NTSC - Knowledge

1468:+ 0.5 multiple of the line frequency to minimize interference between the luminance signal and the chrominance signal. (Another way this is often stated is that the color subcarrier frequency is an odd multiple of half the line frequency.) They then chose to make the audio subcarrier frequency an integer multiple of the line frequency to minimize visible (intermodulation) interference between the audio signal and the chrominance signal. The original black-and-white standard, with its 15,750 Hz line frequency and 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier, does not meet these requirements, so designers had to either raise the audio subcarrier frequency or lower the line frequency. Raising the audio subcarrier frequency would prevent existing (black and white) receivers from properly tuning in the audio signal. Lowering the line frequency is comparatively innocuous, because the horizontal and vertical synchronization information in the NTSC signal allows a receiver to tolerate a substantial amount of variation in the line frequency. So the engineers chose the line frequency to be changed for the color standard. In the black-and-white standard, the ratio of audio subcarrier frequency to line frequency is 2352:

receiver ghost canceling circuits used by cable companies. The vacuum-tube electronics used in televisions through the 1960s led to various technical problems. Among other things, the color burst phase would often drift. In addition, the TV studios did not always transmit properly, leading to hue changes when channels were changed, which is why NTSC televisions were equipped with a tint control. PAL and SECAM televisions had less of a need for one. SECAM in particular was very robust, but PAL, while excellent in maintaining skin tones which viewers are particularly sensitive to, nevertheless would distort other colors in the face of phase errors. With phase errors, only "Deluxe PAL" receivers would get rid of "Hanover bars" distortion. Hue controls are still found on NTSC TVs, but color drifting generally ceased to be a problem for more modern circuitry by the 1970s. When compared to PAL, in particular, NTSC color accuracy and consistency were sometimes considered inferior, leading to video professionals and television engineers jokingly referring to NTSC as

1817: video fields per film frame. The average frame rate is thus 60 ÷ 2.5 = 24 frames per second, so the average film speed is nominally exactly what it should be. (In reality, over the course of an hour of real time, 215,827.2 video fields are displayed, representing 86,330.88 frames of film, while in an hour of true 24-fps film projection, exactly 86,400 frames are shown: thus, 29.97-fps NTSC transmission of 24-fps film runs at 99.92% of the film's normal speed.) Still-framing on playback can display a video frame with fields from two different film frames, so any difference between the frames will appear as a rapid back-and-forth flicker. There can also be noticeable jitter/"stutter" during slow camera pans ( 646: 3043: 3383: 3249: 3332: 3123: 2700: 3782: 2846: 3756: 3222: 3522: 3010: 2713: 3318: 2595: 2740: 8371: 2516: 3459: 835:, were faithful to this specification (which was based on prevailing motion picture standards), having a larger gamut than most of today's monitors. Their low-efficiency phosphors (notably in the Red) were weak and long-persistent, leaving trails after moving objects. Starting in the late 1950s, picture tube phosphors would sacrifice saturation for increased brightness; this deviation from the standard at both the receiver and broadcaster was the source of considerable color variation. 3190: 2727: 4211:

video/sync separation technology, thought to be necessary because the sync was transmitted in band with the video, although at a quite different DC level. The early TV sets did not possess a DC restorer circuit, hence the need for this level of complexity. In-studio monitors were provided with separate horizontal and vertical sync, not composite synch and certainly not in-band synch (possibly excepting early color TV monitors, which were often driven from the output of the station's

3345: 3065: 2569: 2132: 3278: 3263: 2820: 3678: 3235: 2873: 2621: 3704: 3292: 3208: 2038:) than blanking level. Since the difference is quite small, a slight turn of the brightness knob is all that is required to correctly show the "other" variant of NTSC on any set as it is supposed to be; most watchers might not even notice the difference in the first place. The channel encoding on NTSC-J differs slightly from NTSC-M. In particular, the Japanese VHF band runs from channels 1–12 (located on frequencies directly above the 76–90 MHz Japanese 10122: 3574: 3079: 2789: 3110: 3396: 2917: 2634: 3600: 3446: 2956: 2833: 2582: 3730: 3305: 2771: 2337: 3496: 3092: 2974: 2891: 2860: 2674: 2660: 2687: 2240: 936: 10132: 2930: 2647: 876:(SMPTE) Committee on Television Technology, Working Group on Studio Monitor Colorimetry, adopted the SMPTE C (Conrac) phosphors for general use in Recommended Practice 145, prompting many manufacturers to modify their camera designs to directly encode for SMPTE C colorimetry without color correction, as approved in SMPTE standard 170M, "Composite Analog Video Signal – NTSC for Studio Applications" (1994). As a consequence, the 3652: 3154: 3028: 52: 2943: 3548: 3136: 2753: 2608: 2807: 10111: 3172: 2904: 3416: 1507: 3626: 2988: 10142: 1135:. The color difference information is encoded into the chrominance signal, which carries only the color information. This allows black-and-white receivers to display NTSC color signals by simply ignoring the chrominance signal. Some black-and-white TVs sold in the U.S. after the introduction of color broadcasting in 1953 were designed to filter chroma out, but the early B&W sets did not do this and 1312:, located on the back porch of each horizontal synchronization pulse. The color burst consists of a minimum of eight cycles of the unmodulated (pure original) color subcarrier. The TV receiver has a local oscillator, which is synchronized with these color bursts to create a reference signal. Combining this reference phase signal with the chrominance signal allows the recovery of the 2473:) data for an electronic program guide on VBI lines. The primary station in a market will broadcast 4 lines of data, and backup stations will broadcast 1 line. In most markets the PBS station is the primary host. TVGOS data can occupy any line from 10–25, but in practice its limited to 11–18, 20 and line 22. Line 22 is only used for 2 broadcast, 228:(FCC) to resolve the conflicts between companies over the introduction of a nationwide analog television system in the United States. In March 1941, the committee issued a technical standard for black-and-white television that built upon a 1936 recommendation made by the Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA). Technical advancements of the 2376:

scheme, the use of S-Video gives the higher resolution picture quality on monitors and TVs without a high-quality motion-compensated comb filtering section. (The NTSC resolution on the vertical axis is lower than the European standards, 525 lines against 625.) However, it uses too much bandwidth for over-the-air transmission. The

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but monochrome, RCA TG-1 synchronizing generator by the simple expedient of adding-on an external 14.31818 MHz temperature-controlled oscillator and a few dividers, and inputting the outputs of that chassis to certain test points within the TG-1, thereby disabling the TG-1's own 31500 Hz reference oscillator.

511:) the even-numbered scan lines (every other line that would be even if counted in the video signal, e.g. {2, 4, 6, ..., 524}) are drawn in the first field, and the odd-numbered (every other line that would be odd if counted in the video signal, e.g. {1, 3, 5, ..., 525}) are drawn in the second field, to yield a 609:, the overall division ratio being the mathematical product of the division ratios of the chain. Since all the factors of an odd number also have to be odd numbers, it follows that all the dividers in the chain also had to divide by odd numbers, and these had to be relatively small due to the problems of 325:

9/572 MHz) from 15,750 lines per second, and the frame rate was reduced to 30/1.001 ≈ 29.970 frames per second (the horizontal line rate divided by 525 lines/frame) from 30 frames per second. These changes amounted to 0.1 percent and were readily tolerated by then-existing television receivers.

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VIR (or Vertical interval reference), widely adopted in the 1980s, attempts to correct some of the color problems with NTSC video by adding studio-inserted reference data for luminance and chrominance levels on line 19. Suitably equipped television sets could then employ these data in order to adjust

2408:, or VBI); all are beyond the edge of the viewable image, but only lines 1–9 are used for the vertical-sync and equalizing pulses. The remaining lines were deliberately blanked in the original NTSC specification to provide time for the electron beam in CRT screens to return to the top of the display. 2109:

The color subcarrier frequency was 4.4296875 MHz and the bandwidth of U and V signals was near 1.5 MHz. Only circa 4000 TV sets of 4 models (Raduga, Temp-22, Izumrud-201 and Izumrud-203) were produced for studying the real quality of TV reception. These TV's were not commercially available,

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The changes to the PAL VCR are minor thanks to the existing VCR recording formats. The output of the VCR when playing an NTSC cassette in NTSC 4.43 mode is 525 lines/29.97 frames per second with PAL compatible heterodyned color. The multi-standard receiver is already set to support the NTSC

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This is of particular importance when interlaced NTSC is transcoded to a format with a different field dominance and vice versa. Field order is also important when transcoding progressive video to interlaced NTSC, as any place there is a cut between two scenes in the progressive video, there could be

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of precisely 315/88 MHz (usually described as 3.579545 MHz±10 Hz). The precise frequency was chosen so that horizontal line-rate modulation components of the chrominance signal fall exactly in between the horizontal line-rate modulation components of the luminance signal, such that the

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The film can be shot at 25 frames per second. In this case, when transmitted in its native region, the film is shown at its normal speed, with no alteration of the accompanying soundtrack. When the same film is shown in regions that use a 30-fps nominal television standard, every fifth frame is

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refers to the specific colorimetric characteristics of the system and its components, including the specific primary colors used, the camera, the display, etc. Over its history, NTSC color had two distinctly defined colorimetries, shown on the accompanying chromaticity diagram as NTSC 1953 and SMPTE

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were required to shut down by 2015, although an FCC extension allowed some of those stations operating on Channel 6 to operate until July 13, 2021. The remaining Canadian analog TV transmitters, in markets not subject to the mandatory transition in 2011, were scheduled to be shut down by January 14,

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The master oscillator is 315/22 = 14.31818 MHz, from which the 3.579545 color burst frequency is obtained by dividing by four; and the 31 kHz horizontal drive and 60 Hz vertical drive are also synthesized from that frequency. This facilitated a conversion to color of the then common,

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The film can be shot at 24 frames per second. In this case, when transmitted in its native region, the film may be accelerated to 25 fps according to the analog technique described above, or kept at 24 fps by the digital technique described above. When the same film is transmitted in

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When a transmitter broadcasts an NTSC signal, it amplitude-modulates a radio-frequency carrier with the NTSC signal just described, while it frequency-modulates a carrier 4.5 MHz higher with the audio signal. If non-linear distortion happens to the broadcast signal, the 3.579545 MHz color

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of the master oscillator. For interlaced scanning, an odd number of lines per frame was required in order to make the vertical retrace distance identical for the odd and even fields, which meant the master oscillator frequency had to be divided down by an odd number. At the time, the only practical

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What actually occurred was the RCA TG-1 synch generator system was upgraded from 441 lines per frame, 220.5 lines per field, interlaced, to 525 lines per frame 262.5 lines per field, also interlaced, with minimal additional changes, particularly not those affecting the vertical interval, which, in

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The existence of those multi-standard receivers was probably part of the drive for region coding of DVDs. As the color signals are component on disc for all display formats, almost no changes would be required for PAL DVD players to play NTSC (525/29.97) discs as long as the display was frame-rate

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systems used the original 1953 NTSC colorimetry as well until 1970; unlike NTSC, however, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) rejected color correction in receivers and studio monitors that year and instead explicitly called for all equipment to directly encode signals for the "EBU" colorimetric

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To ensure more uniform color reproduction, some manufacturers incorporated color correction circuits into sets, that converted the received signal—encoded for the colorimetric values listed above—adjusting for the actual phosphor characteristics used within the monitor. Since such color correction

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circuits at the time the color standard was promulgated, the color subcarrier frequency was constructed as composite frequency assembled from small integers, in this case 5×7×9/(8×11) MHz. The horizontal line rate was reduced to approximately 15,734 lines per second (3.579545×2/455 MHz =

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In half transponder mode, the frequency deviation of the composite baseband signal is reduced to 18 MHz to allow another signal in the other half of the 36 MHz transponder. This reduces the FM benefit somewhat, and the recovered SNRs are further reduced because the combined signal power

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Film shot for NTSC television at 24 frames per second has traditionally been accelerated by 1/24 (to about 104.17% of normal speed) for transmission in regions that use 25-fps television standards. This increase in picture speed has traditionally been accompanied by a similar increase in the

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In CRT televisions, the NTSC signal is turned into three color signals: red, green, and blue, each controlling an electron gun that is designed to excite only the corresponding red, green, or blue phosphor dots. TV sets with digital circuitry use sampling techniques to process the signals but the

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For NTSC, and to a lesser extent, PAL, reception problems can degrade the color accuracy of the picture where ghosting can dynamically change the phase of the color burst with picture content, thus altering the color balance of the signal. The only receiver compensation is in the professional TV

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Sound is on an FM subcarrier as in terrestrial transmission, but frequencies above 4.5 MHz are used to reduce aural/visual interference. 6.8, 5.8 and 6.2 MHz are commonly used. Stereo can be multiplex, discrete, or matrix and unrelated audio and data signals may be placed on additional

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with the sound carrier to produce a dot pattern on the screen. To make the resulting pattern less noticeable, designers adjusted the original 15,750 Hz scanline rate down by a factor of 1.001 (0.1%) to match the audio carrier frequency divided by the factor 286, resulting in a field rate of

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NTSC 4.43 is a pseudo-system that transmits a NTSC color subcarrier of 4.43 MHz instead of 3.58 MHz The resulting output is only viewable by TVs that support the resulting pseudo-system (such as most PAL TVs). Using a native NTSC TV to decode the signal yields no color, while using an

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National Television System Committee (1951–1953) (1953). Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12-19, with Some supplementary references cited in the Reports, and the Petition for adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission (Report).

