National Science Foundation Network

3836:, held a hearing to review the management of NSFNET. Witnesses at the hearing were asked to focus on the agreement(s) that NSF put in place for the operation of the NSFNET backbone, the foundation's plan for recompetition of those agreements, and to help the subcommittee explore whether the NSF's policies provided a level playing field for network service providers, ensured that the network was responsive to user needs, and provided for effective network management. The subcommittee heard from seven witnesses, asked them a number of questions, and received written statements from all seven as well as from three others. At the end of the hearing, speaking to the two witnesses from NSF, 3526:

fundraising, advertising, public relations activities, extensive personal or private use, for-profit consulting, and all illegal activities were never acceptable, even when that use is by a non-profit college, university, K-12 school, or library. While these AUP provisions seem reasonable, in some specific cases, they often proved difficult to interpret and enforce. NSF did not monitor the content of traffic that was sent over NSFNET or actively police the use of the network. Further, NSF did not require Merit or the regional networks to do so. NSF, Merit, and the regional networks did investigate possible cases of inappropriate use, when such use was brought to their attention.

2876: 3048:. Merit provided overall project coordination, network design and engineering, a Network Operations Center (NOC), and information services to assist the regional networks. IBM provided equipment, software development, installation, maintenance and operations support. MCI provided the T-1 data circuits at reduced rates. The state of Michigan provided funding for facilities and personnel. Eric M. Aupperle, Merit's President, was the NSFNET Project Director, and Hans-Werner Braun was Co-Principal Investigator. 3155: 3191:(ANS), a new non-profit corporation with a more broadly based Board of Directors than the Michigan-based Merit Network. Under its cooperative agreement with NSF, Merit remained ultimately responsible for the operation of NSFNET, but subcontracted much of the engineering and operations work to ANS. Both IBM and MCI made substantial new financial and other commitments to help support the new venture. Allan Weis left IBM to become ANS's first President and Managing Director. 3215: 2816: 3684: 2852: 2868: 2860: 3087:, MIDnet, NCAR, NorthWestNet, NYSERNet, SESQUINET, SURAnet, and Westnet, which in turn connected about 170 additional networks to the NSFNET. Three new nodes were added as part of the upgrade to T-3: NEARNET in Cambridge, Massachusetts; Argone National Laboratory outside of Chicago; and SURAnet in Atlanta, Georgia. NSFNET connected to other federal government networks including the NASA Science Internet, the Energy Science Network ( 3142:(BGP), originated during this period of Internet history. BGP allowed routers on the NSFNET backbone to differentiate routes originally learned via multiple paths. Prior to BGP, interconnection between IP network was inherently hierarchical, and careful planning was needed to avoid routing loops. BGP turned the Internet into a meshed topology, moving away from the centric architecture which the ARPANET emphasized. 3610:(ANS) that had been created earlier by the NSFNET partners, Merit, IBM, and MCI. ANS CO+RE was created specifically to allow commercial traffic on ANSNet without jeopardizing its parent's non-profit status or violating any tax laws. The NSFNET Backbone Service and ANS CO+RE both used and shared the common ANSNet infrastructure. NSF agreed to allow ANS CO+RE to carry commercial traffic subject to several conditions: 3534:

research and educational institutions, would need to obtain two connections, one to an NSFNET attached regional network and one to a non-NSFNET attached network provider. In either case the situation was confusing and inefficient. It prevented economies of scale, increased costs, or both. And this slowed the growth of the Internet and its adoption by new classes of users, something no one was happy about.

3852:… I think you should be very proud of what you have accomplished. Even those who have some constructive criticism of the way that the network is presently managed acknowledge at the outset that you have done a terrific job in accomplishing the goal of this NSFNET, and its user-ship is enormously up, its cost to the users has come down, and you certainly have our congratulations for that excellent success. 40: 3860:… to foster and support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which may be used substantially for purposes in addition to research and education in the sciences and engineering, if the additional uses will tend to increase the overall capabilities of the networks to support such research and education activities (that is to say, commercial traffic). 3591:, CERFNet, and others. The commercial networks in many cases were interconnected to the NSFNET and routed traffic over the NSFNET nominally accordingly to the NSFNET acceptable use policy Additionally, these early commercial networks often directly interconnected with each other as well as, on a limited basis, with some of the regional Internet networks. 2831:(NCAR) to each other and to the regional research and education networks that would in turn connect campus networks. Using this three tier network architecture NSFNET would provide access between the supercomputer centers and other sites over the backbone network at no cost to the centers or to the regional networks using the open 3691:

On April 30, 1995, the NSFNET Backbone Service had been successfully transitioned to a new architecture and the NSFNET fiber optic backbone was decommissioned. At this point the NSFNET regional backbone networks were still central to the infrastructure of the expanding Internet, and there were still

3533:

The prohibition on commercial use of the NSFNET backbone meant that some organizations could not connect to the Internet via regional networks that were connected to the NSFNET backbone, while to be fully connected other organizations (or regional networks on their behalf), including some non-profit

3629:

and Al Weis forged an agreement where ANS would connect to the CIX as a "trial" with the ability to disconnect at a moment's notice and without the need to join the CIX as a member. This compromise resolved things for a time, but later the CIX started to block access from regional networks that had

3529:

An example may help to illustrate the problem. Is it acceptable for a parent to exchange e-mail with a child enrolled at a college or university, if that exchange uses the NSFNET backbone? It would be acceptable, if the subject of the e-mail was the student's instruction or a research project. Even

3302:

Mbit/s (T-1) links to Princeton University, Rutgers University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Brown University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh, Yale University, The Institute for Advanced Study, Pennsylvania State University, Rochester Institute of

3620:

that any excess revenues recovered above the cost of carrying the commercial traffic would be placed into an infrastructure pool to be distributed by an allocation committee broadly representative of the networking community to enhance and extend national and regional networking infrastructure and

3525:

A notable feature of the AUP is that it cites acceptable uses of the network that are not directly related to who or what type of organization is making that use. Use from for-profit organizations is acceptable when it is in support of open research and education. Additionally, some uses, such as

3566:

also obtained permission to establish experimental gateways for the same purpose at about the same time. The interesting side effect of these links to NSFNET was that the users of the heretofore disconnected commercial email services were able to exchange email with one another via the Internet.

3730:

The NSFNET regional backbone networks could connect to any of their newer peer commercial backbone networks or directly to the NAPs, but in either case they would need to pay for their own connection infrastructure. NSF provided some funding for the NAPs and interim funding to help the regional

3659:

For a time this state of affairs kept the networking community as a whole from fully implementing the vision for the Internet as a worldwide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks allowing any connected site to communicate with any other connected site. These issues would not be fully

3404:

The NSF's appropriations act authorized NSF to "foster and support the development and use of computer and other scientific and engineering methods and technologies, primarily for research and education in the sciences and engineering." This allowed NSF to support NSFNET and related networking

3824:

For much of the period from 1987 to 1995, following the opening up of the Internet through NSFNET and in particular after the creation of the for-profit ANS CO+RE in May 1991, some Internet stakeholders were concerned over the effects of privatization and the manner in which ANS, IBM, and MCI

4535:

Even after the appropriations act was amended in 1992 to give NSF more flexibility with regard to commercial traffic, NSF never felt that it could entirely do away with the AUP and its restrictions on commercial traffic, see the response to Recommendation 5 in NSF's response to the Inspector

3553:

system to NSFNET. MCI provided funding and FNC provided permission and in the summer of 1989, this linkage was made. In effect, the FNC permitted experimental use of the NSFNET backbone to carry commercial email traffic into and out of the NSFNET. Other email providers such as

3245:

