1201:, and giving support to structures in Indigenous towns and giving Indigenous people a level of protection against those who were not Indigenous. This can be seen in the establishment of the General Indian Court where Indigenous towns and individual Indigenous people could sue those making incursions on their land and other abuses. These protections disappeared in the national period. One scholar has characterized the early national period of Nahua people and other Indigenous people "as the beginning of a systematic policy of cultural genocide and the increasing loss of native languages." Lack of official recognition and both economic and cultural pressures meant that most Indigenous peoples in Central Mexico became more Europeanized and many became Spanish speakers.
945:
under Aztec dominion and "liberated" them, before they arrived in the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan. There they were welcomed as guests by Motecuhzoma II, but after a while they took the ruler prisoner. When the Aztec nobility realized that their ruler had been turned into a Spanish puppet they attacked the Spaniards and chased them out of the city. The Spaniards sought refuge in Tlaxcala where they regrouped and awaited reinforcements. During the next year they cooperated with large Tlaxcaltec armies and undertook a siege campaign resulting in the final fall of Tenochtitlan. After the fall of Tenochtitlan Spanish forces now also allied with the Aztecs to incorporate all the previous Aztec provinces into the realm of
998:
1197:) was no longer used by government, although it continued to be used in daily speech. The creation of a republic in 1824 meant that Mexicans of all types were citizens rather than vassals of the crown. One important consequence for Nahua people and other Indigenous people was that documentation in the native languages generally ceased to be produced. Indigenous towns did not cease to exist nor did indigenous populations speaking their own language, but the Indigenous people were far more marginalized in the post-independence period than during the colonial era. In the colonial era the crown had a paternalistic stance toward the Indigenous people, in essence according them special rights, a
1130:
and alphabetic forms of expression were now primarily alphabetic. In the late eighteenth century, there is evidence of text being written in "Nahuatlized
Spanish", written by Nahuas who were now communicating in their own form of Spanish. Year-by-year accounts of major occurrences, a text known as an annal, no longer reference the prehispanic period. Local level documentation for individual Nahuas continued to be produced, in particular last wills and testaments, but they are much more simplified than those produced in the late sixteenth century.
1137:), that assert indigenous communities' rights to particular territory, often by recording local lore in an atemporal fashion. There is no known prehispanic precedent for this textual form and none appears before 1650. Several factors might be at work for the appearance of titles. One might be a resurgence of indigenous population after decades recovering from devastating epidemics when communities might have been less concerned with Spanish encroachment. Another might be the crown's push to regularize defective land titles via a process known as
1117:) became standard. These wills provide considerable information about individuals' residence, kin relations, and property ownership provides a window into social standing, differences between the sexes, and business practices at the local level. showing not only that literacy of some elite men in alphabetic writing in Nahuatl was a normal part of everyday life at the local level and that the notion of making a final will was expected, even for those who had little property. A number of studies in the tradition of what is now called the
1239:. Another prominent Nahua figure of this period was Prospero Cahuantzi, who served as governor of Tlaxcala from 1885-1911. Indigenous surnames were uncommon in post-colonial Mexico but prevalent in Tlaxcala due to certain protections granted by the Spanish government in return for Tlaxcallan support during the overthrow of the Aztecs. Cahuantzi was active in promoting the preservation of indigenous culture and artifacts at a time when Mexican government policy was generally that of suppression.
1675:
892:
1268:
576:
587:
721:
50:
3861:
3712:
1169:. Spanish landed estates needed a secure labor force, often a mixture of a small group of permanent laborers and part-time or seasonal laborers drawn from nearby indigenous communities. Individual Indians made arrangements with estate owners rather than labor being mobilized via the community. The indigenous communities continued to function as political entities, but there was greater fragmentation of units as dependent villages (
795:
642:. Classical Nahuatl was a lingua franca in Central Mexico before the Spanish conquest due to Aztec hegemony, and its role was not only preserved but expanded in the initial stage of colonial rule, encouraged by the Spaniards as a literary language and tool to convert diverse Mesoamerican peoples. There are many Nahuatl place names in regions where Nahuas were not the most populous group (including the names of
3690:
1064:
abandon their religious practices were severely punished or executed. The Nahua, however, often incorporated pre-Christian practices and beliefs into the
Christian religion without the authorities' noticing it. Often they kept practicing their own religion in the privacy of their homes, especially in rural areas where Spanish presence was almost completely lacking and the conversion process was slow.
1158:, and to separate indigenous communities from Spanish lands by more than 1,100 varas. Towns were to have access to water, uplands for gathering firewood, and agricultural land, as well as common lands for pasturage. Despite these mandated legal protections for Indian towns, courts continued to find in favor of Spaniards and the rules about minimum holdings for Indian towns were ignored in practice.
