Nalanda mahavihara

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monsoon season in Nalanda. He described the condition in the decades after the sack of Nalanda and other Buddhist monasteries in Magadha-region of India. His account states that the destruction of Nalanda was not an accident or misunderstanding but a part of the widespread destruction of Buddhist monasteries and monuments including a destruction of Bodhgaya. The vast manuscript libraries of Magadha had been mostly lost. Other Tibetan monks and he had shifted to Nepal, as the place to study, copy and move manuscripts to Tibet. According to his account, the Turushka-Qarluq (Turk) conquest extended from about 1193 to 1205, the destruction was systematic with "Turushka soldiers razing a monastery to the ground and throwing the stones into Ganges river", states Roerich. The fear of persecution was strong in the 1230s, and his colleagues dissuaded him from going to Magadha. According to George Roerich, "his account conveys something of the anxiety of those days."

2929: 1227:) which had been turned into a military headquarters. Only the Tibetan and his nonagenarian instructor stayed behind and hid themselves while the rest of the monks fled. Another Tibetan source is that of Lama Taranatha, but this is from the late 16th century, and it is unclear what its sources were. The Taranatha account about Buddhism in India repeats the legendary accounts of Nalanda from the Buddha and Ashoka periods found in Xuanzang and other sources, then shifts to centuries of the 2nd-millennium. It describes Islamic raids in 12th-century India, states that whole of Magadha fell to the Turushka (Turks, a common term for Muslims in historic Indic and Tibetan texts). Their armies, asserts Taranatha, destroyed Odantapuri as well as Vikramashila. Given the hundreds of years of gap between the events and Taranatha's account, and no clear chain of sources within the Tibetan tradition of record keeping, its reliability is questionable. 2470: 2967: 793:, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, visited the city of Nalanda, there probably was no university yet. Faxian had come to India to acquire Buddhist texts, and spent 10 years in India in the early fifth century, visiting major Buddhist pilgrimage sites including the Nalanda area. He also wrote a travelogue, which inspired other Chinese and Korean Buddhists to visit India over the centuries; in it he mentions many Buddhist monasteries and monuments across India. However, he makes no mention of any monastery or university at Nalanda even though he was looking for Sanskrit texts and took a large number of them from other parts of India back to China. Combined with a lack of any archaeological discoveries of pre-400 CE monuments in Nalanda, the silence in Faxian's memoir suggests that Nalanda monastery-university did not exist around 400 CE. 2985: 941: 2953: 1370: 913:

to supply the institution's monks with requisite daily supplies such as of rice, butter, and milk. This supported over 1,500 faculty and 10,000 student monks at Nalanda. These numbers, however, may be exaggerated. They are inconsistent with the much lower numbers (over 3000) given by Yijing, another Chinese pilgrim who visited Nalanda a few decades later. According to Asher, while the excavated Nalanda site is large and the number of viharas so far found are impressive, they simply cannot support 10,000 or more student monks. The total number of known rooms and their small size is such that either the number of monks must have been far less than Xuanzang's claims or the Nalanda site was many times larger than numerous excavations have so far discovered and what Xuanzang describes.

2554: 2917: 2881: 1624: 2869: 872:, and Vajra, later extended and expanded the institution by building additional monasteries and temples. Nalanda, thus flourished through the 5th and 6th centuries under the Guptas. These Gupta-era contributions to Nalanda are corroborated by the numerous Buddhist and Hindu seals, artwork, iconography and inscriptions discovered at Nalanda, which are in the Gupta-style and Gupta-era scripts. During this period, the Gupta kings were not the only patrons of Nalanda. They reflect a broad and religiously diverse community of supporters. It is remarkable, states Scharfe, that "many donors were not Buddhists; the emblems on their seals show Lakshmi, Ganesha, Shivalinga and Durga". 2542:(also termed Sariputta Stupa) is the most iconic of Nalanda's structures with its multiple flights of stairs that lead all the way to the top. The temple was originally a small structure which was built upon and enlarged by later constructions. Archaeological evidence shows that the final structure was a result of at least seven successive such accumulations of construction. The fifth of these layered temples is the most interesting and the best preserved with four corner towers of which three have been exposed. The towers as well as the sides of the stairs are decorated with exquisite panels of Gupta-era art depicting a variety of stucco figures including Buddha and the 2857: 1361:

excavations through 1928 were led by Page. These efforts were not merely digging, observation and cataloguing of discoveries, they included conservation, restoration and changes to the site such as drainage to prevent damage to unearthed floors. After 1928, Kuraishi led two seasons of excavations, Chandra led the next four. The last season was led by Ghosh, but the excavations were abbreviated in 1937 for financial reasons and budget cuts. Chandra and final ASI team leaders noted that the "long row of monasteries extend further into the modern village of Bargaon" and the "extent of entire monastic establishment can only be determined by future excavations".

1336: 2592:, as well as human couples in amorous postures, as well as scenes of art and of everyday life. Susan Huntington and Bhaskara Misra – scholars of Indian architecture and arts, state Temple 2 as a Hindu temple. However, Huu Phuoc Le – a scholar of Buddhist architecture, questions this purely "Hindu affiliation", stating that it could be a temple based on the mandala principles, and one reflecting "Hindu-Buddhist syncretism" of the 8th to 12th century when Shaiva and Shakti deities were integrated into Vajrayana Buddhism. The site of Temple no. 13 features a brick-made smelting furnace with four chambers. The discovery of burnt metal and 2833: 700: 2754: 51: 1006:(bell) being rung. Monks take their bathing sheets and go to one of these pools. They bathe with their underwear on, then get out slowly to avoid disturbing anyone else. They wipe their bodies, then wrap this 5-foot long and 1.5-foot wide sheet around the waist, change their clothes with this wrap in place. Then rinse, wring and dry the sheet. The entire procedure, says Yijing, is explained in the Buddhist Nikaya procedures. The day must begin with bathing, but bathing after meals is forbidden. The Nalanda Nikaya has many such daily procedures and rituals set out for the monks to follow. 2941: 1039:(Korean: 신라) monk Hyon-jo visited and stayed at several Indian monasteries, including three years at Nalanda, his visit corroborated by Yingji. He sent his students Hye-ryun and Hyon-gak to Nalanda for studies, the latter died at Nalanda. They adopted Indian names to interact with the fellow students; for example, Hye-ryun was known as Prajnavarman and it is this name that is found in the records. According to Korean records, monks visited India through the ninth century – despite arduous travel challenges – to study at various monasteries, and Nalanda was the most revered. 885: 3158:

magical powers. He performed a yajna and produced magical ashes. He gathered these ashes, then spread them near the Dharmaganja library of Nalanda, which started a fire to destroy the library's collection. However, from the ninth floor miraculous water poured out and all the literature on which this water reached remained unburnt. The two tirthika-arsonists escaped to Ha-sa-ma (Assam), a Buddhapaksha repaired the monuments again and "vastly learned monks" assembled and from their memorised literature rewrote the works that were burnt down in the library.

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the Tibetan king adopted Buddhism and committed to making it the religion of his people. Tibetan monks lived closer to Nepal, Sikkim and eastern India, with simpler travel itineraries than the Koreans and others. Tibetans continued to visit Magadha during the Pala era, and beyond through the 14th century, thereby participated in the crucible of ideas at Nalanda and other monasteries in Bihar and Bengal. However, after the 8th century, it was the esoteric mandala and deities-driven Vajrayana Buddhism that increasingly dominated the exchange.

2893: 2550:. The temple is surrounded by numerous votive stupas some of which have been built with bricks inscribed with passages from sacred Buddhist texts. The apex of Temple no. 3 features a shrine chamber which now only contains the pedestal upon which an immense statue of Buddha must have once rested. According to Win Maung, the stupa was influenced by Gupta architecture, which itself had Kushana era influences. In a shrine near the bottom of the staircase, a large image of Avalotiteshvar was found which was eventually moved to the museum. 774:, another cherished text in Jainism. However, other than the mention of Nalanda, Jaina texts do not provide further details, nor were they written down for nearly a millennium after Mahavira's death. Like the Buddhist texts, this has raised questions about reliability and whether the current Nalanda is same as the one in Jaina texts. According to Scharfe, though the Buddhist and Jaina texts generate problems with place identification, it is "virtually certain" that the modern Nalanda is near or the site these texts are referring to. 2515: 808: 2845: 2778: 2462: 1015: 2734: 10911: 1056: 10922: 8320: 8307: 1599:. Systematic excavations commenced in 1915, which unearthed eleven monasteries and six brick temples neatly arranged on grounds 12 hectares (30 acres) in area. A trove of sculptures, coins, seals, and inscriptions have also been discovered in the ruins, many of which are on display in the Nalanda Archaeological Museum, situated nearby. Nalanda is now a notable tourist destination, and a part of the Buddhist tourism circuit. 8297: 3007: 1906: 2498:) and six major brick temples arranged in an ordered layout. A 30 m (100 ft) wide passage runs from north to south with the temples to its west and the monasteries to its east. Most structures show evidence of multiple periods of construction with new buildings being raised atop the ruins of old ones. Many of the buildings also display signs of damage by fire on at least one occasion. 1148:

that actively traded with the Srivijaya kingdom. The influence extended to the Indonesian Shailendra dynasty. The Indonesian bronzes and votive tablets from this period show the creativity of its people, yet the iconographic themes overlap with those found at Nalanda and nearby region. Monks from Indonesia, Myanmar and other parts of southeast Asia came to Nalanda during the Pala rule.

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of bricks and many left undamaged" but "there was absolutely no one to look after them". He recites the arrest of their patron and lay-supporter Jayadeva by Muslim soldiers who threaten to kill him for honouring (supporting) the monks of Nalanda. Jayadeva sends them a message that the Turushka soldiers are sure to kill "Guru and his disciples" and they should "flee!".

1289:). Some of the surviving Nalanda books were taken by fleeing monks to Tibet. He took with him several Indian masters: Sugataśrī, (an expert in Madhyamaka and Prajñāpāramitā); Jayadatta (Vinaya); Vibhūticandra (grammar and Abhidharma), Dānaśīla (logic), Saṅghaśrī (Candavyākaraṇa), Jīvagupta (books of Maitreya), Mahābodhi,(Bodhicaryāvatāra); and Kālacandra (Kālacakra). 990:. Unlike Faxian and Xuanzang, Yijing followed the sea route around Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. He arrived in 673 CE, and stayed in India for fourteen years, ten of which he spent at the Nalanda Mahavihara. When he returned to China in 695, he had with him 400 Sanskrit texts and 300 grains of Buddha relics which were subsequently translated in China. 4159:. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. pp. 6–8 Layers 13, the uppermost deposit of Period I, has provided a C14 date of 1354BCE it may thus be seen that the C14 dates of Period I and II are consistent and justifiably indicate that the conventional date bracket for NBPW requires a fresh review at least for the sites in Magadh region. 1460:" by the Parliament, and began its first academic session on 1 September 2014. Initially set up with temporary facilities in Rajgir, a modern campus spanning over 160 hectares (400 acres) is expected to be finished by 2020. This campus, upon completion, will be the largest of its kind in India, and one of the largest in Asia. 2820: 1144:

Nalanda library of manuscripts by fire, and support for its restoration. Another 10th-century inscription quotes Bhadracari of the Sautrantikas tradition, attesting the activity of diverse schools of Buddhism at Nalanda. Another Nalanda inscription from the 11th century mentions a gift of "revolving bookcase".

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Variants of similar fictional accounts about Nalanda before the 4th century are found in several Tibetan works and Chinese pilgrim accounts. There are fictional stories in Tibetan texts for post-12th-century era too, with names of ahistorical and unverifiable "kings", "sages", "arsonists", "thousands

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Numerous sculptures, as well as many murals, copper plates, artworks, inscriptions, seals, coins, plaques, potteries and works in stone, bronze, stucco, and terracotta, have been unearthed within the ruins of Nalanda. The Buddhist sculptures discovered notably include those of the Buddha in different

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suggests that it was used to cast metallic objects. Birendra Nath Mishra also observed that the panels containing Hindu deities were attached to the structure with iron clamps indicating that they were probably added at a later date. In addition, only ten per cent of the panels contain Hindu deities.

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came to Nalanda and other Indian monasteries to study, not only Buddhism, but Sanskrit language, grammar and other subjects. Sambhota is credited with applying the principles of Sanskrit and its grammar to remodel Tibetan language and its script. It was after Sambhota's first return from Nalanda that

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1600 CE) in Chapters 19 and 20, describes the tale of Muditabhabhadra, Malikabuddhi and Kakutsiddha. It states that, after a Persian king from Kashmir and his Muslim army destroyed Magadha and "heavily damaged Sri Nalendra ", one king named Krisnaraja built twenty one centers of Buddhist doctrine in

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architecture. The central cell facing the entrance leading into the court is a shrine chamber. Its strategic position means that it would have been the first thing that drew the eye when entering the edifice. With the exception of those designated 1A and 1B, the monasteries all face west with drains

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If the monks had some business, they would assemble to discuss the matter. Then they ordered the officer, Vihārapāla, to circulate and report the matter to the resident monks one by one with folded hands. With the objection of a single monk, it would not pass. There was no use of beating or thumping

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Xuanzang himself studied a number of these subjects at Nalanda under Shilabhadra and others. Besides theology and philosophy, frequent debates and discussions necessitated competence in Logic. A student at the Mahavihara had to be well-versed in the systems of Logic associated with all the different

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While he stayed there for six months under the tutelage of Rahula Shribhadra, Dharmasvamin makes no mention of the legendary library of Nalanda which possibly did not survive the initial wave of Turko-Afghan attacks. He also states that some structures had survived, with "eighty small viharas, built

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In accordance with the ancient Indian traditions of supporting temples and monasteries, inscriptions found at Nalanda suggest that it received gifts, including grants of villages by kings to support its work. Harsha himself granted 100 villages and directed 200 households from each of these villages

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Archaeological excavations at sites near Nalanda, such as the Juafardih site about three kilometres away, have yielded black ware and other items. These have been carbon dated to about 1200 BCE. This suggests that the region around Nalanda in Magadha had a human settlement centuries before the birth

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The claims for the historicity of Nalanda are based on literary and epigraphical sources, which identify it as the birth-place of Buddha's disciple Säriputta. Ashoka is said to have built a temple in the third century BCE and the site owes its popularity as a university to the archaeologist Hasmukh

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The lives of all these virtuous men were naturally governed by habits of the most solemn and strictest kind. Thus in the seven hundred years of the monastery's existence no man has ever contravened the rules of the discipline. The king showers it with the signs of his respect and veneration and has

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has superbly painted and well preserved wooden covers and 139 leaves. According to its colophon it was donated by the mother of the great pandita Sri Asoka in the second year of the reign of King Surapala, at the very end of the 11th century. Nalanda still continued to operate into the 14th century

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Johan Elverskog – a scholar of religious studies and history, states that it is incorrect to say Nalanda's end was sudden and complete by about 1202, because it continued to have some students well into the 13th century. Elverskog, relying on Arthur Waley's 1932 paper, states that this is confirmed

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established themselves in eastern regions of India in mid-8th century and reigned until the last quarter of the 12th century, they were a Buddhist dynasty. However, under the Palas, the traditional Mahayana Buddhism of Nalanda that inspired East Asian pilgrims such as Xuanzang was superseded by the