In addition to the five NSF supercomputer centers (which operated regional networks, e.g., SDSCnet and NCSAnet), NSFNET provided connectivity to eleven regional networks and through these networks to many smaller regional and campus networks. The NSFNET regional networks were:

3506:

This statement applies to use of the NSFNET Backbone only. NSF expects that connecting networks will formulate their own use policies. The NSF Division of Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure will resolve any questions about this Policy or its

3522:(AUP) that outlined in broad terms the uses of NSFNET that were and were not allowed. The AUP was revised several times to make it clearer and to allow the broadest possible use of NSFNET, consistent with Congress' wishes as expressed in the appropriations act. 3174:

servers running AIX UNIX. Core nodes were located at MCI facilities with end nodes at the connected regional networks and supercomputing centers. Completed in November 1991, the transition from T-1 to T-3 did not go as smoothly as the previous transition from

3788:

network to carry TCP/IP traffic primarily between the supercomputing centers and their users. NSF support was available to organizations that could demonstrate a need for very high speed networking capabilities and wished to connect to the vBNS or to the

4521: 4504: 4468: 3183:

mbit/s T-1, as it took longer than planned. As a result, there was at times serious congestion on the overloaded T-1 backbone. Following the transition to T-3, portions of the T-1 backbone were left in place to act as a backup for the new T-3 backbone.

2717:

in support of these initiatives. It was created to link researchers to the NSF-funded supercomputing centers. Later, with additional public funding and also with private industry partnerships, the network developed into a major part of the

2879:

NSFNET Traffic 1991, NSFNET backbone nodes are shown at the top, regional networks below, traffic volume is depicted from purple (zero bytes) to white (100 billion bytes), visualization by NCSA using traffic data provided by the Merit

3323:

the first NSFNET regional backbone to become operational in the Summer of 1986, serving Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota, later acquired by Global Internet, which was acquired by Verio,

3051:

From 1987 to 1994, Merit organized a series of "Regional-Techs" meetings, where technical staff from the regional networks met to discuss operational issues of common concern with each other and the Merit engineering staff.

3457:

Communication with foreign researchers and educators in connection with research or instruction, as long as any network that the foreign user employs for such communication provides reciprocal access to US researchers and

3605:

In 1991, a new ISP, ANS CO+RE (commercial plus research), raised concerns and unique questions regarding commercial and non-commercial interoperability policies. ANS CO+RE was the for-profit subsidiary of the non-profit

4507:, a transcript of the March 12, 1992 hearing before the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, Hon. 4471:, a transcript of the March 12, 1992 hearing before the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, Hon. 4520:"… I would dearly love to be able to exchange electronic mail with my son in college in Minnesota, but I feel that is probably not acceptable …", Steve Wolff, NSF DNCRI Director, speaking as a witness during the 3441:

and education in and among US research and instructional institutions, plus research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication and research. Use for other purposes is not acceptable.

3881:

complimenting the NSFNET partners, saying that "the exchange of views among NSF, the NSFNET provider (Merit/ANS), and the users of NSFNET , is truly remarkable in a program of the federal government"; and

3864:

This legislation allowed, but did not require, NSF to repeal or modify its existing NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) which restricted network use to activities in support of research and education.

2827:, the NSF established the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET). NSFNET was to be a general-purpose research network, a hub to connect the five supercomputing centers along with the NSF-funded 2954:

and included publishing the softbound "Internet Manager's Phonebook" which listed the contact information for every issued domain name and IP address in 1990. Incidentally, Ed Krol also authored the

3083:, the first NSFNET regional backbone network became operational. By 1988, in addition to the five NSF supercomputer centers, NSFNET included connectivity to the regional networks BARRNet, JVNCNet, 3829:, which still exists, evolved as one of its largest critics. Other writers, such as Chetly Zarko, a University of Michigan alumnus and freelance investigative writer, offered their own critiques. 4857:

Performance Systems International (PSI), AlterNet, Commercial Internet Exchange Association (CIX), Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), Gordon Cook, among others, see Cyber Telecom's Web page on

3649:

differences in the cultures of the non-profit research and education community and the for-profit community with ANS trying to be a member of both camps and not being fully accepted by either;

5024: 4744:- Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993 4800:, Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research Program, Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering, National Science Foundation, February 16, 2001, 16 pp. 3633:

Meanwhile, Congress passed its Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act of 1992 that formally permitted NSF to connect to commercial networks in support of research and education.

3680:

of today. With its success, the "federally-funded backbone" model gave way to a vision of commercially operated networks operating together to which the users purchased access.

2971:

kbit/s NSFNET backbone experienced rapid increases in network traffic and became seriously congested. In June 1987 NSF issued a new solicitation to upgrade and expand NSFNET.

3602:

and CERFnet to provide a location at which multiple networks could exchange traffic free from traffic-based settlements and restrictions imposed by an acceptable use policy.

3711:

or NAPs. Competitively established, and initially funded by NSF, the NAPs were located in New York (actually New Jersey), Washington, D.C., Chicago, and San Jose and run by

5201: 5150: 3974:, Inc. is an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities. Merit receives administrative services under an agreement with the 3804:

At the February 1994 regional techs meeting in San Diego, the group revised its charter to include a broader base of network service providers, and subsequently adopted

1652: 3135:

Traffic on the network continued its rapid growth, doubling every seven months. Projections indicated that the T-1 backbone would become overloaded sometime in 1990.

3825:

received a perceived competitive advantage in leveraging federal research money to gain ground in fields in which other companies allegedly were more competitive.

3334:, added as part of the upgrade to T-3, serving Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, established in late 1988, operated by 3652:

differences of opinion about the best approach to take to open the Internet to commercial use and to maintain and encourage a fully interconnected Internet; and

3476:

Any traffic originating from a network of another member agency of the Federal Networking Council if the traffic meets the acceptable use policy of that agency.

5017: 3871:

to conduct a review of NSF's administration of NSFNET. The NSF Office of the Inspector General released its report on March 23, 1993. The report concluded by:

3464:

Use for disciplinary-society, university-association, government-advisory, or standards activities related to the user's research and instructional activities.

3380:

serving Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, sold to

4623:

A series of e-mail messages that talk about various aspects of the CIX as seen from MichNet, the regional network operated by Merit in the State of Michigan:

5170: 4950:"Fool Us Once Shame on You—Fool Us Twice Shame on Us: What We Can Learn from the Privatizations of the Internet Backbone Network and the Domain Name System" 4756: 3530:

if the subject was not instruction or research, the e-mail still might be acceptable as private or personal business as long as the use was not extensive.

4880: 3695:

After the transition, network traffic was carried on the NSFNET fiber optic regional backbone networks and any of several commercial backbone networks,

4536:

General's review (an April 19, 1993 memo from Frederick Bernthal, Acting Director, to Linda Sundro, Inspector General, that is included at the end of

3225: with: more detailed descriptions of the regional networks, the regions and organizations they served, and what happened to them. You can help by 5398: 5010: 4308: 3010:

was added. Each of the backbone nodes was a router called the Nodal Switching System (NSS). The NSSes were a collection of multiple (typically nine)

3187:

In anticipation of the T-3 upgrade and the approaching end of the 5-year NSFNET cooperative agreement, in September 1990 Merit, IBM, and MCI formed

3813: 3781: 3587:

During the period when NSFNET was being established, Internet service providers that allowed commercial traffic began to emerge, such as Alternet,

3467:

Use in applying for or administering grants or contracts for research or instruction, but not for other fundraising or public relations activities.

2901: 3926: 2897: 2893: 2795: 907: 3655:

differences of opinion about the correct type and level of involvement in Internet networking initiatives by the public and the private sectors.

