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Mach 6.83 (7,456 km/h; 4,633 mph). Fuel was flowing to the engine for 11 seconds, a time in which the aircraft traveled more than 24 km (15 mi). Following
Pegasus booster separation, the vehicle experienced a small drop in speed but the scramjet engine afterward accelerated the vehicle in climbing flight. After burnout, controllers were still able to maneuver the vehicle and manipulate the flight controls for several minutes; the aircraft, slowed by air resistance, fell into the ocean. With this flight the X-43A became the fastest free-flying
428:. This caused the rocket to deviate significantly from the planned course, and it was destroyed as a safety precaution. An investigation into the incident stated that imprecise information about the capabilities of the rocket as well as its flight environment contributed to the accident. Several inaccuracies in data modeling for this test led to an inadequate control system for the particular Pegasus rocket used, though no single factor could ultimately be blamed for the failure.
263:
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220:(NASP) program in November 1994, the United States lacked a cohesive hypersonic technology development program. As one of the "better, faster, cheaper" programs developed by NASA in the late 1990s, the Hyper-X used technology and research from the NASP program which advanced it toward the demonstration of hypersonic air breathing propulsion,
440:
thrust approximately equal to drag, and then glided to the
Pacific Ocean after 14 minutes. Dynamic pressure during the flight was 1,050 psf (0.50 bar). It reached Mach 9.68, 6,755 mph (10,870 km/h) at 109,440 ft (33,357 m), and further tested the ability of the vehicle to withstand the heat loads involved.
362:. In the successful test, about one kilogram (two pounds) of the fuel was used. Unlike rockets, scramjet-powered vehicles do not carry oxygen on board for fueling the engine. Removing the need to carry oxygen significantly reduces the vehicle's size and weight. In the future, such lighter vehicles could take heavier
439:
NASA flew a third version of the X-43A on
November 16, 2004. The Pegasus rocket booster separated from its B-52 carrier at 40,000 feet and its solid rocket took the combination to Mach 10 at 110,000 feet. The X-43A split away at Mach 9.8 and the engine was started at Mach 9.65 for 10–12 seconds with
385:
The engines in the X-43A test vehicles were specifically designed for a certain speed range, only able to compress and ignite the fuel-air mixture when the incoming airflow is moving as expected. The first two X-43A aircraft were intended for flight at approximately Mach 7, while the third was
510:
engine. While most scramjet designs have used hydrogen for fuel, HyTech runs with conventional kerosene-type hydrocarbon fuels, which are more practical for support of operational vehicles. The building of a full-scale engine was planned which would use its own fuel for cooling. The engine cooling
180:
The first plane in the series, the X-43A, was a single-use vehicle, of which three were built. The first X-43A was destroyed after malfunctioning in flight in 2001. Each of the other two flew successfully in 2004, setting speed records, with the scramjets operating for approximately 10 seconds
324:. At high Mach speeds, heat can become so intense that metal portions of the airframe could melt. The X-43A compensated for this by cycling water behind the engine cowl and sidewall leading edges, cooling those surfaces. In tests, the water circulation was activated at about Mach 3.
431:
In the second test in March 2004, the
Pegasus fired successfully and released the test vehicle at an altitude of about 29,000 metres (95,000 ft). After separation, the engine's air intake was opened, the engine ignited, and the aircraft then accelerated away from the rocket reaching
373:
Scramjets only operate at speeds in the range of Mach 4.5 or higher, so rockets or other jet engines are required to initially boost scramjet-powered aircraft to this base velocity. In the case of the X-43A, the aircraft was accelerated to high speed with a
477:
Other X-43 vehicles were planned, but as of June 2013 they have been suspended or canceled. They were expected to have the same basic body design as the X-43A, though the aircraft were expected to be moderately to significantly larger in size.
465:
After the X-43 tests in 2004, NASA Dryden engineers said that they expected all of their efforts to culminate in the production of a two-stage-to-orbit crewed vehicle in about 20 years. The scientists expressed much doubt that there would be a
491:
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or FALCON scramjet reusable missile. In March 2006, it was announced that the Air Force
Research Laboratory (AFRL) supersonic combustion ramjet "WaveRider" flight test vehicle had been designated as X-51A. The USAF
534:. According to the introduction of the study, "The purpose of the X-43D is to gather high Mach flight environment and engine operability information which is difficult, if not impossible, to gather on the ground."