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In addition to Chinese pilgrims, Buddhist pilgrims from Korea also visited India about the same time as Xuanzang and Yingji. The Chinese travelogues about India became known in the 19th century and have been well published. After mid-20th century, the Korean pilgrim journeys have come to light. For

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relatively nearby. It has been designated as an "International University of National Importance," and has accordingly been subject to intense government oversight, with both of its past chancellors explicitly citing Government actions for them leaving their post and courses being shut down due to

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While its excavated ruins today only occupy an area of around 488 by 244 metres (1,600 by 800 ft) or roughly 12 hectares, Nalanda Mahavihara occupied a far greater area in medieval times. The subjects taught at Nalanda covered every field of learning, and it attracted pupils and scholars from

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The Tibetan records are the second source of the events at Nalanda in the late 12th century and much of the 13th century. These were the decades of widespread systematic destruction of monasteries in this region, and historical records in Tibet affirm that monks from Nalanda and nearby monasteries

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While the Palas continued to patronise Nalanda liberally, the fame and influence of Nalanda helped the Palas. The Srivijaya kingdom of southeast Asia maintained a direct contact with Nalanda and the Palas, thus influencing the 9th to 12th century art in Sumatra, Java, southern Thailand and regions

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The exact number of volumes in the Nalanda library is not known, but it is estimated to have been in the hundreds of thousands. When a Buddhist scholar at Nalanda died, his manuscripts were added to the library collection. The library not only collected religious manuscripts but also had texts on

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Inscriptions issued between the 9th and 12th centuries attest gifts and support to Nalanda for the upkeep of the monastery, maintenance of the monks, copying of palm leaf manuscripts (necessary for preservation given the Indian tropical climate). One inscription also mentions the destruction of a

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recorded the number of teachers at Nalanda as being around 1510. Of these, approximately 1000 were able to explain 20 collections of sutras and shastras, 500 were able to explain 30 collections, and only 10 teachers were able to explain 50 collections. Xuanzang was among the few who were able to

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1235 CE. Dharmasvamin found it "largely damaged and deserted". Despite the perils, some had re-gathered and resumed the scholastic activities in Nalanda, but at a vastly smaller scale and with donations from a wealthy Brahmin layperson named Jayadeva. The monks were patronised by a local dynasty

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Unlike Xuanzang, who also described the geography and culture of seventh-century India, Yijing's account primarily concentrates on the practice of Buddhism in India and detailed descriptions of the customs, rules, and regulations of the monks at the monastery. In his chronicle, Yijing notes that

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leading all "householders and brahmanas" to revere the Buddha; thereafter Kakutsiddha built a temple at Nalanda and consecrated it with a great feast. Then "young naughty" monks teased two beggars, who became very angry, one of whom dug a deep pit and pursued sadhana for twelve years and gained

2214:, an important sutra in East Asian Buddhism, with the Buddhist tradition at Nalanda. Ron Epstein also notes that the general doctrinal position of the sutra does indeed correspond to what is known about the Buddhist teachings at Nalanda toward the end of the Gupta period when it was translated. 1184:

style, Tibetan script. It is useful because Dharmasvamin met the fleeing monks and famous scholars during his studies from about mid 1200s to 1226, he had learnt Indian languages and Sanskrit, he walked to and stayed in Nepal starting in 1226 and visited Bihar about 1234, including spending one

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The map gives the layout of the excavated structures. Temple 3 in the south was the most imposing structure. Temple 12, 13, 14 face the monasteries and face east. With the exception of those designated 1A and 1B, the monasteries all face west with drains emptying out in the east and staircases

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conducted an official survey in 1861–1862. Systematic excavation of the ruins by the ASI did not begin until 1915 and ended in 1937. The first four excavations were led by Spooner between 1915 and 1919. The next two were led by Sastri in 1920 and 1921. The next seven seasons of archaeological

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Archeological excavations in the site during 1920-1921 discovered a thick layer of ashes on the uppermost strata, across many buildings separated by some distance; this suggests that Nalanda was subject to a catastrophic fire. Traditionally, this is held to be arson, blamed upon the troops of

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and 16th/17th-century Taranatha's account include fictional Tibetan legends. These include stories such as a king Cingalaraja had brought "all Hindus and Turuskas " up to Delhi under his control, and converted from Hinduism to Buddhism under the influence of his queen, and him restoring the

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Temple no. 2 is also located outside of the monastic enclosure although it is close to it hence it can be inferred that the inclusion of Hindu deities at this site was a "Buddhist attempt at subordinate integration of Brahmanism to Buddhism without employing any confrontationist imagery".

589:– another important Buddhist site in Bihar. The Nalanda archaeological site is spread over a large area to the northwest of Bargaon (Nalanda) village, and is between the historical manmade lakes Gidhi, Panashokar and Indrapuskarani. On the south bank of the Indrapushkarani lake is the 1865:

to announce his case. In case a monk did something without consent of all the residents, he would be forced to leave the monastery. If there was a difference of opinion on a certain issue, they would give reason to convince (the other group). No force or coercion was used to convince.

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All the monasteries at Nalanda are very similar in layout and general appearance. Their plan involves a rectangular form with a central quadrangular court which is surrounded by a verandah which, in turn, is bounded by an outer row of cells for the monks – a typical design of

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surveyed the site in 1811–1812 after locals in the vicinity drew his attention to some Buddhist and Hindu images and ruins in the area. He, however, did not associate the mounds of earth and debris with famed Nalanda. That link was established by Major Markham Kittoe in 1847.

4366: 4483:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 123–132, Quote: "Harṣavardhana (known as Xizeng, "Increment of Happiness"), is a descendant of the Vaiśya caste. His family had three kings that ruled over the country for (...)" 1649:

It is evident from the large numbers of texts that Yijing carried back with him after his 10-year residence at Nalanda, that the Mahavihara must have featured a well-equipped library. Traditional Tibetan sources mention the existence of a great library at Nalanda named

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remarked that "a detailed history of Nalanda would be a history of Mahayanist Buddhism." Many of the names listed by Xuanzang in his travelogue as alumni of Nalanda are the names of those who developed the overall philosophy of Mahayana. All students at Nalanda studied

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is considered the oldest and the most important of the monastery group and shows as many as nine levels of construction. Its lower monastery is believed to be the one sponsored by Balaputradeva, the Srivijayan king, during the reign of Devapala in the 9th century (see

1595:. While some sources note that the Mahavihara continued to function in a makeshift fashion after this attack, it was eventually abandoned altogether and forgotten until the 19th century, when the site was surveyed and preliminary excavations were conducted by the 1615: 2481:

surveyed the site in 1811–1812 after locals in the vicinity drew his attention to a vast complex of ruins in the area. He, however, did not associate the mounds of earth and debris with famed Nalanda. That link was established by Major Markham Kittoe in 1847.

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Tibetan Buddhism is not an invention of the Tibetans. Rather, it is quite clear that it derives from the pure lineage of the tradition of the Nalanda Monastery. The master Nagarjuna hailed from this institution, as did many other important philosophers and

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However, there is no evidence for the existence of such a king (or sultan), minister, Muslim robbers, thousands of Buddhist monuments built in India between the 13th and 19th century, or of any significant Nalanda repairs in or after the 13th century.

1076:-imbibed, eros- and deity-inclusive esoteric version of Buddhism. Nalanda continued to get support from the Palas, but they subscribed to Vajrayana Buddhism and they were prolific builders of new monasteries on Vajrayana mandala ideas such as those at 924:

travelled around India between 630 and 643 CE, visiting Nalanda in 637 and 642, spending a total of around two years at the monastery. He was warmly welcomed in Nalanda where he received the Indian name of Mokshadeva and studied under the guidance of

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This Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita manuscript records, in Sanskrit and Tibetan, the history of the manuscript from its creation at the famous Nalanda monastery in India through its use in Tibet by the compiler of the first Tibetan canon of Buddhism,

2695:) Astasahahasrika Prajnaparamita Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscript, with 139 leaves and painted wooden covers. According to the colophon, this manuscript was donated by the mother of the great pandita Sri Asoka in the second year of the reign of King 2611:

in the recently excavated Sarai Mound. This multi-storeyed Buddhist temple with many stupas and shrines was enclosed by a massive wall enclosure. The remains in the sanctum suggest that the Buddha statue was around 24 metres (80 ft) high.

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Nalanda is about 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the city of Rajgir and about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Patna, connected via NH 31, 20 and 120 to India's highway network. It is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of

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caste, who built majestic Buddhist viharas, as well as three temples – Buddha, Surya and Shiva, all of the same size. He states (c. 637 CE), "a long succession of kings" had built up Nalanda till "the whole is truly marvellous to behold".

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In the Indian tradition and texts, kings were called by many epithets and names. Scholars such as Andrea Pinkney and Hartmut Scharfe conclude that Shakraditya is same as Kumaragupta I. He was one of the kings in the Hindu dynasty of the

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which actually describes the destruction of Odantapura Vihar (var. Bihar Sharif), a monastery just a few miles from Nalanda, is offered in support. While such a reading is misplaced, it is true that the Nalanda was raided by Khalji.

2659:(termed by locals as the Telia Bhairav, "tel" refers to use of oil) is near Temple 14 with has an ancient large black Buddha image in bhumisparha mudra. This the same temple termed Baithak Bhairab in Cunningham's 1861–62 ASI report. 1292:

In 1351, Tibetans committed to recreating a monastery in the heart of Tibet, staffing it with monk-scholars from diverse Buddhist schools, and name it the "Nalanda monastery" in the honour of the ancient Nalanda, according to the

1299:(Tibetan: དེབ་ཐེར་སྔོན་པོ). This institution emerged north of Lhasa in 1436 through the efforts of Rongtön Mawé Sengge, then expanded in the 15th century. It is now called the Tibetan Nalanda, to distinguish it from this site. 1250:

Others state that a southern king built thousands of monasteries and temples again, Muslim robbers murdered this king, thereafter Nalanda was repaired by Mudita Bhadra and a minister named Kukutasiddha erected a temple there.

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Nalanda's library with palm-leaf manuscripts did have incidences of fire damage in its history. A 10th-century stone inscription notes a destruction by fire and subsequent restoration at the Mahavihara during the reign of

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inscription is the other inscription from Devapala's time and it mentions that he received and patronised a bhikṣu named Viradeva, who had studied all the Vedas in his youth, and who was later elected the head of Nalanda.

4375:, pp. 116 with footnotes, Quote: "Some of Nalanda's most important patrons include the Hindu Guptas (epecially fifth century Kumaragupta also known as Sakraditya who reigned from 415–455 CE and emperor Harsha (...)". 1533:. The liberal cultural traditions inherited from the Gupta age resulted in a period of growth and prosperity until the ninth century CE. The subsequent centuries were a time of gradual decline, a period during which the 1424:. It was established by an Act of Parliament to emulate the famous ancient university of Nalanda, which functioned between the 5th and 13th centuries. The idea to resurrect Nalanda University was endorsed in 2007 at the 5555: 929:, the venerable head of the institution at the time. He believed that the aim of his arduous overland journey to India had been achieved as in Shilabhadra he had at last found an incomparable teacher to instruct him in 961:

Moreover, the whole establishment is surrounded by a brick wall, which encloses the entire convent from without. One gate opens into the great college, from which are separated eight other halls standing in the middle

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conducted an official survey in 1861–1862. Systematic excavation of the ruins by the ASI did not begin until 1915 and ended in 1937. The second round of excavation and restoration took place between 1974 and 1982.

1096:, the progenitor of the royal line, only 9.7 kilometres (6 mi) from Nalanda. These competing monasteries, some just a few kilometres away from Nalanda likely drew away a number of learned monks from Nalanda. 875:

Rulers in northeast India bequeathed villages to help fund Nalanda; the king of Sumatra contributed villages for the monastery's endowment. A special fund was also established to support scholars from China.

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After the Islamic conquest, the destruction and the demise of Nalanda, other monasteries and Buddhist culture from the plains of Bihar and Bengal, the brand memory of "Nalanda" remained the most revered in

388:). Operating from 427 CE until around 1400 CE, Nalanda played a vital role in promoting the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th century CE, a period that has since been described as the " 4858:

Gregory Schopen (1989), A Verse from the Bhadracarlpranidhdna in a 10th Century Inscription found at Nalanda, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol 12, Number 1, pp. 149–150

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On 25 November 2010, the Indian government, through an Act of Parliament, 'resurrected' the ancient university through the Nalanda University Bill, with which they chose to create a new and unrelated

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king, "attracted by the manifold excellences of Nalanda" had built a monastery there and had requested Devapala to grant the revenue of five villages for its upkeep, a request which was granted. The

933:, a school of thought that had then only partially been transmitted to China. Besides Buddhist studies, the monk also attended courses in grammar, logic, and Sanskrit, and later also lectured at the 2785:

The Xuanzang Memorial Hall is an Indo-Chinese undertaking to honour the famed Buddhist monk and traveller. A relic, comprising a skull bone of the Chinese monk, is on display in the memorial hall.

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schools of thought of the time as he was expected to defend Buddhist systems against the others. Other subjects believed to have been taught at Nalanda include law, astronomy, and city-planning.

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The remains of Nalanda today extend some 488 metres (1,600 ft) north to south and around 244 metres (800 ft) east to west. Excavations have revealed eleven monasteries (also known as

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such as the Vikramashila monastery who "survived the slaughter, fled to Tibet", according to Scharfe. Among the Tibetan records, the most useful is the biography of the Tibetan monk-pilgrim,

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containing images of (Buddhist) deities, but Muslim robbers murdered him and his "blood flowed in the form of milk and flowers filled the sky"; then Muditabhabhadra rebuilt those damaged

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A 'Nālandā Monk' in the Late Thirteenth–Early Fourteenth Century India, Tibet, China and Korea: A Note on the 'Poetic Inscription' on a Korean Stūpa Erected in the Memory of Dhyānabhadra

5115:

A 'Nālandā Monk' in the Late Thirteenth–Early Fourteenth Century India, Tibet, China and Korea: A Note on the 'Poetic Inscription' on a Korean Stūpa Erected in the Memory of Dhyānabhadra

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there. These Buddhist texts were written down centuries after the death of the Buddha, are not consistent in either the name or the relative locations. For example, texts such as the

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Matthew Kapstein (1990), Mahamudra: The Quintessence of Mind and Meditation Review, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol 13, Number 1, pp. 105–106

5359: 12277: 5392: 5551: 1268:. He adds that it is wrong to say that Buddhism ended in India around the 13th or 14th century or earlier, because " Dharma survived in India at least until the 17th-century". 2765:

maintains a museum near the ruins for the benefit of visitors. The museum, opened in 1917, exhibits the antiquities that have been unearthed at Nalanda as well as from nearby

1619:

Prajnaparamita and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (top), Maitreya and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (bottom), Folios from a Dharanisamgraha, manuscript from Nalanda, circa 1075

1107:

were active patrons. A number of 9th-century metallic statues containing references to Devapala have been found in its ruins as well as two notable inscriptions. The first, a

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Inscriptions, literary evidence, seals, and ruined artwork excavated at the Nalanda site suggest that Nalanda remained active and continued to thrive under the Palas. Kings

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wrote that matters of discussion and administration at Nalanda would require assembly and consensus on decisions by all those at the assembly, as well as resident monks:

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Several Buddhist institutions overseas have chosen to call themselves Nalanda to acknowledge Nalanda's influence. These include Nalanda Buddhist Society in Malaysia and

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who was born in 1289 A.D., is recorded as attending Nalanda from the age of eight indicating the continued operation of the university into the late thirteenth century.