3809: 3734:

To help ensure the stability of the Internet during and immediately after the transition from NSFNET, NSF conducted a solicitation to select a

2932: 2799: 3757:) which, like NSFNET before it, would focus on providing service to the research and education community. MCI won this award and created a 155 3954: 3542: 4467:

March 16, 1992 memo from Mariam Leder, NSF Assistant General Counsel to Steven Wolff, Division Director, NSF DNCRI (included at page 128 of

3668:

The NSFNET Backbone Service was primarily used by academic and educational entities, and was a transitional network bridging the era of the

2725:

The National Science Foundation permitted only government agencies and universities to use the network until 1989 when the first commercial

4812: 4779: 4682: 4671: 4660: 4649: 4638: 4627: 2710:(NSF) from 1985 to 1995 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. The program created several nationwide 4196: 3298:, connected the universities that made up the Consortium for Scientific Computing as well as a few New Jersey Universities. There were 1.5 4949: 5110: 3856:

Subsequently, the subcommittee drafted legislation, becoming law on October 23, 1992, which authorized the National Science Foundation

3805: 3461:

Communication and exchange for professional development, to maintain currency, or to debate issues in a field or subfield of knowledge.

1232: 4737: 4924: 4831: 4324: 4116: 4079: 3202:

The new T-3 backbone was named ANSNet and provided the physical infrastructure used by Merit to deliver the NSFNET Backbone Service.

294: 4276: 5356: 2828: 1324: 4939:, from Hans-Werner Braun, Co-Principal Investigator for the NSFNET Project at Merit Network, and later, Research Scientist at the 4899: 5372: 5140: 5039: 4415: 1579: 1522: 5160: 3268: 3094:

Connections were also established to research and education networks in other countries starting in 1988 with Canada, France,

4190: 2960:

to help users of the NSFNET understand its capabilities. The Hitchhiker's Guide became one of the first help manuals for the

2956: 3345:, serving Alaska, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington, founded in 1987; Currently being used by Ziply Fiber 3105:(FIXes) were established in June 1989 under the auspices of the Federal Engineering Planning Group (FEPG). FIX East, at the 5403: 1561: 3625:

For a time ANS CO+RE refused to connect to the CIX and the CIX refused to purchase a connection to ANS CO+RE. In May 1992

3226: 4940: 4403:, Karyn R. Ames and Alan Brenner (eds.), University of California Press, 1994, pages 470-481. Retrieved 14 November 2013. 2808: 1692: 1634: 382: 4396: 3567:

Coincidentally, three commercial Internet service providers emerged in the same general time period: AlterNet (built by

3098:(serving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden), the Netherlands, and many other countries in subsequent years. 5050: 4145: 2824: 1615: 4997: 4032:

Claffy, Kimberly C.; Braun, Hans-Werner; Polyzos, George C. (August 1994). "Tracking long-term growth of the NSFNET".

4966:, by Stephen Grillo, February 11, 2011, highlights IBM's contribution to NSFNET as part of its celebration of IBM's 4549: 3059:

the NSF Connections Program that helped colleges and universities obtain or upgrade connections to regional networks;

4592: 5393: 2778: 4725:

RFC 1167, V. Cerf, "Thoughts on the National Research and Education Network", July 1990. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

4244: 757: 84: 4797:

NSF Program Solicitation 01-73: High Performance Network Connections for Science and Engineering Research (HPNC)

4753: 4162: 3660:

resolved until a new network architecture was developed and the NSFNET Backbone Service was turned off in 1995.

3641:

The creation of ANS CO+RE and its initial refusal to connect to the CIX was one of the factors that lead to the

3072:, that encouraged connections between the NSFNET backbone and international research and education networks; and 4604: 3743: 3026: 2804: 1134: 3473:

Announcements of new products or services for use in research or instruction, but not advertising of any kind.

5211: 5180: 3833: 3607: 3188: 3022: 2790: 1058: 946: 644: 105: 5002: 4022:

NSF 87-37: Project Solicitation for Management and Operation of the NSFNET Backbone Network, June 15, 1987.

3595: 3495:

Use for for-profit activities, unless covered by the General Principle or as a specifically acceptable use.

2427: 1039: 1002: 439: 3840:, Assistant NSF Director for the Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate (CISE), and 3479:

Communication incidental to otherwise acceptable use, except for illegal or specifically unacceptable use.

4560: 3749:

To continue its promotion of advanced networking technology the NSF conducted a solicitation to create a

3276: 3170:) transmission circuits was deployed to interconnect 16 nodes. The routers on the upgraded backbone were 2746: 2707: 518: 149: 4980:, April 1988 (Vol. 1 No. 1) to July 1994 (Vol. 7 No. 1), text only, a web and FTP site provided by the 3884:

making 17 "recommendations to correct certain deficiencies and strengthen the upcoming re-solicitation."

3878:

finding no serious problems with the administration, management, and use of the NSFNET Backbone Service;

3844:, Director of NSF's Division of Networking & Communications Research & Infrastructure (DNCRI), 3617:

that ANS CO+RE recovered at least the average cost of the commercial traffic traversing the network; and

4944: 3930: 3785: 3546: 2782: 5114: 3118: 3114: 3102: 3075:

various ad hoc grants to organizations such as the Federation of American Research Networks (FARNET).

2726: 2488: 1597: 1261: 889: 4329:, Volume 4, No. 3 (Sept/Oct 1991), p. 1, NSFNET Information Services, Merit Network, Inc., Ann Arbor 3470:

Any other administrative communications or activities in direct support of research and instruction.

2729:

emerged. By 1991, the NSF removed access restrictions and the commercial ISP business grew rapidly.

1477: 720: 5221: 3868: 3793:, the high speed network operated by the University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development ( 3331: 3065:

the NNSC, and successor Network Information Services Manager (aka InterNIC) information help desks;

2786: 1495: 4046: 3951: 3832:

On March 12, 1992 the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology,

5087: 3894: 3812:

and Mark Knopper were the founders of NANOG and its first coordinators, followed by Bill Norton,

3735: 3724: 3139: 3088: 2760: 2549: 1306: 911: 851: 833: 625: 73: 68: 4918: 4809: 4795: 4776: 4679: 4668: 4657: 4646: 4635: 4624: 4612: 3006:) by July 1988. Additional links were added to form a multi-path network, and a node located in 160: 5271: 4315:, Volume 7, No. 1 (July 1994), p.8, Merit/NSFNET Information Services, Merit Network, Ann Arbor 4296: 4177: 4041: 3975: 3373: 3196: 3110: 3106: 2950:

Support for NSFNET end-users was provided by the NSF Network Service Center (NNSC), located at

2905: 984: 17: 3731:

networks make the transition, but did not fund the new commercial backbone networks directly.

4179:

The history of NORDUnet: twenty-five years of networking cooperation in the noridic countries

4133: 3295: 3288: 3261: 3251: 3195:, former Chair of the Merit Network Board and Vice Provost for Information Technology at the 3192: 2769: 2749:(NSF) aimed to create an academic research network facilitating access by researchers to the 2079: 1670: 420: 4213: 3692:

other NSFNET programs, but there was no longer a central NSFNET optical networking service.

2927:

kbit/s backbone was overseen by the supercomputer centers themselves with the lead taken by

5306: 4734: 3708: 3388: 2764: 2465: 1909: 1265: 4828: 4412: 4380: 4076: 3988: 3303:

Technology, New York University, The University of Colorado and The University of Arizona.