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systems, as well as the use of closed-circuit composite NTSC, both eliminate the phase distortions because there is no reception ghosting in a closed-circuit system to smear the color burst. For VHS videotape on the horizontal axis and frame rate of the three color systems when used with this

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is used instead to trade RF bandwidth for reduced power. Increasing the channel bandwidth from 6 to 36 MHz allows a RF SNR of only 10 dB or less. The wider noise bandwidth reduces this 40 dB power saving by 36 MHz / 6 MHz = 8 dB for a substantial net reduction of

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simple change from a 26,460 Hz master oscillator to a 31,500 Hz master oscillator, and minimal additional changes to the generator's divider chain. The equalizing pulses and the serration of the vertical sync pulse were necessary because of the limitations of the extant TV receiver

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Because each field is temporally unique for material captured with an interlaced camera, converting interlaced to a digital progressive-frame medium is difficult, as each progressive frame will have artifacts of motion on every alternating line. This can be observed in PC-based video-playing

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chroma signal for both NTSC and PAL formats. Since the VCR was ready to play the color portion of the NTSC recording using PAL color mode, the PAL scanner and capstan speeds had to be adjusted from PAL's 50 Hz field rate to NTSC's 59.94 Hz field rate, and faster linear tape speed.

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In January 1960, (7 years prior to adoption of the modified SECAM version) the experimental TV studio in Moscow started broadcasting using the OSKM system. OSKM was the version of NTSC adapted to European D/K 625/50 standard. The OSKM abbreviation means "Simultaneous system with quadrature

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band) while the North American VHF TV band uses channels 2–13 (54–72 MHz, 76–88 MHz and 174–216 MHz) with 88–108 MHz allocated to FM radio broadcasting. Japan's UHF TV channels are therefore numbered from 13 up and not 14 up, but otherwise uses the same UHF broadcasting

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depends on a combination of factors, including decisions by various equipment manufacturers as well as historical conventions. As a result, most professional equipment has the option to switch between a dominant upper or dominant lower field. It is not advisable to use the terms

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The NTSC 4.43 system, while not a broadcast format, appears most often as a playback function of PAL cassette format VCRs, beginning with the Sony 3/4" U-Matic format and then following onto Betamax and VHS format machines, commonly advertised as "NTSC playback on PAL TV".

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Because both film speeds have been used in 25-fps regions, viewers can face confusion about the true speed of video and audio, and the pitch of voices, sound effects, and musical performances, in television films from those regions. For example, they may wonder whether the

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plans to transition from NTSC announced on July 2, 2004, started conversion in 2013 full transition was scheduled on December 31, 2015, but due to technical and economic issues for some transmitters — the full transition was extended to be completed on December 31,

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camera to capture one frame of video on each film frame by using the alternating current frequency to set the speed of the synchronous AC motor-drive camera. This, as mentioned, is how the NTSC field refresh frequency worked in the original black-and-white system; when

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and retrace. This blanking interval was originally designed to simply blank the electron beam of the receiver's CRT to allow for the simple analog circuits and slow vertical retrace of early TV receivers. However, some of these lines may now contain other data such as

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color-under process of U-Matic, Betamax & VHS lent itself to minor modification of VCR players to accommodate NTSC format cassettes. The color-under format of VHS uses a 629 kHz subcarrier while U-Matic & Betamax use a 688 kHz subcarrier to carry an

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result is the same. For both analog and digital sets processing an analog NTSC signal, the original three color signals are transmitted using three discrete signals (Y, I and Q) and then recovered as three separate colors (R, G, and B) and presented as a color image.

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While an analog television set does not care about field dominance per se, field dominance is important when editing NTSC video. Incorrect interpretation of field order can cause a shuddering effect as moving objects jump forward and behind on each successive field.

1561:, making analog television audio signals sound quieter than FM radio signals as received on a wideband receiver. The main audio carrier is 4.5 MHz above the video carrier, making it 250 kHz below the top of the channel. Sometimes a channel may contain an 347:, used for experimental broadcasts in 1953; an improved version, the TK-40A, introduced in March 1954, was the first commercially available color television camera. Later that year, the improved TK-41 became the standard camera used throughout much of the 1960s. 430:

ending the next year. After a pilot program in 2013, most full-power analog stations in Mexico left the air on ten dates in 2015, with some 500 low-power and repeater stations allowed to remain in analog until the end of 2016. Digital broadcasting allows

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color television standard (later defined as RS-170a). The compatible color standard retained full backward compatibility with then-existing black-and-white television sets. Color information was added to the black-and-white image by introducing a color

3198:(NTSC broadcast was intended to be abandoned at the end of 2015. However, in later 2014 — it was postponed to 2019, and later extended to 2023. All analog broadcasts are expected to be shut off by the end of 2024 or by 2026. It will simulcast in 573:

was added to the system, however, the refresh frequency was shifted slightly downward by 0.1%, to approximately 59.94 Hz, to eliminate stationary dot patterns in the difference frequency between the sound and color carriers (as explained below in

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displays, and may also exhibit noticeable hue shifts. On the other hand, SMPTE C materials may appear slightly more saturated on BT.709/sRGB displays, or significantly more saturated on P3 displays, if the appropriate gamut mapping is not performed.

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As with home receivers, it was further recommended that studio monitors incorporate similar color correction circuits so that broadcasters would transmit pictures encoded for the original 1953 colorimetric values, in accordance with FCC standards.

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television films, made in the 1980s and early 1990s, was shot at 24 fps and then transmitted at an artificially fast speed in 25-fps regions, or whether it was shot at 25 fps natively and then slowed to 24 fps for NTSC exhibition.

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to broadcast pictures of astronauts from space. CBS rescinded its system in March 1953, and the FCC replaced it on December 17, 1953, with the NTSC color standard, which was cooperatively developed by several companies, including RCA and Philco.

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of only 24 frames per second. Legal action by rival RCA kept commercial use of the system off the air until June 1951, and regular broadcasts only lasted a few months before manufacture of all color television sets was banned by the

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running PAL software on their NTSC color display used this system as the monitor could not decode PAL color. Most analog NTSC television sets and monitors with a V-Hold knob can display this system after adjusting the vertical hold.

1044:. Using a separate luminance signal maintained backward compatibility with black-and-white television sets in use at the time; only color sets would recognize the chroma signal, which was essentially ignored by black and white sets. 5967:"FCC Public Notice: "Incentive Auction Task Force and Media Bureau Announce Procedures for Low Power Television, Television Translator and Replacement Translator Stations During the Post-Incentive Auction Translation", May 17, 2017" 1948:

when speaking of fields, due to substantial ambiguity. For instance if the line numbering for a particular system starts at zero, while another system starts its line numbering at one. As such the same field could be even or odd.

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For a color TV to recover hue information from the color subcarrier, it must have a zero-phase reference to replace the previously suppressed carrier. The NTSC signal includes a short sample of this reference signal, known as the

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In digital television and video, which are replacing their analog predecessors, single standards that can accommodate a wider range of frame rates still show the limits of analog regional standards. The initial version of the

917:. SMPTE Recommended Practice RP 167-1995 refers to such an automatic correction as an "NTSC corrective display matrix." For instance, material prepared for 1953 NTSC may look desaturated when displayed on SMPTE C or ATSC/ 6061: 2721:(Over-the-air NTSC broadcasting in major cities ceased August 2011 as a result of legislative fiat, to be replaced with ATSC. Some one-station markets or markets served only by full-power repeaters remain analog.) 414:, are adopting or have adopted other standards instead of ATSC. After nearly 70 years, the majority of over-the-air NTSC transmissions in the United States ceased on June 12, 2009, and by August 31, 2011, in 5911: 904:

In reference to the gamuts shown on the CIE chromaticity diagram (above), the variations between the different colorimetries can result in significant visual differences. To adjust for proper viewing requires

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on August 30, 1953, although it was viewable in color only at the network's headquarters. The first nationwide viewing of NTSC color came on the following January 1 with the coast-to-coast broadcast of the

5687: 370:, analog broadcasts were largely phased out. Most US NTSC broadcasters were required by the FCC to shut down their analog transmitters by February 17, 2009, however this was later moved to June 12, 2009. 4657:

Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (1994, 2004): Engineering Guideline EG 27-2004. Supplemental Information for SMPTE 170M and Background on the Development of NTSC Color Standards, pp.

5376: 2222: (approximately 23.976) frames/s is often defined as NTSC-film. A process known as pullup, also known as pulldown, generates the duplicated frames upon playback. This method is common for 2113:

The broadcasting with this system lasted about 3 years and was ceased well before SECAM transmissions started in the USSR. None of the current multi-standard TV receivers can support this TV system.

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product of the two carriers) is an odd multiple of half the line rate, which is the necessary condition for the dots on successive lines to be opposite in phase, making them least noticeable.

1438: 398:, have switched to, or are in process of switching to, newer digital television standards, with there being at least four different standards in use around the world. North America, parts of 183:

has been used to refer to digital formats with number of active lines between 480 and 487 having 30 or 29.97 frames per second rate, serving as a digital shorthand to System M. The so-called

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Below are countries and territories that currently use or once used the NTSC system. Many of these have switched or are currently switching from NTSC to digital television standards such as

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signal, which offers more than one audio signal by adding one or two subcarriers on the audio signal, each synchronized to a multiple of the line frequency. This is normally the case when

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players, which were the first device produced to use the four-pin plugs. However, S-VHS never became very popular. Video game consoles in the 1990s began offering S-video output as well.

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in case the video signal is lost. Otherwise the satellite might transmit all of its power on a single frequency, interfering with terrestrial microwave links in the same frequency band.

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A triangular 60 Hz energy dispersal waveform is added to the composite baseband signal (video plus audio and data subcarriers) before modulation. This limits the satellite downlink

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The NTSC corrective matrix in a display device is intended to correct any colorimetric errors introduced by the differ- ence between the camera primaries and the display tube phosphors.

5488: 1803: video frames), and the next frame is transmitted for two video fields (lasting 1 video frame). Two film frames are thus transmitted in five video fields, for an average of 1919:

must be "backed off" to avoid intermodulation distortion in the satellite transponder. A single FM signal is constant amplitude, so it can saturate a transponder without distortion.

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chrominance signal could easily be filtered out of the luminance signal on new television sets, and that it would be minimally visible in existing televisions. Due to limitations of

1288:. The result can be viewed as a single sine wave with varying phase relative to a reference carrier and with varying amplitude. The varying phase represents the instantaneous color 1534:, one above the carrier and one below. The sidebands are each 4.2 MHz wide. The entire upper sideband is transmitted, but only 1.25 MHz of the lower sideband, known as a 5940: 2484:

TiVo data is also transmitted on some commercials and program advertisements so that customers can autorecord the program being advertised, and is also used in weekly half-hour

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the display to a closer match of the original studio image. The actual VIR signal contains three sections, the first having 70 percent luminance and the same chrominance as the

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To derive the separate signals containing only color information, the difference is determined between each color primary and the summed luma. Thus the red difference signal is

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Mathematically for NTSC this is relatively simple as it is only needed to duplicate every fourth frame. Various techniques are employed. NTSC with an actual frame rate of

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between film, which runs at 23.976 frames per second, and the NTSC standard, which runs at approximately 29.97 (10 MHz×63/88/455/525) frames per second.

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standard, for example, allowed frame rates of 23.976, 24, 29.97, 30, 59.94, 60, 119.88 and 120 frames per second, but not 25 and 50. Modern ATSC allows 25 and 50 FPS.

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modulation" (In Russian: Одновременная Система с Квадратурной Модуляцией). It used the color coding scheme that was later used in PAL (U and V instead of I and Q).

