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Talk of sense data has largely been replaced today by talk of representational perception in a broader sense, and scientific realists typically take perception to be representational and therefore assume that indirect realism is true. But the assumption is philosophical, and arguably little prevents
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The direct realist claims that the experience of a sunset, for instance, is the real sunset that we directly experience. The indirect realist claims that our relation to reality is indirect, so the experience of a sunset is a subjective representation of what really is radiation as described by
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Searle, for instance, disputes the popular assumption that "we can only directly perceive our own subjective experiences, but never objects and states of affairs in the world themselves". According to Searle, it has influenced many thinkers to reject direct realism. But Searle contends that the
214:, Hilary Putnam sums up with the following words: "Being an apple is not a natural kind in physics, but it is in biology, recall. Being complex and of no interest to fundamental physics isn't a failure to be "real". I think green is as real as applehood."
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Shaw, R. E./Turvey, M. T./Mace, W. M. (1982): Ecological psychology. The consequence of a commitment to realism. In: W. Weimer & D. Palermo (Eds.), Cognition and the symbolic processes. Vol. 2, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Inc.,
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According to the naïve realist, the objects of perception are not representations of external objects, but are in fact those external objects themselves. The naïve realist is typically also a
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physics. But the direct realist does not deny that the sunset is radiation; the experience has a hierarchical structure, and the radiation is part of what amounts to the direct experience.
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correctly. The indirect realist, by contrast, holds that the objects of perception are simply representations of reality based on sensory inputs, and thus adheres to the
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objects, which exist independently of being perceived, and which have properties such as shape, size, color, mass, and so on independently of being perceived
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IEEE Symposium on
Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality: Understanding Synthetic Experience Must Begin with the Analysis of Ordinary Perceptual Experience
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Gibson, J.J. (1972). A Theory of Direct Visual
Perception. In J. Royce, W. Rozenboom (Eds.). The Psychology of Knowing. New York: Gordon & Breach.
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has argued that whatever positions they may take in books, articles or lectures, naive realism is the view of "philosophers when they are off-duty."
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Putnam, Hilary. Sep. 1994. "The Dewey
Lectures 1994: Sense, Nonsense, and the Senses: An Inquiry into the Powers of the Human Mind."
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Naïve realism: By means of our senses, we perceive the world directly, and pretty much as it is, meaning that our claims to have
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in our beliefs; that our conscious experience is not of the real world but of an internal representation of the world.
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and retain all of their properties regardless of whether or not there is anyone to observe them. They are composed of
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John R. Searle, 'Seeing Things as They Are; A Theory of
Perception', Oxford University Press. 2015. p.111-114
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Blackburn, Simon (2008). Oxford
Dictionary of Philosophy (Second edition, revised), Oxford University Press
20:
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Turvey, M. T., & Carello, C. (1986). "The ecological approach to perceiving-acting a pictorial essay".
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and depend for their existence upon the presence of some perceiver who can observe the objects.
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as they really are. When referred to as direct realism, naïve realism is often contrasted with
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This article is about the view in philosophy of perception. For the psychological theory, see
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In addition to indirect realism, naïve realism can also be contrasted with some forms of
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https://web.archive.org/web/20070621155304/http://ione.psy.uconn.edu/~psy254/MC.pdf
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Idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are
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Physics and
Commonsense: Reassessing the connection in the light of quantum theory
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scientific account of the world, and that secondary qualities are in some sense
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Many philosophers claim that it is incompatible to accept naïve realism in the
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scientific realists from assuming direct realism to be true. In a blog post on
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Pierre Le Morvan, "Arguments against direct realism and how to counter them"
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Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Epistemological Problems of Perception
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Roger F. Gibson, "McDowell's Direct
Realism and Platonic Naturalism",
145:: Some statements about these objects can be known to be true through
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Ahlstrom, Sydney E. "The
Scottish Philosophy and American Theology,"
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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James Feiser, "A Bibliography of Scottish Common Sense Philosophy"
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The naïve realist is generally committed to the following views:
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who defended direct realism one might refer to, for example,
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rejection of direct realism is based on a bad argument: the
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Graham, Gordon. "Scottish Philosophy in the 19th Century"
85:, holding that these objects continue to obey the laws of
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Selections from the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense,
308:. The leading direct realist theorist in psychology was
396:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021.
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Naïve realism in philosophy has also inspired work on
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Nature Journal: Physicists bid farewell to reality?
38:
Naïve realism argues we perceive the world directly
1019:Seeing Things as They Are; A Theory of Perception.
1056:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
656:Michaels, Claire & Carello, Claudia. (1981).
566:Seeing Things as They Are: A Theory of Perception
262:contains just those properties that feature in a
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1215:A Direct Realist Account of Perceptual Awareness
1146:Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness
1222:Epistemological debate on PSYCHE-D mailing list
742:Cuneo, Terence, and René van Woudenberg, eds.