8: 4977: 3342: 3310: 3272: 1542: 481: 4577: 4537: 3132:(CLNP) in addition to TCP/IP. However, CLNP usage remained low when compared to TCP/IP. 4896: 4238: 4059: 3875:

stating that "n general we were favorably impressed with the NSFNET program and staff";

3777: 3712: 3696: 3079:

The NSFNET became the principal Internet backbone starting in the Summer of 1986, when

3055:

During this period, but separate from its support for the NSFNET backbone, NSF funded:

3018: 2999: 2944: 2889: 2773: 2386: 663: 97: 4959: 4458:, NorthWestNet Academic Computing Consortium, Inc., 24 March 1992 accessed 3 July 2012 4608: 4186: 4141: 3409:." And this in turn was taken to mean that use of NSFNET for commercial purposes was 3392: 3320: 2719: 2686: 2619: 2597: 2529:, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service 1021: 101: 4930: 2920:, served as the network routers since they already implemented the TCP/IP standard. 2875: 5245: 5144: 4698: 4489: 4435: 4248: 4063: 4051: 3381: 3377: 3352: 3335: 3167: 3003: 2951: 2936: 2742: 2714: 2711: 2571: 1777: 1115: 4881:"A Critical Look at the University of Michigan's Role in the 1987 Merit Agreement" 4777:

E-mail regarding Network Access Points from Steve Wolff (NSF) to the com-priv list

3062:

regional networks to obtain or upgrade equipment and data communications circuits;

39: 5321: 5316: 5296: 4903: 4835: 4816: 4783: 4760: 4741: 4686: 4675: 4664: 4653: 4642: 4631: 4596: 4419: 4083: 3958: 3790: 2917: 1965: 1421: 4986: 4094: 2815: 4858: 3837: 3359: 2507: 2211: 2060: 1458: 1077: 4540:, Office of the Inspector General, National Science Foundation, 23 March 1993) 3154: 1243:

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

5387: 5231: 4580:, Office of the Inspector General, National Science Foundation, 23 March 1993 4451: 4134:"The path to digital literacy and network culture in France (1980s to 1990s)" 3971: 3841: 3739: 3438: 3338:

under contract to MIT, BBN assumed responsibility for NEARNET on 1 July 1993;

3306: 3084: 3069: 3033: 2984: 2940: 2909: 2750: 2682: 2641: 2593: 2404: 1891: 1214: 965: 256: 89: 77: 61: 5032: 2756:

In 1985, NSF began funding the creation of five new supercomputing centers:

5265: 5184: 4508: 4472: 4387:

moderator, NSFNET: The Partnership That Changed The World, 29 November 2007

3845: 2329: 2215: 2174: 1928: 328: 4589: 4055: 1635:

ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names

5215: 5124: 4963: 4711: 4338: 3770: 3720: 3626: 3171: 2545: 2526: 1853: 1499: 1398: 1195: 814: 237: 3683: 3214: 5205: 4990: 4925:

NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed Networking, Final Report 1987-1995

4713:

NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed Networking, Final Report 1987-1995

3704: 3563: 3294:

JVNCNet, the John von Neumann National Supercomputer Center Network in

3015: 1815: 4972: 4936: 2894:

University of Illinois National Center for Supercomputing Applications

2851: 2468:, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 5082: 4754:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era" 4384: 4253: 4117:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era" 4008: 3798: 3716: 3707:, ANSNet, and others. Traffic between networks was exchanged at four 3538: 3518:

To ensure that NSF support was used appropriately, NSF developed the

3291:

in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin;

3011: 2995:

kbit/s network was expanded to include 13 nodes interconnected at 1.5

2913: 2867: 2859: 2589: 2367: 2098: 1834: 1417: 701: 4522:

March 12, 1992 Management of NSFNET Congressional Hearing (page 124)

3407:

primarily for research and education in the sciences and engineering

133:

Decommissioned April 30, 1995, superseded by the commercial Internet

5241: 5235: 5225: 5154: 5120: 5074: 4967: 3915:, Web site for an event held to celebrate the NSFNET, November 2007 3867:

The hearing also led to a request from Rep. Boucher asking the NSF

3677: 3550: 3348: 3095: 3045: 3041: 2988: 2961: 2706:) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the 2659: 2637: 2615: 2408: 2234: 2117: 1984: 1723:

dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser

1153: 559: 401: 4846: 5351: 5331: 5326: 5301: 5164: 5134: 5058: 4699:"Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act of 1992 (1992 - S. 1146)" 4098: 3669: 3576: 3555: 3369: 3327: 3284: 3280: 3257: 3122: 3068:

the International Connections Manager (ICM), a task performed by

3007: 2928: 2836: 2567: 2484: 2446: 2348: 2291: 2253: 2136: 2022: 499: 458: 275: 4413:"Merit–Who, What, and Why, Part One: The Early Years, 1964-1983" 3912: 3372:, the Southeastern Universities Research Association network in 3313:

serving Michigan, formed in 1966, still in operation as of 2013;

3158:

Packet Traffic on the NSFNET Backbone, January 1988 to June 1994

1695:

oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st

5346: 5261: 5251: 5174: 5130: 3700: 3663: 3588: 3572: 3559: 3316: 3080: 2885: 2832: 2741:(CSNET), a network that provided Internet services to academic 2678: 2310: 2272: 2003: 1946: 1176: 870: 682: 578: 537: 347: 4339:"coprorations using BGP for advertising prefixes in mid-1990s" 3762: 5341: 5311: 4716:, Karen D. Frazer, Merit Network. Retrieved 14 November 2013. 4562:

The Commercial Internet eXchange Association Router Agreement

3794: 3673: 3599: 3568: 3363: 2738: 2192: 2155: 2041: 1872: 1758: 1688: 1503: 1380: 1302: 776: 606: 218: 4981: 4869: 3029:, and was dedicated to a particular packet processing task. 2888:. Its six backbone sites were interconnected with leased 56- 5275: 5255: 5066: 4810:

E-mail regarding the launch of Internet2's Abillene network

3754: 3750: 3405:

initiatives, but only to the extent that that support was "

3395:, serving Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. 3129: 2916:

minicomputers with routing and management software, called

1796: 1739: 1439: 1381:

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

1342: 541: 477: 199: 3582: 3260:, California Education and Research Federation Network in 3128:

Starting in August 1990 the NSFNET backbone supported the

1653:

Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation

3037: 3036:

was the lead organization in a partnership that included

1720: 1523:

UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I

1361: 1172: 93: 5033:

Research and education computer networks in the Americas

4401:

Frontiers of Supercomputing II: A National Reassessment

3630:

not paid the $ 10,000 fee to become members of the CIX.