1205:
landowners of estates had already encroached on
Indigenous ownership in the colonial era, but now liberal ideology sought to end communal protections on ownership with its emphasis on private property. Since land was the basis for Indigenous peoples'ability to maintain a separate identity,and a sense of sovereignty, land tenure became a central issue for liberal reformers. The liberal
1098:), with officers holding standard Spanish titles. A classic study of sixteenth-century Tlaxcala, the main ally of the Spaniards in the conquest of the Mexica, shows that much of the prehispanic structure continued into the colonial period. An important set of cabildo records in Nahuatl for Tlaxcala is extant and shows how local government functioned in for nearly a century.
1087:
and syntax show no evidence of the impact of
Spanish contact. In the mid-sixteenth century, cultural change at the local level can be tracked through the production of Nahuatl alphabetic texts. The production of a wide range of written documents in Nahuatl dates from this period, including legal documents for transactions (bills of sale), minutes of indigenous town council (
1021:. In the initial stage of the colonial period, contact between Spaniards and the indigenous populations was limited. It consisted mostly in the mendicants who sought to convert the population to Catholicism, and the reorganization of the indigenous tributary system to benefit individual Spaniards. The indigenous system of smaller settlements' paying tribute and rendering
1560:, where it became extinct during the 20th century. As a result of internal migrations within the country, all Mexican states today have some isolated pockets and groups of Nahuatl speakers. The modern influx of Mexican workers and families into the United States has resulted in the establishment of a few small Nahuatl-speaking communities, particularly in
1110:) were established to support the celebrations of a particular Christian saint and functioned as burial societies for members. During this period, an expression of personal piety, the Church promoted the making of last wills and testaments, with many testators donating money to their local Church to say Masses for their souls.
1086:
There are a large number of texts by and about Nahuas in this middle period and during this period
Nahuatl absorbed a large number of loanwords from Spanish, particularly nouns for particular objects, indicating the closer contact between the European sphere and the indigenous. However, Nahuatl verbs
1063:
With the arrival of
Christian missionaries, the first priority of the colonial authorities was eradicating indigenous religious practices, something they achieved by a combination of violence and threats of violence, and patient education. Nahua were baptized with Spanish names. The Nahua who did not
1508:
speakers. This is an increase from 1.4 million people speakers total but a decrease from 190,000 monolingual speakers in 2000. The state of
Guerrero had the highest ratio of monolingual Nahuatl speakers, calculated at 24.8%, based on 2000 census figures. The proportion of monolinguals for most other
1492:
The
Mexican government does not categorize its citizens by ethnicity, but only by language. Statistical information recorded about the Nahua deals only with speakers of the Nahuatl language, although unknown numbers of people of Nahua ethnicity have abandoned the language and now speak only Spanish.
1222:
in
Morelos, which still had a significant Nahua population, was sparked by peasant resistance to the expansion of sugar estates. This was preceded in the nineteenth century by smaller Indigenous revolts against encroachment, particularly during the civil war of the Reforma, foreign intervention, and
1129:
From the mid-seventeenth century to the achievement of independence in 1821, Nahuatl shows considerable impact from the European sphere and a full range of bilingualism. Texts produced at the local level that in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were sometimes a mixture of pictorial
1039:
and noblemen continued to hold power locally and were key to mobilizing tribute and labor for encomenderos. They also continued to hold titles from the pre-conquest period. Most willing accepted baptism so that records for this period show Nahua elites with Christian given names (indicating baptism)
944:
were a Nahua group who had avoided being subjugated by the Aztecs. After being defeated in battle by the Spaniards, the Tlaxcalans entered into an alliance with Cortes that would be invaluable in the struggle against the Aztecs. The Spanish and Tlaxcaltec forces marched upon several cities that were
1047:
As the Spaniards sought to extend their political dominance into the most remote corners of Mesoamerica, the Nahua accompanied them as auxiliaries. In the early colonial period, new Nahua settlements were made in northern Mexico and far south into Central America. Nahua forces often formed the bulk
978:
in 1992. He divides the colonial history of the Nahua into three stages largely based on linguistic evidence in local-level Nahuatl sources, which he posits are an index of the degree of interaction between Spaniards and Nahuas and changes in Nahua culture. An overview of the Nahuas of colonial
1575:
64.3% of Nahuatl speakers are literate in Spanish compared with the national average of 97.5% for Spanish literacy. Male Nahuatl speakers have 9.8 years of education on average and women 10.1, compared with the 13.6 and 14.1 years that are the national averages for men and women, respectively.
1204:
In 19th-century Mexico, the so-called "Indian Question" exercised politicians and intellectuals, who viewed Indigenous people as backward, unassimilated to the Mexican nation, whose custom of communal rather than individual ownership of land was impediment to economic progress. Non-Indigenous
949:. New Spain was founded as a state under Spanish rule but where Nahua people were recognized as allies of the rulers and as such were granted privileges and a degree of independence that other indigenous peoples of the area did not enjoy. Recently historians such as Stephanie Wood and
1213:
mandated the breakup of corporate-owned property, therefore targeting Indigenous communities and the Roman Catholic Church, which also had significant holdings. This measure affected all Indigenous communities, including Nahua communities, holding land. Liberal
1105:
ceased to function to that end and in 1555 Indians were barred from ordination to the priesthood. However, in local communities, stone-built church complexes continued to be built and elaborated, with murals in mixed indigenous-Spanish forms. Confraternities
824:
From this period on the Nahua were the dominant ethnic group in the Valley of Mexico and far beyond, and migrations kept coming in from the north. After the fall of the Toltecs a period of large population movements followed and some Nahua groups such as the
953:
have argued that the Nahua did not experience the conquest as something substantially different from the sort of ethnic conflicts that they were used to, and that in fact they may have at first interpreted it as a defeat of one Nahua group by another.