5319: 1711:, and medicine. The Nalanda library must have had a classification scheme which was possibly based on a text classification scheme developed by the Sanskrit linguist, 3201: 12192: 8085: 8038: 4868:

Gregory Schopen (2017). "Chapter XIII. A Note On The "Technology Of Prayer" And A Reference To A "Revolving Bookcase" In An Eleventh-Century Indian Inscription".

7611: 6065: 755:(monastery) at Nalanda. However, archaeological excavations so far have not yielded any monuments from Ashoka period or from another 600 years after his death. 2880: 1416:. Nalanda University (also known as Nalanda International University) is an international and research-intensive university located in the historical city of 1002:

procedures and rules for the monks. He gives many examples. In one subsection he explains that the monastery has ten great pools. The morning begins with the

2868: 2522: 2856: 2604:. An enormous image of the Buddha was discovered here. The image's pedestal features fragments of the only surviving exhibit of mural painting at Nalanda. 966:. The richly adorned towers, and the fairy-like turrets, like pointed hill-tops are congregated together. The observatories seem to be lost in the vapours 9061: 3853: 1315: 12122: 8031: 3370: 1031:

example, monks such as Kyom-ik began visiting Indian monasteries by the mid-6th century. They too carried Indian texts and translated them, producing 72

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Nalanda was also the most global university of its time, attracting pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey.

4762:, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol 19, Number 2, pp. 281–283, for context and critical historiography see pp. 281–297 994:

revenues from 200 villages (as opposed to 100 in Xuanzang's time) had been assigned toward the maintenance of Nalanda. He described there being eight

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travelogue. The tradition of formalised Vedic learning "helped to inspire the formation of large teachings centres," such as Nalanda, Taxila, and

11774: 11214: 9980: 7739: 5289: 6615: 861:. Further, numismatic evidence discovered at Nalanda corroborate that Kumaragupta I was the founder patron of the Nalanda monastery-university. 781:

is said to have built the Sariputta stupa in Nalanda to honour him, and Sariputta's relics were also enshrined in stupas at Sanchi and Mathura.

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Nalanda is a popular tourist destination in the state attracting a number of Indian and overseas visitors. It is also an important stop on the

6488: 6441:"The Expanse of Archaeological Remains at Nalanda: A Study Using remote sensing, MB Rajani, Archive of Asian Art, V 66, No. 1, pp. 1–23, 2016" 12232: 12132: 6588: 6562: 6536: 974:

Xuanzang returned to China with 657 Sanskrit texts and 150 relics carried by 20 horses in 520 cases. He translated 74 of the texts himself.

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Lama, Dalai; Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho, Dalai Lama XIV; Lhundrub, Khonton Peljor; Cabezón, José Ignacio; Cabezon, Jose Ignacio (17 May 2011).

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Another museum adjoining the excavated site is the privately run Nalanda Multimedia Museum. It showcases the history of Nalanda through

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The Nalanda site is not fully excavated, and the modern village of Bargaon may be on top of some of the ruins. (ASI reports, 1935–1937)

2696: 2134: 8264: 6361: 5400: 2163:, who pioneered the propagation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century was a scholar of Nalanda. He was invited by the Tibetan king, 12212: 11898: 8286: 5639: 5615: 2952: 1281:. The last throne-holder of Nalanda, Shakyashri Bhadra of Kashmir, fled to Tibet in 1204 at the invitation of the Tibetan translator 946: 5986: 3232: 1219:

Dharmasvamin also provides an eyewitness account of an attack on the derelict Mahavihara by the Muslim soldiers stationed at nearby

940: 12287: 7267: 5097:

A Truschke (2019). "The Power of the Islamic Sword in Narrating the Death of Indian Buddhism". In Blain Auer; Ingo Strauch (eds.).

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Fleeing monks took some of the Nalanda manuscripts. A few of them have survived and are preserved in collections such as those at:

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and Japan, flourished within the walls of the ancient school. A number of scholars have associated some Mahayana texts such as the

6668: 4693:, Asiatische Studien : Zeitschrift der Schweizerischen Asiengesellschaft, ETH Zürich and Kyemyong University Taegu, pp. 57–60 11548: 10796: 10248: 2832: 3573: 2892: 1456:, and as such, the university is seen as one of the flagship projects of the Government of India. It has been designated as an " 12262: 12222: 10451: 8431: 7910: 7759: 7597: 5580: 5422: 7169:

The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change. Volume 30, Issue 2 of Philosophy of the social sciences

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Son of a minister of Yashovarman donated to the temple built by king Baladitya. 8th cent CE, basalt slab found in monastery 1.

11478: 7620: 7503: 7484: 7465: 7444: 7423: 7395: 7374: 7324: 7303: 7249: 7225: 7201: 7177: 7153: 7111: 7087: 7066: 7045: 7021: 6976: 6957: 6938: 6904: 6881: 6860: 6836: 6800: 6763: 6739: 6262: 5466: 5369: 5255: 5204: 4924: 4885: 4340: 4277: 4139: 4112: 3949: 3922: 3895: 3693: 3663: 3499: 770:– a term that refers to a traditional retreat during monsoons for the monks in Indian religions. This is corroborated in the 6404:

Archaeology of Religion in South Asia: Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina Religious Centres in Bihar and Bengal, c. AD 600–1200

4638: 3273: 661:. He offers an alternate meaning "charity without intermission", from "na-alam-da"; however, this split does not mean this. 11651: 11625: 11599: 11594: 11268: 8614: 8456: 7563: 3100: 2715:

Murnavarman constructed a 24-metre-high (80 ft) brass image of Buddha. 7th cent CE, basalt slab, found in Sarai mound.

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Monk Vipulshrimitra built a monastery. Basalt slab, later half of 12th cent, found in the uppermost level of Monastery 7.

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A number of inscriptions were found during the excavation, which are now preserved in the Nalanda Museum. These include:

1201:

There resided a venerable and learned monk who was more than ninety years old, the Guru and Mahapandita Rahulasribhadra.

550: 6510: 5245: 2844: 2553: 11579: 10688: 10238: 8333: 7533:

Pag Sam Jon Zang (Dpag bsam ljon bzaṅ), Part I: History of the Rise, Progress, and Downfall of Buddhism in India (1908)

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In the detailed account of his stay at Nalanda, the pilgrim describes the view out of the window of his quarters thus,

7334:

Pinkney, Andrea M (2014). "Looking West to India: Asian education, intra-Asian renaissance, and the Nalanda revival".

6252: 11513: 8534: 6412: 5123: 3612: 1457: 1369: 10781: 3801:

Sumersingh, DhirajsinghRajput; Gokarn, Rohit; Jagtap, ChandrashekharY; Galib, R; Patgiri, Bj; Prajapati, Pk (2016).

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of new Buddhist monasteries and temples" and "Muslim robbers murdering a king". For example, the Taranatha account (

2179:, who was also invited from Nalanda Mahavihara by the king in 747 CE, is credited as a founder of Tibetan Buddhism. 12207: 12187: 11604: 11589: 11584: 10466: 10211: 7865: 2671: 2535: 1623: 1517:, which are often characterised as India's early universities. Archaeological evidence also notes contact with the 573: 5498: 11644: 11528: 11503: 10858: 10848: 8677: 6098: 6012: 4972:

Anupam, Hitendra (2002). "Significance of Tibetan Sources in the Study of Odantapuri and Vikramsila Mahavihars".

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of Indonesia, one of whose kings built a monastery in the complex. Nalanda flourished under the patronage of the

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Post independence, the second round of excavation and restoration took place between 1974 and 1982. In 1951, the

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who had plundered the region c. 1200 CE, and cited to be the leading cause of Nalanda's demise – a passage from

703:

A map of Nalanda and its environs from Alexander Cunningham's 1861–62 ASI report which shows a number of ponds (

11574: 11569: 11538: 11200: 10952: 10803: 10456: 10258: 10149: 10094: 8667: 2762: 2487: 2127: 1596: 1576:

Nalanda was destroyed three times but was rebuilt only twice. It was ransacked and destroyed by an army of the

1357: 1023: 815:

Nalanda's dateable history begins in the 5th century. A seal discovered at the site identifies a monarch named

811:

Nalanda was founded by the Gupta emperors in the early 5th century and then expanded over the next 7 centuries.

419:(c. 1200), but it managed to remain operational for decades (or possibly even centuries) following the raids. 245: 218: 3377: 407:

patrons – both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. Nalanda continued to thrive with the support of the rulers of the

11498: 11437: 10773: 10471: 10154: 8446: 8279: 7789: 7718: 5524: 3587: 2940: 1302:

Tibetan Buddhist tradition is regarded to be a continuation of the Nalanda tradition. The Dalai Lama states:

7167: 5199:. Translated by Chattopadhyaya, Lama Chimpa alaka; Rinpochi, Lama S. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 137–143. 1779:

or the sciences of the Vedas, which included disciplines such as linguistics, law, astronomy and reasoning.

276: 11432: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 10356: 10228: 10199: 9901: 7920: 7915: 7664: 7641: 2538:). The building was originally at least 2 storeys high and contained a colossal statue of a seated Buddha. 17: 4356: 12237: 12202: 11543: 11488: 11382: 11377: 10047: 9956: 9426: 9071: 8584: 8479: 7870: 6447: 4464: 540: 9591: 7569: 6402: 12267: 11620: 11508: 11447: 11422: 10896: 10376: 9852: 9338: 8461: 8294: 8014: 7977: 7817: 7764: 6893:

Buddhist Learning in South Asia: Education, Religion, and Culture at the Ancient Sri Nalanda Mahavihara

6214:"THE RELIGIOUS CAREER OF VAIROCANAVAJRA — A TWELFTH-CENTURY INDIAN BUDDHIST MASTER FROM DAKṢIṆA KOŚALA" 5859: 5297: 3763: 2021: 9786: 4919:. Nalanda-Sriwijaya series. ISEAS Publishing, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 298–299. 593:– a university founded in its memory. Similarly on the south west bank of the Indrapushkarani lake is 12242: 12217: 11523: 11171: 10945: 10786: 10599: 10589: 10461: 9444: 9024: 8785: 8760: 6619: 3023: 2742: 2724:. 860 CE Copperplate found by Hirananda Shastri in 1921 in the antechamber of Monastery 1 at Nalanda. 2478: 2428: 2120: 2006: 1791: 1348: 1158: 416: 155: 8810: 1489:

At its peak the school attracted scholars and students from near and far, with some travelling from

10891: 10243: 10057: 10035: 10028: 9931: 9464: 9084: 8900: 8845: 8466: 8272: 8106: 7854: 7733: 7690: 7547: 4760:

Reevaluating the Eighth-Ninth Century Pala Milieu: Icono-Conservatism and the Presence of Sakyamuni

2753: 2589: 2218: 739:

states that Nalaka or Nalakagrama is about a yojana (10 miles) from Rajagriha, while texts such as

665:, an archaeologist who headed the excavation of the ruins, attributes the name to the abundance of 300: 31: 5327: 3489: 2221:, Sri Lanka, Nalanda Buddhist Education Foundation, Indonesia, Nalanda Buddhist Institute, Bhutan 1335: 900:(known as Śīlāditya in some Buddhist records). He was a seventh-century emperor with a capital at 762:

states that Nalanda is a "suburb" of capital Rajagriha, has numerous buildings, and this is where

699: 626:(centre of learning or Buddhist monastery) and is used to describe a monastic complex of viharas. 12247: 12107: 11959: 11908: 11518: 11493: 11412: 11284: 10828: 10808: 10139: 10119: 9876: 9606: 8850: 7940: 7784: 7636: 6592: 6566: 6540: 5796:

Kumar, Pintu (2011). "The Ancient Nālandā Mahāvihāra: The Beginning of Institutional Education".

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Singh, Anand (2013). "'Destruction' and 'Decline' of Nālandā Mahāvihāra: Prejudices and Praxis".

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Singh, Anand (2013). "'Destruction' and 'Decline' of Nālandā Mahāvihāra: Prejudices and Praxis".

1968: 1378: 1202: 1194: 1104: 594: 590: 569: 522:

that was a key source for the Sanskrit texts that were transmitted to East Asia by pilgrims like

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by Sumpa Khan-po Yeçe Pal Jor (in Tibetan with an index in English, edited by Sarat Chandra Das)

3995: 3741: 3739: 3737: 1311:

The Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of the lineage of the seventeen Nalanda masters.

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In the thirty years following Xuanzang's return, no fewer than eleven travellers from China and

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Lee, Kwangsu (1993). "Trade and Religious Contacts Between India and Korea in Ancient Times".

4102: 3779: 3653: 3588:"ANCIENT NALANDA UNIVERSIty's RUINS | District Nalanda, Government of Bihar | India" 2511:

emptying out in the east and staircases positioned in the south-west corner of the buildings.

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Much of our knowledge of Nalanda comes from the writings of pilgrim monks from Asia, such as

530:. Many texts composed at Nalanda played an important role in the development of Mahayana and 435: 50: 12273:

Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent

9459: 7539:

Tabakat-i-Nasiri – A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia Including Hindustan

6906:

Tabakat-i-Nasiri – A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia Including Hindustan

6254:

The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities

2402: 723:) called Nalanda on his peregrinations. He delivered lectures in a nearby mango grove named 12102: 12097: 11483: 10866: 10833: 10818: 10336: 10233: 10179: 10064: 10003: 9971: 9966: 9951: 9936: 9926: 9891: 9804: 9496: 9419: 8722: 8662: 8411: 8378: 8328: 8141: 7822: 6365: 5607: 2483: 1553: 1353: 1100: 411:(r. 750–1161 CE). After the fall of the Palas, the monks of Nalanda were patronised by the 10706: 9321: 9190: 9116: 8992: 8730: 7760:

The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement

7457:

Receptacle of the Sacred: Illustrated Manuscripts and the Buddhist Book Cult in South Asia

5247:

Opening the Treasure of the Profound: Teachings on the Songs of Jigten Sumgon and Milarepa

1739:

In his biography of Xuanzang, Hwui-Li states that all the students of Nalanda studied the

884: 8: 11846: 11442: 10673: 10552: 10386: 10361: 10351: 10311: 10288: 10171: 10144: 10104: 10023: 10013: 9941: 9868: 9299: 9156: 8937: 8915: 8867: 8687: 8487: 8343: 8323: 8127: 8113: 7875: 7832: 7794: 7520: 7211: 6792:

Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture

5990: 5020:. Translated by George Roerich. KPJ Research Institute. pp. ii–vi, xxxix–lxv, 90–97. 2721: 2230: 2194: 1895: 1886: 1682:). Ratnodadhi was nine storeys high and housed the most sacred manuscripts including the 1394: 1108: 565: 561: 475: 389: 256: 208: 8647: 8574: 7527:

A record of the Buddhist religion as practised in India and the Malay archipelago (1896)

7273: 7191: 1271: 12092: 12051: 11790: 11106: 11101: 10736: 10641: 10483: 10446: 10441: 10371: 10321: 10268: 10263: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10114: 10099: 10084: 10079: 10018: 9998: 9961: 9886: 9691: 9392: 9316: 9194: 9136: 8977: 8877: 8805: 8780: 8426: 8356: 8253: 7538: 7351: 7263: 7130: 7058:

Librarianship and library science in India : an outline of historical perspectives

6852:

Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D.