8407: 1284:. The two signals each amplitude modulate 3.58 MHz carriers which are 90 degrees out of phase with each other and the result added together but with the 585:

The actual figure of 525 lines was chosen as a consequence of the limitations of the vacuum-tube-based technologies of the day. In early TV systems, a master

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These discrepancies exist not only in television broadcasts over the air and through cable, but also in the home-video market, on both tape and disc, including

1488: ≈ 15,734 Hz. Maintaining the same number of scan lines per field (and frame), the lower line rate must yield a lower field rate. Dividing 593:

down by the number of lines used (in this case 525) to give the field frequency (60 Hz in this case). This frequency was then compared with the 60 Hz

2668:(Over-the-air NTSC broadcasts (Channel 9) have been terminated as of March 2016, local broadcast stations have now switched to digital channels 20.1 and 20.2) 2384:

home computers generate S-video, but only when used with specially designed monitors as no TV at the time supported the separate chroma and luma on standard

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Similarly at the broadcaster stage, in 1968–69 the Conrac Corp., working with RCA, defined a set of controlled phosphors for use in broadcast color picture

275: 9386: 5399: 5776: 4491: 4484: 384: 5560: 3286:(also used 8 MHz spacing of DVB-T2 (same bandwidth spacing in European Netherlands) on Encrypted Terrestrial Digital TV subscription via WTN CABLE) 2009:. In the mid 1980s, it was effectively reintroduced as NTSC-50, a pseudo-system combining 625-line video with 3.58 MHz NTSC color. For example, an 7616: 2505: 2439: 873: 129:. Brazil used System M with PAL color. Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos used System M with SECAM color - Vietnam later started using PAL in the early 1990s. 7825: 5609: 3892: 5804: 4048:

Petition of Radio Corporation of America and National Broadcasting Company, Inc. for Approval of Color Standards for the RCA Color Television System

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digital video so the original content is preserved and played back on equipment that can display it or can be converted for equipment that cannot.

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approximately 59.94 Hz. This adjustment ensures that the difference between the sound carrier and the color subcarrier (the most problematic

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incompatible PAL TV to decode the system yields erratic colors (observed to be lacking red and flickering randomly). The format was used by the

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On July 2 the Government of Mexico formally adopted the ATSC Digital Television (DTV) Standard for digital terrestrial television broadcasting.

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the extant RCA system, included serrated equalizing pulses bracketing the vertical sync pulse, itself being serrated. For RCA/NBC, this was a

582:). By the time the frame rate changed to accommodate color, it was nearly as easy to trigger the camera shutter from the video signal itself. 6165:

in 1998 under the title "Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-7, Conventional Analog Television Systems". It is publicly available on the Internet at

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in 2017; however the scheduled transition dates have already passed for several stations listed that continue to broadcast in analog (e.g.

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Multi-standard video monitors were already in use in Europe to accommodate broadcast sources in PAL, SECAM, and NTSC video formats. The

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pitch and tempo of the audio. More recently, frame-blending has been used to convert 24 FPS video to 25 FPS without altering its speed.

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The first publicly announced network television broadcast of a program using the NTSC "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's

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were supposed to transition on the same day Class-A stations shut off analog services but it was postponed to July 13, 2021, due to a

2550:(United States, Canada, Mexico, Suriname, Jamaica, South Korea, Saint Lucia, Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Haiti), 1965:

utilities and is frequently solved simply by transcoding the video at half resolution and only using one of the two available fields.

232:

technique allowed for the opportunity to increase the image resolution. The NTSC selected 525 scan lines as a compromise between

7607: 6421: 4342: 1888:

Because satellite power is severely limited, analog video transmission through satellites differs from terrestrial TV transmission.

1584:) voltage offset between the "black" and "blanking" levels. It is unique to NTSC. CVBS stands for Color, Video, Blanking, and Sync. 887:

Japanese NTSC never changed primaries and whitepoint to SMPTE C, continuing to use the 1953 NTSC primaries and whitepoint. Both the

8834: 7926: 7312: 7236: 7180: 7139: 6425: 5994: 5131: 2559: 1478: = 285.71. In the color standard, this becomes rounded to the integer 286, which means the color standard's line rate is 35: 6210: 5748: 4171: 3917:

Television Standards and Practice: Selected Papers from the Proceedings of the National Television System Committee and Its Panels

2466:

applications also used vertical blanking interval lines 14–18 and 20, but teletext over NTSC was never widely adopted by viewers.

478:. Each frame is composed of two fields, each consisting of 262.5 scan lines, for a total of 525 scan lines. The visible 418:

and most other NTSC markets. The majority of NTSC transmissions ended in Japan on July 24, 2011, with the Japanese prefectures of

8393: 7569: 6568: 6242: 6102: 537:

color, and so have a higher vertical resolution, but a lower temporal resolution of 25 frames or 50 fields per second.

285:. The CBS system was incompatible with existing black-and-white receivers. It used a rotating color wheel, reduced the number of 8754: 5522: 4228:(CTI) was also considered. The CBS and final NTSC systems were called field-sequential and dot-sequential systems, respectively. 1464:

The 59.94 rate is derived from the following calculations. Designers chose to make the chrominance subcarrier frequency an

229: 10088: 6767: 6177: 4737: 10083: 10073: 10053: 9855: 8864: 7858: 7783: 7380: 6205: 6162: 5593: 5320: 4857: 4831: 4805: 4779: 4747: 5720: 5066: 4648:

Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (1987–2004): Recommended Practice RP 145–2004. Color Monitor Colorimetry.

3837: 3001: 2172: 391:

Kamloops, which has not yet transitioned to digital, is listed as having been required to transition by November 20, 2020).

7226: 7162: 6082: 5092: 5038: 4902: 1824:

Film shot specifically for NTSC television is usually taken at 30 (instead of 24) frames per second to avoid 3:2 pulldown.

263:

per frame at 262.5 lines per field and 60 fields per second. Other standards in the final recommendation were an

173: 9220: 5889: 5181: 4795: 4290: 1831:

and some European movies) on NTSC equipment, every fifth frame is duplicated and then the resulting stream is interlaced.

10145: 10078: 9924: 7878: 4718: 3887: 2044: 1050: 5855: 4821: 2404:

The standard NTSC video image contains some lines (lines 1–21 of each field) that are not visible (this is known as the

9850: 8419: 4639:

International Telecommunication Union Recommendation ITU-R 470-6 (1970–1998): Conventional Television Systems, Annex 2.

1396: 9944: 8228: 4997: 4463: 2323: 1019: 529: Hz (approximately 59.94 Hz). For comparison, 625 lines (576 visible) systems, usually used with 237: 225: 4589:

DeMarsh, Leroy (1993): TV Display Phosphors/Primaries — Some History. SMPTE Journal, December 1993: 1095–1098.

3326:(Will convert to ATSC 3.0 instead of 1.0. The conversion will begin in 2023 and is expected to be completed by 2026) 2982:(Will convert to ATSC 3.0 instead of 1.0. The conversion will begin in 2022 and is expected to be completed by 2023) 9729: 9277: 9079: 7815: 7087: 6533: 6518: 4847: 3254: 2304: 1000: 560:), which produces rolling bars on the screen. Synchronization of the refresh rate to the power incidentally helped 4676:

European Broadcasting Union (1975) Tech. 3213-E.: E.B.U. Standard for Chromaticity Tolerances for Studio Monitors.

2080: 10171: 9840: 8749: 8602: 8598: 8145: 7538: 7302: 7231: 6729: 2276: 1539: 1281: 972: 540:

The NTSC field refresh frequency in the black-and-white system originally exactly matched the nominal 60 Hz

6029: 5407: 1961:

is utilized to convert 24 frames to 30, will also provide unacceptable results if the field order is incorrect.

1843:

regions that use a nominal 30-fps television standard, there is no noticeable change in speed, tempo, and pitch.

10166: 9835: 8913: 7939: 7053: 6989: 6913: 6415: 6348: 5336: 4987: 4667:

Advanced Television Systems Committee (2003): ATSC Direct-to-Home Satellite Broadcast Standard Doc. A/81, pp.18

4068: 4031: 3939: 3857: 3048: 2261: 1838:

Film shot for television in regions that use 25-fps television standards can be handled in either of two ways:

957: 436: 295: 9860: 8884: 8713: 8271: 7906: 7788: 7600: 7350: 7266: 6953: 6877: 6801: 4555: 3877: 1957:

a flash field in the interlaced video if the field dominance is incorrect. The film telecine process where a

1562: 1538:, is transmitted. The color subcarrier, as noted above, is 3.579545 MHz above the video carrier, and is 1530:

is 1.25 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. Like most AM signals, the video carrier generates two

1189: 1149: 910: 884:

signals, SMPTE C colorimetry should be assumed unless colorimetric data is included in the transport stream.

752: 278: 165: 7172: 7154: 5659: 4007:

Petition of National Television System Committee For Adoption of Transmission Standards for Color Television

2283: 979: 10135: 9896: 9793: 9336: 9131: 9103: 8956: 8657: 8427: 7820: 7762: 7533: 7370: 7284: 3388: 1979: 682: 439:

continues to use the frame rate and number of lines of resolution established by the analog NTSC standard.

122: 39: 6958: 5613: 3972: 663:

C. Manufacturers introduced a number of variations for technical, economic, marketing, and other reasons.

339:, viewable on prototype color receivers at special presentations across the country. The first color NTSC 10125: 9632: 9072: 8854: 7798: 7767: 6561: 6235: 6132: 5552: 3145: 3052: 3019: 2030:" is slightly different: in Japan, black level and blanking level of the signal are identical (at 0 821: 4873: 9984: 9906: 9845: 9552: 8692: 8480: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8355: 8281: 8007: 7793: 7661: 7297: 7241: 7070: 7006: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6887: 6872: 6862: 6609: 6460: 3358: 2435: 2427: 2405: 2065: 1535: 622: 487: 432: 375: 4530: 2290: 986: 121:

is usually associated with the System M; this combination is sometimes called NTSC II. The only other

9756: 9717: 9562: 9462: 9391: 9324: 9151: 8667: 7851: 7512: 7401: 7046: 7041: 7031: 6857: 6326: 6303: 5428: 4146: 3827: 2420: 1577:, where the ATSC digital carrier is broadcast at 0.31 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. 340: 249: 157: 6199: 10115: 9357: 9292: 9245: 9205: 8012: 7691: 7636: 7593: 7421: 6852: 3842: 3337: 3128: 1300:

is then added to the Luminance to form the composite color signal which modulates the video signal

512: 252:'s desire to increase the number of scan lines to between 605 and 800. The standard recommended a 9954: 9939: 9783: 9734: 9657: 9557: 9235: 9121: 9116: 8986: 8859: 8375: 7676: 5312: 3832: 3362: 2272: 2250: 2057: 1498:

lines per second by 262.5 lines per field gives approximately 59.94 fields per second.

1369: 1342: 1315: 1256: 1229: 1107: 968: 946: 906: 379: 137: 7221: 5966: 5373:"CNTV y SUBTEL culminan primera etapa de entrega de concesiones de Televisión Digital Terrestre" 4686: 4606: 645: 10181: 9876: 9662: 9477: 9422: 9417: 9230: 9195: 8908: 8874: 8869: 8829: 8682: 8622: 7893: 7736: 7543: 6897: 6554: 6228: 5429:

Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones (SIGET), ed. (October 27, 2023).

5154: 4542: 4412: 4383: 4044: 3366: 3354: 3353:(Full-power over-the-air NTSC broadcasting was switched off on June 12, 2009 in favor of ATSC. 2705: 2451: 2443: 395: 371: 145: 31: 17: 5583: 5306: 1778:

In regions that use 25-fps television and video standards, this difference can be overcome by

613:

with vacuum tube devices. The closest practical sequence to 500 that meets these criteria was

267:

of 4:3, and frequency modulation (FM) for the sound signal (which was quite new at the time).

10186: 9778: 9582: 9547: 9467: 9447: 9369: 9257: 9178: 9043: 8780: 8002: 7528: 7375: 7365: 7355: 7213: 6918: 4225: 4005: 3227: 2732: 2377: 2257: 1893: 953: 598: 330: 219: 153: 149: 95: 9111: 4046: 9692: 9652: 9622: 9379: 9314: 9136: 9022: 9007: 8918: 8770: 8744: 8652: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8298: 7949: 7944: 7934: 7844: 7563: 7523: 7246: 6892: 6816: 5585:

High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology

5353: 4453:"Media Bureau Reminds LPTV/TV Translators of Digital Transition Date (DA/FCC #: DA-20-724)" 4381:

Abrahams, I.C. (1954). "Choice of Chrominance Subcarrier Frequency in the NTSC Standards".

