169:Covenant 9136:Apostasy 9071:Scythian 9012:Rapa Nui 8966:Thracian 8961:Illyrian 8951:Albanian 8922:Sumerian 8865:Harappan 8801:Germanic 8796:Georgian 8789:Selk'nam 8774:Etruscan 8762:Egyptian 8740:Druidism 8703:Armenian 8626:Satanism 8606:Eckankar 8529:Estonian 8514:Romanian 8504:Ossetian 8484:Germanic 8433:Armenian 8422:African 8415:paganism 8344:Sant Mat 8334:Rajneesh 8309:Meivazhi 8304:Japanese 8261:Siberian 8194:Santería 8164:Convince 8030:Bushongo 7934:Kiratism 7861:Hmongism 7728:Wocekiye 7713:Jivaroan 7681:Iroquois 7676:Ho-Chunk 7625:Cherokee 7548:American 7519:Hawaiian 7432:Sarnaism 7402:Tungusic 7390:Tengrism 7380:Mongolic 7309:Sarnaism 7240:Nichiren 7217:Mahayana 7204:Buddhism 7182:Sant Mat 7172:Sauraism 7167:Smartism 7162:Shaktism 7155:Balinese 7140:Kaumaram 7135:Kapalika 7130:Kashmiri 7115:Shaivism 7055:Hinduism 7022:Caodaism 6966:Ryukyuan 6961:Tenrikyo 6956:Shugendō 6934:Japanese 6805:Yazidism 6790:Ishikism 6668:Quranism 6641:Khawarij 6590:Salafism 6585:Atharism 6474:Esoteric 6445:Holiness 6435:Lutheran 6396:Reformed 6376:Baptists 6349:Brethren 6313:Hussites 6301:Assyrian 6217:Haymanot 6171:Orthodox 6120:Religion 6063:Humanism 5981:Germanic 5943:Egyptian 5823:Hinduism 5818:Buddhism 5629:Glossary 5600:See also 5496:Stoicism 5471:Cynicism 5433:Pomerium 5392:Concepts 5374:Apuleius 5294:She-wolf 5278:Hersilia 5197:Victoria 5097:Aequitas 5051:Summanus 5041:Silvanus 5026:Quirinus 4956:Libertas 4919:Hercules 4864:Cloacina 4849:Carmenta 4844:Bona Dea 4819:Angerona 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10803:Bahamas 10763:England 10753:Ukraine 10708:Romania 10668:Moldova 10628:Ireland 10623:Iceland 10618:Hungary 10608:Germany 10598:Finland 10593:Estonia 10588:Denmark 10583:Czechia 10578:Croatia 10563:Belgium 10558:Belarus 10553:Austria 10548:Andorra 10543:Albania 10520:Vietnam 10430:Myanmar 10405:Lebanon 10323:Georgia 10283:Bahrain 10273:Armenia 10235:Tunisia 10205:Somalia 10190:Senegal 10175:Nigeria 10165:Namibia 10155:Morocco 10120:Liberia 10115:Lesotho 10065:Eritrea 10035:Comoros 10010:Burundi 9985:Algeria 9929:Outline 9894:Deities 9821:Atheism 9734:Science 9652:Freedom 9510:History 9477:studies 9430:Dualism 9420:Animism 9385:Worship 9365:Symbols 9306:Liturgy 9219:Goddess 9179:Deities 9160:Laicism 9150:Beliefs 9129:Aspects 9101:Zapotec 9096:Vainakh 9064:Yahwism 9049:Semitic 8978:Iranian 8880:Hurrian 8870:Hittite 8860:Guanche 8853:Orphism 8784:Fuegian 8779:Finnish 8767:Atenism 8713:Latvian 8698:Arabian 8641:Raëlism 8621:Jediism 8616:Goddess 8589:De novo 8477:Druidry 8371:Thelema 8324:New Age 8209:Umbanda 8100:Tumbuka 8085:Odinala 8070:Lugbara 7990:African 7956:African 7904:Bimoism 7894:Burmese 7740:Mapuche 7706:Wyandot 7666:Guarani 7647:Choctaw 7642:Chilote 7561:Alaskan 7556:Abenaki 7507:Tagalog 7480:Kejawèn 7329:Sikhism 7292:Jainism 7252:Tibetan 7235:Amidism 7103:Warkari 7017:Đạo Mẫu 