6233: 6133: 5148: 4981: 4954: 4712: 3837: 3802: 3544: 3431: 2645: 1874:

assigned the revenue from a hundred cities to pay for the maintenance of the religious.

1603: 1518: 1409: 1112: 1093: 904:(Kanyakubja). According to Xuanzang, Harsha was a third generation Hindu king from the 896:

After the decline of the Guptas, the most notable patron of the Nalanda Mahavihara was

840: 686:, and is likely synonymous with Nala, Nalaka, Nalakagrama found in Tibetan literature. 507: 35: 10535: 4240: 3516: 2375: 1747:

traditions of Buddhism. In addition to these, they studied other subjects such as the

11361: 11086: 11035: 10914: 10876: 10572: 10557: 10520: 10505: 10278: 10194: 10109: 9946: 9911: 9896: 9623: 9613: 9294: 9141: 9126: 8997: 8920: 8840: 8775: 8707: 8594: 8351: 8233: 8228: 8208: 8099: 8055: 7723: 7685: 7532: 7526: 7499: 7480: 7461: 7440: 7419: 7391: 7370: 7355: 7320: 7299: 7245: 7221: 7197: 7173: 7149: 7107: 7083: 7062: 7041: 7017: 6999: 6972: 6953: 6934: 6877: 6856: 6832: 6796: 6759: 6735: 6408: 6258: 5462: 5430: 5365: 5251: 5200: 5119: 4920: 4881: 4336: 4273: 4135: 4131:

The Buddha's Doctrine and the Nine Vehicles: Rog Bande Sherab's Lamp of the Teachings

4108: 3945: 3918: 3891: 3842: 3824: 3783: 3689: 3659: 3608: 3548: 3536: 3495: 3423: 3051: 2629: 2091: 2081: 2071: 1728: 1402: 427: 422:

Over some 750 years, Nalanda's faculty included some of the most revered scholars of

347: 9858: 8652: 8552: 5925: 5632: 3803:"Critical Review of Rasaratna Samuccaya: A Comprehensive Treatise of Indian Alchemy" 3236: 1205:

honored this Guru and four other Panditas, and about seventy venerable ones (monks).

568:

passed a resolution to revive the ancient university, and a contemporary institute,

237: 12182: 12163: 11944: 11888: 11851: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11299: 11141: 10968: 10562: 10515: 10510: 10366: 10331: 10306: 10301: 10052: 10008: 9921: 9596: 9252: 9245: 9029: 9019: 8905: 8569: 8441: 8163: 7970: 7670: 7343: 6995: 6810: 6225: 5805: 4873: 4265: 4013: 3832: 3814: 3775: 3528: 3415: 2432: 2210: 2204:

Other forms of Buddhism, such as the Mahayana Buddhism followed in Vietnam, China,

2198: 2148: 1585: 1425: 1167: 430:, said of Nalanda that "at its apex, it was the undisputed scholarly centre of the 190: 9641: 6822: 5486:

Nalanda Mahavihara: An Historiographic Study of Its Art and Archaeology, 1812–1938

2514: 2412: 998:

with as many as 300 cells. According to him, Nalanda monastery has numerous daily

807: 777:

Sariputta, a prominent disciple of the Buddha, was born and died in Nalanda. King

495: 12148: 12066: 12061: 12056: 11335: 11330: 11309: 11294: 11243: 11181: 11146: 11136: 11076: 10926: 10871: 10823: 10751: 10621: 10419: 10399: 10341: 10253: 9916: 9814: 9661: 9397: 9380: 9365: 9343: 8895: 8765: 8599: 8579: 7930: 7776: 7551: 7455: 7434: 7413: 7364: 7314: 7293: 7239: 7215: 7163: 7143: 7121:

Prasad, Chandra Shekhar (1988). "Nalanda vis-à-vis the Birthplace of Śāriputra".

7101: 7077: 7035: 7011: 7007: 6928: 6871: 6850: 6826: 6790: 6774: 6753: 6729: 6514: 5194: 4914: 4330: 3939: 3912: 3885: 3277: 2777: 2633: 2617: 2345: 2268: 2076: 1991: 1744: 1684: 1636: 1627: 1581: 1398: 1043: 845: 662: 648: 519: 463: 434:

Buddhist world". The faculty and students associated with the monastery included

186: 9671: 8825: 8815: 7589: 6776:

Biography of Dharmasvamin (Chag Lo Tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal), a Tibetan Monk Pilgrim

6330:"THE ANCESTRAL STUPAS OF SHWEDAGON, International Buddhist Conference, May 2007" 3941:

Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.

2502:

positioned in the south-west corner of the buildings. Temple 2 was to the east.

2330: 1565:) sects of Buddhism. Their curriculum also included other subjects, such as the 1324: 1231: 11815: 11417: 11304: 11289: 11223: 11126: 11060: 10881: 10584: 10434: 10216: 9796: 9776: 9696: 9385: 9375: 9309: 9146: 8632: 8495: 8213: 8078: 7960: 7860: 7713: 7405: 6900: 6846: 6780: 6749: 6042: 3110: 2684: 2418: 2340: 2164: 2160: 1775:

and ritual, but also the different theoretical disciplines associated with the

1340: 1162: 889: 869: 7523:

by Xuanzang's biographer, Hwui Li (translated by Samuel Beal), p. 105–113

7347: 6701: 6229: 4877: 4260:

Deeg, Max (2019), "Chinese Buddhist Travelers: Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing",

1506: 1330: 1264:

by the fact a monk ordained in 13th-century Nalanda travelled to the court of

12176: 11703: 11462: 11010: 10651: 10500: 9809: 9711: 9569: 9370: 9348: 9284: 8955: 8750: 8745: 8637: 8306: 8218: 8203: 8188: 8173: 7997: 7887: 7628: 7259: 6616:"Nalanda route to prosperity — Varsity will boost trade, feel residents" 6122:"Some Remarks on the Date of Abhayākaragupta and the Chronology of His Works" 5047:. Translated by George Roerich. KPJ Research Institute. pp. xlii, 90–93. 3828: 3819: 3787: 3540: 3427: 3057: 2461: 2449: 2427:, 7th–8th century Indian esoteric Buddhist monk and one of the patriarchs of 2176: 2026: 1996: 1857: 1740: 1720: 1549: 1408:

1 September 2014 saw the commencement of the first academic year of a modern

1116: 987: 858: 816: 715:

Early Buddhist texts state that Buddha visited a town near Rajagriha (modern

527: 396: 373: 128: 9109: 9099: 8471: 7196:. Trubner's Oriental Series. Vol. 1 (New ed.). London: Routledge. 7056: 6645: 4223: 4221: 4219: 2568:

notably features 211 sculptured religious and secular panels. These include

2175:(who was also of Nalanda) essentially taught Tibetans how to do philosophy. 1712: 829:(monastery) at the site to him. This is corroborated by the Chinese pilgrim 12030: 11984: 11841: 11754: 11718: 11457: 11340: 11248: 11176: 11111: 11091: 11030: 11015: 11005: 10741: 10726: 10696: 10646: 10636: 10478: 10273: 9766: 9601: 9479: 9267: 9262: 9089: 8960: 8835: 8296: 8158: 8134: 7950: 7935: 7905: 7744: 7680: 3846: 3651: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3087: 3012: 2677: 2547: 2379: 2312: 2306: 2272: 2106: 2016: 1986: 1802: 1724: 1537:

developments of Buddhism became most pronounced in eastern India under the

1522: 1514: 1502: 1327:

was said to have been a monk at Nalanda prior to his travels in East Asia.

1224: 1177: 1089: 834: 820: 802: 666: 638: 630: 487: 455: 400: 337: 9524: 9509: 9469: 9166: 8830: 8406: 3764:"The Ancient Nālandā Mahāvihāra: The Beginning of Institutional Education" 3517:"The Power of the Islamic Sword in Narrating the Death of Indian Buddhism" 1715:. Buddhist texts were most likely divided into three classes based on the 1014: 671:(lotus-stalks) in the area and believes that Nalanda would then represent 609: 12020: 11994: 11805: 11759: 11636: 11427: 11258: 10711: 10540: 9681: 9666: 9449: 9257: 9185: 8965: 8795: 8697: 8544: 8416: 8168: 7987: 7965: 7955: 7809: 7700: 7409: 7289: 7235: 7187: 5357: 5078: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4429: 4216: 3466: 2975: 2733: 2581: 2543: 2396: 2318: 2300: 2183: 2172: 2056: 2051: 1848:

had studied all the major collections of sutras and shastras at Nalanda.

1845: 1825: 1811: 1805: 1764: 1691: 1642: 1630: 1538: 1453: 1295: 1265: 1064: 926: 694: 535: 443: 408: 11192: 10701: 9161: 7134: 6237: 6213: 6137: 6121: 5152: 4985: 4958: 4716: 4127: 3345: 2722:

Donation of Balaputradeva, the king of Suvarnadvipa of Sailendra dynasty

1509:

studies helped the establishment of large teaching institutions such as

1151: 1059:

Avalokisteshvara in Khasarpana Lokesvara form from Nalanda, 9th-century.

11949: 11893: 11452: 11131: 10656: 10614: 10490: 10296: 10221: 9835: 9819: 9781: 9761: 9656: 9631: 9539: 9474: 9454: 9200: 9131: 9002: 8885: 8855: 8790: 8740: 8398: 8388: 8361: 8193: 8092: 7897: 7849: 7656: 5502: 5062:. Translated by George Roerich. KPJ Research Institute. pp. 93–94. 3045: 2437: 2424: 2421:, 12th-century Buddhist translator and alchemist who studied at Nalanda 2390: 2355: 2351: 2258: 2096: 1925: 1833: 1816: 1787: 1220: 1081: 1055: 1019: 934: 865: 848:. The inscription is in Sanskrit, late-Gupta script, the man shown has 826: 545: 479: 471: 467: 451: 356: 9676: 8672: 6090: 6016: 5552:"Nalanda University starts today with 15 students, 11 faculty members" 4723: 3965: 3435: 3403: 2257:

6th and 5th century BCE. It is also the place of birth and nirvana of

825:- r. c. 415–455 CE) as its founder and attributes the foundation of a 289: 12046: 11954: 11923: 11883: 11820: 11698: 11345: 11161: 11156: 11116: 11096: 11081: 10631: 10604: 9771: 9646: 9358: 9274: 9151: 9041: 9014: 9007: 8970: 8927: 8890: 8657: 8622: 8589: 8564: 8519: 8183: 7945: 7925: 7754: 7708: 6644:. Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. Archived from 6485:"Five of the Leaves from an Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita Manuscript" 3914:

The Maha-Vairocana-Abhisambodhi Tantra: With Buddhaguhya's Commentary

3685:

The Maha-Vairocana-Abhisambodhi Tantra: With Buddhaguhya's Commentary

3568: 3326: 3075: 3039: 2625: 2577: 2360: 2156: 2061: 2036: 1963: 1920: 1820: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1534: 1470: 1449: 1433: 1272:

Impact of its destruction and influence on Tibetan Buddhist Tradition

1136: 1132: 1128: 1077: 1069: 930: 849: 728: 679: 586: 531: 511: 483: 439: 361: 10404: 9240: 9094: 8860: 8642: 8511: 8503: 4043: 3652:

Niraj Kumar; George van Driem; Phunchok Stobdan (18 November 2020).

2507: 2495: 623: 384:), roughly 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Pataliputra (now 12015: 11964: 11800: 11238: 11166: 11121: 11045: 11000: 10982: 10937: 10921: 10761: 10716: 10661: 10626: 10530: 10189: 9756: 9751: 9701: 9636: 9554: 9519: 9514: 9175: 9046: 9034: 8945: 8604: 8301: 8243: 8238: 7749: 7541:

by Minhaj-i-Siraj (translated by Major H. G. Raverty), p. 552.

6190: 5099:

Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia

3532: 3491:

Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia

3419: 3169: 3081: 3063: 3027: 2621: 2558: 2443: 2364: 2288: 2278: 2246: 2152: 2101: 2066: 1958: 1840: 1562: 1558: 1545: 1441: 1390: 1085: 921: 830: 763: 634: 615: 597:, the state university named after the ancient Nalanda University. 523: 499: 459: 431: 423: 352: 9746: 9736: 9721: 9544: 9414: 8682: 6785:

The account was narrated by Dharmasvamin to his student, Chos-dar.

5987:"The Shurangama Sutra (T. 945): A Reappraisal of its Authenticity" 5528: 4163: 4055: 2769:. Out of 13,463 items, only 349 are on display in four galleries. 11979: 11969: 11836: 11749: 11713: 11708: 11693: 11688: 11253: 11055: 11040: 11025: 11020: 10666: 10609: 10594: 9741: 9731: 9706: 9581: 9576: 9534: 9504: 9436: 9402: 9289: 9230: 9225: 9079: 8982: 8820: 8770: 8557: 8383: 8198: 8071: 7675: 4544: 4542: 2990: 2794: 2688: 2641: 2585: 2573: 2336: 2046: 2041: 2031: 2011: 2001: 1935: 1930: 1776: 1768: 1700: 1570: 1530: 1445: 1319: 1124: 905: 901: 732: 720: 515: 503: 365: 64: 9353: 9121: 7496:"Educational institutions" in The Cambridge World History Vol. 5 7316:

Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture

6873:

Nalanda, Srivijaya and Beyond: Re-exploring Buddhist Art in Asia

1386: 1197:

of which the King, Buddhasena, belonged to. His account states:

653: 189:, Palak Shah, J. A. Page, M. Kuraishi, G. C. Chandra, N. Nazim, 12010: 11989: 11974: 11913: 11325: 11050: 10746: 10731: 10567: 10429: 10409: 10184: 9846: 9726: 9716: 9651: 9279: 9235: 9220: 9210: 9180: 9104: 8987: 8755: 8627: 8371: 8366: 8120: 7982: 7799: 7646: 6986:

Khurshid, Anis (January 1972). "Growth of libraries in India".

5690: 4992: 3069: 2958: 2766: 2637: 2369: 2294: 2284: 2250: 2234: 2159:

traditions, stems from the teachers and traditions at Nalanda.

2086: 1953: 1905: 1829: 1526: 1510: 1478: 1474: 1417: 1413: 1073: 995: 897: 852:

mark on his forehead, and seal has Garuda-vahana on upper face.

790: 778: 744: 716: 558: 447: 381: 8053: 6511:"Astasahahasrika Prajnaparamita Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscript" 5423:"Michael Henss: TIBET – Monasteries Open Their Treasure Rooms" 4916:

Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia

4539: 4128:

Jose Ignacio Cabezon; José Ignacio Cabezón (31 January 2013).