1234:
of the Radicals" and an admirer of the French Revolution. Altamirano, along with other liberals, saw universal primary public education as a key way to change Mexico, promoting for upward mobility. Altamirano's chief disciple in this view was
1230:(1834–1893), born in Tixtla, Guerrero who became a well respected liberal intellectual, man of letters, politician, and diplomat. Altamirano was a fierce anticlerical politician, and was known for a period as "the
681:. However, smaller populations are spread throughout the country due to recent population movements within Mexico. Within the last 50 years, Nahua populations have appeared in the United States, particularly in
3100:
3054:
1067:
The Nahua quickly took the Latin alphabetic writing as their own. Within 20 years of the arrival of the Spanish, the Nahua were composing texts in their own language. In 1536 the first university of the
736:(who speak a Nahuatl variant) in this area until the present day affirms this theory. Before the Nahuas entered Mesoamerica, they were probably living for a while in northwestern Mexico alongside the
361:
which predated both groups are often thought to have been Nahua as well. However, in the pre-Columbian period Nahuas were subdivided into many groups that did not necessarily share a common identity.
1013:
The early period saw the first stages of the establishment of churches by mendicant friars in large and important Indian towns, the assertion of crown control over New Spain by the high court (
1044:. A set of censuses in alphabetic Nahuatl for the Cuernavaca region c. 1535 gives us a baseline for the impact of Spanish on Nahuatl, showing few Spanish loanwords taken into Nahuatl.
1101:
Regarding religion, by the mid- to late 16th century, even the most zealous mendicants of the first generation doubted the capacity of Nahua men to become Christian priests so that the
1078:
was inaugurated. It was established by the Franciscans whose aim was to educate young Nahua noblemen to be Catholic priests who were trilingual: literate in Spanish, Latin and Nahuatl.
1226:
A number of Indigenous men had made a place for themselves in post-independence Mexico, the most prominent being Benito Juárez. But an important nineteenth-century figure of Nahua was
3359:. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000). Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education,
3081:
Put another way, more than 95% of the Nahuatl-speaking population also speak at least one other language, most usually Spanish. See corresponding tables in INEGI (2000), p. 43.
1954:
2746:
2258:
Account of Bernal Diaz from Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. edited by Stuart Schwartz (Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2000).
3007:
2200:
966:
in Mesoamerica a new political situation ensued. The period has been extensively studied by historians, with Charles Gibson publishing a classic monograph entitled
3111:
3065:
411:
and spread out to become the dominant people in central Mexico. However, Nahuatl-speaking populations were present in smaller populations throughout Mesoamerica.
3744:
1493:
Other Nahuas, though bilingual in Nahuatl and Spanish, seek to avoid widespread anti-indigenous discrimination by declining to self-identify as Nahua in
877:
after allying with the Tepanecs and Acolhua people of Texcoco, spreading the political and linguistic influence of the Nahuas well into Central America.
2458:
Susan Kellogg, "Social Organization in Early Colonial Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco: An Ethnohistorical Study." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rochester.
924:. The Totonacs were one of the peoples that were politically subjugated by the Aztecs and word was immediately sent to the Aztec Emperor (in Nahuatl,
1901:
1094:
Institutionally, indigenous town government shifted from the rule of the tlatoani and noblemen to the establishment of Spanish-style town councils (
3279:. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague, Vol. XIX. Copenhagen: The Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen; distributed by C.A. Reitzels Boghandel.
3350:"The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico"
1646:
analysis has also proven that the Nahua admixture in the modern Nicaraguan gene pool is much higher than expected, especially among Nicaraguan
3307:
1147:
2920:
Pablo Yanes (2008). "Diferentes y desiguales: Los indígenas urbanos en el Distrito Federal". In Rolando Cordera Campos; et al. (eds.).
3184:
1720:. Common crops include corn, wheat, beans, barley, chilli peppers, onions, tomatoes, and squash. Some Nahuas also raise sheep and cattle.
1250:. Zapata was evidently fluent in Nahuatl and would give speeches in the language to Nahua peasants in hopes of inspiring them to join his
2844:
2747:
https://online.ucpress.edu/msem/article-abstract/35/1/61/61673/The-Indigenous-Governor-of-Tlaxcala-and-Acceptable?redirectedFrom=fulltext
1837:
1497:'s decennial census. Nor does the census count as indigenous children under 5 (estimated to be 11–12% of the indigenous population). An
3737:
1811:
464:
both "something that makes an agreeble sound" and "someone who speaks well or speak one's own language"). It was used in contrast with
3514:
The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries
2291:
The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries
857:
ruled an area to the east of the valley. One of the last of the Nahua migrations to arrive in the valley settled on an island in the
1946:
3244:
1246:(1879–1919) was likely of mixed Nahua-Spanish heritage, with ancestry going back to the Nahua city of Mapaztlán, in the state of
817:
people, normally assumed to have been of Nahua ethnicity, established dominion over much of central Mexico which they ruled from
1662:, however they can also be found all over the western half of Nicaragua through their mestizo offspring. Nawat is extinct here.