4937:

NSFNET notes, summary, photos, reflections, and a video

4341:, e-mail to the NANOG list from Jessica Yu, 13 May 2011 4112: 4110: 4108: 3362:, founded during the 150th anniversary of the State of 1616:

First internationalized country code top-level domains

1671:

NetMundial international Internet governance proposal

312:

NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets

4500: 4498: 4138:

The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories

4105: 3989:"Re: [IFWP] Re: [ga] Essay on ICANN" 3961:, the National Science Foundation's Internet history 3614:

that the NSFNET Backbone Service was not diminished;

3121:. The existence of NSFNET and the FIXes allowed the 2987:, a networking consortium by public universities in 2939:

were configured and run by Hans-Werner Braun at the

4397:"The John von Neumann Computer Center: An Analysis" 3351:, New York State Education and Research Network in 3330:, the New England Academic and Research Network in 3250:BARRNet, the Bay Area Regional Research Network in 366:

Merit Network's packet-switched network operational

4456:NorthWestNet User Services Internet Resource Guide 4031: 3636: 3419:The NSFNET Backbone Services Acceptable Use Policy 4495: 3598:(CIX, pronounced "kicks") was created by PSINet, 3437:NSFNET Backbone services are provided to support 2835:protocols initially deployed successfully on the 5385: 4406: 3549:(FNC) and to MCI to interconnect the commercial 2983:As a result of a November 1987 NSF award to the 4819:, Merit Joint Technical Staff, 25 February 1999 4010:RFC 1118: The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet 3927:"A brief history of internet service providers" 3498:Extensive use for private or personal business. 3162:During 1991, an upgraded backbone built with 45 2796:National Center for Supercomputing Applications 1325:very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) 589:Merging the networks and creating the Internet: 4897:Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act of 1992 4531: 4529: 4366:Catlett, Charlie (1990). LaQuey, Tracy (ed.). 4140:. Taylor & Francis. 2017. pp. 84–89. 3952:The Internet – changing the way we communicate 3913:NSFNET: The Partnership That Changed The World 3738:(RA) and ultimately made a joint award to the 3199:, was Chairman of the ANS Board of Directors. 2884:The NSFNET initiated operations in 1986 using 1598:First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 1562:UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) 27:American projects to promote computer research 5018: 4573: 4571: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4160: 3543:Corporation for National Research Initiatives 3032:Under its cooperative agreement with NSF the 4933:, National Science Foundation, December 2007 4927:, Karen D. Frazer, Merit Network, Inc., 1995 4763:, Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich, 4422:, Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Network, Inc., in 4095:NSFNET – National Science Foundation Network 3664:Privatization and a new network architecture 2974: 2753:centers funded by NSF in the United States. 1364:changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 4906:, Public Law No: 102-476, 43 U.S.C. 1862(g) 4550:R. Adams UUNET/NSFNET interconnection email 4526: 4351:Patella, Rick (1990). LaQuey, Tracy (ed.). 4161:Andrianarisoa, Menjanirina (2 March 2012). 3643:controversy described later in this article 3358:SESQUINET, the Sesquicentennial Network in 3145: 1691:contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, 890:Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes) 5025: 5011: 4568: 4478: 4344: 3723:. The NAPs were the forerunners of modern 2933:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 2800:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1260:New Internet architecture with commercial 4590:"ANS CO+RE and CIX Agree to Interconnect" 4368:The User's Directory of Computer Networks 4353:The User's Directory of Computer Networks 4274: 4252: 4175: 4045: 3275:and later as part of the T-3 upgrade via 295:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles 5399:National research and education networks 3924: 3751:very high-speed Backbone Network Service 3682: 3513: 3376:and later as part of the T-3 upgrade in 3153: 2874: 2866: 2858: 2850: 2829:National Center for Atmospheric Research 2814: 5373:National research and education network 4365: 4359: 4350: 3806:North American Network Operators' Group 3583:Commercial ISPs, ANS CO+RE, and the CIX 2819:NSF's three tiered network architecture 1233:North American Network Operators' Group 14: 5386: 4987:Full copies of volumes 4-7, 1991-1994 3848:, Chairman of the subcommittee, said: 3269:Committee on Institutional Cooperation 2892:links, built by a group including the 2823:Also in 1985, under the leadership of 5006: 4275:Fluckiger, Francois (February 2000). 4236: 3399: 2842: 4119:, Susan R. Harris and Elise Gerich, 3964: 3209: 3205: 2370:anonymous news and information leaks 1929:Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs) 1478:New top-level domain names activated 4941:University of California, San Diego 4919:The Internet - the Launch of NSFNET 4475:, subcommittee chairman, presiding) 4277:"The European Researchers' Network" 4126: 3744:USC's Information Science Institute 3130:OSI Connectionless Network Protocol 2809:University of California, San Diego 2700:National Science Foundation Network 383:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority 33:National Science Foundation Network 24: 4952:, Jay P. Kesan and Rajiv C. Shah, 4511:, subcommittee chairman, presiding 4490:NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) 4370:. Digital Press. pp. 285–287. 4355:. Digital Press. pp. 303–305. 4268: 4088: 2957:Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet 873:founded, allows commercial traffic 480:protocol approved and deployed on 461:commercial packet-switched network 38: 25: 5415: 4931:NSF and the Birth of the Internet 4912: 4859:"Internet History :: NSFNET" 4163:"A brief history of the internet" 3925:Schuster, Jenna (June 10, 2016). 3687:New network architecture, c. 1995 3271:Network via the Merit Network in 2943:and statistics were collected by 721:First .COM domain name registered 4954:Washington University Law Review 4202:from the original on 2006-05-17. 3642: 3264:, serving California and Nevada; 3213: 2967:As regional networks grew the 56 2902:Cornell University Theory Center 2779:Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center 2737:Following the deployment of the 168: 4890: 4885:The Cook Report on the Internet 4874: 4870:The Cook Report on the Internet 4863: 4851: 4840: 4822: 4803: 4789: 4770: 4747: 4728: 4719: 4705: 4691: 4617: 4583: 4554: 4543: 4514: 4461: 4445: 4429: 4390: 4374: 4332: 4318: 4302: 4290: 4237:Zakon, Robert (November 1997). 4230: 4206: 4169: 4154: 3827:The Cook Report on the Internet 3645:. Other issues had to do with: 3637:An unfortunate state of affairs 3138:A critical routing technology, 2745:departments, in 1981, the U.S. 758:Internet Engineering Task Force 182:Early research and development: 4605:Electronic Frontier Foundation 4097:in the history section of the 4070: 4025: 4016: 4002: 3991:. Mail-archive.com. 1999-07-24 3981: 3945: 3918: 3906: 3819: 3125:to be phased out in mid-1990. 