4067: 2526:

Conjectural Reconstruction of Temple no. 3, Nalanda University

12025: 11918: 11903: 11878: 11151: 10886: 10721: 10579: 10545: 10525: 10495: 10424: 9841: 9686: 9564: 9559: 9529: 9484: 9331: 9326: 9205: 8910: 8735: 8702: 8692: 7839: 7529:

by Yijing (translated by J. Takakasu), searchable for Nalanda

7295:

Paul Monroe's encyclopaedia of history of education, Volume 1

6091:"Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar" 4691:

The role of early Korean Buddhism in the history of East Asia

2649: 2569: 2415:, Indian Buddhist scholar active in the 11th and 12th century 2406: 2205: 2168: 1844:

explain 50 collections or more. At this time, only the abbot

1772: 1748: 1566: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1437: 1429: 1421: 1393:

in the spirit of the ancient institution, was founded by the

1278: 1036: 983: 644: 491: 385: 369: 72: 68: 6817:(5 ed.). New Delhi: The Archaeological Survey of India. 5057: 5042: 5015: 4452:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1. 1658:) which comprised three large multi-storeyed buildings, the 1188:

Chapter 10 of Dharmasvamin's biography describes Nalanda in

678:

In some Tibetan sources, including the 17th-century work of

11928: 10756: 9549: 9215: 8712: 5864:"The Four Indian Buddhist Tenet Systems Regarding Illusion" 5731: 5729: 4894: 4393: 4242:

The Return of the Buddha - Ancient Symbols for a New Nation

3800: 2972: 2593: 2245:

Traditional sources state that Nalanda was visited by both

1331:

Under the East India Company and British Empire (1800–1947)

619: 404: 12283:

Religious organizations disestablished in the 13th century

5777: 4801: 4527: 2378:, Translator of Mahayana Buddhist texts who was active in 2264:

Other historical figures associated with Nalanda include:

10414: 8950: 5967: 5840: 5680: 5678: 5665: 5663: 5661: 4842: 4840: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4182: 4180: 4178: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3327:"History | District Nalanda, Government of Bihar | India" 2281:, student of Nagarjuna and proponent of Mahayana Buddhism 1552:, who travelled to the Mahavihara in the 7th century CE. 7544: 6755:

Volume 1 of Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals

6066:"UNESCO declares Nalanda Mahavihara World Heritage Site" 5906: 5882: 5828: 5726: 4290: 4288: 3604:

The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World

3442: 2588:

playing musical instruments, various representations of

403:

around 427 CE, and was supported by numerous Indian and

12258:

Educational institutions established in the 5th century

6831:. Translated from French by JA Underwood. Orion Press. 6795:. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd (Reprinted 1988). 6421: 6288: 6286: 6126:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

5765: 5176: 5174: 4777: 4765: 4740: 4602: 4578: 4554: 4084: 4082: 3724: 3722: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 2910:

A post-8th century bronze statue of Buddha from Nalanda

2477:

After its decline, Nalanda was largely forgotten until

1373:

Rear view of the ruins of the Baladitya Temple in 1872.

1347:

After its decline, Nalanda was largely forgotten until

12278:

Religious organizations established in the 5th century

7545:

Rajgir | District Nalanda, Government of Bihar | India

5894: 5753: 5741: 5675: 5658: 5646: 5192: 5024: 4837: 4813: 4626: 4498: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4175: 3966:"Four sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List" 3702: 3454: 986:

are known to have visited Nalanda, including the monk

695:

Early history of the city of Nalanda (1200 BCE–300 CE)

572:, was established at Rajgir. It has been listed as an 7800:

Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty

7433:

Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2013).

7404: 6933:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 16. Brill. 6195:

Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka

6013:"Nalanda Buddhist Society – Nalanda Buddhist Society" 4658: 4515: 4383: 4381: 4285: 2862:

Sculpted stucco panels on a tower, Stupa of Sariputta

2224: 1152:

Destruction during Turko-Afghan conquest (c. 1200 CE)

7988:

Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat

6692: 6690: 6310: 6298: 6283: 6271: 5955: 5943: 5714: 5702: 5213: 5171: 5159: 5066: 4870:

Figments and Fragments of Mahayana Buddhism in India

4481:

The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions

4417: 4204: 4079: 4031: 3719: 3621: 3002: 2922:

Details on one of numerous votive stupas at the site

2399:, Mahayana Buddhist monk and the teacher of Xuanzang 2387:, Mahayana Buddhist monk and former abbot of Nalanda 2348:, Mahayana Buddhist monk and former abbot of Nalanda 1042:

In and after the 7th century, Tibetan monks such as

7030: 6950:

Xuanzang : a Buddhist pilgrim on the Silk Road

6914:Pal, Sayantani (2019). "Village Seals of Nalanda". 5499:"Getting to Nava Nalanda Mahavihara (NNM), Nalanda" 4825: 4789: 4590: 4405: 4300: 4192: 4169: 3292: 1771:. According to Frazier, the Vedic studies included 743:call the place Nalanda-gramaka and place it half a 657:(serpent deity in Indian religions) whose name was 7103:Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist 6465: 5816: 5605: 5235:, University of Pennsylvania Press (2011), pp. 1–3 4614: 4566: 4486: 4378: 4121: 3256: 3254: 2874:Stucco Buddha image at Nalanda, Stupa of Sariputta 2405:, Buddhist monk of Nalanda who later travelled to 2171:, serving as its first abbot. He and his disciple 1607:members of the ruling party disapproving of them. 1428:, represented mostly by Asian countries including 1242:Tibetan texts such as the 18th-century work named 1111:unearthed at Nalanda, details an endowment by the 879: 8003:Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai 7619: 6971:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Brill. 6909:. Translated by Major H. G. Raverty. p. 552. 6687: 5858: 5141:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka 4947:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka 3647: 3645: 3643: 3106:List of Monuments of National Importance in Bihar 2309:, Mahayana Buddhist monk and student of Nagarjuna 1035:of translated texts. In the mid-7th century, the 380:, it was located near the city of Rajagriha (now 12174: 7861:Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana 7106:(2 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publications. 7040:(2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 4872:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 345–349. 3304: 3276:. Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from 3235:. Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from 2886:People on second story of an excavated monastery 2748: 2662: 1743:(Mahayana) as well as the works of the eighteen 1364: 916: 12193:Ancient universities of the Indian subcontinent 7740:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks 7719:Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area 7582:in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names 7258: 7006: 6191:"Subhūticandra: A Forgotten Scholar of Magadha" 5696: 4867: 4548: 4329:Frazier, Jessica; Flood, Gavin (30 June 2011). 4100: 4073: 3251: 2561:, gilt copper alloy, early 8th century, Nalanda 2327:, Mahayana Buddhist monk of the Yogacara school 2291:Buddhist monk proponent of the Yogacarya school 6205: 6113: 5549: 5450: 5448: 4324: 4322: 3972:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 15 July 2016. 3937: 3640: 3404:"Kālidāsa and the Attitudes of the Golden Age" 2473:Excavated ruins of the monasteries of Nalanda. 1786:Tibetan tradition holds that there were "four 1525:in the 5th and 6th centuries, and later under 1009: 977: 30:"Nalanda" redirects here. For other uses, see 27:Ancient Buddhist monastery-university in India 11652: 11208: 10953: 8280: 8039: 7605: 7079:History and Development of Libraries in India 7055:Taher, Mohamed; Davis, Donald Gordon (1994). 6969:Al-Hind: the making of the Indo-Islamic world 6899: 5575: 5573: 4262:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 3877: 3681: 2600:To the north of Temple 13 lie the remains of 2197:, as well as one of the primary theorists of 2128: 1050: 970:, and the upper rooms tower above the clouds. 751:does state that emperor Ashoka established a 637:, the local tradition explains that the name 376:. Widely considered to be among the greatest 9062:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 7432: 7272:(Fourth ed.). Routledge. Archived from 5393:"The Seventeen Pandits of Nalanda Monastery" 4678:A Record of The Buddhist Religion by I-Tsing 4644: 4328: 3859: 3745: 3677: 3675: 3321: 3319: 2788: 2607:To the east of Temple 2, lie the remains of 784: 7828:Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram 6400: 6385: 6383: 6182: 5454: 5445: 5111: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4319: 4094: 3890:. Oxford University Press. p. xxviii. 3768:The Journal of the World Universities Forum 3483: 3481: 3199: 796: 11666: 11659: 11645: 11215: 11201: 10960: 10946: 8287: 8273: 8179:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics 8046: 8032: 7612: 7598: 7342:(1). Cambridge University Press: 111–149. 7141: 7054: 6613: 5846: 5834: 5570: 5525:"Welcome to Nava Nalanda Mahavihara (NNM)" 5250:. Shambhala Publications. 8 October 2013. 5096: 4974:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4705:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3931: 2898:Monastery 4 with well and stepped platform 2674:Folios from a Dharanisamgraha, circa 1075. 2465:A map of the excavated remains of Nalanda. 2271:, Vajrayana and Mahayana Buddhist monk at 2229:The Nalanda Mahavihara is recognised as a 2193:), one of the Buddhist founders of Indian 2135: 2121: 1397:near Nalanda's ruins at the suggestion of 731:, was born in the area and later attained 11222: 7676:Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara 7498:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7439:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7210: 6876:. Asian Civilisations Museum, Singapore. 6667:Chaudhary, Pranava K (27 December 2006). 6666: 6211: 6119: 6064:Chaudhary, Pranava Kumar (15 July 2016). 6063: 5973: 5640:All India Council for Technical Education 5527:. Nava Nalanda Mahavihara. Archived from 5501:. Nava Nalanda Mahavihara. Archived from 5488:, SOAS, University of London, pp. 120–177 4447: 4157:EXCAVATION AT JUAFARDIH, DISTRICT NALANDA 3883: 3836: 3818: 3672: 3600: 3316: 2772: 2261:, one of the famous disciples of Buddha. 1569:, logic, Sanskrit grammar, medicine, and 1210:Dharmasvamin (Translator: George Roerich) 947:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions 7387:The Continuum companion to Hindu studies 7096: 6985: 6947: 6869: 6821: 6772: 6614:Chatterjee, Chandan (1 September 2014). 6380: 5912: 5888: 5852: 5783: 5480: 5478: 5196:Tāranātha's History of Buddhism in India 5084: 5004: 4912: 4900: 4608: 4584: 4560: 4399: 4332:The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies 3514: 3478: 3460: 3408:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3274:"Alphabetical List of Monuments – Bihar" 2776: 2752: 2732: 2552: 2521: 2513: 2468: 2460: 1878: 1622: 1614: 1561:, as well as the texts of the eighteen ( 1368: 1334: 1054: 1013: 939: 883: 839: 806: 698: 378:centres of learning in the ancient world 12293:Tourist attractions in Nalanda district 10249:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 7383: 7333: 7162: 7032:Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta 7016:. New Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications. 6926: 6748: 6169: 5798:Journal of the World Universities Forum 5771: 5759: 5669: 5543: 5105: 5030: 4998: 4819: 4632: 4533: 4509: 4435: 4372: 4227: 4186: 3944:Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 146–147. 3887:Translator's Note: The Bodhicaryāvatāra 3713: 3472: 3401: 3356: 2934:Vajrapani – Basalt circa 8th century CE 2826:A seal, Gupta period c. 5th–6th century 2703: 2333:, Mahayana Buddhist monk and translator 2147:A vast amount of what came to comprise 14: 12175: 10452:List of Buddhist architecture in China 7911:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park 7493: 7312: 7288: 7234: 7120: 6731:Nalanda: Situating the Great Monastery 6503: 6188: 6101:from the original on 27 September 2018 5900: 5747: 5684: 5652: 5618:from the original on 5 November 2011. 5606:Garten, Jeffrey E. (9 December 2006). 5587:from the original on 10 September 2014 4971: 4965: 4680:, Oxford University Press, pp. 108–110 4664: 4462: 4294: 4270:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.217 4154: 4049: 3634: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 1258: 1018:Replica of the seal of Nalanda set in 11640: 11196: 10941: 8268: 8027: 7671:Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya 7593: 7474: 7142:Patel, Jashu; Kumar, Krishan (2001). 7075: 6890: 6845: 6809: 6727: 6427: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6277: 5949: 5822: 5795: 5558:from the original on 4 September 2014 5517: 5491: 5475: 5219: 5180: 5138: 5058:Chag lo tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal (1959). 5043:Chag lo tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal (1959). 5016:Chag lo tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal (1959). 4944: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4846: 4807: 4795: 4620: 4572: 4521: 4492: 4387: 4357:Nalanda clay seals of Kumaragupta III 4210: 4088: 4061: 4037: 3910: 3761: 3728: 3448: 3310: 3298: 2850:Stupa of Sariputta, secondary shrines 2737:The Xuanzang Memorial Hall at Nalanda 2557:Buddha Shakyamuni or the Bodhisattva 2321:, Mahayana Buddhist monk and logician 2303:, Vajrayana Buddhist monk and scholar 1237: 766:(6th/5th century BCE) spent fourteen 490:, as well as other subjects like the 346: 12233:Cities and towns in Nalanda district 10967: 7745:Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi 7436:The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism 7186: 7145:Libraries and Librarianship in India 6966: 6788: 6675:from the original on 6 November 2015 6642:"The Archaeological Museum, Nalanda" 6250: 6157:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 5961: 5735: 5720: 5708: 5599: 5583:. Times of India. 1 September 2014. 5165: 5072: 4831: 4783: 4771: 4746: 4734: 4596: 4411: 4313: 4259: 4253: 4198: 4101:Hartmut Scharfe (12 November 2018). 3564:"Nalanda and the pursuit of science" 3487: 3101:Ancient higher-learning institutions 2993:, Bronze, from Nalanda, 10th century 2978:, Bronze, from Nalanda, 10th century 2797:and other multimedia presentations. 2456: 2409:and translated Indian Buddhist texts 1763:(Medicine), the works on magic (the 727:and one of his two chief disciples, 12253:5th-century establishments in India 7845:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram 7453: 7013:Nalanda and its Epigraphic Material 6913: 6471: 5930:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5810:10.18848/1835-2030/CGP/v04i01/56731 5550:Singh, Santosh (1 September 2014). 5277: 5233:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road 4702: 4450:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road 4423: 3780:10.18848/1835-2030/CGP/v04i01/56731 3561: 3212: 2652:have also been found in the ruins. 2240: 2167:, and established the monastery at 1505:. The highly formalised methods of 629:According to the early 7th-century 395:Nalanda was established by emperor 24: 12228:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India 12198:Buddhist universities and colleges 10239:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 7460:. University of California Press. 7362: 6952:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. 6855:Motilal Banarsidass Publications. 6389: 6150: 4933: 4737:, pp. 342–343 with footnotes. 4441: 4438:, pp. 149–150 with footnotes. 4230:, pp. 148–149 with footnotes. 3911:Hodge, Stephen (9 December 2005). 3475:, pp. 148–150 with footnotes. 3359:, pp. 116–117 with footnotes. 3260: 3149:(central India) with one thousand 2393:, composer of the Bodhisattvacarya 2225:World Heritage Sites Recognisation 1458:Institution of National Importance 1401:, India's first president. It was 1318:Sutra manuscript preserved at the 25: 12304: 7514: 3976:from the original on 16 July 2016 3682:Stephen Hodge (9 December 2005). 3562:Sen, Amartya (17 November 2021). 3368: 3034:Ancient Indian learning centers: 2814:Entrance to the excavated remains 1851: 1484: 1463: 557:The ancient site of Nalanda is a 415:. Nalanda was likely attacked by 12213:Former populated places in India 10920: 10910: 10909: 10467:Thai temple art and architecture 10212:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 8452:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 8318: 8305: 8295: 7866:Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas 7850:Group of Monuments at Pattadakal 7564:Seals and figurines from Nalanda 7415:A Global History of Architecture 6700:. Prachin Bharat. Archived from 6660: 6634: 6607: 6581: 6555: 6529: 6477: 6433: 6394: 6354: 6322: 6244: 6176:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 6163: 6144: 6083: 6057: 6031: 6005: 5979: 5918: 5789: 5625: 5415: 5385: 5361:Meditation on the Nature of Mind 5351: 5342: 5312: 5282: 5271: 5238: 5225: 5186: 5132: 5101:. De Gruyter. pp. 418, 420. 5090: 5051: 3206:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 3161: 3133: 3005: 2983: 2965: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2672:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 2536:Nalanda copper-plate of Devapala 1904: 1798:) which were taught at Nalanda: 1287:Khro-phu Lo-tsa-ba Byams-pa dpal 712:of the Mahavira and the Buddha. 574:Institute of National Importance 518:. The mahavihara had a renowned 49: 34:. For the modern institute, see 12288:Indo-Aryan archaeological sites 8319: 7521:The life of Hiuen-Tsiang (1914) 6618:. The Telegraph. Archived from 6407:. Routledge. pp. 551–553. 5633:"Ancient Universities in India" 5461:. Routledge. pp. 140–149. 5290:"Buddhism and the Trade Routes" 5193:Tāranātha (Jo-nang-pa) (1990). 5118:. Routledge. pp. 140–149. 5036: 4906: 4861: 4852: 4752: 4696: 4683: 4670: 4473: 4456: 4349: 4233: 4148: 4006: 3988: 3958: 3904: 3794: 3755: 3594: 3580: 3555: 3508: 3395: 3174: 3124: 2363:, formaliser of the concept of 2315:, Mahayana Buddhist lay scholar 880:Post-Gupta dynasty (550–750 CE) 267:Archaeological Site of Nalanda 55:The ruins of Nalanda Mahavihara 10457:Japanese Buddhist architecture 10259:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 9339:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 8530:Places where the Buddha stayed 7833:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur 7384:Frazier, Jessica, ed. (2011). 7148:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 7061:. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. 6948:Wriggins, Sally Hovey (1996). 6828:In the Footsteps of the Buddha 6487:. Asia Society. Archived from 6401:Nath Prasad, Birendra (2022). 5455:Nath Prasad, Birendra (2021). 5112:Nath Prasad, Birendra (2021). 4361:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum 3402:Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1976). 3362: 3266: 3193: 2763:Archaeological Survey of India 2518:Temple no. 3 (Sariputta Stupa) 2488:Archaeological Survey of India 2275:who also spent time at Nalanda 1610: 1597:Archaeological Survey of India 1412:, with 15 students, in nearby 1358:Archaeological Survey of India 1024:Archaeological Survey of India 758:Chapter 2.7 of the Jaina text 219:Archaeological Survey of India 90:Centre of learning, mahavihara 13: 1: 12263:World Heritage Sites in India 12223:Archaeological sites in Bihar 10472:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 7790:Khangchendzonga National Park 7621:World Heritage Sites in India 7319:. Columbia University Press. 7037:Age of the Nandas and Mauryas 5812:– via Education Source. 4335:. A&C Black. p. 34. 4064:, pp. 3 with footnote 2. 4052:, p. 184 with footnotes. 3515:Truschke, Audrey (May 2018). 3186: 2838:Stupa of Sariputta (Temple 3) 2757:Nalanda Archaeological Museum 2749:Nalanda Archaeological Museum 2663:Surviving Nalanda manuscripts 2254: 2187: 1828:, the Mahayana philosophy of 1819:, the Mahayana philosophy of 1734: 1719:'s three main divisions: the 1589: 1365:Post–independence (Post-1947) 917:Xuanzang's visit (630–643 CE) 159: 10229:Buddhism and the Roman world 10205:Decline of Buddhism in India 10200:History of Buddhism in India 8300: Topics in 7921:Churches and convents of Goa 7916:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus 7665:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway 7647:Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi 7642:Khajuraho Group of Monuments 7369:. Grafikol. pp. 58–66. 7172:. Harvard University Press. 7076:Bhatt, Rakesh Kumar (1995). 7000:10.1016/0020-7837(72)90048-9 6988:International Library Review 6728:Asher, Frederick M. (2015). 6669:"Nalanda gets set for relic" 6218:Journal of Indian Philosophy 5581:"Nalanda University reopens" 3371:"Ancient Nalanda University" 3200:Buswell Jr., Robert (2013). 3026:– Telhara was the site of a 2693:On ke ru Lha khang monastery 2452:, Chinese Buddhist traveller 2446:, Chinese Buddhist traveller 2297:, Vajrayana Buddhist scholar 1469:Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, 1316:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita 1092:. Odantapura was founded by 682:, Nalanda is referred to as 600: 576:by the Government of India. 534:. They include the works of 7: 11626:People from Rohtas district 9427:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 9167: 7840:Group of Monuments at Hampi 6698:"Nalanda Multimedia Museum" 5697:Kulke & Rothermund 2004 4549:Kulke & Rothermund 2004 4264:, Oxford University Press, 4107:. BRILL. pp. 148–150. 3607:. Bloomsbury. p. 116. 3601:Dalrymple, William (2024). 2998: 2699:at end of the 11th century. 1795: 1010:Korean and Tibetan pilgrims 978:Yijing's visit (673–700 CE) 821: 667: 639: 610: 579: 338: 10: 12309: 10377:The unanswerable questions 8058:centres of higher learning 8015:Mountain Railways of India 7978:Historic City of Ahmadabad 7818:Great Living Chola Temples 7637:Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka 6930:Education in Ancient India 6773:Chos-dar, Upasaka (1959). 6758:. Har-Anand Publications. 6720: 6212:SCHAEFFER, KURTIS (2000). 6120:Bühnemann, Gudrun (1992). 4463:Sastri, Hirananda (1931). 4104:Education in Ancient India 3494:. De Gruyter. p. 68. 3030:monastery in ancient India 3019:Related sites and places: 2800: 2728: 1641:manuscript from Nalanda's 1203:Raja Buddhasena of Magadha 1180:discovered in 1936 and in 1051:Pala dynasty (750–1200 CE) 800: 689: 474:of Nalanda included major 364:) in ancient and medieval 257:UNESCO World Heritage Site 106:490 m (1,600 ft) 29: 12161: 12141: 12075: 12039: 12003: 11937: 11871: 11864: 11829: 11783: 11727: 11681: 11672: 11613: 11562: 11471: 11438:Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line 11370: 11354: 11318: 11277: 11231: 11069: 10991: 10975: 10905: 10857: 10772: 10687: 10462:Buddhist temples in Korea 10385: 10287: 10170: 9867: 9795: 9622: 9495: 9435: 9070: 9025:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 8936: 8928:Three planes of existence 8876: 8721: 8613: 8543: 8535:Buddha in world religions 8397: 8342: 8314: 8152:Other centres of learning 8151: 8064:Major centres of learning 8063: 8011: 7993:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur 7926:Dholavira:a Harappan city 7896: 7808: 7775: 7699: 7655: 7627: 7418:. John Wiley & Sons. 7408:; Prakash, Vikramaditya; 7348:10.1017/s0026749x13000310 6927:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). 6257:. Routledge. p. 70. 5381:– via Google Books. 5267:– via Google Books. 5060:Biography of Dharmasvamin 5045:Biography of Dharmasvamin 5018:Biography of Dharmasvamin 4878:10.1515/9780824874629-015 4448:Elverskog, Johan (2010). 3917:. Routledge. p. 17. 3688:. Routledge. p. 17. 2789:Nalanda Multimedia Museum 2479:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton 2429:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 1759:(Grammar and Philology), 1403:deemed to be a university 1349:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton 1159:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji 785:Faxian visit (399–412 CE) 673:the giver of lotus-stalks 417:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji 323: 315: 307: 295: 285: 275: 263: 254: 244: 232: 224: 214: 204: 196: 181: 173: 168: 156:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji 150: 142: 134: 123: 118: 110: 102: 94: 86: 78: 60: 48: 11563:Lok Sabha constituencies 11433:Gaya–Mughalsarai section 10244:Persecution of Buddhists 9465:Four stages of awakening 8846:Three marks of existence 8432:Physical characteristics 7855:Nilgiri Mountain Railway 7795:Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 7691:Sundarbans National Park 7570:Interactive walking tour 7477:The Buddhist Way of Life 7475:Smith, F Harold (2013). 7241:Buddhist Insight: Essays 7193:The life of Hiuen-Tsiang 6589:"Nalanda Museum item-31" 6563:"Nalanda Museum item-28" 6537:"Nalanda Museum item-30" 6170:Buswell, Robert (2014). 5001:, pp. 154–155, 157. 