728:
Archaeological, historical and linguistic evidence suggest that the Nahuas originally came from the deserts of northern Mexico (
2070:
1859:
1785:
4176:
3730:
2929:
2815:
2176:
3003:
1924:
1193:
system, which divided the population into racial categories with differential rights, was eliminated and the term "Indian" (
2087:. Volume II, Part 2. Edited by Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod. New York: Cambridge University Press 2000, p. 187.
1218:, a Zapotec who became president of Mexico, was fully in support of laws to end corporate landholding. The outbreak of the
886:
3483:
2977:
1716:
Many Nahua are agriculturists. They practice various forms of cultivation including the use of horses or mules to plow or
3548:
1984:
1102:
1074:
661:
of Nicaragua. Nahua populations in Mexico are centered in the middle of the country, with most speakers in the states of
1161:
Labor arrangements between Nahuas and Spaniards were largely informal, rather than organized through the mainly defunct
3029:
2886:
622:, although other linguistic and ethnic groups lived in these areas as well. They were also present in large numbers in
1887:
3671:
3648:
3613:
3561:
3525:
3461:
3368:
3284:
3228:
1639:
305:
252:
3185:"Reconstructing the Population History of Nicaragua by Means of mtDNA, Y-Chromosome STRs, and Autosomal STR Markers"
3171:"Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y-chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers"
784:
594:
At the turn of the 16th century, Nahua populations occupied territories ranging across Mesoamerica as far south as
512:. Using this term for the Nahuas has generally fallen out of favor in scholarship, though it is still used for the
599:
1873:
997:
1319:
Speakers over 5 years of age in the ten states with most speakers (2000 census). Absolute and relative numbers.
4181:
3484:"The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results"
2015:
1501:-Conepo report indicates the Mexican indigenous population is nearly 250% greater than that reported by INEGI.
1498:
1017:) and then the establishment of the viceroyalty, and the heyday of conqueror power over the indigenous via the
932:. Going inland the Spaniards encountered and fought with Totonac forces and Nahua forces from the independent
442:, which generally means "audible, intelligible, clear" with different derivations including "language" (hence
3694:
2910:
Source: INEGI (2000). Percentages given are in comparison to the total population of the corresponding state.
1118:
1035:
who was awarded the labor and tribute of that town. In this early period, the hereditary indigenous ruler or
1603:, different sources give estimates of 6,339 and 19,800 persons of Nahua ethnicity. They are concentrated in
3753:
17:
2315:
James Lockhart, 1969, "Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies",
2214:
3601:
3453:
3360:
3316:
1186:
314:
2872:
2774:
1902:"Guanacaste is a practically autonomous ethnolinguistic area and different from the rest of the country"
1177:) sought full, independent status themselves. Indigenous officials were no longer necessarily noblemen.
1152:
3702:
3640:
3509:
1592:. However, some indigenous organizations claim that the real population is significantly higher. Their
1504:
As of 2020, Nahuatl is spoken across Mexico by an estimated 1.6 million people, including 111,797
1133:
Nahuas began to produce an entirely new type of text, known as "primordial titles" or simply "titles" (
971:
2845:
https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/61/1/125/149139/Zapata-of-MexicoLos-manifiestos-en-Nahuatl-de
2395:
The Tlaxcalan Actas: A Compendium of the Records of the Records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala, 1545-1627.
407:
peoples and migrated into central Mexico around 500 CE. The Nahua then settled in and around the
3517:
1335:
1227:
3245:"Lenguas indígenas nacionales en riesgo de desaparición: Variantes lingüísticas por grado de riesgo"
3605:
1541:
807:
175:
3579:
3399:
Fowler, William R. Jr. (1985). "Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil Nicarao: A Critical Analysis".
3001:
3974:
3553:
3489:(Revised ed.). Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica. Archived from
2789:"Modern-Day Conquistadors: The Decline of Nahuatl, and the Status of Mexican Bilingual Education"
377:
1113:
For individual Nahua men and women dictating a last will and testament to a local Nahua notary (
775:
cultural area the Nahuas adopted many cultural traits including maize agriculture and urbanism,
4024:
760:
31:
759:
the Nahua quickly rose to power in central Mexico and expanded into areas earlier occupied by
4171:
4150:
3593:
3408:
3201:
1833:
1686:
171:
3156:
3002:
Enrique Serrano Carreto; Arnulfo Embriz Osorio; Patricia Fernández Ham; et al. (2002).