4255:"Action of Defense Mobilizer in Postponing Color TV Poses Many Question for the Industry". 4096: 3867: 3847: 3610: 3584: 3558: 3181: 2965: 2882: 2798: 2762: 2143: 1900: 1889: 1570: 1543: 1519: 1518:

as transmitted occupies a total bandwidth of 6 MHz. The actual video signal, which is

427: 264: 161: 141: 6027:[Analog shutdown process: know the dates and zones where the measure will apply]. 4452: 3915: 109:

receivers. It is one of three major color formats for analog television, the others being

8: 9702: 9642: 9401: 9363: 9161: 9146: 8961: 8923: 8824: 8784: 8338: 8313: 8303: 8276: 7518: 7109: 6317: 5753: 5138: 4310: 3862: 3323: 2964:(Over-the-air NTSC broadcasting scheduled to be abandoned by December 2020, simulcast in 2881:(Over-the-air NTSC broadcasting scheduled to be abandoned by December 2024, simulcast in 2600: 2223: 1958: 1786: 1554: 545: 169: 8385: 6002: 3819:, the successor committee to NTSC that deals with digital television broadcast standards 3467:(Experimented on 405-line variant of NTSC, then UK chose 625-line for PAL broadcasting.) 2529:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2034:), as they are in PAL, while in American NTSC, black level is slightly higher (7.5 564:

cameras record early live television broadcasts, as it was very simple to synchronize a

9929: 9886: 9817: 9687: 9617: 9592: 9527: 9374: 9095: 8849: 8799: 8343: 8173: 7954: 7345: 6972: 6251: 5025:

Most modern TV-sets accept the so called pseudo formats (Pseudo PAL and Pseudo NTSC)...

4823:

Digital Television: Satellite, Cable, Terrestrial, IPTV, Mobile TV in the DVB Framework

4327: 4274: 4257: 4240: 3933: 2851: 2389: 1566: 1550: 1515: 850:

signals transmitted, the adjustment can only be approximated, introducing both hue and

367: 207: 8530: 6751: 3432:

made the first unofficial transmissions in color, in specific programs in the city of

2162:

Film content commonly shot at 24 frames/s can be converted to 30 frames/s through the

1293: 224:

The National Television System Committee was established in 1940 by the United States

9969: 9891: 9805: 9788: 9751: 9597: 9427: 9396: 9262: 9156: 8976: 8933: 8794: 8789: 8416: 8218: 7411: 7360: 6842: 6600: 6360: 6311: 6058:"Inicia cuenta regresiva para apagón analógico en sistemas de televisión de Honduras" 5589: 5316: 4993: 4853: 4827: 4801: 4775: 4743: 4084: 4062: 4021: 2854:(Over-the-air NTSC broadcasting scheduled to be abandoned by 2021, simulcast in ATSC) 2493: 2447: 1558: 1132: 594: 590: 586: 541: 496: 423: 321: 87: 9637: 6025:"Proceso de apagón analógico: conoce las fechas y zonas donde se aplicará la medida" 2416:

signal, and the other two having 50 percent and 7.5 percent luminance respectively.

206:(DV) camcorder format that is equivalent to NTSC is 720 × 480 pixels. The 42:. For the standard-definition digital video mode sometimes referred to as NTSC, see 9974: 9934: 9914: 9881: 9810: 9768: 9682: 9537: 9522: 9497: 9472: 9432: 9282: 9141: 9126: 8903: 8844: 8687: 8637: 8213: 8178: 7987: 7731: 7558: 7023: 6981: 6522: 5725: 5013: 4914: 4590: 4421: 4392: 4120: 3476:

The following countries and regions no longer use NTSC for terrestrial broadcasts.

3374: 3370: 3015: 2341: 1912: 1818: 1453: 1441: 847: 508: 467: 419: 289:

from 525 to 405, and increased the field rate from 60 to 144, but had an effective

271: 257: 102: 6103:"Invoering digitale televisie zorgt voor meer tv-plezier • Surgoed Makelaardij NV" 5166: 2297: 993: 9602: 9457: 9225: 9200: 9188: 9002: 8894: 8819: 8775: 8642: 8293: 8253: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8208: 8193: 7997: 7979: 7553: 7385: 6214: 6089: 5781: 5465: 5360: 5197: 5185: 5070: 4769: 3166:. NTSC broadcasts to be abandoned in areas with more than 90% of DVB-T reception) 2039: 1936: 1857: 1828: 1547: 1458: 1304:. 3.58 MHz is often stated as an abbreviation instead of 3.579545 MHz. 1041: 610: 553: 491: 399: 106: 30:

This article is about the television system. For NTSC regions in videogames, see

6194: 5096: 5044: 4946: 4081: 4003: 1982:

in use throughout the world, NTSC color encoding is almost invariably used with

9800: 9672: 9647: 9607: 9577: 9452: 9287: 9240: 9215: 9173: 8981: 8809: 8723: 8612: 7757: 7741: 7646: 7508: 7503: 7406: 7334: 7322: 7117: 6821: 6352: 4923: 4425: 4396: 4294: 4192: 4116: 3822: 3816: 3792: 3740: 3714: 3688: 3662: 3532: 3464: 2745: 2574: 2547: 2489: 1877: 1847:

duplicated, and there is still no noticeable change in speed, tempo, and pitch.

1587:

The following table shows the values for the basic RGB colors, encoded in NTSC

1574: 877: 858: 788: 407: 195: 4972: 4124: 3272:(simulcast in NTSC, SECAM and PAL, before switching to PAL in the early 1990s) 1292:

captured by a TV camera, and the amplitude represents the instantaneous color

10160: 9949: 9722: 9712: 9627: 9517: 9512: 9502: 9487: 9309: 9168: 8697: 8647: 8526: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8454: 7330: 7195: 7097: 7092: 6747: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6635: 6617: 5935: 5933: 5692: 4901:

Kennel, Glenn; Pytlak, John; Sehlin, Richard; Uhlig, Ronald (December 1988).

4410:

Abrahams, I.C. "The Frequency Interleaving Principle in the NTSC Standards".

3787: 3350: 2499: 2385: 2002: 1983: 914: 687: 606: 453: 350:

The NTSC standard has been adopted by other countries, including some in the

260: 203: 91: 6220: 820:

The original 1953 color NTSC specification, still part of the United States

9827: 9667: 9612: 9542: 9507: 9442: 9341: 9331: 9183: 9048: 8839: 8728: 8662: 8632: 8557: 8286: 6826: 6793: 6647: 5178: 3429: 3283: 3268: 3070: 2381: 2110:

despite being included in the goods catalog for trade network of the USSR.

1853: 1599: 1527: 1301: 1101: 1033: 851: 549: 344: 6546: 5930: 5830: 4970: 4117:"Engineers and Electrons: A Century of Electrical Progress (chapter list)" 4045:

Radio Corporation of America; National Broadcasting Company, Inc. (1953),

3433: 90:, published and adopted in 1941. In 1961, it was assigned the designation 10027: 9677: 9587: 9572: 9532: 9492: 9351: 9017: 9012: 8951: 8677: 8617: 8607: 8308: 8203: 7883: 7867: 6882: 6166: 5460: 4212: 3872: 3709: 3683: 3297: 3240: 3213: 3195: 2878: 2626: 2485: 2431: 2093:

H & V frequencies; it just needs to do so while receiving PAL color.

1789:" is used. One film frame is transmitted for three video fields (lasting 1609: 1136: 1037: 825: 677: 672: 659: 654: 603: 504: 479: 403: 336: 4515: 3471: 2523:

Parts of this article (those related to individual sections) need to be

2131: 1779: 10032: 9739: 9437: 9346: 9302: 9272: 9250: 8946: 8879: 8814: 8627: 8198: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7686: 7681: 7671: 7666: 7656: 7651: 7641: 7631: 7340: 7274: 7185: 7144: 4947:"Programmer's Guide to Video Systems - Lurker's Guide - lurkertech.com" 3957: 3882: 3579: 3084: 2794: 2554:(Japan, Philippines, part of South America and Saint Kitts and Nevis), 2470: 2413: 2264: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2035: 2031: 1772: 1603: 1581: 1309: 1297: 960: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 316: 299: 290: 253: 2825: 649:

1931 CIE chromaticity diagram, showing gamuts for NTSC, BT.709, and P3

486:, only uses 480 of these lines for visible raster. The remainder (the 310:

In December 1953, the FCC unanimously approved what is now called the

10017: 9482: 9297: 9064: 9053: 9038: 8971: 8966: 8941: 8133: 8121: 8116: 8047: 8042: 7548: 7127: 6667: 6627: 3425: 3401: 3115: 2922: 2345: 2069: 1865: 1140: 561: 516: 394:

Most countries using the NTSC standard, as well as those using other

286: 191: 6206:

Representation of the NTSC refresh rate on a television and on a DVD

3913: 2239: 935: 10012: 10002: 9919: 9744: 9567: 8804: 8672: 8522: 8188: 8183: 8111: 8106: 8065: 8057: 8037: 8027: 7964: 7901: 7426: 7416: 7307: 7292: 6867: 6806: 6739: 6307: 4918: 4849:

Modern Television Practice Principles,Technology and Servicing 2/Ed

4763: 4761: 4759: 4594: 3914:

National Television System Committee (1943). Donald G. Fink (ed.).

3735: 3605: 3451: 3310: 3180:(NTSC broadcast to be abandoned by December 31, 2017, simulcasting 2961: 2838: 2776: 2639: 2587: 2463: 2336: 2163: 2061: 2010: 1766: 1531: 630: 500: 483: 351: 199: 190:

has a digital standard resolution of 720 × 480 pixel for

133: 7585: 5305:

Hegarty, Michael; Phelan, Anne; Kilbride, Lisa (January 1, 1998).

3636: 3199: 2423:, also added ghost (multipath interference) removal capabilities. 1998: 1526:

and 5.45 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. The video

281:

color television standard in October 1950, which was developed by

10007: 9992: 9210: 8577: 8333: 8223: 7256: 7203: 6719: 6464: 5856:"NTC urges public to embrace digital TV as analog shutdown nears" 5664: 3970: 3501: 3097: 2979: 2896: 2865: 2692: 2679: 2665: 2478: 2474: 2459: 2392:

socket was introduced for S-video input with the introduction of

2372: 388: 51: 4756: 4088: 2558:(Taiwan, Panama, Colombia, Myanmar, and Trinidad and Tobago) or 270:

In January 1950, the committee was reconstituted to standardize

10037: 9997: 9319: 8552: 8022: 7959: 6847: 6783: 6643: 6468: 6293: 5456:"Digital Television Switchover in Jamaica set to begin in 2022" 4438:"NBC Launches First Publicly-Announced Color Television Show", 3852: 3761: 3657: 3527: 3421: 3159: 3033: 2935: 2797:(NTSC broadcast to be abandoned by December 2018, simulcasting 2718: 2652: 2455: 2027: 1883: 1506: 918: 832: 482:

is made up of 486 scan lines. The later digital standard,

475: 415: 245: 126: 101:

In 1953, a second NTSC standard was adopted, which allowed for

7836: 6715: 2364:, while for the more expensive PAL system it was necessary to 2006: 10022: 9959: 9267: 8718: 8582: 8572: 8567: 8157: 8152: 8140: 8128: 8101: 8082: 8077: 8017: 7911: 7809: 7803: 7080: 7011: 6811: 6723: 6657: 6651: 6577: 6498: 6493: 6374: 3766: 3631: 3553: 3506: 3437: 3163: 3141: 3056: 2993: 2948: 2780: 2758: 2613: 2555: 2393: 2023: 1523: 892: 534: 471: 411: 355: 179:

Since the introduction of digital sources (ex: DVD) the term

114: 60: 5912:"Senate Passes Bill to shift DTV transition date to June 12" 2005:

countries Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina before they chose

1553:

in the 88–108 MHz band, but with a 25 kHz maximum

1040:

encoding system, incorporating concepts invented in 1938 by

198:(SVCD, Aspect Ratio: 4:3) and 352 × 240 pixel for 9964: 7992: 7696: 7498: 7251: 7134: 7075: 7063: 7058: 7036: 6999: 6994: 6483: 6438: 6434: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6380: 5777:"Switching off analog TV by 2023 should continue — Andanar" 5523:"New turn for Tijuana's transition to digital broadcasting" 5350:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

4973:"Recording PAL and 625-line 50 Hz NTSC video on a U.S. VCR" 3177: 2997: 2909: 2812: 2551: 1591:

Analog signal values for basic RGB colors, encoded in NTSC

881: 565: 303: 43: 6189: 5308:

Classrooms for Distance Teaching and Learning: A Blueprint

4971:

VWestlife's Camcorder Tests & More (January 6, 2010).

2500:

Countries and territories that are using or once used NTSC

8562: 8415: 8248: 8089: 8070: 7122: 6711: 6472: 6370: 6356: 6161:

A standard defining the NTSC system was published by the

5831:"NTC urges switch to digital TV as analog shutdown looms" 4004:

National Television System Committee (1951-1953) (1953),

3101: 2122: 1869: 1510:

Spectrum of a System M television channel with NTSC color

1289: 888: 589:

was run at twice the horizontal line frequency, and this

530: 282: 256:

of 30 frames (images) per second, consisting of two

241: 233: 110: 68: 8368:

For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see

3971:

Federal Communications Commission (September 29, 1954).