2805:San Diego Supercomputer Center 1703:Examples of Internet services: 1135:Classless Inter-Domain Routing 13: 1: 4982:Finnish IT center for science 4921:, National Science Foundation 4786:, sent 13:51 EST 2 March 1994 4383:, panel presentation slides, 4297:Profile: At Home's Milo Medin 3900: 3834:U.S. House of Representatives 3608:Advanced Network and Services 3189:Advanced Network and Services 2662:, massive open online courses 947:Advanced Network and Services 645:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 202:networking concepts developed 4989:are also available from the 4767:, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996 4603:, Issue 2.10, June 9, 1992, 4123:, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996 3596:Commercial Internet eXchange 3520:NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy 3449:Specifically Acceptable Uses 2855:56K NSFNET Backbone, c. 1988 2807:(SDSC) on the campus of the 2428:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud 1215:Full text web search engines 1040:Commercial Internet eXchange 1003:Wide area information server 440:Transmission Control Program 7: 5404:National Science Foundation 4991:Hathi Trust Digital Library 4964:IBM’s 100 Icons of Progress 4956:, Volume 79, Issue 1 (2001) 4943:, and adjunct professor at 4829:Original 1994 NANOG Charter 4176:Lehtisalo, Kaarina (2005). 3888: 3277:Argonne National Laboratory 2871:T3 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1992 2863:T1 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1991 2747:National Science Foundation 2708:National Science Foundation 1799:online auction and shopping 798:upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1) 150:National Science Foundation 117:; 39 years ago 10: 5420: 4978:NSFNET Link Letter Archive 4960:"The Rise of the Internet" 4945:San Diego State University 4309:"The Technology Timetable" 3547:Federal Networking Council 3103:Federal Internet Exchanges 2783:Carnegie Mellon University 2732: 1854:Outlook (formerly Hotmail) 1099:upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3) 329:Network Information Center 5365: 5289: 5194: 5103: 5096: 5038: 4299:, Wired, January 20, 1999 4034:Communications of the ACM 4013:, E. Krol, September 1989 3808:(NANOG) as its new name. 3545:(CNRI), proposed to the 3119:Mountain View, California 3115:NASA Ames Research Center 2781:(PSC), a joint effort of 2727:Internet service provider 2082:peer-to-peer file sharing 2025:peer-to-peer file sharing 1818:classified advertisements 1061:allows commercial traffic 968:allows commercial traffic 628:protocol suite formalized 519:Internet Activities Board 173:Internet history timeline 155: 145: 137: 129: 111: 83: 67: 57: 49: 37: 32: 4973:Merit Network: A history 4887:, January 1995, pp. 9-17 4436:"BBN to operate NEARnet" 3725:Internet exchange points 3493: 3332:Cambridge, Massachusetts 2787:University of Pittsburgh 2739:Computer Science Network 2449:cloud-based file hosting 607:Computer Science Network 350:switched-circuit network 5394:History of the Internet 4426:, vol. 16, No. 1 (1998) 4381:"NSFNET: The Community" 3895:History of the Internet 3455: 3140:Border Gateway Protocol 3014:systems connected by a 2761:John von Neumann Center 2550:threshold pledge system 2491:music streaming service 2006:mobile internet service 1949:Internet payment system 1742:Internet movie database 852:Border Gateway Protocol 834:Internet protocol suite 442:specification published 4735:NSF Solicitation 93-52 4214:"CWI History: details" 3976:University of Michigan 3862: 3854: 3846:Representative Boucher 3688: 3374:College Park, Maryland 3197:University of Michigan 3159: 3107:University of Maryland 2906:University of Delaware 2881: 2872: 2864: 2856: 2820: 2237:social networking site 2139:social networking site 930:ARPANET decommissioned 685:split off from ARPANET 44: 4077:InterNIC Review Paper 4056:10.1145/179606.179616 3858: 3850: 3709:Network Access Points 3686: 3514:Acceptable use policy 3296:Princeton, New Jersey 3289:University of Chicago 3287:Universities and the 3262:San Diego, California 3252:Palo Alto, California 3193:Douglas Van Houweling 3157: 3150:Mbit/s (T-3) backbone 3113:and FIX West, at the 2979:Mbit/s (T-1) backbone 2878: 2870: 2862: 2854: 2818: 2770:Cornell Theory Center 1912:automatic translation 1856:free web-based e-mail 1442:allows broader access 421:PARC Universal Packet 42: 4998:Reflection on NSFNet 4505:Management of NSFNET 4469:Management of NSFNET 4452:"About NorthWestNet" 3816:, and Susan Harris. 3389:Salt Lake City, Utah 2765:Princeton University 2466:Encyclopedia of Life 2411:and virtual bookshop 2195:Anonymous imageboard 2158:Internet voice calls 2063:Anonymous imageboard 985:Archie search engine 741:with 56 kbit/s links 482:public data networks 404:network demonstrated 3343:Seattle, Washington 3311:Ann Arbor, Michigan 3273:Ann Arbor, Michigan 3025:, IBM's version of 2120:business networking 1987:Anonymous textboard 1543:National LambdaRail 1401:wireless networking 1235:(NANOG) established 702:OSI Reference Model 562:standard introduced 4902:2016-07-05 at the 4883:, Chetly Zarko in 4834:2011-02-07 at the 4815:2011-07-19 at the 4782:2013-10-29 at the 4759:2011-07-19 at the 4740:2016-03-05 at the 4685:2011-07-19 at the 4674:2011-07-19 at the 4663:2011-07-19 at the 4652:2011-07-19 at the 4641:2011-07-19 at the 4630:2011-07-19 at the 4595:2008-11-29 at the 4418:2013-04-23 at the 4082:2011-07-19 at the 3957:2008-09-07 at the 3838:Dr. Nico Habermann 3746:to act as the RA. 3689: 3400:Commercial traffic 3160: 3019:local area network 2945:Cornell University 2882: 2873: 2865: 2857: 2821: 2774:Cornell University 2387:Google Street View 1196:Mosaic web browser 1118:(ISOC) established 664:Domain Name System 423:development begins 385:(IANA) established 240:concepts conceived 45: 5381: 5380: 5285: 5284: 4192:978-87-990712-0-3 3869:Inspector General 3842:Dr. Stephen Wolff 3765:) and later a 622 3511: 3510: 3487:Unacceptable Uses 3429:General Principle 3393:Boulder, Colorado 3321:Lincoln, Nebraska 3243: 3242: 3206:Regional networks 3179:kbit/s DDS to 1.5 3046:State of Michigan 3021:. The RT PCs ran 2991:, the original 56 2720:Internet backbone 2715:computer networks 2696: 2695: 2687:social networking 2620:social networking 2598:social networking 2256:media file series 1968:review aggregator 1305:updated to allow 167: 166: 102:State of Michigan 16:(Redirected from 5411: 5101: 5100: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5004: 5003: 4907: 4894: 4888: 4878: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4826: 4820: 4807: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4774: 4768: 4751: 4745: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4621: 4615: 4587: 4581: 4578:Review of NSFNET 4575: 4566: 4558: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4538:Review of NSFNET 4533: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4502: 4493: 4487: 4476: 4465: 4459: 4449: 4443: 4433: 4427: 4410: 4404: 4394: 4388: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4322: 4316: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4254:10.17487/RFC2235 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4184: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4130: 4124: 4114: 4103: 4092: 4086: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4049: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3985: 3979: 3968: 3962: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3929:. Archived from 3922: 3916: 3910: 3776: 3768: 3760: 3676:into the modern 3416: 3415: 3378:Atlanta, Georgia 3353:Ithaca, New York 3341:NorthWestNet in 3301: 3238: 3235: 3217: 3210: 3182: 3178: 3165: 3149: 3091:), and others. 