2229:
1807:
2947:"Una propuesta para estimar la población indígena en México a partir de los datos censales"
2698:"The Indigenous Governor of Tlaxcala and Acceptable Indigenousness in the Porfirian Regime"
2278:
The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810
1624:
1210:
1048:
of the Spanish military expeditions that conquered other Mesoamerican peoples, such as the
183:
156:
900:
8:
4110:
4090:
3006:(in Spanish). Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. p. 82.
2671:
The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State 1492-1867
1655:
937:
905:
764:
187:
2097:
109:
3633:
3428:
3336:
3220:
2725:
2526:. Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007
2182:
1604:
1251:
1219:
913:
2408:
The Paradise Garden Murals of Malinalco: Utopia and Empire in Sixteenth-Century Mexico
1525:
1426:
678:
3667:
3644:
3619:
3609:
3589:
3567:
3557:
3531:
3521:
3467:
3457:
3436:
3420:
3388:
3374:
3364:
3340:
3328:
3290:
3280:
3224:
2969:
2925:
2859:
2761:
2717:
2172:
2011:
799:
733:
179:
121:
4145:
1124:
475:, "to speak unintelligibly" or "speak a foreign language". Another, related term is
4095:
4085:
4019:
3933:
3767:
3584:
3479:
3412:
3320:
3128:
2961:
2709:
2241:
1777:
1729:
1651:
1565:
1521:
1517:
603:
551:
538:
525:
497:
484:
471:
460:
449:
438:
381:
373:
365:
279:
208:
167:
93:
1215:
4140:
4055:
4009:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3847:
3827:
3543:
3142:
2497:, p. 450. Lockhart suggests that this might mark a "Stage 4" of language change.
1916:
1749:
1361:
1243:
1231:
1141:. The crown had mandated minimum land holdings for indigenous communities at 600
1053:
950:
768:
670:
408:
129:
3772:
646:
and several Mexican states), due to Aztec expansion, Spanish invasions in which
3837:
3787:
3777:
3722:
3663:
2946:
1917:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - El Salvador"
1737:
1717:
1635:
1593:
1533:
1513:
1505:
830:
818:
780:
776:
741:
658:
580:
244:
228:
224:
204:
3490:
2788:
2713:
2537:
The Life Within: Local Indigenous Society in Mexico's Toluca Valley, 1650-1800
2186:
2166:
1976:
986:
4165:
4130:
4120:
4100:
4029:
3979:
3969:
3866:
3716:
3424:
3332:
2973:
2721:
1166:
992:
921:
912:
In 1519 an expedition of Spaniards sailing from Cuba under the leadership of
788:
710:
682:
607:
380:. About 1.5 million Nahuas speak Nahuatl and another million speak only
3571:
3535:
3471:
3440:
3378:
3170:
2965:
2600:
Frans J. Schreyer, "Native Peoples of Central Mexico Since Independence" in
4125:
3953:
3908:
3893:
3782:
3390:
Being Indian in Hueyapan: A Study of Forced Identity in Contemporary Mexico
3294:
1759:
1589:
1374:
1236:
1049:
929:
874:
870:
858:
846:
826:
772:
729:
654:
611:
564:
513:
388:
350:
240:
220:
152:
3817:
3623:
2245:
1545:
1512:
The largest concentrations of Nahuatl speakers are found in the states of
891:
556:
97:
4135:
4080:
4014:
4004:
3984:
3918:
3898:
3797:
2604:, Richard N. Adams and Murdo MacLeod, eds. Vol. II, part 2, 2000, p. 229.
1585:
866:
744:
peoples. The first group of Nahuas to split from the main group were the
737:
732:) and migrated into central Mexico in several waves. The presence of the
686:
647:
623:
404:
338:
318:
248:
139:
113:
3928:
3822:
2729:
2697:
2660:
Schreyer, "Native Peoples of Central Mexico Since Independence", p. 243.
2085:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Mesoamerica
1674:
837:. And in central Mexico different Nahua groups based in their different
4060:
3913:
3302:
3272:
3157:"Pueblos Indígenas de Honduras | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"
2625:
Schreyer, "Native Peoples of Central Mexico Since Independence" p. 229.
2419:
Frances Karttunen, "Nahuatl Literacy" in George A. Collier et al. eds.
1808:"Pueblos Indígenas de Honduras | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"
1569:
1267:
1162:
1027:
1018:
1002:
941:
896:
861:
and proceeded to subjugate the surrounding tribes. This group were the
842:
834:
650:
served as the main force, and the usage of Nahuatl as a lingua franca.
586:
354:
334:
264:
144:
4065:
3432:
3004:"Indicadores socioeconómicos de los pueblos indígenas de México, 2002"
1292:
Total Indigenous Speakers 3 Years & More Who Do Not Speak Spanish
1125:
Stage three (c. 1650 – 1821) Late colonial period to independence
4115:
4075:
3903:
2613:
Sarah Cline, "Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico", p. 216-217.
2343:
The Book of Tributes: Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Censuses from Morelos
1631:
1608:
946:
720:
643:
639:
627:
384:. Fewer than 1,000 native speakers of Nahuatl remain in El Salvador.