6867:Chinese 6849:Eastern 6826:Roshani 6745:Iranian 6653:Alevism 6646:Ibadism 6619:Zaydism 6296:Ancient 6267:Eastern 6227:Renewal 6212:Karaite 6193:Zionist 6181:Hasidic 6163:Judaism 6145:Western 5948:Semitic 5843:Iranian 5833:Sikhism 5828:Jainism 5739:Judaism 5612:Decline 5536:Objects 5438:Temples 5418:Charity 5152:Laverna 5142:Fortuna 5132:Feronia 5061:Veritas 5031:Salacia 5016:Priapus 5001:Penates 4981:Neptune 4976:Minerva 4971:Mercury 4934:Jupiter 4874:Dea Dia 4839:Bellona 4794:Deities 4701:Stories 4107:"Drama" 1214:Proclus 1200:in the 1113:Judaism 1018:cistern 1006:baptism 858:Isiacus 774:Mithras 766:planets 580:Corinth 549:in the 489:Tralles 397:Sources 386:Tacitus 374:Serapis 250:Orphism 231:Ploutos 211:Eleusis 207:Demeter 195:symbols 165:Origins 91:Demeter 77:in the 69:of the 39:Pompeii 12631:Virtue 12592:animal 12572:Ritual 12528:Menhir 12523:Dolmen 12328:Uralic 12308:Slavic 12298:Romani 12258:Celtic 12241:Abkhaz 12229:Romuva 12219:Baltic 12169:Ethnic 12127:Somali 12097:Maasai 12000:Tongan 11965:Papuan 11904:Berber 11851:Nubian 11778:Uralic 11773:Slavic 11741:Cybele 11719:Dacian 11704:Minoan 11667:Castro 11643:Orphic 11606:Gothic 11574:Celtic 11544:Basque 11522:Baltic 11505:Lydian 11439:Heraka 11369:Korean 11359:Shinto 11344:Kalash 11307:Marapu 11243:Turkic 11228:Manchu 11223:Altaic 11100:Portal 11039:Guyana 11019:Brazil 10986:Tuvalu 10883:Panama 10873:Mexico 10818:Canada 10813:Belize 10743:Sweden 10723:Serbia 10713:Russia 10698:Poland 10693:Norway 10673:Monaco 10643:Latvia 10638:Kosovo 10613:Greece 10603:France 10535:Europe 10500:Turkey 10485:Taiwan 10390:Kuwait 10363:Jordan 10353:Israel 10313:Cyprus 10298:Brunei 10293:Bhutan 10245:Zambia 10240:Uganda 10180:Rwanda 10135:Malawi 10095:Guinea 10085:Gambia 9990:Angola 9977:Africa 9786:Wealth 9729:Schism 9684:Growth 9608:Priest 9593:Clergy 9412:Theism 9395:Nature 9390:Astral 9333:Groves 9301:Ritual 9286:Prayer 9244:Novice 9194:Ethnic 9119:Topics 9091:Urartu 9086:Tongan 9081:Somali 9076:Slavic 8956:Dacian 8735:Celtic 8730:Basque 8708:Baltic 8559:Udmurt 8524:Uralic 8519:Slavic 8472:Celtic 8460:Abkhaz 8448:Romuva 8438:Baltic 8413:Modern 8256:Papuan 8219:Voodoo 8174:Kumina 8115:Yoruba 8105:Urhobo 8075:Maasai 8060:Lotuko 8008:Baluba 7998:Akamba 7971:Berber 7929:Heraka 7919:Dongba 7797:Pueblo 7792:Pawnee 7782:Navajo 7772:Muisca 7735:Lenape 7723:Lakota 7701:Seneca 7691:Mohawk 7613:Ohlone 7588:Apache 7571:Ojibwe 7546:Native 7412:Manchu 7407:Evenki 7368:Altaic 7359:Ethnic 7334:Khalsa 7287:Kalash 7177:Śrauta 7046:Indian 6976:Korean 6942:Shinto 6912:Taoism 6885:Luoism 6711:Baháʼí 6706:Bábism 6658:Ahmadi 6636:Sufism 6629:Alawis 6279:Church 6207:Reform 6188:Modern 6176:Haredi 6013:Slavic 5976:Celtic 5971:Baltic 5871:Modern 5810:Indian 5800:Shinto 5795:Taoism 5724:Baháʼí 5579:Cybele 5505:Events 5453:Celtic 5321:Aeneid 5315:Virgil 5228:Aeneas 5162:Pietas 5147:Fontus 