4645:Buswell & Lopez 2013 4466:Epigraphia Indica Vol.21 4170:KA Nilakanta Sastri 1988 3860:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3820:10.4103/0257-7941.195412 3746:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3658:. KW. pp. 253–255. 3117: 2743:Buddhist tourism circuit 2219:Nalanda College, Colombo 1109:copper plate inscription 797:Foundation (5th century) 707:) around the Mahavihara. 426:Buddhism. The historian 98:240 m (800 ft) 32:Nalanda (disambiguation) 12208:Former Buddhist temples 12188:Buddhist sites in Bihar 11549:Rajendra Nagar Terminal 9607:Ten principal disciples 8490:(aunt, adoptive mother) 7941:Hill Forts of Rajasthan 7785:Kaziranga National Park 7550:28 January 2023 at the 7313:Walser, Joseph (2005). 7244:. Motilal Banarsidass. 7082:. Mittal Publications. 6870:Krishnan, G.P. (2016). 6230:10.1023/A:1004844115222 6039:"About Nalanda College" 5087:, Introduction, p. XIX. 4913:Lammerts, D.C. (2015). 4155:Tewari, Rakesh (2016). 4134:. OUP USA. p. 87. 3938:Lal Mani Joshi (1977). 3807:Ancient Science of Life 2781:Xuan Zang Memorial Hall 1385:), a modern centre for 1379:Nava Nalanda Mahavihara 1195:Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya 944:A page from Xuanzang's 651:: नालन्दा) came from a 595:Nalanda Open University 591:Nava Nalanda Mahavihara 413:Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya 11667:Tourist sites in Bihar 11448:Mokama–Barauni section 11423:Howrah–Delhi main line 10317:Buddhism and democracy 9830:Tibetan Buddhist canon 9825:Chinese Buddhist canon 9057:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 9052:Early Buddhist schools 7983:Jaipur City, Rajasthan 7729:Keoladeo National Park 7494:Walton, Linda (2015). 7363:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). 7298:. Genesis Publishing. 7217:The Wisdom of Buddhism 6901:Minhaj-ud-Din, Maulana 6789:Dutt, Sukumar (1962). 5847:Taher & Davis 1994 5835:Patel & Kumar 2001 5554:. The Indian Express. 5364:. Simon and Schuster. 4758:Jacob Kinnard (1996), 4689:James Grayson (1980), 2782: 2773:Xuanzang Memorial Hall 2758: 2738: 2636:. Hindu sculptures of 2562: 2527: 2519: 2474: 2466: 1876: 1867: 1646: 1620: 1383:New Nalanda Mahavihara 1374: 1344: 1309: 1213: 1060: 1027: 972: 954: 893: 853: 812: 747:away. A Buddhist text 708: 541:Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra 12083:Takht Sri Patna Sahib 11479:Bakhtiyarpur Junction 11408:NH 83 (old numbering) 11264:Takht Sri Patna Sahib 10327:Eight Consciousnesses 8437:Life of Buddha in art 8249:Vidyalankara Pirivena 8224:Sunethradevi Pirivena 7724:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi 7566:at the British Museum 7390:. London: Continuum. 7366:Buddhist Architecture 7098:Mookerji, Radha Kumud 6891:Kumar, Pintu (2018). 6189:Deokar, Lata (2012). 5484:Mary Stewart (1988), 5324:The Treasury of Lives 5294:Asiasocietymuseum.org 4810:, pp. 10, 54–55. 4245:. 2014. p. 239. 3996:"History and Revival" 3762:Kumar, Pintu (2011). 3048:, adjacent to Nalanda 2780: 2756: 2736: 2556: 2525: 2517: 2486:and the newly formed 2472: 2464: 2372:, Buddhist Mahasiddha 2201:, taught at Nalanda. 1948:Four Additional Sites 1879:Influence on Buddhism 1871: 1869:Xuanzang also noted: 1862: 1703:, logic, literature, 1626: 1618: 1372: 1356:and the newly formed 1338: 1304: 1199: 1058: 1017: 959: 943: 887: 844:Nalanda clay seal of 843: 810: 702: 476:Buddhist philosophies 348:[naːlən̪d̪aː] 174:Excavation dates 114:12 ha (30 acres) 10804:East Asian religions 10234:Buddhism in the West 9805:Early Buddhist texts 9420:Four Right Exertions 8886:Ten spiritual realms 8379:Noble Eightfold Path 7871:Chennakeshava Temple 7823:Airavatesvara Temple 7765:Complexe du Capitole 7734:Kalka–Shimla railway 7336:Modern Asian Studies 7220:. Psychology Press. 7212:Humphreys, Christmas 6967:Wink, André (2002). 6622:on 10 September 2014 6362:"Nalanda archival-4" 5531:on 15 September 2014 4074:Hiranand Sastri 1986 3576:on 17 February 2024. 3521:History of Religions 3488:Auer, Blain (2019). 3239:on 18 September 2014 2704:Nalanda inscriptions 2484:Alexander Cunningham 1839:In the 7th century, 1354:Alexander Cunningham 1323:as the Indian monk, 1068:then newly emerging 737:Mahasudassana Jataka 551:Mahavairocana Tantra 538:, the Sanskrit text 177:1915–1937, 1974–1982 11847:Mahatma Gandhi Setu 11534:Patliputra Junction 11443:Mahatma Gandhi Setu 11413:Digha–Sonpur Bridge 11269:Tourist attractions 10927:Religion portal 10674:Temple of the Tooth 10553:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 9592:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 9085:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 8868:Two truths doctrine 8688:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8488:Mahapajapati Gotamī 7876:Hoysaleswara Temple 7454:Kim, Jinah (2013). 7410:Ching, Francis D.K. 7264:Rothermund, Dietmar 6453:on 14 November 2017 6342:on 29 November 2016 6019:on 14 November 2017 5993:on 27 November 2010 5738:, pp. 332–333. 5608:"Really Old School" 5403:on 20 November 2017 4903:, pp. 173–189. 4786:, pp. 344–346. 4774:, pp. 349–352. 4749:, pp. 350–351. 4536:, pp. 151–152. 4402:, pp. 162–163. 3451:, pp. 111–112. 2657:Black Buddha temple 2646:Mahishasura Mardini 2440:, brother of Asanga 2231:World Heritage Site 2195:philosophical logic 1915:The Four Main Sites 1897:Buddha's Holy Sites 1395:Government of Bihar 1343:at Nalanda in 1895. 1259:Continued influence 1230:The Buddhist monk, 964:(of the Sangharama) 566:Government of India 562:World Heritage Site 390:Golden Age of India 209:Government of India 45: 12238:Education in Bihar 12203:Buddhist libraries 12052:Malayalam calendar 10849:Western philosophy 10447:Dzong architecture 10269:Vipassana movement 10264:Buddhist modernism 9692:Emperor Wen of Sui 9460:Pratyekabuddhayāna 9393:Threefold Training 9195:Vipassana movement 8911:Hungry Ghost realm 8731:Avidyā (Ignorance) 8678:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 8427:Great Renunciation 8422:Eight Great Events 8304: 8254:Vidyodaya Pirivena 7686:Sun Temple, Konark 7406:Jarzombek, Mark M. 7269:A History of India 6895:. Lexington Books. 6815:A Guide to Nalanda 6671:. Times of India. 6595:on 1 December 2017 6569:on 1 December 2017 6543:on 1 December 2017 6368:on 1 December 2017 6251:Lowe, Roy (2016). 6070:The Times of India 5612:The New York Times 4479:Li Rongxi (1996), 4018:Nalandauniv.edu.in 4000:Nalanda University 3884:Śāntideva (1998). 3383:on 20 January 2022 3280:on 3 November 2011 2783: 2759: 2739: 2640:, Shiva-Parvathi, 2563: 2546:, scenes from the 2528: 2520: 2475: 2467: 2354:, Indian Buddhist 2191: 7th century 2165:Khri-sron-deu-tsan 1647: 1621: 1604:Nalanda University 1519:Shailendra dynasty 1410:Nalanda University 1375: 1345: 1320:Tsethang monastery 1238:Legendary accounts 1061: 1028: 1022:on display in the 955: 894: 868:, Tathagatagupta, 854: 813: 709: 570:Nālandā University 264:Official name 225:Public access 185:David B. Spooner, 43: 36:Nalanda University 12268:Ancient libraries 12170: 12169: 12157: 12156: 12123:Chacha Phaggu Mal 11860: 11859: 11634: 11633: 11621:People from Patna 11514:Hathidah Junction 11362:Indrapuri Barrage 11190: 11189: 10935: 10934: 10573:Om mani padme hum 10279:Women in Buddhism 10195:Buddhist councils 10065:Western countries 9853:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 9614:Shaolin Monastery 9191:Samatha-vipassanā 8801:Pratītyasamutpāda 8605:Metteyya/Maitreya 8523: 8515: 8507: 8499: 8491: 8483: 8475: 8352:Four Noble Truths 8262: 8261: 8229:Telhara monastery 8021: 8020: 7505:978-0-521-19074-9 7486:978-1-135-02930-2 7467:978-0-520-27386-3 7446:978-1-4008-4805-8 7425:978-0-470-90245-5 7397:978-0-8264-9966-0 7376:978-0-9844043-0-8 7326:978-0-231-13164-3 7305:978-81-7755-091-7 7276:on 4 October 2014 7251:978-81-208-0675-7 7227:978-0-7007-0197-1 7203:978-1-136-37629-0 7179:978-0-674-00187-9 7155:978-0-313-29423-5 7113:978-81-208-0423-4 7089:978-81-7099-582-1 7068:978-81-7022-524-9 7047:978-81-208-0466-1 7023:978-81-7030-013-7 6978:978-0-391-04173-8 6959:978-0-8133-2801-0 6940:978-90-04-12556-8 6883:978-981-09-9912-4 6862:978-81-208-0281-0 6838:978-0-7661-9347-5 6811:Ghosh, Amalananda 6802:978-81-208-0498-2 6765:978-81-241-1064-5 6741:978-93-83243-07-5 6264:978-1-317-54327-5 6153:"Prabhākaramitra" 5870:on 15 August 2016 5860:Berzin, Alexander 5786:, pp. 21–65. 5505:on 5 October 2014 5468:978-1-032-11722-5 5371:978-0-86171-628-9 5257:978-0-8348-2896-4 5231:Johan Elverskog, 5206:978-81-208-0696-2 4926:978-981-4519-06-9 4887:978-0-8248-7462-9 4849:, pp. 12–13. 4469:. pp. 74–80. 4426:, pp. 95–99. 4342:978-0-8264-9966-0 4279:978-0-19-027772-7 4141:978-0-19-995862-7 4114:978-90-474-0147-6 3951:978-81-208-0281-0 3924:978-1-135-79654-9 3897:978-0-19-283720-2 3695:978-1-135-79654-9 3665:978-1-000-21549-6 3501:978-3-11-063168-5 3052:Pushpagiri Vihara 2457:Excavated remains 2145: 2144: 1856:The Chinese monk 1699:such subjects as 1529:, the emperor of 1026:Museum in Nalanda 719:– the capital of 633:Chinese pilgrim, 622:term for a great 428:William Dalrymple 351:) was a renowned 327: 326: 271:at Nalanda, Bihar 16:(Redirected from 12300: 12243:Nalanda district 12218:History of Bihar 12164:Tourism in Bihar 11945:Mahabodhi Temple 11869: 11868: 11852:Rajgir Film City 11740:Mahabodhi Temple 11735:Vishnupad Mandir 11679: 11678: 11661: 11654: 11647: 11638: 11637: 11494:Danapur Terminal 11472:Railway stations 11217: 11210: 11203: 11194: 11193: 10969:Nalanda district 10962: 10955: 10948: 10939: 10938: 10925: 10924: 10913: 10912: 10752:Sacred languages 10600:Maya Devi Temple 10563:Mahabodhi Temple 10367:Secular Buddhism 10332:Engaged Buddhism 9172: 9020:Tibetan Buddhism 8971:Vietnamese Thiền 8570:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 8521: 8513: 8505: 8497: 8489: 8481: 8473: 8322: 8321: 8309: 8299: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8164:Bikrampur Vihara 8048: 8041: 8034: 8025: 8024: 7971:Ranthambore Fort 7750:Red Fort Complex 7614: 7607: 7600: 7591: 7590: 7509: 7490: 7471: 7450: 7429: 7401: 7380: 7359: 7330: 7309: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7255: 7231: 7207: 7183: 7164:Collins, Randall 7159: 7138: 7129:(1/4): 175–188. 7117: 7093: 7072: 7051: 7027: 7008:Sastri, Hiranand 7003: 6982: 6963: 6944: 6923: 6910: 6896: 6887: 6866: 6842: 6818: 6806: 6784: 6779:. Translated by 6769: 6745: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6591:. Archived from 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6565:. Archived from 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6539:. Archived from 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6513:. Archived from 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6446:. Archived from 6445: 6437: 6431: 6430:, p. 31–33. 6425: 6419: 6418: 6398: 6392: 6387: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6364:. Archived from 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6341: 6335:. Archived from 6334: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6172:"Śubhakarasimha" 6167: 6161: 6160: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6041:. Archived from 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6015:. Archived from 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5989:. Archived from 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5866:. Archived from 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5673: 5667: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5429:. Archived from 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5399:. Archived from 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5330:on 23 April 2016 5326:. Archived from 5320:"Sakyasribhadra" 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5300:on 20 March 2012 5296:. Archived from 5286: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5242: 5236: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5013: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4942: 4931: 4930: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4721: 4720: 4700: 4694: 4687: 4681: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4524:, pp. 5–21. 4519: 4513: 4507: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4326: 4317: 4311: 4298: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3881: 3875: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3840: 3822: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3759: 3753: 3743: 3732: 3726: 3717: 3711: 3700: 3699: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3655:Himalayan Bridge 3649: 3638: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3572:. Archived from 3559: 3553: 3552: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3376:. Archived from 3375: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3210: 3209: 3197: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3165: 3159: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2987: 2969: 2955: 2946:Skanda, Temple 2 2943: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2433:Shingon Buddhism 2256: 2241:Notable scholars 2211:Shurangama Sutra 2199:Buddhist atomism 2192: 2189: 2149:Tibetan Buddhism 2137: 2130: 2123: 1908: 1898: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1792:Standard Tibetan 1594: 1591: 1586:Bakhtiyar Khalji 1426:East Asia Summit 1244:Pag sam jon zang 1211: 1168:Tabaqat-i Nasiri 968:(of the morning) 892:found in Nalanda 864:His successors, 824: 670: 642: 613: 392:" by scholars. 350: 345: 341: 316:Buffer zone 281:Cultural: iv, vi 240: 191:Amalananda Ghosh 164: 161: 53: 46: 42: 21: 12308: 12307: 12303: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12166: 12153: 12149:Padri Ki Haveli 12137: 12071: 12067:Arabi Malayalam 12062:Judeo-Malayalam 12057:Mappila dialect 12035: 11999: 11933: 11856: 11825: 11779: 11765:Brahmayoni Hill 11723: 11674: 11673:Archaeological/ 11668: 11665: 11635: 11630: 11609: 11558: 11529:Mokama Junction 11504:Fatuha Junction 11467: 11366: 11350: 11314: 11273: 11244:Battle of Buxar 11227: 11221: 11191: 11186: 11065: 10993: 10987: 10971: 10966: 10936: 10931: 10919: 10901: 10853: 10768: 10683: 10420:Ordination hall 10381: 10283: 10254:Buddhist crisis 10166: 9863: 9815:Mahayana sutras 9791: 9787:Thích Nhất Hạnh 9618: 9491: 9431: 9381:Bodhisattva vow 9066: 8932: 8872: 8831:Taṇhā (Craving) 8766:Five hindrances 8717: 8609: 8539: 8393: 8338: 8310: 8293: 8263: 8258: 8147: 8059: 8052: 8022: 8017: 8007: 7931:Elephanta Caves 7892: 7804: 7771: 7695: 7651: 7623: 7618: 7587: 7552:Wayback Machine 7517: 7512: 7506: 7487: 7468: 7447: 7426: 7398: 7377: 7327: 7306: 7279: 7277: 7252: 7228: 7204: 7180: 7156: 7114: 7090: 7069: 7048: 7024: 6979: 6960: 6941: 6916:Pratna Samiksha 6884: 6863: 6847:Joshi, Lal Mani 6839: 6803: 6766: 6750:Chandra, Satish 6742: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6704:on 4 March 2016 6696: 6695: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6648:on 27 June 2014 6640: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6612: 6608: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6517:on 2 April 2014 6509: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6491:on 14 July 2014 6483: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6249: 6245: 6210: 6206: 6187: 6183: 6168: 6164: 6151:Donald, Lopez. 6149: 6145: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6045:on 22 July 2017 6037: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5659: 5655:, pp. 169. 5651: 5647: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5453: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5433:on 9 April 2009 5421: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5056: 5052: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5014: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4970: 4966: 4943: 4934: 4927: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4724: 4701: 4697: 4688: 4684: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4611:, pp. 177. 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4474: 4461: 4457: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4301: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4258: 4254: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4217: 4213:, pp. 4–5. 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4099: 4095: 4091:, pp. 2–3. 4087: 4080: 4076:, pp. 3–4. 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4040:, pp. 1–2. 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3858: 3854: 3799: 3795: 3760: 3756: 3744: 3735: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3703: 3696: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3650: 3641: 3633: 3622: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3560: 3556: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3301:, pp. 1–5. 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3213: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3177: 988–1038 3173: 3166: 3162: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3093: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2956: 2947: 2944: 2935: 2932: 2923: 2920: 2911: 2908: 2899: 2896: 2887: 2884: 2875: 2872: 2863: 2860: 2851: 2848: 2839: 2836: 2827: 2824: 2815: 2812: 2803: 2791: 2775: 2751: 2731: 2706: 2665: 2618:Avalokiteshvara 2459: 2376:Prabhakāramitra 2269:Abhayakaragupta 2243: 2227: 2190: 2141: 2112: 2111: 2077:Ramagrama stupa 1982: 1974: 1973: 1949: 1941: 1940: 1916: 1896: 1887: 1881: 1854: 1737: 1685:Prajnyaparamita 1664:Ocean of Jewels 1637:Prajnyaparamita 1635:Ashtasahasrika 1628:Avalokiteshvara 1613: 1592: 1582:Delhi Sultanate 1513:, Nalanda, and 1487: 1466: 1399:Rajendra Prasad 1367: 1333: 1274: 1261: 1240: 1212: 1209: 1154: 1053: 1044:Thonmi Sambhota 1012: 980: 952:Dà Táng Xīyù Jì 919: 882: 846:Kumaragupta III 805: 799: 787: 697: 692: 663:Hiranand Sastri 603: 582: 564:. In 2010, the 343: 259: 250: 236: 187:Hiranand Sastri 162: 56: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12306: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12248:Ruins in India 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12168: 12167: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12151: 12145: 12143: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12113:Taksali Sangat 12110: 12108:Bal Lila Maini 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12079: 12077: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12043: 12041: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12007: 12005: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11941: 11939: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11909:West Champaran 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11875: 11873: 11866: 11862: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11816:Jalalgarh Fort 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11787: 11785: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11772: 11770:Pretshila Hill 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11745:Deo Sun Temple 11742: 11737: 11731: 11729: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11685: 11683: 11676: 11670: 11669: 11664: 11663: 11656: 11649: 11641: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11566: 11564: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11539:Patna Junction 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11418:Koilwar Bridge 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11374: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11358: 11356: 11355:Dams, barrages 11352: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11224:Patna division 11220: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11197: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11127:Gulni Madhopur 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10997: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10985: 10979: 10977: 10976:Revenue blocks 10973: 10972: 10965: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10942: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10917: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10784: 10778: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10693: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10484:Greco-Buddhist 10476: 10475: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10435:Burmese pagoda 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10391: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10293: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10217:Greco-Buddhism 10214: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10176: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10150:United Kingdom 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10095:Czech Republic 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9974: 9969: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9873: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9859:Abhidharmadīpa 9856: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9801: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9777:B. R. Ambedkar 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9697:Songtsen Gampo 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9441: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9376:Eight precepts 9373: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9255: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9164: 9154: 9149: 9147:Five Strengths 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8942: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8786:Mental factors 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8727: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8638:Mahamoggallāna 8635: 8630: 8625: 8619: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8553:Avalokiteśvara 8549: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8517: 8509: 8501: 8493: 8485: 8477: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8403: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8354: 8348: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8269: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8214:Shalban Vihara 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8079:Nagarjunakonda 8075: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8051: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8028: 8019: 8018: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7961:Jaisalmer Fort 7958: 7953: 7948: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7881:Keshava Temple 7878: 7873: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7781: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7714:Fatehpur Sikri 7711: 7705: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7661: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7617: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7594: 7585: 7584: 7575: 7573: 7567: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7516: 7515:External links 7513: 7511: 7510: 7504: 7491: 7485: 7472: 7466: 7451: 7445: 7430: 7424: 7402: 7396: 7381: 7375: 7360: 7331: 7325: 7310: 7304: 7286: 7260:Kulke, Hermann 7256: 7250: 7232: 7226: 7208: 7202: 7184: 7178: 7160: 7154: 7139: 7118: 7112: 7094: 7088: 7073: 7067: 7052: 7046: 7028: 7022: 7004: 6983: 6977: 6964: 6958: 6945: 6939: 6924: 6911: 6897: 6888: 6882: 6867: 6861: 6843: 6837: 6823:Grousset, Rene 6819: 6807: 6801: 6786: 6781:George Roerich 6770: 6764: 6746: 6740: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6686: 6659: 6633: 6606: 6580: 6554: 6528: 6502: 6476: 6464: 6432: 6420: 6413: 6393: 6379: 6353: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6282: 6270: 6263: 6243: 6224:(4): 361–384. 