617:. (For the same reason, 625-line PAL-B/G and SECAM uses 5721:"Govt on course to hit 2023 full digital TV transition" 4900: 3162:(NTSC broadcasts to be abandoned by 2020, simulcasting 602:

method of frequency division was the use of a chain of

5200:. Experimentaltvcenter.org. Retrieved on May 11, 2014. 3838:

List of common resolutions § Television and media

3004:

delayed the planned 2011 rollout in three prefectures)

2202:{\displaystyle {\frac {23.976}{29.97}}={\frac {4}{5}}} 2072:

players sold in markets where the PAL system is used.

1978:

Unlike PAL and SECAM, with its many varied underlying

1892:

is a linear modulation method, so a given demodulated

6170: 5431:"Digital Terrestial Television National Transisition" 5304: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5121:, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989, p. 82. 3472:

Countries and territories that have ceased using NTSC

2446:

on lines 17–18, a network source code on line 20 and

2175: 1399: 1372: 1345: 1318: 1259: 1232: 1192: 1152: 1110: 1053: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 2434:

or ancillary data such as video editing timestamps (

1143:

in areas of the picture that held saturated colors.

548:

power used in the United States. Matching the field

55:

Analog television encoding systems by nation: NTSC (

5886:

Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago

5805:"NTC: Preparations underway for analog TV shutdown" 4583: 4492:

Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada

2761:(Analog shutoff occurred in 2024, now switching to 1997:NTSC-N was originally proposed in the 1960s to the 1093:{\displaystyle (R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime })} 385:

Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada

132:The NTSC/System M standard was used in most of the 7826:NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories 5688:"Broadcasters commit to digital TV switch by 2023" 5679: 4922: 2506:Digital television transition in the United States 2201: 2068:. It was also found as an optional output on some 1573:signals are used. The same extensions are used in 1432: 1385: 1358: 1331: 1272: 1245: 1218: 1178: 1123: 1092: 874:Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers 831:Early color television receivers, such as the RCA 828:values of the system as shown in the above table. 5749:"Digital TV shift by 2023 pushing through — DICT" 5660:"Hardware boom comes with PH shift to digital TV" 5203: 5036: 5014:"WeetHet - Video - Overview of available formats" 3893:Australian and New Zealand television frequencies 3440:by the Brazilian Government on February 19, 1972) 2496:which highlight TiVo promotions and advertisers. 1501: 1433:{\displaystyle R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime }} 846:can not be performed accurately on the nonlinear 10158: 5581: 5480: 4736:Large, David; Farmer, James (January 13, 2004). 4545:. VideoHelp Forum Retrieved on January 23, 2015. 2779:(Analog shutoff scheduled to 2022, simulcasting 1131:(Y prime) which takes the place of the original 302:. A variant of the CBS system was later used by 210:(DTV) equivalent is 704 × 480 pixels. 105:broadcast compatible with the existing stock of 5686:Mariano, Keith Richard D. (February 16, 2017). 5610:"Philippines to start digital TV shift in 2019" 5337:"BBC's All-Digital TV Output Plans 'On Course'" 4989:Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces 4607:"SMPTE C Color Monitor Colorimetry RP 145-2004" 4536: 4531:DTV and Over-the-Air Viewers Along U.S. Borders 4325:"F.C.C. Rules Color TV Can Go on Air at Once". 1542:with a suppressed carrier. The audio signal is 1047:The red, green, and blue primary color signals 5740: 5037:Sokolov, Georgii; Sudravskii, Dmitrii (1963). 4485:"Digital Television (DTV) Transition Schedule" 3259: 2399: 1557:, as opposed to 75 kHz as is used on the 447: 9080: 8401: 7852: 7601: 6562: 6250: 6236: 5635:Cabuenas, Jon Viktor D. (February 14, 2017). 4187: 4185: 4177:Television Standards - formats and techniques 899: 5987: 5829:Dela Cruz, Raymond Carl (January 15, 2024). 5712: 5651: 5637:"Gov't wants analog TV switched off by 2023" 5169:. Philrees.co.uk. Retrieved on May 11, 2014. 1884:Modulation for analog satellite transmission 880:digital television standard states that for 34:. For the Indonesian government agency, see 10095:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 6576: 5874: 5719:Esmael, Maria Lisbet K. (October 7, 2018). 5514: 4903:"Major Motion-Picture Production Standards" 4826:. Taylor & Francis. February 20, 2024. 4735: 4642: 4172:NTSC (National Television System Committee) 4101:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4026:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2469:Many stations transmit TV Guide On Screen ( 1393:signal, is reconstructed to the individual 861:. This specification survives today as the 10131: 9087: 9073: 8408: 8394: 7859: 7845: 7608: 7594: 6569: 6555: 6243: 6229: 5575: 4651: 4526: 4524: 4182: 3148:with US; adopted NTSC before independence) 1827:To show 25-fps material (such as European 410:standards, while other countries, such as 7457: 7455: 5828: 5188:. Poynton.com. Retrieved on May 11, 2014. 4874:"Color Bar Levels, Amplitues, and Phases" 4635: 4633: 4631: 4288: 2324:Learn how and when to remove this message 1020:Learn how and when to remove this message 8835:Output power of an analog TV transmitter 6055: 5746: 5657: 5634: 5157:. Danalee.ca. Retrieved on May 11, 2014. 5119:Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing 4719:"Poynton's Color FAQ by Charles Poynton" 4556:"Display Color Gamuts: NTSC to Rec.2020" 4380: 4308:"CBS Says Confusion Now Bars Color TV". 3670:December 31, 2015 (Full power stations) 3361:were switched off on September 1, 2015. 2335: 1785:For 30-fps standards, a process called " 1760: 1505: 644: 50: 36:National Transportation Safety Committee 6195:US cable television channel frequencies 6113:from the original on September 25, 2019 5685: 5658:Dela Paz, Chrisee (February 14, 2017). 5553:"DOF – Diario Oficial de la Federación" 5489:"Mexico To Adopt The ATSC DTV Standard" 5379:from the original on September 28, 2019 4985: 4670: 4521: 2166:process to duplicate frames as needed. 1935:F1 (field one) and F2 (field two). The 1366:signals, which in conjunction with the 1219:{\displaystyle B^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }} 1179:{\displaystyle R^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }} 14: 10159: 9094: 7452: 7449:Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network. 7445: 7443: 5747:Mercurio, Richmond (October 4, 2018). 5718: 5533:from the original on September 6, 2013 5520: 5486: 4767: 4628: 4335: 4238:"Color TV Shelved As a Defense Step". 2229: 1546:, like the audio signals broadcast by 1100:are weighted and summed into a single 437:digital standard definition television 240:standard (already being used by RCA's 9068: 8865:Direct-broadcast satellite television 8389: 7840: 7784:Advanced Television Systems Committee 7589: 7487: 6588: 6550: 6459: 6347: 6269: 6266: 6224: 6163:International Telecommunication Union 6064:from the original on February 8, 2019 5802: 5628: 5563:from the original on January 21, 2018 5545: 5493:Advanced Television Systems Committee 4533:. FCC.gov. Retrieved on May 11, 2014. 4518:. FCC.gov. Retrieved on May 11, 2014. 4511: 4509: 4272:"TV Research Curb on Color Avoided". 3973:20th Annual Report to Congress (1954) 3243:(existed on NTSC since March 5, 2024) 3022:with US; US aid funded NTSC adoption) 2001:as a 50 Hz broadcast method for 1992: 456:television signal, which consists of 452:NTSC color encoding is used with the 361: 86:) is the first American standard for 38:. For the organization in China, see 10141: 7488: 6190:National Television System Committee 5941:"ATSC Salutes The 'Passing' of NTSC" 5774: 5612:. NexTV Asia-Pacific. Archived from 5582:Philip J. Cianci (January 9, 2012). 4409: 4224:A third line sequential system from 4144: 3802:September 1, 2015 (Class-A stations) 2509: 2262:adding citations to reliable sources 2233: 2126: 1286:carriers themselves being suppressed 1280:(in quadrature) in a process called 958:adding citations to reliable sources 929: 854:errors for highly saturated colors. 599:corrected by adjusting the frequency 442: 383:2022, under a schedule published by 84:National Television System Committee 8755:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) 7615: 7440: 6178:"CBS Field Sequential Color System" 6083:Transicion a TDT (Transition to DT) 6056:Bustillo, Yony (January 29, 2019). 6037:from the original on March 28, 2024 5397: 5095:. September 6, 2022. Archived from 5069:. September 6, 2022. Archived from 4291:"CBS Field Sequential Color System" 3888:Pan-American television frequencies 3804:July 13, 2021 (Low power stations) 3800:June 12, 2009 (Full power stations) 2388:. In 1987, a standardized four-pin 2100: 1440:signals, that are then sent to the 1226:. These two color signals known as 575: 176:nations and territories (see map). 32:Regional lockout § Video games 24: 6017: 5848: 5822: 5796: 5179:Technical Introduction to Timecode 5093:"Izumrud-203 OSKM Color TV (1959)" 5040:Amateur Colour TV Receiver TSVET-2 4739:Modern Cable Television Technology 4506: 4147:"10 Years Ago: The Analog Shutoff" 3436:, before the official adoption of 3002:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 1580:"Setup" is a 54 mV (7.5 1522:, is transmitted between 500 1425: 1415: 1405: 1378: 1351: 1324: 1265: 1238: 1211: 1198: 1186:and the blue difference signal is 1171: 1158: 1116: 1082: 1072: 1062: 298:in October, ostensibly due to the 25: 10198: 10177:Television transmission standards 6200:Commercial Television Frequencies 6183: 5803:Locus, Sundy (January 15, 2024). 5775:Rita, Joviland (March 30, 2022). 4464:Federal Communications Commission 3540:August 31, 2011 (Select markets) 925: 466: (approximately 29.97) 406:are adopting or have adopted the 274:. The FCC had briefly approved a 226:Federal Communications Commission 10140: 10130: 10121: 10120: 10109: 9730:Free-space optical communication 8370: 8369: 7816:Joint Photographic Experts Group 5155:Waveform Mons & Vectorscopes 5137:. March 13, 2006. Archived from 4771:Monochrome and Colour Television 4179:by Raffael Amadeus Trappe, 2013. 3985:from the original on May 8, 2024 3954:Canon ES8400V Instruction Manual 3780: 3754: 3728: 3702: 3676: 3650: 3624: 3598: 3572: 3546: 3520: 3494: 3457: 3444: 3414: 3394: 3381: 3343: 3330: 3316: 3303: 3290: 3276: 3261: 3255:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3247: 3233: 3220: 3206: 3188: 3170: 3152: 3134: 3121: 3108: 3090: 3077: 3063: 3041: 3026: 3008: 2986: 2972: 2954: 2941: 2928: 2915: 2902: 2889: 2871: 2858: 2844: 2831: 2818: 2805: 2787: 2769: 2751: 2738: 2725: 2711: 2698: 2685: 2672: 2658: 2645: 2632: 2619: 2606: 2593: 2580: 2567: 2514: 2238: 2130: 934: 507:(disregarding half lines due to 194:, 480 × 480 pixel for 8750:Quadrature amplitude modulation 7866: 7777:Related standards organizations 6125: 6095: 6076: 6049: 5959: 5904: 5768: 5602: 5521:Dibble, Sandra (May 30, 2013). 5448: 5422: 5391: 5365: 5343: 5329: 5191: 5172: 5167:SMPTE EBU timecode by Phil Rees 5160: 5148: 5124: 5111: 5085: 5059: 5030: 5006: 4979: 4964: 4939: 4894: 4866: 4840: 4814: 4788: 4768:Gulati, R. R. (December 2005). 4729: 4711: 4679: 4661: 4599: 4574: 4548: 4477: 4445: 4432: 4403: 4374: 4364: 4331:. December 19, 1953. p. 1. 4318: 4301: 4282: 4265: 4261:. October 22, 1951. p. 23. 4248: 4231: 4218: 4199: 3920:. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc 3407: 2371:The use of NTSC coded color in 2249:needs additional citations for 2060:TV based in Germany during the 1771:There is a large difference in 945:needs additional citations for 8914:Television channel frequencies 6589: 6133:"Low power television service" 4244:. October 20, 1951. p. 1. 4164: 4138: 4109: 4075: 4038: 3997: 3964: 3946: 3907: 3858:Television channel frequencies 2419:A less-used successor to VIR, 1922: 1540:quadrature-amplitude-modulated 1502:Transmission modulation method 1087: 1054: 640: 296:Office of Defense Mobilization 185: 13: 1: 8885:Digital television transition 8714:Multichannel television sound 7804:ITU Radiocommunication Sector 6954:Field-sequential color system 6169:or can be purchased from the 6033:(in Spanish). March 9, 2024. 5487:Hester, Lisa (July 6, 2004). 5132:"LM1881 Video Sync Separator" 5067:"Raduga OSKM Color TV (1962)" 4800:. Newnes. November 17, 2002. 4314:. March 26, 1953. p. 39. 3900: 3878:Channel 1 (North American TV) 2430:lines are typically used for 667:RGB chromaticity coordinates 627:3×3×3×3×5 587:voltage-controlled oscillator 10116:Telecommunication portal 9897:Telecommunications equipment 8957:Field strength in free space 8658:Horizontal blanking interval 8032: 7821:Moving Picture Experts Group 7810:ITU Telecommunication Sector 7763:Broadcast television systems 7534:Reverse Standards Conversion 6030:Televisión Nacional de Chile 5588:. McFarland. pp. 302–. 4145:Wilt, Adam (June 12, 2019). 3389:United States Virgin Islands 3377:systems are also unaffected) 2116: 2050: 1980:broadcast television systems 1615:Chrominance amplitude (IRE) 815: 777: 741: 552:to the power source avoided 433:higher-resolution television 40:National Time Service Center 7: 9633:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 8855:Superheterodyne transmitter 7799:European Broadcasting Union 7768:Interoperable Master Format 6088:September 19, 2010, at the 3810: 3146:Compact of Free Association 3053:Compact of Free Association 3020:Compact of Free Association 2442:timecodes on lines 12–14), 2436:vertical interval timecodes 2400:Vertical interval reference 1968: 1386:{\displaystyle Y^{\prime }} 1359:{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }} 1332:{\displaystyle I^{\prime }} 1273:{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }} 1246:{\displaystyle I^{\prime }} 1124:{\displaystyle Y^{\prime }} 822:Code of Federal Regulations 515:image at the field refresh 448:Resolution and refresh rate 396:analog television standards 123:broadcast television system 10: 10203: 9337:Telecommunications history 8693:Vertical blanking interval 8282:Colour Index International 7794:Digital Video Broadcasting 6217: (archived 2014-02-22) 6155: 5400:"Televisión Digital en RD" 4797:Newnes Guide to Digital TV 4426:10.1109/JRPROC.1954.274613 4397:10.1109/JRPROC.1954.274612 4067:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3938:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3055:with US, transitioning to 2503: 2428:vertical blanking interval 2406:Vertical Blanking Interval 2358:Never Twice the Same Color 2120: 2066:Hong Kong Cable Television 1764: 900:Color compatibility issues 838: 652: 615:3×5×5×7=525 488:vertical blanking interval 337:Tournament of Roses Parade 217: 213: 125:to use NTSC color was the 29: 10104: 10046: 9983: 9945:Public Switched Telephone 9905: 9869: 9826: 9767: 9757:telecommunication circuit 9718:Fiber-optic communication 9701: 9463:Francis Blake (telephone) 9410: 9258:Optical telecommunication 9102: 9031: 8995: 8932: 8893: 8763: 8737: 8706: 8668:Nominal analogue blanking 8591: 8540: 8426: 8366: 8262: 8166: 8056: 7978: 7925: 7892: 7874: 7776: 7750: 7624: 7494: 7483: 7435: 7394: 7321: 7283: 7265: 7212: 7194: 7171: 7153: 7108: 7022: 6980: 6971: 6906: 6835: 6792: 6776: 6760: 6738: 6666: 6626: 6608: 6599: 6595: 6584: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6517: 6509: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6449: 6433: 6430: 6419: 6414: 6404: 6388: 6379: 6364: 6337: 6325: 6322: 6315: 6302: 6290: 6280: 6277: 6272: 6258: 6252:Digital video resolutions 4986:Poynton, Charles (2003). 4852:. New Age International. 4774:. New Age International. 4580:47 CFR § 73.682 (20) (iv) 4125:10.1109/9780470616321.ch9 4030:) CS1 maint: url-status ( 3828:Composite artifact colors 2366:Pay for Additional Luxury 2017: 1973: 686: 681: 676: 671: 9856:Orbital angular-momentum 9293:Satellite communications 9132:Communications satellite 4696:. SMPTE. p. 5 (A.4) 4442:, August 31, 1953, p. 4. 3843:List of video connectors 3424:(Between 1962 and 1963, 3373:. Most remaining analog 3338:Turks and Caicos Islands 3129:Northern Mariana Islands 2043:frequencies as those in 1296:. The 3.579545 MHz 865:phosphor specification: 503:(VITC). In the complete 27:Analog television system 9735:Molecular communication 9558:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 9387:Undersea telegraph line 9122:Cable protection system 8987:Television interference 8860:Television receive-only 6578:Broadcast video formats 5527:San Diego Union-Tribune 5313:Leuven University Press 3833:Glossary of video terms 635:3×3×7×13 623:British 405-line system 10172:Television terminology 9877:Communication protocol 9663:Charles Sumner Tainter 9478:Walter Houser Brattain 9423:Edwin Howard Armstrong 9231:Information revolution 8909:Microwave transmission 8875:Terrestrial television 8870:Television transmitter 8830:Intermediate frequency 8623:Chrominance subcarrier 7544:Television transmitter 6107:Surgoed Makelaardij NV 5943:. NTSC. Archived from 5835:Philippine News Agency 5354:Press release May 2007 5184:July 10, 2007, at the 4723:Homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk 4562:. Frontline Technology 4543:Canada... PAL or NTSC? 4413:Proceedings of the IRE 4384:Proceedings of the IRE 3978:(Report). p. 90. 2706:British Virgin Islands 2348: 2203: 1913:power spectral density 1511: 1434: 1387: 1360: 1333: 1274: 1247: 1220: 1180: 1125: 1094: 650: 619:5×5×5×5 499:and vertical interval 94:. It is also known as 76: 10167:ITU-R recommendations 9851:Polarization-division 9583:Narinder Singh Kapany 9548:Erna Schneider Hoover 9468:Jagadish Chandra Bose 9448:Alexander Graham Bell 9179:online video platform 8781:Broadcast transmitter 7529:MPEG transport stream 7356:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 6919:Mechanical television 6827:Zweikanalton (A2/IGR) 5359:May 19, 2007, at the 4226:Color Television Inc. 4196:in PCMag Encyclopedia 4151:provideocoalition.com 3488:Switchover completed 3228:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2733:Caribbean Netherlands 2504:Further information: 2339: 2204: 1894:signal-to-noise ratio 1761:Frame rate conversion 1509: 1435: 1388: 1361: 1334: 1275: 1248: 1221: 1181: 1126: 1095: 648: 591:frequency was divided 490:) allow for vertical 331:Kukla, Fran and Ollie 220:History of television 54: 9693:Vladimir K. Zworykin 9653:Almon Brown Strowger 9623:Charles Grafton Page 9278:Prepaid mobile phone 9206:Electrical telegraph 9023:Zero reference pulse 9008:Field strength meter 8745:Frequency modulation 8653:Horizontal scan rate 8299:Federal Standard 595 7879:List of color spaces 7564:Widescreen signaling 7539:Standards conversion 7524:Moving image formats 6281:Progressive (frames) 6005:on November 22, 2015 5918:on February 10, 2009 5700:on February 24, 2021 5410:on November 15, 2022 5073:on September 6, 2022 5047:on September 5, 2022 4975:– via YouTube. 3868:Ultra high frequency 3848:Moving image formats 3073:(a US military base) 2354:Never The Same Color 2258:improve this article 2173: 1571:second audio program 1397: 1370: 1343: 1316: 1257: 1230: 1190: 1150: 1141:crawling dot pattern 1108: 1051: 954:improve this article 597:and any discrepancy 595:power-line frequency 9643:Johann Philipp Reis 9402:Wireless revolution 9364:The Telephone Cases 9221:Hydraulic telegraph 8962:Noise (electronics) 8825:Intercarrier method 8785:Transmitter station 8420:broadcasting topics 7519:Display motion blur 6278:Interlaced (fields) 5892:on January 26, 2023 5754:The Philippine Star 5616:on February 9, 2015 5198:The History Project 5099:on January 16, 2022 4992:. Morgan Kaufmann. 