416:
NASA's first X-43A test on June 2, 2001 failed because the
Pegasus booster lost control about 13 seconds after it was released from the B-52 carrier. The rocket experienced a control oscillation as it went
526:
The X-43D would have been almost identical to the X-43A, but expanded the speed envelope to Mach 15. As of
September 2007, only a feasibility study had been conducted by Donald B. Johnson of
351:" engine, an engine variation where external combustion takes place within air that is flowing at supersonic speeds. The X-43A's developers designed the aircraft's airframe to be part of the
906:, August 2005. Quote: "Thanks to a funding request of $ 25 million for NASA sponsored by U.S. Rep. Jim Talent (R-Mo.), work on the X-43C program will continue through 2005."
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followed by 10-minute glides and intentional crashes into the ocean. Plans for more planes in the X-43 series have been suspended or cancelled, and replaced by the
213:
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before a House Space and
Aeronautics subcommittee hearing on March 18, 2004. In mid-2005, the X-43C appeared to be funded through the end of the year.
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The X-43C was indefinitely suspended in March 2004. The linked story reports the project's indefinite suspension and the appearance of Rear
Admiral
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designed to operate at speeds greater than Mach 9.8 (10,700 km/h; 6,620 mph) at altitudes of 30,000 m (98,000 ft) or more.
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298:. The aircraft weighed roughly 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). The X-43A was designed to be fully controllable in high-speed flight, even when
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The X-43C would have been somewhat larger than the X-43A and was expected to test the viability of hydrocarbon fuel, possibly with the
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system would have acted as a chemical reactor by breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into short-chain hydrocarbons for a rapid burn.
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239:. Langley was the lead center and responsible for hypersonic technology development. Dryden was responsible for flight research.
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might take over starting at Mach 2.5, with the engine converting to a scramjet configuration at approximately Mach 5.
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was the development and demonstration of technologies for air-breathing hypersonic flight. Following the cancellation of the
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booster accelerating NASA's X-43A (dark object mounted on nose) shortly after ignition during test flight (March 2, 2004)
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173:) brought the stack to the target speed and altitude, it was discarded, and the X-43 flew free using its own engine, a
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and design methods. Subsequent phases were not continued, as the X-43 series of aircraft was replaced in 2006 by the
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bomber. The combined X-43A and
Pegasus vehicle was referred to as the "stack" by the program's team members.
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system: the forebody is a part of the intake airflow, while the aft section functions as an exhaust nozzle.
223:
The Hyper-X Phase I was a NASA Aeronautics and Space Technology Enterprise program conducted jointly by the
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The X-43 was a part of NASA's Hyper-X program, involving the American space agency and contractors such as
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NASA's B-52B launch aircraft takes off carrying the X-43A hypersonic research vehicle (March 27, 2004)
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The X-43A aircraft was a small unpiloted test vehicle measuring just over 3.7 m (12 ft) in
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The X-43B, was a full-size vehicle, incorporating a turbine-based combined cycle (TBCC) engine or a
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306:. However, the aircraft was not designed to land and be recovered. Test vehicles crashed into the
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810:. 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. NASA Langley Research Center. Archived from
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https://web.archive.org/web/20150316013940/http://videoclip.pk/watch_video.php?v=H1M8DKHXN2HO
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engine. Jet turbines or rockets would initially propel the vehicle to supersonic speed. A
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613:"April 28, 2001: The First Captive-Carry Flight NASA's X-43A Hypersonic Research Vehicle"
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Harsha, Phillip T., Lowell C. Keel, Anthony Castrogiovanni and Robert T. Sherrill.
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Phase I was a seven-year, approximately $ 230,000,000 program to flight-validate
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The craft was created to develop and test a supersonic-combustion ramjet, or "
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150:. The X-43 is the fastest jet-powered aircraft on record at approximately
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design, where the body of the aircraft provides a significant amount of
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785:"Airbreathing Hypersonic Propulsion at Pratt & Whitney – Overview"
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209:(GASL). Micro Craft Inc. built the X-43A and GASL built its engine.
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627:"Faster Than a Speeding Bullet: Guinness Recognizes NASA Scramjet."
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Eleven Seconds into the Unknown: A History of the Hyper-X Program
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564: – Former planned US Central Intelligence Agency aircraft
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Traveling at Mach speeds produces significant heat due to the
370:
or carry payloads of the same weight much more efficiently.
847:"NASA "Hyper-X" Program Demonstrates Scramjet Technologies"
637:
450:
Force Application and Launch from Continental United States
295:
135:
89:
66:
169:. After the booster rocket (a modified first stage of the
558: – US NASA & DOD hypersonic project in 1986–1993
28:
585:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
16:
Unmanned US experimental hypersonic aircraft, 1991-2000
876:"X-43C, RS-84 Engine Among Casualties Of NASA Review."
764:
457:
was first flown on May 26, 2010, dropped from a B-52.
790:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
715:
713:
421:, eventually leading to the failure of the rocket's
142:
program developed in the late 1990s. It set several
961:
Dryden Flight Research Center X-43 Photo Collection
767:"Facing the Heat Barrier: A History of Hypersonics"
742:(Astronomers' Universe). New York: Springer, 2008.
575:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
161:with the X-43 placed on top, called a "stack", was
804:X-43: Scramjet Power Breaks the Hypersonic Barrier
760:
758:
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625:Thompson, Elvia, Keith Henry and Leslie Williams.
358:The engine of the X-43A was primarily fueled with
800:
782:
697:How Spacecraft Fly: Spaceflight Without Formulae.
583: – Unmanned hypersonic experimental aircraft
546: – US program to develop a hypersonic weapon
409:The X-43A being dropped from under the wing of a
1550:
916:"X-43D Conceptual Design and Feasibility Study."
753:
829:"Fastest aircraft, air-breathing engine: X-43"
552: – Australia hypersonic project 2000-2007
1007:
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126:variations meant to test various aspects of
891:March 19, 2004. Retrieved: January 9, 2010.
570: – US NASA & DOD program 2000-2002
1564:Aircraft manufactured in the United States
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1000:
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590:Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle
1569:2000s United States experimental aircraft
765:Thomas A. Heppenheimer (September 2007).
592: – Hypersonic demonstration aircraft
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681:“X-43A Vehicle Design and Manufacture.”
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448:In January 2006 the USAF announced the
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740:Spaceplanes: From Airport to Spaceport
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336:Full-scale model of the X-43 plane in
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966:International components of the X-43a
772:. NASA History Division. p. 277.
340:8-foot (2 m), high-temperature
794:
294:for flight, rather than relying on
212:One of the primary goals of NASA's
13:
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530:and Jeffrey S. Robinson of NASA's
474:(NASP) in the foreseeable future.
207:General Applied Science Laboratory
14:
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937:
1574:Proposed reusable launch systems
925:AIAA. Retrieved: August 1, 2011.
801:Charles McClinton (9 Jan 2006).
721:“Hypersonic Pioneer: The X-43A.”
27:
1594:Aircraft related to spaceflight
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266:Artist's concept of X-43A with
949:NASA page for the X-43 project
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233:Dryden Flight Research Center
401:image of the X-43A at Mach 7
203:Orbital Sciences Corporation
7:
726:Retrieved: August 16, 2012.
537:
488:rocket-based combined cycle
460:
134:series and specifically of
50:Experimental hypersonic UAV
10:
1610:
1536:Assigned to multiple types
944:X-43 Launch NASA Animation
865:Retrieved: August 1, 2011.
783:Richard R. Kazmar (2005).
699:New York: Springer, 2010.
686:Retrieved: August 1, 2011.
642:Retrieved: August 1, 2011.
380:Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
378:launched from a converted
167:Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
1589:Scramjet-powered aircraft
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901:"Good news travels fast."
724:AircraftInFormation.info.
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472:National Aerospace Plane
470:crewed vehicle like the
310:when the test was over.
218:National Aerospace Plane
1036:Supersonic/special test
568:Space Launch Initiative
532:Langley Research Center
436:aircraft in the world.
320:involved in supersonic
246:propulsion, hypersonic
225:Langley Research Center
76:Micro Craft (airframe)
833:Guinness World Records
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214:Aeronautics Enterprise
122:with multiple planned
1024:experimental aircraft
1022:USAF / Joint Service
468:single-stage-to-orbit
411:NB-52B Stratofortress
408:
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130:. It was part of the
849:. NASA. Aug 7, 2017.
738:Bentley, Matthew A.
544:DARPA Falcon Project
286:. The vehicle was a
1584:Hypersonic aircraft
1559:2001 in spaceflight
874:Morris, Jefferson.
390:Operational testing
237:Edwards, California
201:, Micro Craft Inc,
42:General information
1076:"X" (1948–present)
971:2012-10-14 at the
954:2016-02-13 at the
921:2008-02-29 at the
881:2004-11-18 at the
659:. Virginia: AIAA.
632:2021-07-30 at the
562:Project Rheinberry
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748:978-0-38776-509-9
705:978-1-44192-629-6
695:Swinerd, Graham.
666:978-1-60086-776-7
229:Hampton, Virginia
128:hypersonic flight
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615:. 28 April 2021.
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516:Craig E. Steidle
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835:. 16 Nov 2004.
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1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
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1078:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
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1053:
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1034:
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1025:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
997:
994:
988:
985:
983:
979:
976:
974:
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967:
964:
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957:
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947:
945:
942:
941:
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920:
917:
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905:
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897:
890:
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887:Aviation Week
884:
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871:
864:
861:
856:
848:
842:
834:
830:
824:
813:
806:
805:
797:
786:
779:
768:
761:
759:
757:
750:, p. 110–111.