6204: 6181: 6162: 6143: 6132:(1): 120–127. 6112: 6095:whc.unesco.org 6082: 6056: 6030: 6004: 5978: 5976:, p. 111. 5974:Humphreys 1987 5966: 5964:, p. 264. 5954: 5942: 5926:"Śāntarakṣita" 5917: 5915:, p. 159. 5905: 5903:, p. 102. 5893: 5891:, p. 565. 5881: 5851: 5839: 5827: 5815: 5788: 5776: 5774:, p. 159. 5764: 5752: 5750:, p. 122. 5740: 5725: 5723:, p. 334. 5713: 5711:, p. 344. 5701: 5699:, p. 119. 5689: 5687:, p. 174. 5674: 5657: 5645: 5624: 5598: 5569: 5542: 5516: 5490: 5474: 5467: 5444: 5414: 5384: 5370: 5350: 5341: 5311: 5281: 5270: 5256: 5237: 5224: 5212: 5205: 5185: 5170: 5168:, p. 343. 5158: 5131: 5124: 5104: 5089: 5077: 5075:, p. 347. 5065: 5050: 5035: 5033:, p. 150. 5023: 5003: 4991: 4964: 4932: 4925: 4905: 4893: 4886: 4860: 4851: 4836: 4834:, p. 268. 4824: 4822:, p. 152. 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4751: 4739: 4722: 4695: 4682: 4669: 4667:, p. 167. 4657: 4637: 4635:, p. 144. 4625: 4613: 4601: 4599:, p. 111. 4589: 4587:, p. 124. 4577: 4565: 4563:, p. 237. 4553: 4551:, p. 110. 4538: 4526: 4514: 4512:, p. 151. 4497: 4485: 4472: 4455: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4414:, p. 330. 4404: 4392: 4377: 4365: 4355:John F Fleet, 4348: 4341: 4318: 4316:, p. 329. 4299: 4297:, p. 166. 4284: 4278: 4252: 4232: 4215: 4203: 4201:, p. 328. 4191: 4189:, p. 148. 4174: 4172:, p. 268. 4162: 4147: 4140: 4120: 4113: 4093: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4005: 3987: 3970:whc.unesco.org 3957: 3950: 3930: 3923: 3903: 3896: 3876: 3852: 3793: 3754: 3733: 3731:, p. 177. 3718: 3716:, p. 240. 3701: 3694: 3671: 3664: 3639: 3620: 3613: 3593: 3579: 3554: 3533:10.1086/696567 3527:(4): 406–435. 3507: 3500: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3420:10.2307/599886 3394: 3369:Kumar, Manoj. 3361: 3344: 3333:. 15 June 2023 3331:nalanda.nic.in 3315: 3303: 3291: 3265: 3250: 3211: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3160: 3132: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3111:Kurkihar hoard 3108: 3103: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3078:, near Nalanda 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3017: 3016: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2971: 2964: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2790: 2787: 2774: 2771: 2750: 2747: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2685:Yarlung Museum 2682: 2675: 2664: 2661: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2422: 2419:Vairocanavajra 2416: 2410: 2403:Śubhakarasiṃha 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2373: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2343: 2341:Buddhist Logic 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2282: 2276: 2242: 2239: 2226: 2223: 2161:Shantarakshita 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1900: 1892: 1891: 1880: 1877: 1853: 1852:Administration 1850: 1837: 1836: 1823: 1814: 1808: 1736: 1733: 1612: 1609: 1593: 1202 CE 1578:Mamluk dynasty 1486: 1485:The university 1483: 1465: 1464:The Mahavihara 1462: 1366: 1363: 1341:Gautama Buddha 1332: 1329: 1273: 1270: 1260: 1257: 1247:monasteries. 1239: 1236: 1207: 1163:Minhaj-i-Siraj 1153: 1150: 1127:in modern-day 1052: 1049: 1011: 1008: 979: 976: 918: 915: 881: 878: 798: 795: 786: 783: 749:Nikayasamgraha 696: 693: 691: 688: 602: 599: 581: 578: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 313: 312: 309: 305: 304: 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 282: 279: 273: 272: 265: 261: 260: 255: 252: 251: 249: 242: 241: 234: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 183: 182:Archaeologists 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 166: 165: 163: 1200 CE 154:Ransacked by 152: 148: 147: 146:Around 1400 CE 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 125: 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 62: 58: 57: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12305: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12165: 12160: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12038: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12002: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11867: 11863: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11828: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11782: 11776: 11775:Ramshila Hill 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11726: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11704:Barabar Caves 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11671: 11662: 11657: 11655: 11650: 11648: 11643: 11642: 11639: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11561: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11499:Dehri-on-Sone 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11463:Rajendra Setu 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11317: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11230: 11225: 11218: 11213: 11211: 11206: 11204: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10958: 10956: 10951: 10949: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10916: 10908: 10907: 10904: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10689:Miscellaneous 10686: 10680: 10679:Vegetarianism 10677: 10675: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10501:Buddha in art 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10384: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10155:United States 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9712:Padmasambhava 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9624:Major figures 9621: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9570:Western tulku 9568: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9425: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9371:Five precepts 9369: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9349:Dhamma vicaya 9347: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9117:Buddhābhiṣeka 9115: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8761:Enlightenment 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8751:Dhamma theory 8749: 8747: 8746:Buddha-nature 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8720: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8585:Samantabhadra 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8516: 8510: 8508: 8502: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8290: 8285: 8283: 8278: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8219:Sharada Peeth 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8204:Pandit Vihara 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8107:Raktamrittika 8104: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8049: 8044: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8016: 8010: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7998:Western Ghats 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7888:Western Ghats 7886: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7610: 7608: 7603: 7601: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7479:. Routledge. 7478: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7123:East and West 7119: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6474:, p. 52. 6473: 6468: 6449: 6442: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6416: 6414:9781000416756 6410: 6406: 6405: 6397: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6338: 6331: 6325: 6319:, p. 17. 6318: 6313: 6307:, p. 19. 6306: 6301: 6295:, p. 28. 6294: 6289: 6287: 6280:, p. 27. 6279: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6018: 6014: 6008: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5952:, p. 11. 5951: 5946: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5913:Grousset 1971 5909: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5889:Mookerji 1998 5885: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5849:, p. 37. 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5784:Khurshid 1972 5780: 5773: 5768: 5762:, p. 41. 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5730: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5679: 5672:, p. 34. 5671: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5649: 5641: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5449: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5345: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5274: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5222:, p. 13. 5221: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5183:, p. 15. 5182: 5177: 5175: 5167: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5125:9781032117225 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5085:Chos-dar 1959 5081: 5074: 5069: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5000: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4909: 4902: 4901:Krishnan 2016 4897: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4798:, p. 10. 4797: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4676:J. Takakusu, 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4609:Wriggins 1996 4605: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4585:Wriggins 1996 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4561:Wriggins 1996 4557: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4400:Krishnan 2016 4396: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4325: 4323: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3637:, p. 43. 3636: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3614:9781408864418 3610: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3589: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3484: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3463:, p. 17. 3462: 3461:Krishnan 2016 3457: 3450: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3379: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3263:, p. 59. 3262: 3257: 3255: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3192: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3058:Sharada Peeth 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3003: 2992: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2795:3-D animation 2786: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2602:Temple no. 14 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2471: 2463: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2413:Subhūticandra 2411: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339:, founder of 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2177:Padmasambhava 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2027:Kesaria Stupa 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1997:Barabar Caves 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1888:Pilgrimage to 1885: 1884: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810:Sarvastivada 1809: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:Chikitsavidya 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741:Great Vehicle 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1680:Jewel-adorned 1677: 1673: 1672:Sea of Jewels 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1554:Vincent Smith 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448:, apart from 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1342: 1337: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283:Tropu Lotsawa 1280: 1269: 1267: 1266:Khubilai Khan 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1193:known as the 1191: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Balaputradeva 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072:tradition, a 1071: 1066: 1057: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 989: 985: 975: 971: 969: 965: 958: 953: 949: 948: 942: 938: 936: 932: 928: 923: 914: 910: 907: 903: 899: 891: 886: 877: 873: 871: 867: 862: 860: 851: 847: 842: 838: 836: 832: 828: 823: 818: 809: 804: 794: 792: 782: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 760:Sutrakritanga 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 706: 701: 687: 685: 681: 676: 674: 669: 664: 660: 656: 655: 650: 646: 641: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 612: 607: 598: 596: 592: 588: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 560: 555: 553: 552: 547: 543: 542: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:Kumaragupta I 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374:eastern India 371: 367: 363: 359: 358: 354: 349: 340: 335: 331: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 291: 288: 284: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 220: 217: 213: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 129:Kumaragupta I 126: 122: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 63: 59: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12128:Pakki Sangat 12087:Guru ka Bagh 12031:Vikramashila 11985:Vikramashila 11842:Patna Museum 11796:Sasaram Fort 11755:Maner Sharif 11719:Vikramashila 11458:Jawahar Setu 11249:Kaimur Range 11092:Bhagan Bigha 11016:Ekangarsarai 11006:Bihar Sharif 10867:Bodhisattvas 10787:Christianity 10782:Baháʼí Faith 10647:Dharmachakra 10637:Prayer wheel 10627:Prayer beads 10395:Architecture 10274:969 Movement 10058:Saudi Arabia 10036:Central Asia 10029:South Africa 9851: 9834: 9767:Panchen Lama 9672:Buddhapālita 9268:Satipatthana 9263:Mindful Yoga 9176:Recollection 9090:Brahmavihara 8961:Japanese Zen 8956:Chinese Chan 8916:Animal realm 8723:Key concepts 8545:Bodhisattvas 8357:Three Jewels 8140: 8135:Vikramashila 8133: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 7951:Chittor Fort 7936:Ellora Caves 7906:Ajanta Caves 7681:Santiniketan 7586: 7579: 7495: 7476: 7456: 7435: 7414: 7386: 7365: 7339: 7335: 7315: 7294: 7290:Monroe, Paul 7278:. 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10120:New Zealand 10048:Middle East 9957:Philippines 9877:Afghanistan 9682:Bodhidharma 9667:Buddhaghosa 9587:Householder 9497:Monasticism 9450:Bodhisattva 9305:Prostration 9258:Mindfulness 9186:Anapanasati 9169:Kammaṭṭhāna 8966:Korean Seon 8906:Asura realm 8901:Human realm 8841:Ten Fetters 8796:Parinirvana 8698:Uppalavanna 8663:Mahākaccana 8648:Mahākassapa 8580:Kṣitigarbha 8575:Ākāśagarbha 8472:Suddhodāna 8417:Four sights 8344:Foundations 8169:Kanchipuram 8086:Nandadirghi 7966:Kumbhalgarh 7956:Gagron Fort 7572:from Google 5901:Walser 2005 5748:Walton 2015 5685:Monroe 2000 5653:Monroe 2000 5562:3 September 4980:: 424–428. 4711:: 701–706. 4665:Monroe 2000 4295:Monroe 2000 4050:Prasad 1988 3635:Wayman 1984 2976:Tirthankara 2582:Gajalakshmi 2531:Monastery 1 2397:Shilabhadra 2319:Dharmakirti 2301:Buddhaguhya 2184:Dharmakirti 2173:Kamalashila 2151:, both its 2057:Pataliputra 2022:Kapilavastu 2007:Chandavaram 1981:Other Sites 1846:Shilabhadra 1826:Chittamatra 1812:Sautrantika 1806:Vaibhashika 1773:Vedic texts 1765:Atharvaveda 1757:Shabdavidya 1692:Guhyasamaja 1674:), and the 1660:Ratnasagara 1652:Dharmaganja 1643:Pala period 1631:Bodhisattva 1611:The library 1539:Pala Empire 1454:New Zealand 1296:Blue Annals 927:Shilabhadra 817:Shakraditya 536:Dharmakirti 508:mathematics 444:Dharmakirti 409:Pala Empire 299:2016 (40th 296:Inscription 12177:Categories 11950:Bodhi Tree 11865:Pilgrimage 11811:Maner Fort 11682:Excavation 11509:Gulzarbagh 11453:Nehru Setu 11132:Ishwarchak 10829:Psychology 10809:Gnosticism 10797:Comparison 10792:Influences 10774:Comparison 10657:Bhavacakra 10615:Kushinagar 10590:Pilgrimage 10536:Māgha Pūjā 10491:Bodhi Tree 10307:Buddhology 10297:Abhidharma 10289:Philosophy 10222:Menander I 10090:Costa Rica 10041:Uzbekistan 9882:Bangladesh 9836:Dhammapada 9820:Pali Canon 9782:Ajahn Chah 9762:Dalai Lama 9662:Kumārajīva 9657:Vasubandhu 9632:The Buddha 9540:Zen master 9475:Sakadagami 9455:Buddhahood 9386:Pratimokṣa 9201:Shikantaza 9157:Meditation 9132:Deity yoga 9003:Madhyamaka 8896:Deva realm 8791:Mindstream 8741:Bodhicitta 8653:Aṅgulimāla 8520:Devadatta 8496:Yaśodharā 8399:The Buddha 8389:Middle Way 8194:Manyakheta 8100:Pushpagiri 8093:Odantapuri 6428:Ghosh 1965 6317:Ghosh 1965 6305:Ghosh 1965 6293:Ghosh 1965 6278:Ghosh 1965 6201:: 137–154. 5950:Ghosh 1965 5823:Bhatt 1995 5220:Ghosh 1965 5181:Ghosh 1965 4847:Ghosh 1965 4808:Ghosh 1965 4796:Ghosh 1965 4621:Ghosh 1965 4573:Ghosh 1965 4522:Asher 2015 4493:Ghosh 1965 4388:Ghosh 1965 4211:Ghosh 1965 4089:Ghosh 1965 4062:Ghosh 1965 4038:Ghosh 1965 3729:Joshi 1977 3449:Smith 2013 3387:6 November 3299:Asher 2015 3187:References 3046:Odantapuri 2691:(From the 2616:postures, 2438:Vasubandhu 2425:Vajrabodhi 2391:Shantideva 2380:Tang China 2356:Mahasiddha 2352:Maitripada 2346:Kamalaśīla 2325:Dharmapala 2259:Shariputra 2097:Tilaurakot 2072:Pushpagiri 1926:Kushinagar 1834:Vasubandhu 1817:Madhyamaka 1796:grub mtha' 1735:Curriculum 1729:Abhidhamma 1727:, and the 1668:Ratnodadhi 1656:Piety Mart 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10070:Argentina 9994:Sri Lanka 9989:Singapore 9907:Indonesia 9869:Countries 9810:Tripiṭaka 9772:Ajahn Mun 9647:Nagarjuna 9642:Aśvaghoṣa 9525:Anagārika 9520:Śrāmaṇerī 9515:Śrāmaṇera 9510:Bhikkhunī 9470:Sotāpanna 9359:Passaddhi 9300:Offerings 9275:Nekkhamma 9152:Iddhipada 9072:Practices 9042:Theravada 9015:Vajrayana 9008:Yogachara 8978:Pure Land 8891:Six Paths 8878:Cosmology 8658:Anuruddha 8633:Sāriputta 8623:Kaundinya 8615:Disciples 8590:Vajrapāṇi 8442:Footprint 8407:Tathāgata 8234:Udayagiri 8209:Ratnagiri 8184:Lalitgiri 8142:Jagaddala 8013:^part of 7946:Amer Fort 7777:Northeast 7755:Taj Mahal 7709:Agra Fort 7578:Entry on 7356:144865654 7280:1 October 7190:(2000) . 7100:(1998) . 7034:(1988) . 7010:(1986) . 6825:(1971) . 6734:. 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