2998: 2994: 2978: 2970: 2952:BBN Technologies 2937:Fuzzball routers 2926: 2923:This original 56 2846: 2743:computer science 2690: 2689: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2572:digital currency 2564: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2305: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2208: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2036: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1914: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1697: 1696: 1685: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1580:UN WSIS phase II 1576: 1574: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1492: 1490: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1425: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1393: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1356: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1337: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1310: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1255: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1181: 1180: 1169: 1167: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1116:Internet Society 1112: 1110: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1072: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1007: 1006: 999: 997: 988: 987: 981: 979: 970: 969: 962: 960: 951: 950: 943: 941: 932: 931: 927: 925: 916: 915: 904: 902: 893: 892: 886: 884: 875: 874: 867: 865: 856: 855: 848: 846: 837: 836: 829: 827: 818: 817: 811: 809: 800: 799: 792: 790: 781: 780: 773: 771: 762: 761: 754: 752: 743: 742: 735: 733: 724: 723: 717: 715: 706: 705: 698: 696: 687: 686: 679: 677: 668: 667: 660: 658: 649: 648: 641: 639: 630: 629: 622: 620: 611: 610: 603: 601: 583: 582: 575: 573: 564: 563: 556: 554: 545: 544: 534: 532: 523: 522: 515: 513: 504: 503: 496: 494: 485: 484: 474: 472: 463: 462: 455: 453: 444: 443: 436: 434: 425: 424: 417: 415: 406: 405: 398: 396: 387: 386: 379: 377: 368: 367: 363: 361: 352: 351: 344: 342: 333: 332: 325: 323: 314: 313: 309: 307: 298: 297: 291: 289: 280: 279: 272: 270: 261: 260: 253: 251: 242: 241: 234: 232: 223: 222: 221:networking ideas 215: 213: 204: 203: 196: 194: 169: 163: 125: 123: 118: 30: 29: 21: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5361: 5322:Gigabit Seattle 5317:Gigabit Chicago 5281: 5190: 5092: 5034: 5031: 4968:centennial year 4915: 4910: 4904:Wayback Machine 4895: 4891: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4836:Wayback Machine 4827: 4823: 4817:Wayback Machine 4808: 4804: 4794: 4790: 4784:Wayback Machine 4775: 4771: 4761:Wayback Machine 4752: 4748: 4742:Wayback Machine 4733: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4687:Wayback Machine 4676:Wayback Machine 4665:Wayback Machine 4654:Wayback Machine 4643:Wayback Machine 4632:Wayback Machine 4622: 4618: 4601:EFFector Online 4597:Wayback Machine 4588: 4584: 4576: 4569: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4479: 4466: 4462: 4450: 4446: 4434: 4430: 4424:Library Hi Tech 4420:Wayback Machine 4411: 4407: 4395: 4391: 4379: 4375: 4364: 4360: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4319: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4235: 4231: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4193: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4115: 4106: 4100:Living Internet 4093: 4089: 4084:Wayback Machine 4075: 4071: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3969: 3965: 3959:Wayback Machine 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3891: 3822: 3791:Abilene Network 3774: 3766: 3758: 3736:Routing Arbiter 3715:, MFS Datanet, 3666: 3639: 3585: 3516: 3507:interpretation. 3501: 3482: 3444: 3402: 3299: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3223:needs expansion 3208: 3180: 3176: 3163: 3152: 3147: 2996: 2992: 2981: 2976: 2968: 2924: 2849: 2847:kbit/s backbone 2844: 2825:Dennis Jennings 2735: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2525: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2135: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1966:Rotten Tomatoes 1964: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1945: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1780:online retailer 1776: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1422:Abilene Network 1416: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1397: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1259: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1001: 995: 993: 991: 983: 977: 975: 973: 964: 958: 956: 954: 945: 939: 937: 935: 929: 923: 921: 919: 906: 900: 898: 896: 888: 882: 880: 878: 869: 863: 861: 859: 850: 844: 842: 840: 831: 825: 823: 821: 813: 807: 805: 803: 794: 788: 786: 784: 775: 769: 767: 765: 756: 750: 748: 746: 737: 731: 729: 727: 719: 713: 711: 709: 700: 694: 692: 690: 681: 675: 673: 671: 662: 656: 654: 652: 643: 637: 635: 633: 624: 618: 616: 614: 605: 599: 597: 595: 577: 571: 569: 567: 558: 552: 550: 548: 536: 530: 528: 526: 517: 511: 509: 507: 498: 492: 490: 488: 476: 470: 468: 466: 457: 451: 449: 447: 438: 432: 430: 428: 419: 413: 411: 409: 400: 394: 392: 390: 381: 375: 373: 371: 365: 359: 357: 355: 346: 340: 338: 336: 327: 321: 319: 317: 311: 305: 303: 301: 293: 287: 285: 283: 278:planning begins 274: 268: 266: 264: 255: 249: 247: 245: 236: 230: 228: 226: 217: 211: 209: 207: 198: 192: 190: 188: 159: 121: 119: 116: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5417: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5259: 5249: 5239: 5229: 5219: 5209: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5168: 5158: 5148: 5138: 5128: 5118: 5107: 5105: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5077: 5072:Latin America: 5069: 5061: 5053: 5044: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4975: 4970: 4957: 4947: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4914: 4913:External links 4911: 4909: 4908: 4889: 4873: 4862: 4850: 4839: 4821: 4802: 4788: 4769: 4746: 4727: 4718: 4704: 4690: 4616: 4582: 4567: 4553: 4542: 4525: 4513: 4494: 4477: 4460: 4444: 4442:, 14 July 1993 4428: 4405: 4399:, Al Brenner, 4389: 4373: 4358: 4343: 4331: 4317: 4301: 4289: 4267: 4229: 4205: 4191: 4168: 4153: 4147:978-1317607656 4146: 4125: 4104: 4087: 4069: 4024: 4015: 4001: 3980: 3963: 3944: 3917: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3821: 3818: 3814:Craig Labovitz 3665: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3638: 3635: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3584: 3581: 3562:'s OnTyme and 3541:, then at the 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3385: 3367: 3360:Houston, Texas 3356: 3346: 3339: 3325: 3314: 3304: 3292: 3283:, serving the 3265: 3255: 3241: 3240: 3234:September 2011 3220: 3218: 3207: 3204: 3151: 3144: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3060: 2980: 2973: 2848: 2841: 2813: 2812: 2802: 2798:(NCSA) at the 2793: 2776: 2767: 2751:supercomputing 2734: 2731: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2665: 2646: 2624: 2602: 2576: 2554: 2532: 2513: 2494: 2471: 2452: 2433: 2414: 2391: 2373: 2354: 2335: 2316: 2297: 2278: 2259: 2240: 2221: 2212:The Pirate Bay 2198: 2179: 2161: 2142: 2123: 2104: 2085: 2066: 2047: 2028: 2009: 1990: 1971: 1952: 1933: 1915: 1896: 1878: 1859: 1840: 1821: 1802: 1783: 1764: 1745: 1726: 1699: 1698: 1675: 1657: 1639: 1621: 1602: 1584: 1566: 1548: 1528: 1527: 1509: 1482: 1464: 1459:Dot-com bubble 1445: 1426: 1404: 1385: 1367: 1348: 1329: 1311: 1289: 1286:decommissioned 1270: 1239: 1238: 1219: 1201: 1182: 1159: 1140: 1121: 1102: 1083: 1078:World Wide Web 1064: 1045: 1026: 1008: 989: 971: 966:UUNET/Alternet 952: 933: 917: 894: 876: 857: 838: 819: 801: 782: 763: 744: 725: 707: 688: 669: 650: 631: 612: 585: 584: 565: 546: 524: 505: 486: 464: 445: 426: 407: 388: 369: 353: 334: 315: 299: 281: 262: 243: 224: 205: 176: 175: 165: 164: 161:NSFNET history 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 131: 130:Current status 127: 126: 113: 109: 108: 87: 81: 80: 71: 65: 64: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5416: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5232:Merit Network 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195:United States 5193: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4722: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4564: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4255: 4250: 4247:. p. 8. 