4687:"SMPTE RP 167-1995" 4440:Wall Street Journal 4311:The Washington Post 4297:on January 5, 2010. 4278:. October 26, 1951. 3863:Very high frequency 3324:Trinidad and Tobago 3000:in 2012, after the 2996:(fully switched to 2601:Antigua and Barbuda 2362:No True Skin Colors 2230:Comparative quality 2224:H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 2086:amplitude modulated 1959:three-two pull down 1592: 1555:frequency deviation 1544:frequency-modulated 1520:amplitude-modulated 1444:to form the image. 1139:could be seen as a 1104:signal, designated 668: 546:alternating current 366:With the advent of 230:vestigial side band 9841:Frequency-division 9818:Telephone exchange 9688:Charles Wheatstone 9618:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 9593:Innocenzo Manzetti 9528:Reginald Fessenden 9263:Optical telegraphy 9096:Telecommunications 8850:Split sound system 8800:Differential phase 7570:Analogue TV Topics 6499:24, 30, 60; 25, 50 6484:24, 30, 60; 25, 50 6270:Definition (lines) 6211:Why 59.94 vs 60 Hz 6176:Ed Reitan (1997). 5862:. January 15, 2024 5468:. December 7, 2021 5144:on March 13, 2006. 4516:Digital Television 4328:The New York Times 4289:Ed Reitan (1997). 4275:The New York Times 4258:The New York Times 4241:The New York Times 3722:December 31, 2012 3618:December 31, 2019 3367:Low-power stations 3355:Low-power stations 2852:Dominican Republic 2349: 2344:, an example of a 2199: 2142:. You can help by 1993:NTSC-N and NTSC-50 1590: 1536:vestigial sideband 1516:television channel 1512: 1430: 1383: 1356: 1329: 1270: 1243: 1216: 1176: 1121: 1090: 666: 651: 372:Low-power stations 368:digital television 362:Digital conversion 208:digital television 77: 10154: 10153: 9892:Store and forward 9887:Data transmission 9801:Network switching 9752:Transmission line 9598:Guglielmo Marconi 9563:Internet pioneers 9428:Mohamed M. Atalla 9397:Whistled language 9062: 9061: 8977:Radiation pattern 8795:Differential gain 8417:Analog television 8383: 8382: 7834: 7833: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7361:MPEG Multichannel 6967: 6966: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6504: 6503: 6444: 6443: 6399: 6398: 6332: 6331: 6285: 6284: 5860:Maharlika NuMedia 5639:. GMA News Online 5595:978-0-7864-8797-4 5375:. June 27, 2019. 5322:978-90-6186-867-5 5315:. pp. 260–. 4859:978-81-224-1360-1 4833:978-0-240-52081-0 4807:978-0-7506-5721-1 4781:978-81-224-1607-7 4749:978-0-08-051193-1 3873:Knife-edge effect 3808: 3807: 2544: 2543: 2494:Discovery Channel 2448:closed captioning 2334: 2333: 2326: 2308: 2197: 2184: 2160: 2159: 1989:, giving NTSC-M. 1984:broadcast system 1829:television series 1758: 1757: 1133:monochrome signal 1030: 1029: 1022: 1004: 813: 812: 497:closed captioning 443:Technical details 341:television camera 322:frequency divider 88:analog television 16:(Redirected from 10194: 10144: 10143: 10134: 10133: 10124: 10123: 10114: 10113: 10112: 9985:Notable networks 9975:Wireless network 9915:Cellular network 9907:Types of network 9882:Computer network 9769:Network topology 9683:Thomas A. Watson 9538:Oliver Heaviside 9523:Philo Farnsworth 9498:Daniel Davis Jr. 9473:Charles Bourseul 9433:John Logie Baird 9142:Data compression 9137:Computer network 9089: 9082: 9075: 9066: 9065: 8904:Frequency offset 8845:Residual carrier 8790:Cavity amplifier 8688:Television lines 8410: 8403: 8396: 8387: 8386: 8373: 8372: 8359: 7988:RGB color spaces 7861: 7854: 7847: 7838: 7837: 7812:(formerly CCITT) 7751:Related articles 7732:SMPTE color bars 7610: 7603: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7559:Video processing 7489:Technical issues 7485: 7484: 7462: 7459: 7450: 7447: 6978: 6977: 6710:(Color systems: 6638:(Color systems: 6606: 6605: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6585: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6548: 6547: 6515: 6514: 6457: 6456: 6412: 6411: 6345: 6344: 6300: 6299: 6264: 6263: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6202:– at TVTower.com 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6099: 6093: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6001:. Archived from 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5971: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5914:. Archived from 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5888:. Archived from 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5726:The Manila Times 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5696:. Archived from 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5495:. Archived from 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5406:. Archived from 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5369: 5363: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5339:. March 9, 2016. 5333: 5327: 5326: 5302: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043:. Archived from 5034: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5020: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4926: 4921:. Archived from 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4765: 4754: 4753: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4611: 4603: 4597: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4457: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4293:. Archived from 4286: 4280: 4279: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4203: 4197: 4189: 4180: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4100: 4092: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4066: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4025: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3977: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3911: 3799: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3773: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3721: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3643: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3617: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3592:August 15, 2019 3591: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3565: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3513: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3479: 3478: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3375:cable television 3371:spectrum auction 3359:Class A stations 3349: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3016:Marshall Islands 3014: 3012: 3011: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2342:SMPTE color bars 2329: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2266: 2242: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2190: 2185: 2177: 2155: 2152: 2134: 2127: 2101:OSKM (USSR-NTSC) 1931:consists of two 1816: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1593: 1589: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1419: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1202: 1201: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1162: 1161: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1076: 1075: 1066: 1065: 1025: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1003: 962: 938: 930: 669: 665: 636: 628: 620: 616: 579: 528: 527: 523: 465: 464: 460: 376:Class A stations 279:field-sequential 272:color television 244:TV network) and 103:color television 74: 66: 58: 21: 10202: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10192: 10191: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10110: 10108: 10100: 10042: 9979: 9901: 9865: 9822: 9771: 9763: 9704: 9697: 9603:Robert Metcalfe 9458:Tim Berners-Lee 9406: 9226:Information Age 9098: 9093: 9063: 9058: 9027: 9003:Distortionmeter 8991: 8928: 8889: 8820:Frequency mixer 8776:Antenna (radio) 8759: 8733: 8702: 8643:Composite video 8587: 8536: 8422: 8414: 8384: 8379: 8362: 8353: 8287:CI list of dyes 8264: 8258: 8214:Imaginary color 8162: 8052: 7998:rg chromaticity 7974: 7921: 7888: 7870: 7865: 7835: 7830: 7806:(formerly CCIR) 7772: 7746: 7620: 7614: 7584: 7575: 7554:Video on demand 7499:14:9 compromise 7490: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7441: 7431: 7390: 7386:MPEG-H 3D Audio 7317: 7279: 7261: 7208: 7190: 7167: 7149: 7104: 7018: 6963: 6902: 6831: 6788: 6772: 6756: 6734: 6662: 6622: 6591: 6580: 6575: 6545: 6540: 6505: 6451: 6445: 6406: 6400: 6339: 6333: 6292: 6286: 6254: 6249: 6215:Wayback Machine 6186: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6090:Wayback Machine 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5947:on May 24, 2010 5939: 5938: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5809:GMA News Online 5801: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5782:GMA News Online 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5515: 5502: 5500: 5499:on June 6, 2014 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5466:Gleaner Company 5454: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5361:Wayback Machine 5348: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5303: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5186:Wayback Machine 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5117:Jain, Anal K., 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5035: 5031: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4984: 4980: 4969: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4927:on June 9, 2018 4913:(12): 985–990. 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4766: 4757: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4699: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4437: 4433: 4408: 4404: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4287: 4283: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4183: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4094: 4093: 4080: 4076: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3931: 3930: 3923: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3703: 3701: 3693: 3677: 3675: 3667: 3651: 3649: 3644:March 31, 2012 3641: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3599: 3597: 3589: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3521: 3519: 3511: 3495: 3493: 3474: 3458: 3456: 3445: 3443: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3395: 3393: 3382: 3380: 3344: 3342: 3331: 3329: 3317: 3315: 3304: 3302: 3291: 3289: 3277: 3275: 3262: 3260: 3248: 3246: 3234: 3232: 3221: 3219: 3216:(now uses ATSC) 3207: 3205: 3189: 3187: 3171: 3169: 3153: 3151: 3135: 3133: 3122: 3120: 3109: 3107: 3091: 3089: 3078: 3076: 3064: 3062: 3042: 3040: 3027: 3025: 3009: 3007: 2987: 2985: 2973: 2971: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2940: 2929: 2927: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2901: 2890: 2888: 2872: 2870: 2859: 2857: 2845: 2843: 2832: 2830: 2819: 2817: 2806: 2804: 2788: 2786: 2770: 2768: 2752: 2750: 2739: 2737: 2726: 2724: 2712: 2710: 2699: 2697: 2686: 2684: 2673: 2671: 2659: 2657: 2646: 2644: 2633: 2631: 2620: 2618: 2607: 2605: 2594: 2592: 2581: 2579: 2568: 2566: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2402: 2330: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2267: 2265: 2255: 2243: 2232: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2189: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2140:needs expansion 2125: 2119: 2103: 2053: 2020: 1995: 1976: 1971: 1937:field dominance 1925: 1886: 1858:Sherlock Holmes 1819:telecine judder 1813: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1769: 1763: 1504: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1459:intermodulation 1424: 1420: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253:(in-phase) and 1237: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1210: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1170: 1166: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1042:Georges Valensi 1026: 1015: 1009: 1006: 963: 961: 951: 939: 928: 902: 848:gamma corrected 841: 818: 737: 731: 725: 719: 713: 707: 657: 643: 634: 626: 618: 614: 577: 554:intermodulation 525: 521: 520: 492:synchronization 462: 458: 457: 450: 445: 400:Central America 364: 222: 216: 196:Super Video CDs 174:Pacific Islands 107:black-and-white 72: 64: 56: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10200: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10138: 10128: 10118: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10056: 10050: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9989: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9911: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9873: 9871: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9836:Space-division 9832: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9773: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9715: 9709: 9707: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9673:Camille Tissot 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9648:Claude Shannon 9645: 9640: 9638:Tivadar Puskás 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9608:Antonio Meucci 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9578:Charles K. Kao 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9553:Harold Hopkins 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9453:Emile Berliner 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9392:Videotelephony 9389: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9367: 9360: 9355: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9295: 9290: 9288:Radiotelephone 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9174:Internet video 9166: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9108: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9092: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9069: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8938: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8900: 8898: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8810:Dipole antenna 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8724:Sound-in-Syncs 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8613:Blanking level 8610: 8605: 8595: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8520: 8478: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8432: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8413: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8381: 8380: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8279: 8274: 8268: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8062: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8033:SMPTE 240M/"C" 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7864: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7841: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7758:Broadcast-safe 7754: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7742:SMPTE timecode 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7613: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7590: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7509:Digital cinema 7506: 7504:Broadcast-safe 7501: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7451: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7407:Broadcast flag 7404: 7398: 7396: 7395:Hidden signals 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7271: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7218: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7200: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7159: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6986: 6984: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6836:Hidden signals 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6822:Sound-in-Syncs 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6632: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6603: 6593: 6592: 6582: 6581: 6574: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6551: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6455: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6432: 6429: 6418: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6387: 6378: 6363: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6321: 6314: 6298: 6296: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6267:Usage examples 6262: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6184:External links 6182: 6181: 6180: 6174: 6167:ITU-R BT.470-7 6157: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6124: 6094: 6075: 6060:. El Heraldo. 