330:
322:
162:
148:
4070:
3660:
The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica
1659:
575:
49:
4105:
4039:
3923:
3888:
3450:
Speaking Mexicano: Dynamics of Syncretic Language in Central Mexico
3416:
3324:
2447:
Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: The Social History of an Aztec Town.
1647:
1600:
1529:
1452:
1439:
1348:
1069:
1006:
933:
925:
838:
745:
674:
666:
631:
615:
337:. They comprise the largest indigenous group in Mexico. They are a
326:
133:
117:
101:
3600:, 13 vols. in 12 hbk. ed.). Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City:
2922:
Pobreza, desigualdad y exclusión social en la ciudad del siglo XXI
865:
who during the next 300 years became the dominant ethnic group of
400:
4034:
3943:
3883:
3842:
3832:
3792:
1733:
1612:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1387:
1247:
1206:
1031:
system. Indigenous of particular towns paid tribute to a Spanish
917:
854:
850:
794:
690:
428:
396:
392:
369:
256:
200:
125:
105:
85:
3938:
3802:
3689:
3305:(1988). "Nahuatl dialectology: A survey and some suggestions".
1557:
1413:
1400:
1286:
Total Persons 3 Years & More Speaking Indigenous Languages
1057:
1022:
862:
814:
803:
787:
and the construction of monumental architecture and the use of
749:
706:
662:
635:
619:
595:
560:
509:
502:
358:
346:
342:
260:
89:
81:
76:
3101:"Perfil Sociodemografica de la Populacion Hablante de Nahuatl"
3055:"Perfil Sociodemografica de la Populacion Hablante de Nahuatl"
3948:
3812:
2356:
The Americas' first academic library Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
2029:
2027:
1711:
1616:
1561:
1494:
1198:
1190:
963:
702:
294:
288:
3585:
Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain
3447:
3349:
2302:
Sarah Cline, "Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico" in
2083:
Sarah Cline, "Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico" in
579:
Number of Nahuatl speakers per state, according to the 2000
2602:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
2171:. Uol Insti for the Study of the Americas. pp. 21–54.
1620:
1277:
Total number of Nahuatl speakers in the 2020 Mexican Census
987:
Stage one (1519–c. 1550) Conquest and early colonial period
2393:
James Lockhart, Frances Berdan, and Arthur J.O. Anderson.
2024:
2010:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 156–157.
3578:
3347:
1728:
The languages traditionally spoken by the Nahuas are the
1643:
841:
fought for political dominance. The Xochimilca, based in
653:
The last of the southern Nahua populations today are the
531:
518:
490:
477:
465:
454:
443:
432:
421:
2673:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 659, 663
1025:
to dominant political entities was transformed into the
1005:
and Spanish at the founding of the Colonial Province of
2924:(in Spanish). México: Siglo XXI Editores. p. 228.
2304:
Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
1223:
a weak state following the exit of the French in 1867.
981:
Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
387:
It is suggested that the Nahua peoples originated near
3398:
3355:. In Barbara Jane Burnaby; John Allan Reyhner (eds.).
3700:
3657:
306:
297:
291:
285:
3856:
3385:
3202:"9. Nahoas | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"
2565:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964, p. 285.
2505:
2503:
2471:, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992, p. 428.
1834:"9. Nahoas | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"
1642:estimated a population of 20,000 in 2006. However,
1271:
Nahua man of Morelos ploughing a bean field by mule
282:
3632:
3411:and the American Society for Ethnohistory: 37–62.
3387:
2960:(2). MÉXICO: El Colegio de México, A.C.: 457–471.
2945:Janssen, Eric; Casas, Regina Martínez (May 2006).
2621:
2619:
391:, in regions of the present day Mexican states of
3596:(eds., trans., notes and illus.) (translation of
3478:
2638:, New Haven: Yale University Press 1968, 224-225.
2449:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986.
2306:vol. II, Part II, Mesoamerica, 2000, pp. 187-222.
1180:
4163:
3752:
3630:
3598:Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España
3542:
2500:
1915:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
1874:"2 Ways Nahuatl Helped Shape Nicaraguan Spanish"
1650:. Fully indigenous Nahuas are mainly located in
1081:
3508:
2616:
2436:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center 1984.
2345:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center 1993.
1888:"Do you know the origin of the word Guanacaste"
1588:, it is estimated that there are 12,000 Nahuas/
1552:. Nahuatl was formerly spoken in the states of
1091:) records, petitions to the crown, and others.
3639:. Cambridge Languages Surveys series. London:
2397:Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1986.
1977:"Did you know Pipil is critically endangered?"
957:
880:
748:who went on to settle on the Pacific coast of
3738:
3308:International Journal of American Linguistics
3277:Five Studies Inspired by Náhuatl Verbs in -oa
2164:
544:
508:The Nahuas are also sometimes referred to as
3030:"Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census"
2944:
2887:"Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census"
1634:, the 2005 census counted 11,113 persons of
1532:. Significant populations are also found in
1289:% of Indigenous Speakers 3 Years & More
724:Ceramic sculpture of Nahua deity from Puebla
30:"Nahua" redirects here. For other uses, see
3301:
3271:
2919:
2371:, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992.