242:Scientific realism and naïve perceptual realism
790:(2004: New York, Barron's Educational Books),
736:Vol. 24, No. 3 (Sep., 1955), pp. 257–272
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280:notably held that the world only contains the
232:For a history of direct realist theories, see
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105:in ascribing properties to external objects.
27:. For the view in philosophy of science, see
1111:Naïve Realism and the Argument from Illusion
967:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
872:The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
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816:David Edwards & Steven Wilcox (1982).
324:has promoted a direct realist approach to
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1210:(2003), paper criticizing direct realism.
1092:Learn how and when to remove this message
977:Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology
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266:description of it, which would mean that
1121:Naïve Realism in Contemporary Philosophy
884:Claire F. Michaels and Claudia Carello.
525:. Harvard University Press, 1994, p. 26.
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568:, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 15.
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744:The Cambridge companion to Thomas Reid
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2503:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
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1191:Skepticism and the Veil of Perception
874:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987.
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258:. Scientific realism states that the
235:Direct and indirect realism § History
103:primary/secondary quality distinction
2604:Philosophical schools and traditions
1136:Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods
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979:. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
1208:Steven Lehar, "Gestalt Isomorphism"
1184:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1172:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
812:, James Beattie, and Dugald Stewart
764:Fundamentalism and American Culture
754:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
432:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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579:Contemporary Theories of Knowledge
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1218:, dissertation on direct realism.
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922:Common Sense: A Political History
906:. Oxford University Press, 2003.
212:"Naive realism and color realism"
23:. For the metaphysical view, see
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1204:41, no. 3 (2004): 221–234. (pdf)
1202:American Philosophical Quarterly
1194:, book defending direct realism.
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1678:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1156:The reality of virtual reality
896:. 1981. Download this book at
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2360:Hard problem of consciousness
863:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30607-2
577:John L. Pollock, Joseph Cruz
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947:10.1016/0001-6918(86)90060-0
837:10.1016/0001-6918(82)90032-4
804:ed. by G.A. Johnston (1915)
428:"The Contents of Perception"
368:Plato's allegory of the cave
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1723:Internalism and externalism
727:Sources and further reading
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2599:19th century in philosophy
2594:18th century in philosophy
808:, essays by Thomas Reid,
783:(Collier Macmillan, 1967).
606:, Oxford: Clarendon. 1962.
363:Phenomenology (philosophy)
359:Phenomenology (psychology)
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135:: There exists a world of
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1017:John R., Searle. (2015).
1007:Oxford University Press.
507:The Journal of Philosophy
393:The Problem of Perception
2619:Philosophy of psychology
2589:19th century in Scotland
2584:18th century in Scotland
2574:Epistemological theories
2569:Philosophy of perception
1826:Philosophy of perception
1629:Representational realism
1599:Naturalized epistemology
991:The Slightest Philosophy
788:One Hundred Philosophers
581:, Rowman and Littlefield
270:like color are not real
248:philosophy of perception
114:philosophical skepticism
44:philosophy of perception
2210:Eliminative materialism
1806:Outline of epistemology
1639:Transcendental idealism
975:Nicholas Wolterstorff.
768:excerpt and text search
621:Putnamphil.blogspot.com
459:Theory of Knowledge.com
296:Influence in psychology
66:provide us with direct
62:) is the idea that the
2609:Scottish Enlightenment
2462:Propositional attitude
2457:Problem of other minds
2365:Hypostatic abstraction
1753:Problem of other minds
1227:A Cartoon Epistemology
993:Dog's Ear Publishing.
989:Nelson, Quee. (2007).
904:Encountering the World
844:Fowler, C. A. (1986).
192:argument from illusion
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2533:Philosophers category
2437:Mental representation
2200:Biological naturalism
2087:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
2062:Frank Cameron Jackson
1831:Philosophy of science
1811:Faith and rationality
1693:Descriptive knowledge
1564:Feminist epistemology
1504:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1005:Sense and Sensibilia.
1003:J L. Austin. (1962).
775:, "Common Sense", in
553:"Real Direct Realism"
494:University of Reading
256:philosophy of science
164:analytic philosophers
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25:Philosophical realism
2579:Metaphysical realism
2215:Emergent materialism
1763:Procedural knowledge
1748:Problem of induction
1062:improve this article
850:Journal of Phonetics
604:Sense and Sensibilia
542:(1996), pp. 275–281.
536:Philosophical Issues
204:Sense and Sensibilia
133:Metaphysical realism
83:metaphysical realist
2614:Society of Scotland
2412:Language of thought
2162:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1992:Patricia Churchland
1841:Virtue epistemology
1836:Social epistemology
1816:Formal epistemology
1703:Epistemic injustice
1698:Exploratory thought
1499:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1182:, article from the
1170:, article form the
1116:Representationalism
1074:footnote references
762:Marsden, George M.