5122:Caelus 5112:Annona 5107:Africa 5076:Vulcan 5036:Saturn 5011:Pomona 4914:Genius 4904:Faunus 4894:Egeria 4834:Aurora 4829:Apollo 4606: 4580: 4559: 4536: 4511: 4485: 4447: 4428: 4409: 4390: 4370: 4350: 4331: 4312: 4289: 4266: 4245: 4220: 4201: 4176: 4157: 4118: 4077:Sethos 4059: 4033: 4003: 3980: 3961: 3917: 3894: 3875: 3853: 3835: 3802: 3779: 3752: 3730: 3711: 3692: 3670: 3647: 3628: 3596: 3573: 3549: 3541: 3508: 3482: 3463: 3441: 3419: 1315:Jewish 1218:Nature 1142:Sethos 1134:Sethos 1101:Sethos 1047:Cybele 1014:Easter 755:Semele 584:Greece 528:cistae 452:Andros 415:situla 299:Osiris 215:Athens 31:Osiris 12626:Totem 12597:human 12498:Ethos 12411:Wicca 12377:Other 12278:Hindu 12122:Serer 12107:Mbuti 12087:Hausa 12077:Dinka 12055:Kongo 12045:Bantu 11985:Māori 11909:Punic 11736:Roman 11618:Greek 11611:Norse 11579:Irish 11449:Qiang 11354:Vedic 11337:Tamil 11290:Malay 11204:Asian 11144:(and 11024:Chile 10981:Tonga 10971:Samoa 10961:Palau 10951:Nauru 10858:Haiti 10778:Wales 10738:Spain 10663:Malta 10633:Italy 10525:Yemen 10480:Syria 10460:Qatar 10435:Nepal 10410:Macau 10373:Korea 10358:Japan 10333:India 10308:China 10220:Sudan 10170:Niger 10125:Libya 10110:Kenya 10090:Ghana 10080:Gabon 10055:Egypt 9995:Benin 9904:Index 9875:lists 9739:State 9557:Women 9425:Deism 9400:Place 9380:Water 9375:Truth 9343:Trees 9199:Faith 9164:Laity 9059:Punic 9017:Roman 8983:Vedic 8941:Olmec 8828:Greek 8821:Norse 8745:Irish 8566:Wicca 8361:Subud 8251:Inuit 8224:Winti 8214:Vodou 8179:Obeah 8159:Comfa 8142:Bantu 8095:Serer 8080:Mbuti 8040:Dogon 8035:Dinka 8018:Kongo 8013:Bantu 7939:Qiang 7829:Yaqui 7760:Olmec 7750:Aztec 7671:Haida 7608:Miwok 7603:Kuksu 7524:Māori 7455:Dayak 7376:Turko 7339:Sects 7275:Other 7230:Thiền 6814:Other 6716:Druze 6694:Other 6570:Sunni 6562:Islam 6344:Amish 6262:Latin 6008:Roman 5986:Greek 5884:Wicca 5767:Mayan 5762:Aztec 5734:Islam 5448:Cella 5355:Varro 5335:Fasti 5308:Texts 5192:Terra 5172:Salus 5137:Fides 5066:Vesta 5056:Venus 5006:Pluto 4996:Orcus 4951:Liber 4939:Lares 4924:Janus 4909:Flora 4899:Fauna 4879:Diana 4869:Cupid 4859:Ceres 4595:[ 4572:[ 4551:[ 4524:[ 4503:[ 4477:[ 4364:2013) 4281:[ 4134:(PDF) 3833:JSTOR 3816:Numen 3565:[ 3547:S2CID 3539:JSTOR 1357:well. 1341:Attis 1297:Notes 1109:Moses 1016:in a 997:make 991:death 783:, an 638:Rites 519:cista 505:Prusa 485:Samos 470:orgia 438:from 436:stela 425:cista 378:Pluto 335:Greek 213:near 61:were 12705:Isis 12540:Myth 12483:Blót 12082:Efik 12065:Zulu 12060:Lozi 12040:Akan 11798:Sami 11793:Mari 11384:Ahom 11374:Miao 11218:Ainu 11049:Peru 10931:Fiji 10828:Cuba 10440:Oman 10400:Laos 10348:Iraq 10343:Iran 10260:Asia 10230:Togo 10140:Mali 10030:Chad 9873:and 9800:and 9370:Text 9350:Soul 9239:Monk 9204:Fire 8885:Inca 8693:Ainu 8577:list 8554:Sámi 8184:Palo 8152:Ketu 8147:Jejé 8065:Lozi 8045:Efik 8023:Zulu 8003:Akan 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