6048: 6016: 5986: 5958: 5929: 5903: 5873: 5847: 5821: 5795: 5767: 5739: 5711: 5678: 5650: 5627: 5601: 5594: 5574: 5544: 5513: 5479: 5447: 5421: 5404:Indotel.gob.do 5390: 5364: 5342: 5328: 5321: 5202: 5190: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5123: 5110: 5084: 5058: 5029: 5005: 4998: 4978: 4963: 4951:lurkertech.com 4938: 4919:10.5594/J02849 4893: 4865: 4858: 4839: 4832: 4813: 4806: 4787: 4780: 4755: 4748: 4728: 4710: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4650: 4641: 4627: 4598: 4595:10.5594/J01650 4582: 4573: 4547: 4535: 4520: 4505: 4476: 4444: 4431: 4402: 4373: 4363: 4334: 4317: 4300: 4281: 4264: 4247: 4230: 4217: 4198: 4181: 4163: 4137: 4108: 4074: 4037: 3996: 3963: 3945: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3823:Broadcast-safe 3820: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3795: 3790: 3776: 3775: 3774:June 30, 2012 3769: 3764: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3712: 3698: 3697: 3696:March 5, 2024 3691: 3686: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3660: 3646: 3645: 3639: 3634: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3608: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3582: 3568: 3567: 3566:April 9, 2024 3561: 3556: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3530: 3516: 3515: 3514:March 1, 2016 3509: 3504: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3465:United Kingdom 3454: 3441: 3430:Rede Excelsior 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3391: 3378: 3340: 3327: 3313: 3300: 3287: 3273: 3257: 3244: 3230: 3217: 3203: 3185: 3167: 3149: 3131: 3118: 3105: 3087: 3074: 3060: 3038: 3023: 3005: 2983: 2969: 2951: 2938: 2925: 2912: 2899: 2886: 2868: 2855: 2841: 2828: 2815: 2802: 2784: 2766: 2748: 2746:Cayman Islands 2735: 2722: 2708: 2695: 2682: 2669: 2655: 2642: 2629: 2616: 2603: 2590: 2577: 2575:American Samoa 2542: 2541: 2522: 2520: 2513: 2501: 2498: 2490:Ion Television 2426:The remaining 2401: 2398: 2332: 2331: 2246: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2210: 2209: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2158: 2157: 2137: 2135: 2121:Main article: 2118: 2115: 2102: 2099: 2052: 2049: 2019: 2016: 1994: 1991: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1924: 1921: 1885: 1882: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1731:−23.3 to 59.4 1729: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714:−23.3 to 93.6 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697:−8.9 to 100.3 1695: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1663:13.9 to 130.8 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646:48.1 to 130.8 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1597: 1503: 1500: 1475:15,750 Hz 1427: 1423: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1380: 1376: 1353: 1349: 1326: 1322: 1267: 1263: 1240: 1236: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1118: 1114: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1028: 1027: 942: 940: 933: 927: 926:Color encoding 924: 913:or additional 901: 898: 859:video monitors 840: 837: 824:, defined the 817: 814: 811: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 785: 782: 779: 775: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 749: 746: 743: 739: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 692: 691: 690:(CIE 1931 xy) 688:Primary colors 685: 680: 675: 642: 639: 607:multivibrators 580:Color encoding 449: 446: 444: 441: 363: 360: 215: 212: 98:standard 170. 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10199: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10182:Video formats 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10147: 10139: 10137: 10129: 10127: 10119: 10117: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10096: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9861:Code-division 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9846:Time-division 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9816: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772:and switching 9770: 9766: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9723:optical fiber 9721: 9720: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9713:Coaxial cable 9711: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9628:Radia Perlman 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9518:Lee de Forest 9516: 9514: 9513:Thomas Edison 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9503:Donald Davies 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9488:Claude Chappe 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9332:Smoke signals 9330: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9310:Semiconductor 9308: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9169:Digital media 9167: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9090: 9085: 9083: 9078: 9076: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8698:White clipper 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8648:Frame (video) 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541:Color systems 8539: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8399: 8397: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8377: 8365: 8357: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265:and standards 8263:Color systems 8261: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7960:CIELUV (1976) 7958: 7956: 7955:CIELAB (1976) 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7857: 7855: 7850: 7848: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7606: 7604: 7599: 7597: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7571: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7486: 7482: 7458: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7196:MPEG-4 Visual 7193: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 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6117:September 25, 6112: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6079: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5975: 5968: 5962: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5788:September 23, 5784: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5693:BusinessWorld 5689: 5682: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5654: 5638: 5631: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5432: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 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4209: 4202: 4195: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4167: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4054:September 16, 4050: 4049: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4013:September 16, 4009: 4008: 4000: 3989:September 16, 3981: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3941: 3935: 3924:September 16, 3919: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3788:United States 3778: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3622: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3596: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3492: 3491: 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2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486:paid programs 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2328: 2325: 2317: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2275: – 2274: 2270: 2269:Find sources: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2247:This section 2245: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2225: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2154: 2145: 2141: 2138:This section 2136: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2048: 2046: 2045:North America 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1908:subcarriers. 1905: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1768: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1680:7.2 to 116.4 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1508: 1499: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1421: 1411: 1401: 1374: 1347: 1320: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1261: 1234: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1167: 1163: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1112: 1103: 1078: 1068: 1058: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1024: 1021: 1013: 1010:February 2024 1002: 999: 995: 992: 988: 985: 981: 978: 974: 971: – 970: 966: 965:Find sources: 959: 955: 949: 948: 943:This section 941: 937: 932: 931: 923: 920: 916: 915:color grading 912: 908: 907:gamut mapping 897: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 872:In 1987, the 870: 866: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 843: 836: 834: 829: 827: 823: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 786: 783: 780: 776: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 750: 747: 744: 740: 733: 727: 721: 715: 709: 703: 700: 697: 694: 693: 689: 684: 679: 674: 670: 664: 661: 656: 647: 638: 632: 629:, the French 624: 612: 611:thermal drift 608: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 572: 567: 563: 559: 556:(also called 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 455: 440: 438: 434: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 359: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 333: 332: 326: 323: 318: 313: 308: 305: 301: 297: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:441-scan line 235: 231: 227: 221: 211: 209: 205: 204:digital video 201: 197: 193: 189: 187: 182: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 70: 62: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10187:Video signal 9828:Multiplexing 9703:Transmission 9668:Nikola Tesla 9658:Henry Sutton 9613:Samuel Morse 9543:Robert Hooke 9508:Amos Dolbear 9443:John Bardeen 9362: 9342:Telautograph 9246:Mobile phone 9201:Edholm's law 9184:social media 9117:Broadcasting 9049:Hanover bars 8840:Pre-emphasis 8764:Transmission 8729:Zweikanalton 8633:Color killer 8558:Clear-Vision 8547: 8376:Color vision 8094: 7884:Color models 7789:BBC Research 7110:MPEG-2 Video 6648:Clear-Vision 6639: 6534:60, 120, 180 6366: 6141:. Retrieved 6136: 6127: 6115:. Retrieved 6106: 6097: 6078: 6066:. Retrieved 6051: 6039:. Retrieved 6028: 6019: 6007:. Retrieved 6003:the original 5999:Apps.fcc.gov 5998: 5989: 5979:February 22, 5977:. Retrieved 5974:Apps.fcc.gov 5973: 5961: 5949:. Retrieved 5945:the original 5920:. Retrieved 5916:the original 5906: 5894:. Retrieved 5890:the original 5885: 5876: 5864:. Retrieved 5859: 5850: 5838:. Retrieved 5834: 5824: 5812:. Retrieved 5808: 5798: 5786:. Retrieved 5780: 5770: 5758:. Retrieved 5752: 5742: 5730:. Retrieved 5724: 5714: 5702:. Retrieved 5698:the original 5691: 5681: 5669:. Retrieved 5663: 5653: 5641:. Retrieved 5630: 5618:. Retrieved 5614:the original 5604: 5584: 5577: 5565:. Retrieved 5556: 5547: 5535:. Retrieved 5526: 5516: 5508: 5501:. Retrieved 5497:the original 5492: 5482: 5470:. Retrieved 5459: 5450: 5438:. Retrieved 5436:(in Spanish) 5424: 5412:. Retrieved 5408:the original 5403: 5393: 5381:. 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Retrieved 4349: 4337: 4326: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4295:the original 4284: 4273: 4267: 4256: 4250: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4207: 4201: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4154:. Retrieved 4150: 4140: 4128:. Retrieved 4111: 4077: 4052:, retrieved 4047: 4040: 4011:, retrieved 4006: 3999: 3987:. Retrieved 3966: 3960:, p. 72 3953: 3948: 3922:. Retrieved 3916: 3909: 3485:Switched to 3475: 3408:Experimented 3284:Sint Maarten 3269:Saudi Arabia 3071:Midway Atoll 2545: 2532: 2524: 2483: 2468: 2425: 2418: 2410: 2403: 2382:Commodore 64 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2346:test pattern 2320: 2311: 2301: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2268: 2256:Please help 2251:verification 2248: 2211: 2161: 2148: 2144:adding to it 2139: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097:compatible. 2095: 2091: 2085: 2078: 2074: 2054: 2026:'s variant " 2021: 1996: 1985: 1977: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1917: 1910: 1906: 1904:32 dB. 1898: 1887: 1874: 1863: 1854:Jeremy Brett 1850: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1787:3:2 pulldown 1784: 1777: 1770: 1612:level (IRE) 1586: 1579: 1567:stereo audio 1513: 1481:4.5 MHz 1471:4.5 MHz 1465: 1463: 1452:carrier may 1450: 1446: 1306: 1145: 1046: 1032:NTSC uses a 1031: 1016: 1007: 997: 990: 983: 976: 964: 952:Please help 947:verification 944: 903: 886: 871: 867: 862: 856: 844: 842: 830: 826:colorimetric 819: 742:NTSC (1953) 658: 633:system used 584: 570: 557: 550:refresh rate 539: 513:flicker-free 451: 393: 365: 349: 329: 327: 311: 309: 269: 265:aspect ratio 223: 184: 180: 178: 131: 118: 100: 83: 79: 78: 48: 10028:NPL network 9740:Radio waves 9678:Alfred Vail 9588:Hedy Lamarr 9573:Dawon Kahng 9533:Elisha Gray 9493:Yogen Dalal 9418:Nasir Ahmed 9352:Teleprinter 9216:Heliographs 9018:VIT signals 9013:Vectorscope 8952:Earth bulge 8934:Propagation 8897:& bands 8895:Frequencies 8678:Raster scan 8618:Chrominance 8608:Black level 8603:front porch 8354: [ 8309:ICC profile 7868:Color space 7568:Templates ( 7285:MPEG-H HEVC 7024:Progressive 6259:Designation 6009:November 2, 5922:January 27, 5896:January 26, 5866:January 17, 5840:January 16, 5814:January 16, 5760:January 21, 5732:January 21, 5704:January 21, 5671:January 21, 5643:December 6, 5620:October 27, 5461:The Gleaner 5383:February 8, 4956:January 25, 4469:January 17, 4356:January 22, 4350:Govinfo.gov 4213:colorplexer 4156:October 11, 4130:October 11, 4097:cite report 3710:South Korea 3684:Saint Lucia 3363:Translators 3298:South Korea 3241:Saint Lucia 3214:Puerto Rico 3196:Philippines 3100:(also used 2879:El Salvador 2432:datacasting 2414:color burst 1923:Field order 1610:Chrominance 1137:chrominance 1038:chrominance 678:White point 673:Color space 660:Colorimetry 655:Color space 641:Colorimetry 604:vacuum tube 509:interlacing 404:South Korea 380:translators 202:(VCD). The 172:, and some 166:Philippines 158:South Korea 10161:Categories 10074:Antarctica 10033:Toasternet 9955:Television 9438:Paul Baran 9370:Television 9354:(teletype) 9347:Telegraphy 9325:transistor 9303:Phryctoria 9273:Photophone 9251:Smartphone 9241:Mass media 8947:Distortion 8880:Transposer 8815:Dummy load 8771:Amplifiers 8738:Modulation 8628:Colorburst 8599:Back porch 8199:Hexachrome 8008:Wide-gamut 7950:UVW (1964) 7945:YUV (1960) 7940:RGB (1931) 7935:XYZ (1931) 7727:SMPTE 2117 7722:SMPTE 2071 7717:SMPTE 2067 7712:SMPTE 2059 7707:SMPTE 2022 7702:SMPTE 424M 7697:SMPTE 421M 7692:SMPTE 377M 7687:SMPTE 372M 7682:SMPTE 367M 7677:SMPTE 360M 7672:SMPTE 356M 7667:SMPTE 344M 7662:SMPTE 330M 7657:SMPTE 296M 7652:SMPTE 292M 7647:SMPTE 291M 7642:SMPTE 274M 7637:SMPTE 268M 7632:SMPTE 259M 7412:Captioning 7214:MPEG-4 AVC 6982:Interlaced 6907:Historical 6843:Captioning 6802:BTSC (MTS) 6777:1250 lines 6761:1125 lines 6590:Television 6527:2160, 4320 6510:Ultra-high 6490:1080, 1440 6420:480, 540 ( 6405:Enhanced, 6338:Standard, 6327:24, 30; 25 6316:240, 288 ( 5557:dof.gob.mx 5472:January 8, 3901:References 3883:Channel 37 3798:2009-06-12 3772:2012-06-30 3720:2012-12-31 3694:2024-03-05 3668:2015-12-31 3642:2012-03-31 3616:2019-12-31 3590:2019-08-15 3580:Costa Rica 3564:2024-04-09 3538:2011-08-31 3512:2016-03-01 3365:and other 3085:Montserrat 3049:Micronesia 2795:Costa Rica 2314:March 2020 2284:newspapers 2081:heterodyne 1866:laser disc 1856:series of 1773:frame rate 1765:See also: 1618:Phase (º) 1310:colorburst 1298:subcarrier 1294:saturation 980:newspapers 653:See also: 621:, the old 470:frames of 468:interlaced 317:subcarrier 300:Korean War 291:frame rate 287:scan lines 258:interlaced 254:frame rate 218:See also: 192:DVD-Videos 119:NTSC color 10058:Americas 10047:Locations 10018:Internet2 9779:Bandwidth 9483:Vint Cerf 9380:streaming 9358:Telephone 9298:Semaphore 9189:streaming 9054:Sparklies 9039:Dot crawl 9032:Artifacts 8972:Path loss 8967:Null fill 8942:Beam tilt 8683:Safe area 8351:JIS Z8102 8134:Rec. 2100 8122:Rec. 2100 8117:Rec. 2020 8048:Rec. 2100 8043:Rec. 2020 7737:SMPTE DCP 7625:Standards 7619:standards 7549:Test card 7222:ATSC A/72 7128:DVB 3D-TV 6740:819 lines 6668:625 lines 6628:525 lines 6610:405 lines 6273:Rate (Hz) 6092:(Spanish) 6041:April 15, 5567:March 16, 5398:Indotel. 4931:March 12, 4560:Wiley.com 3934:cite book 3434:São Paulo 3426:Rede Tupi 3402:Venezuela 3116:Nicaragua 2923:Guatemala 2444:test data 2386:RCA jacks 2378:Atari 800 2151:June 2008 2117:NTSC-film 2070:LaserDisc 2051:NTSC 4.43 1899:Wideband 1600:Luminance 1532:sidebands 1426:′ 1416:′ 1406:′ 1379:′ 1352:′ 1325:′ 1266:′ 1239:′ 1212:′ 1204:− 1199:′ 1172:′ 1164:− 1159:′ 1117:′ 1083:′ 1073:′ 1063:′ 1034:luminance 852:luminance 816:NTSC 1953 562:kinescope 542:frequency 517:frequency 428:Fukushima 345:RCA TK-40 200:Video CDs 186:NTSC-Film 138:Argentina 10126:Category 10013:Internet 10003:CYCLADES 9920:Ethernet 9870:Concepts 9794:terminal 9745:wireless 9568:Bob Kahn 9411:Pioneers 9236:Internet 9127:Cable TV 9044:Ghosting 8805:Diplexer 8673:Overscan 8638:Color TV 8531:System F 8527:System E 8523:819-line 8517:System N 8513:System L 8509:System K 8505:System I 8501:System H 8497:System G 8493:System D 8489:System C 8485:System B 8481:625-line 8475:System M 8471:525-line 8466:455-line 8461:441-line 8455:System A 8451:405-line 8446:375-line 8441:343-line 8436:180-line 8314:ISCC–NBS 8204:HSL, HSV 8189:Coloroid 8184:ColorADD 8112:Rec. 709 8107:Rec. 601 8038:Rec. 709 8028:Rec. 601 8013:ProPhoto 7970:CIECAM16 7965:CIECAM02 7917:CIECAM16 7902:CIECAM02 7461:Defunct. 7427:Teletext 7293:ATSC 3.0 6949:567-line 6944:455-line 6939:441-line 6934:375-line 6929:343-line 6924:180-line 6914:Pre-1940 6868:Teletext 6748:System E 6676:System B 6636:System M 6618:System A 6424:), 576 ( 6369:), 576 ( 6143:June 24, 6111:Archived 6086:Archived 6068:June 23, 6062:Archived 6035:Archived 5951:June 13, 5882:"Notice" 5561:Archived 5531:Archived 5440:June 20, 5414:March 1, 5377:Archived 5357:Archived 5182:Archived 4700:July 15, 4620:July 15, 4566:July 15, 4498:July 22, 4343:"73.682" 4089:54021386 4063:citation 4022:citation 3980:Archived 3811:See also 3736:Suriname 3606:Honduras 3482:Country 3452:Paraguay 3311:Suriname 2962:Honduras 2839:Dominica 2777:Colombia 2640:Barbados 2588:Anguilla 2562:(Cuba). 2492:and the 2464:teletext 2462:. Early 2458:data on 2390:mini-DIN 2164:telecine 2062:Cold War 2040:FM radio 2011:Atari ST 2003:System N 1969:Variants 1927:An NTSC 1780:speed-up 1767:Telecine 1691:Magenta 1551:stations 1548:FM radio 1514:An NTSC 896:values. 778:SMPTE C 631:819-line 501:timecode 484:Rec. 601 454:System M 352:Americas 343:was the 276:405-line 188:standard 146:Paraguay 136:(except 134:Americas 127:System J 92:System M 10146:Commons 10136:Outline 10089:Oceania 10008:FidoNet 9993:ARPANET 9806:circuit 9375:digital 9104:History 8996:Testing 8578:PALplus 8428:Systems 8334:Pantone 8329:Ostwald 8319:Munsell 8224:OSA-UCS 7308:ISDB-S3 7257:MobaHo! 7204:MobaHo! 6973:Digital 6720:PALplus 6523:UHD BRD 6422:NTSC-HQ 6407:HMP@HML 6213:at the 6156:Sources 6137:fcc.gov 5665:Rappler 5537:June 4, 5503:June 4, 5352:(CRTC) 4881:Edn.com 4616:. 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