680:"Untitled Document"
472:Representationalism
316:, Robert Shaw, and
268:secondary qualities
155:of it are justified
2240:Neurophenomenology
1911:Philosophy of mind
1494:Timothy Williamson
1284:Augustine of Hippo
664:2007-06-21 at the
617:"Sardonic comment"
477:2012-09-05 at the
284:that feature in a
252:scientific realism
147:sensory experience
118:radically deceived
60:perceptual realism
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29:Scientific realism
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2447:Mind–body problem
2345:Cognitive closure
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1379:Søren Kierkegaard
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1027:978-0-19-938515-7
999:978-1-59858-378-6
935:Acta Psychologica
929:pp. 159–226.
894:978-0-13214-791-0
888:. Prentice-Hall.
886:Direct Perception
870:James J. Gibson.
825:Acta Psychologica
659:Direct Perception
349:Empirical realism
326:speech perception
320:. More recently,
302:visual perception
282:primary qualities
202:in a book titled
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2299:Representational
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2287:Type physicalism
2252:New mysterianism
2220:Epiphenomenalism
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2513: /
2509: /
2505: /
2422:Mental image
2417:Mental event
2380:Intelligence
2330:Chinese room
2234:
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2127:Gilbert Ryle
2107:Derek Parfit
2097:Thomas Nagel
2027:Fred Dretske
1947:J. L. Austin
1919:Philosophers
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1688:Common sense
1666:A posteriori
1665:
1657:
1619:Reductionism
1593:
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1464:Gilbert Ryle
1334:Fred Dretske
1319:Keith DeRose
1263:Epistemology
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781:Paul Edwards
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310:J. J. Gibson
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48:epistemology
41:
2507:information
2498:Metaphysics
2472:Tabula rasa
2282:Physicalism
2267:Parallelism
2195:Behaviorism
2152:Michael Tye
2147:Alan Turing
2132:John Searle
2007:Dharmakirti
1982:Tyler Burge
1977:C. D. Broad
1768:Proposition
1738:Objectivity
1624:Reliabilism
1614:Rationalism
1559:Fallibilism
1534:Coherentism
1479:Ernest Sosa
1454:Thomas Reid
1439:James Pryor
1409:G. E. Moore
1399:David Lewis
1389:Saul Kripke
1384:Peter Klein
1364:Susan Haack
1294:Robert Audi
773:S. A. Grave
2558:Categories
2543:Task Force
2511:perception
2385:Artificial
2335:Creativity
2257:Nondualism
2157:Vasubandhu
2077:John Locke
2047:David Hume
2002:Andy Clark
1869:Discussion
1859:Task Force
1778:Simplicity
1758:Perception
1634:Skepticism
1609:Positivism
1584:Infinitism
1549:Empiricism
1404:John Locke
1369:David Hume
1359:Anil Gupta
1354:Paul Grice
1329:John Dewey
1299:A. J. Ayer
1179:Sense Data
1082:April 2019
715:2011-03-27
690:2011-03-27
540:Perception
375:References
306:psychology
290:subjective
278:John Locke
264:scientific
196:sense data
143:Empiricism
2407:Intuition
2340:Cognition
2304:Solipsism
1967:Ned Block
1937:Armstrong
1932:Aristotle
1733:Knowledge
1718:Induction
1668:knowledge
1660:knowledge
1066:excessive
412:ignored (
402:cite book
153:knowledge
99:perceived
93:, occupy
68:awareness
2528:Category
2375:Identity
2318:Concepts
2188:Theories
2172:Zhuangzi
2102:Alva Noë
1854:Category
1673:Analysis
1658:A priori
1649:Concepts
1589:Innatism
1526:Theories
856:: 3–28.
738:in JSTOR
662:Archived
538:Vol. 7,
475:Archived
332:See also
260:universe
137:material
124:Overview
110:idealism
2538:Project
2491:Related
2350:Concept
2205:Dualism
2178:more...
2037:Goldman
1789:more...
1569:Fideism
1515:more...
1167:Realism
1060:Please
1052:use of
955:3591430
766:(2006)
756:(2009)
626:9 April
437:12 July
254:in the
228:History
87:physics
72:objects
2482:Zombie
2467:Qualia
1683:Belief
1579:Holism
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758:online
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644:
354:Qualia
272:per se
182:, and
159:Among
91:matter
64:senses
2390:Human
2112:Plato
2032:Fodor
1864:Stubs
1783:Truth
1429:Plato
821:(PDF)
95:space
2515:self
2452:Pain
2442:Mind
2370:Idea
1023:ISBN
1009:ISBN
995:ISBN
981:ISBN
969:link
951:PMID
908:ISBN
890:ISBN
876:ISBN
792:ISBN
642:ISBN
628:2019
439:2020
414:help
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