2293:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992.
2280:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
1121:extensively use Nahuatl wills as a source.
916:arrived on the Mexican gulf coast near the
3745:
3731:
3047:
2165:Newson, Linda A.; Bonilla, Adolfo (2021).
2098:"Nahoas. Territorio indígena y gobernanza"
1732:, which include the different dialects of
771:peoples. Through their integration in the
48:
3357:Indigenous Languages across the Community
3064:. INEGI. 2000. p. 43. Archived from
2410:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1993.
2332:, Austin: University of Texas Press 1991.
2168:Las culturas indígenas y su medioambiente
2005:
1596:is endangered, but undergoing a revival.
1040:and many holding the Spanish noble title
2814:Espinosa, Felipe Ávila (23 April 2019).
2813:
2423:, pp. 395-417. New York: Academic Press.
2384:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1952.
2227:
1266:
996:
890:
793:
719:
590:Current distribution of Nahuatl variants
585:
574:
3448:Hill, Jane H.; Kenneth C. Hill (1986).
3214:
2816:"Los primeros pasos de Emiliano Zapata"
2358:, Sacramento" California State Library.
2234:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
1082:Stage two (c. 1550 – c. 1650)
752:possibly as early as 400 CE. From
505:) literally "Nahuatl-speaking people".
353:, as are their historical enemies, the
14:
4164:
2695:
873:their island capital. They formed the
715:
537:
524:
496:
483:
470:
459:
448:
437:
403:region. They split off from the other
27:Indigenous ethnic group in Mesoamerica
3726:
2636:Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora
2432:S.L. Cline and Miguel León-Portilla,
1987:from the original on 14 December 2019
1814:from the original on 14 December 2021
833:arrived as far south as northwestern
550:
54:Nahua children in traditional clothes
3348:Flores Farfán; José Antonio (2002).
1914:
1669:
1145:, in property that was known as the
887:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
563:, the Nahua tribe which founded the
70:Regions with significant populations
3549:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
2317:Hispanic American Historical Review
2008:An analytical dictionary of Nahuatl
1103:Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
1075:Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
979:Central Mexico can be found in the
853:ruled the area to the west and the
24:
3217:Human: The Definitive Visual Guide
2702:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
1947:"Nahua Peoples | Encyclopedia.com"
1788:from the original on 19 April 2015
1579:
25:
4193:
3682:
3394:. New York: Saint Martin's Press.
3010:from the original on 2 April 2015
2983:from the original on 8 March 2021
2539:. Stanford University Press 2012.
2382:Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century
1640:International Labour Organization
253:Indigenous people of the Americas
3859:
3710:
3688:
3635:The Mesoamerian Indian Languages
2155:Porter Weaver. 1993. pp. 388-412
1673:
802:" from the Nahua culture of the
317:, with Nahua minorities also in
278:
3662:(3rd ed.). San Diego, CA:
3237:
3208:
3194:
3177:
3163:
3149:
3135:
3121:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3022:
2995:
2954:Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos
2938:
2913:
2904:
2879:
2834:
2807:
2781:
2736:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2654:
2641:
2628:
2607:
2594:
2581:
2568:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2452:
2439:
2426:
2413:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2230:"The Aboriginals of Costa Rica"
2228:Peralta, De; M, Manuel (1901).
2221:
2207:
2193:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2090:
2077:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
1999:
1969:
1957:from the original on 6 May 2019
1927:from the original on 6 May 2019
1840:from the original on 6 May 2021
974:built on that work, publishing
899:soldiers leading a Spaniard to
598:. However, their core area was
414:
3658:Weaver, Muriel Porter (1993).
1939:
1908:
1894:
1880:
1866:
1852:
1826:
1800:
1770:
1544:, with smaller communities in
1317:
1181:National period (1821–present)
227:with pre-colombia influence),
13:
1:
3264:
3215:Winston, Robert, ed. (2004).
2589:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
2576:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
2563:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
2482:The Nahuas After the Conquest
2469:The Nahuas After the Conquest
2369:The Nahuas After the Conquest
2330:The Encomenderos of New Spain
2328:Robert Himmerich y Valencia,
1257:
976:The Nahuas After the Conquest
968:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
753:
516:. They have also been called
4177:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
3754:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
3386:Friedlander, Judith (1975).
3090:Flores Farfán (2002), p. 229
2793:Harvard International Review
2110:Flores Farfán (2002, p.229).
570:
7:
3602:School of American Research
3454:University of Arizona Press
3361:Northern Arizona University
3317:University of Chicago Press
2696:Sumner, Jaclyn Ann (2019).
2434:The Testaments of Culhuacan
2215:"The Kingdom of this world"
2033:Kartunnen 1992, p. 157-158.
2006:Karttunen, Frances (1992).