749:
745:
741:
735:
733:
725:
722:
719:Martin, Guy.
716:
714:
706:
702:
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658:
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631:
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596:
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588:
582:
579:
578:
577:
576:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:Rockwell X-30
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
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533:
529:
519:
517:
512:
509:
499:
497:
493:
489:
479:
475:
473:
469:
458:
456:
451:
441:
437:
435:
434:air-breathing
429:
427:
424:
420:
412:
407:
400:
396:
387:
383:
381:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:hydrogen fuel
356:
354:
350:
343:
339:
334:
325:
323:
319:
316:
311:
309:
308:Pacific Ocean
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
276:
269:
264:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
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210:
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163:drop launched
160:
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68:
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61:
58:United States
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
25:
20:
1533:Not assigned
1317:
1074:Experimental
911:
903:
896:
885:
870:
862:
855:
841:
832:
823:
812:the original
803:
796:
778:
739:
723:
696:
691:
683:
675:
656:
647:
636:
621:
607:
595:
574:
573:
525:
513:
505:
485:
476:
464:
447:
444:Replacements
438:
430:
415:
384:
372:
357:
346:
312:
288:lifting body
281:
248:aerodynamics
241:
222:
211:
196:
179:
156:
148:jet aircraft
139:
111:experimental
106:
104:
96:Number built
86:Primary user
1226:26–50
581:Boeing X-51
455:Boeing X-51
342:wind tunnel
318:shock waves
315:compression
193:Development
154: 9.6.
1553:Categories
1539:Unofficial
1331:X-44 (UAV)
1326:X-44 MANTA
1083:1–25
863:space.com.
599:References
353:propulsion
304:propulsion
231:, and the
117:hypersonic
1384:51–
860:"Falcon."
707:. p. 113.
423:starboard
419:transonic
338:Langley's
189:program.
157:A winged
107:NASA X-43
1479:See also
982:infrared
969:Archived
952:Archived
919:Archived
879:Archived
655:(2010).
630:Archived
538:See also
461:Variants
364:payloads
349:scramjet
302:without
268:scramjet
244:scramjet
185:managed
175:scramjet
120:aircraft
114:unmanned
81:(engine)
73:Built by
63:Designer
1028:X-plane
490:(RBCC)
300:gliding
165:from a
140:Hyper-X
132:X-plane
109:was an
746:
703:
663:
550:HyShot
528:Boeing
508:HyTech
496:ramjet
426:elevon
328:Engine
284:length
258:Design
199:Boeing
1521:XQ-67
1516:XQ-58
1511:M2-F3
1506:M2-F2
1501:M2-F1
1496:HL-10
1491:HiMAT
1358:X-47C
1353:X-47B
1322:X-44
1210:X-24C
933:Notes
815:(PDF)
808:(PDF)
788:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
522:X-43D
502:X-43C
492:ISTAR
482:X-43B
368:space
366:into
296:wings
124:scale
1486:AD-1
1466:X-66
1461:X-65
1456:X-64
1451:X-63
1446:X-62
1441:X-61
1436:X-60
1431:X-59
1426:X-58
1421:X-57
1416:X-56
1411:X-55
1406:X-54
1401:X-53
1396:X-52
1391:X-51
1375:X-50
1370:X-49
1365:X-48
1348:X-47
1343:X-46
1338:X-45
1318:X-43
1313:X-42
1308:X-41
1303:X-40
1298:X-39
1293:X-38
1288:X-37
1283:X-36
1278:X-35
1273:X-34
1268:X-33
1263:X-32
1258:X-31
1253:X-30
1248:X-29
1243:X-28
1238:X-27
1233:X-26
1217:X-25
1205:X-24
1200:X-23
1195:X-22
1190:X-21
1185:X-20
1180:X-19
1175:X-18
1170:X-17
1165:X-16
1160:X-15
1155:X-14
1150:X-13
1145:X-12
1140:X-11
1135:X-10
744:ISBN
701:ISBN
661:ISBN
638:NASA
292:lift
252:X-51
205:and
187:X-51
183:USAF
152:Mach
146:for
136:NASA
105:The
90:NASA
79:GASL
67:NASA
47:Type
22:X-43
1130:X-9
1125:X-8
1120:X-7
1115:X-6
1110:X-5
1105:X-4
1100:X-3
1095:X-2
1090:X-1
1065:S-5
1060:S-4
1055:S-3
1050:S-2
1045:S-1
399:CFD
138:'s
1555::
980:,
831:.
755:^
731:^
712:^
254:.
235:,
227:,
177:.
1026:(
1015:e
1008:t
1001:v
889:,
669:.
640:.
99:3
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