4246: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4047:10.1.1.30.937 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4019: 4012: 4011: 4005: 3990: 3984: 3977: 3973: 3972:Merit Network 3967: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3933:on 2019-04-28 3932: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740:Merit Network 3737: 3732: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3594:In 1991, the 3592: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3558:'s Telemail, 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3439:open research 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3307:Merit/MichNet 3305: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3221:This section 3219: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3173: 3169: 3156: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3085:Merit/MichNet 3082: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034:Merit Network 3030: 3028: 3027:Berkeley UNIX 3024: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2990: 2986: 2985:Merit Network 2972: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2941:Merit Network 2938: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910:Merit Network 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2869: 2861: 2853: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2688: 2684: 2683:video sharing 2680: 2666: 2661: 2647: 2643: 2642:photo sharing 2639: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594:photo sharing 2591: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2533: 2528: 2514: 2510:search engine 2509: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2472: 2467: 2453: 2448: 2434: 2429: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2392: 2388: 2374: 2369: 2355: 2351:microblogging 2350: 2336: 2332:virtual globe 2331: 2317: 2312: 2298: 2294:video sharing 2293: 2279: 2275:image hosting 2274: 2260: 2255: 2241: 2236: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2199: 2194: 2180: 2176: 2162: 2157: 2143: 2138: 2124: 2119: 2105: 2100: 2086: 2081: 2067: 2062: 2048: 2044:search engine 2043: 2029: 2024: 2010: 2005: 1991: 1986: 1972: 1967: 1953: 1948: 1934: 1930: 1916: 1911: 1897: 1893: 1892:Google Search 1879: 1875:search engine 1874: 1860: 1855: 1841: 1837:search engine 1836: 1822: 1817: 1803: 1798: 1784: 1779: 1765: 1761:web directory 1760: 1746: 1741: 1727: 1722: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1694: 1690: 1676: 1672: 1658: 1654: 1640: 1636: 1622: 1617: 1603: 1599: 1585: 1581: 1567: 1563: 1549: 1544: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1483: 1479: 1465: 1460: 1446: 1441: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1405: 1400: 1386: 1382: 1368: 1363: 1349: 1344: 1330: 1326: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1290: 1285: 1271: 1267: 1264:connected at 1263: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1234: 1220: 1216: 1202: 1197: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1160: 1155: 1141: 1136: 1122: 1117: 1103: 1098: 1084: 1079: 1065: 1060: 1046: 1041: 1027: 1023: 1009: 1004: 990: 986: 972: 967: 953: 948: 934: 918: 913: 909: 895: 891: 877: 872: 858: 853: 839: 835: 820: 816: 802: 797: 783: 778: 764: 759: 745: 740: 726: 722: 708: 703: 689: 684: 670: 665: 651: 646: 632: 627: 613: 608: 594: 593: 592: 591: 590: 580: 566: 561: 547: 543: 539: 525: 520: 506: 501: 487: 483: 479: 465: 460: 446: 441: 427: 422: 408: 403: 389: 384: 370: 354: 349: 335: 330: 316: 300: 296: 282: 277: 263: 258: 257:Merit Network 244: 239: 225: 220: 206: 201: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 178: 177: 174: 171: 170: 162: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 114: 110: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90:Merit Network 88: 86: 82: 79: 75: 72: 70: 66: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 36: 31: 19: 5336: 5079: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5047: 4953: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4865: 4853: 4842: 4824: 4805: 4796: 4791: 4772: 4764: 4749: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4707: 4693: 4619: 4600: 4585: 4561: 4556: 4545: 4516: 4509:Rick Boucher 4473:Rick Boucher 4463: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4431: 4423: 4408: 4400: 4392: 4376: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4334: 4325: 4320: 4312: 4304: 4292: 4284:La Recherche 4283: 4270: 4258:. Retrieved 4239: 4232: 4221:. Retrieved 4217: 4208: 4185:. NORDUnet. 4178: 4171: 4156: 4137: 4128: 4120: 4099: 4090: 4072: 4040:(8): 34–45. 4037: 4033: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4004: 3993:. Retrieved 3983: 3966: 3947: 3935:. Retrieved 3931:the original 3920: 3908: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3810:Elise Gerich 3803: 3748: 3733: 3729: 3721:Pacific Bell 3694: 3690: 3667: 3658: 3640: 3632: 3624: 3604: 3593: 3586: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3384:in 1994; and 3267:CICNet, the 3244: 3231: 3227:adding to it 3222: 3201: 3186: 3161: 3137: 3134: 3127: 3111:College Park 3100: 3093: 3078: 3054: 3050: 3031: 2982: 2966: 2955: 2949: 2935:. PDP-11/73 2922: 2883: 2822: 2791:Westinghouse 2755: 2736: 2724: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2330:Google Earth 2216:torrent file 2175:iTunes Store 1702: 1701: 1700: 1399:IEEE 802.11b 1283: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1096: 795: 738: 588: 587: 586: 181: 180: 179: 172: 104:, and later 5097:Subnational 4326:Link Letter 4313:Link Letter 3937:January 15, 3820:Controversy 3697:internetMCI 3627:Mitch Kapor 3387:Westnet in 3279:outside of 3172:IBM RS/6000 2546:Kickstarter 2527:Google Docs 2313:link voting 1500:Code Red II 1156:established 815:Morris worm 581:established 540:news using 238:NPL network 138:Commercial? 112:Established 43:NSFNET logo 5388:Categories 5290:Historical 4765:ConneXions 4636:29June1992 4223:2020-02-09 4121:ConneXions 3995:2013-06-15 3901:References 3705:SprintLink 3564:CompuServe 3458:educators. 3044:, and the 3016:Token Ring 2080:BitTorrent 1910:Babel Fish 1816:Craigslist 1618:registered 1496:Code Red I 502:introduced 5083:Internet2 4962:, one of 4847:NANOG FAQ 4680:10Jan1994 4647:29Sep1992 4625:1June1992 4613:1062-9424 4565:, c. 2000 4492:, c. 1992 4385:Doug Gale 4042:CiteSeerX 3799:Internet2 3773:) and 2.5 3717:Ameritech 3539:Vint Cerf 3537:In 1988, 3424:June 1992 3413:allowed. 3012:IBM RT PC 2918:Fuzzballs 2914:PDP-11/73 2590:Instagram 2489:DRM-based 2368:WikiLeaks 2099:Knowledge 1835:AltaVista 1418:Internet2 1059:ANS CO+RE 910:(without 832:Complete 69:Protocols 5369:See also 5242:NYSERNet 5121:ACORN-NS 5111:ACORN-NL 5075:RedCLARA 5040:National 4900:Archived 4832:Archived 4813:Archived 4780:Archived 4757:Archived 4738:Archived 4683:Archived 4672:Archived 4669:6Jan1994 4661:Archived 4658:4Jan1994 4650:Archived 4639:Archived 4628:Archived 4593:Archived 4440:MIT News 4416:Archived 4240:RFC 2235 4197:Archived 4080:Archived 3955:Archived 3889:See also 3769:Mbit/s ( 3761:Mbit/s ( 3678:Internet 3621:support. 3551:MCI Mail 3349:NYSERNet 3166:Mbit/s ( 3096:NORDUnet 2989:Michigan 2962:Internet 2880:Network. 2712:backbone 2660:Coursera 2638:Snapchat 2409:e-reader 2235:Facebook 2118:LinkedIn 2101:, the 💕 1345:proposed 1198:released 1154:InterNIC 704:released 560:Ethernet 402:CYCLADES 85:Operator 58:Location 5352:SURAnet 5332:NIPRNet 5327:NEARnet 5302:ARPANET 5297:Abilene 5064:Mexico: 5059:CANARIE 5056:Canada: 5048:Brazil: 4064:3013869 3670:ARPANET 3577:CERFnet 3556:Telenet 3370:SURAnet 3328:NEARNET 3285:Big Ten 3281:Chicago 3258:CERFnet 3123:ARPANET 3008:Atlanta 2931:at the 2929:Ed Krol 2837:ARPANET 2733:History 2670: ( 2651: ( 2629: ( 2616:Google+ 2607: ( 2581: ( 2568:Bitcoin 2559: ( 2537: ( 2518: ( 2499: ( 2485:Spotify 2476: ( 2457: ( 2447:Dropbox 2438: ( 2419: ( 2396: ( 2378: ( 2359: ( 2349:Twitter 2340: ( 2321: ( 2302: ( 2292:YouTube 2283: ( 2264: ( 2254:Podcast 2245: ( 2226: ( 2203: ( 2184: ( 2166: ( 2147: ( 2137:Myspace 2128: ( 2109: ( 2090: ( 2071: ( 2052: ( 2033: ( 2023:Napster 2014: ( 1995: ( 1976: ( 1957: ( 1938: ( 1920: ( 1901: ( 1883: ( 1873:RankDex 1864: ( 1845: ( 1826: ( 1807: ( 1788: ( 1769: ( 1750: ( 1731: ( 1712: ( 1680: ( 1662: 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