1743:
1723:
1607:, in the municipalities of
1485:
1482:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1446:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1420:
1417:
1407:
1404:
1394:
1391:
1381:
1378:
1368:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1342:
1339:
1165:and the poorly functioning
958:Colonial period (1521–1821)
881:Conquest period (1519–1523)
781:ritual calendar of 260 days
315:Indigenous people of Mexico
10:
4198:
3641:Cambridge University Press
2406:Jeanette Favrot Peterson,
1747:
1709:
1705:
1665:
1242:The Mexican revolutionary
1173:) of the main settlement (
990:
884:
700:
696:
610:, the eastern half of the
485:[naːwaˈt͡ɬaːkat͡ɬ]
29:
4048:
3962:
3876:
3854:
3760:
3631:Suárez, Jorge A. (1983).
3518:Stanford University Press
2714:10.1525/msem.2019.35.1.61
2550:Nahuas After the Conquest
2511:Nahuas After the Conquest
2495:Nahuas After the Conquest
2421:The Inca and Aztec States
1754:
1627:. Nawat is extinct here.
1262:
1228:Ignacio Manuel Altamirano
239:
234:
219:
214:
199:
194:
74:
69:
64:
59:
47:
3761:More than 100,000 people
3606:University of Utah Press
2201:"Central American Nahua"
1764:
1542:Mexican Federal District
1509:states is less than 5%.
1185:With the achievement of
962:With the arrival of the
813:Around 1000 CE the
498:[naːwaˈt͡ɬaːkaʔ]
3877:20,000 – 100,000 people
3554:Oxford University Press
3552:. Oxford and New York:
3110:. INEGI. Archived from
2966:10.24201/edu.v21i2.1256
2354:Mathes, Michael, 1985,
2051:Kartunnen 1992, p. 145.
2042:Kartunnen 1992, p. 203.
845:ruled an area south of
657:of El Salvador and the
542:(plural) or in Spanish
532:
519:
491:
478:
466:
455:
453:"to speak clearly" and
444:
433:
422:
378:mutually unintelligible
376:, several of which are
4049:Less than 1,000 people
3580:Sahagún, Bernardino de
3143:"NAHUA – Exposiciones"
3129:"Pipil in El Salvador"
2137:Suárez (1983, p. 149).
1272:
1010:
909:
839:"Altepetl" city-states
810:
725:
614:basin, and modern-day
591:
583:
552:[mexiˈkano(s)]
545:
526:[meːˈʃiʔkat͡ɬ]
32:Nahua (disambiguation)
4182:Mesoamerican cultures
3963:1,000 – 20,000 people
3409:Duke University Press
2246:10.3406/jsa.1901.3365
2128:Kaufman (2001, p.12).
1748:Further information:
1295:Monolingual Rate (%)
1270:
1000:
894:
797:
723:
589:
578:
235:Related ethnic groups
3697:at Wikimedia Commons
3594:Arthur J.O. Anderson
3363:. pp. 225–236.
2535:Caterina Pizzigoni,
2524:Testaments of Toluca
2522:Caterina Pizzigoni,
2060:Fowler (1985, p.38).
1981:Endangered Languages
1951:www.encyclopedia.com
1625:Esquipulas del Norte
1211:Constitution of 1857
1187:Mexican independence
783:and the practice of
539:[meːˈʃiʔkaʔ]
450:[ˈnaːwat(i)]
427:is derived from the
405:Uto-Aztecan speaking
2842:read.dukeupress.edu
2119:Canger (1980, p.12)
1320:
1279:
819:Tollan Xicocotitlan
789:logographic writing
777:religious practices
716:Pre-conquest period
472:[popoˈloka]
461:[ˈnaːwat͡ɬ]
357:(Tlaxcaltecs). The
44:
3496:on 19 January 2020
3221:Dorling Kindersley
3117:on 2 October 2008.
3071:on 2 October 2008.
2744:online.ucpress.edu
2649:Mexican Liberalism
1685:. You can help by
1318:
1275:
1273:
1220:Mexican Revolution
1011:
928:) of Tenochtitlan
910:
906:Lienzo de Tlaxcala
811:
726:
592:
584:
372:, consist of many
42:
4159:
4158:
3693:Media related to
3590:Charles E. Dibble
3480:Kaufman, Terrence
3407:(1). Durham, NC:
3034:Indigenous Mexico
2931:978-607-3-00043-7
2891:Indigenous Mexico
2867:Missing or empty
2769:Missing or empty
2684:The First America
2634:Charles A. Hale,
2178:978-1-908857-87-3
1703:
1702:
1490:
1489:
1316:
1315:
1209:enshrined in the
800:Atlantean figures
734:Mexicanero people
439:[ˈnaːwa-]
313:) are one of the
270:
269:
16:(Redirected from
4189:
3975:Chichimeca Jonaz
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3692:
3677:
3654:
3638:
3627:
3575:
3544:Restall, Matthew
3539:
3516:. Stanford, CA:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3475:
3444:
3395:
3393:
3382:
3354:
3344:
3298:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2561:Charles Gibson,
2559:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2467:James Lockhart,
2465:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2380:Charles Gibson,
2378:
2372:
2367:James Lockhart,
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2289:James Lockhart,
2287:
2281:
2276:Charles Gibson,
2274:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1774:
1730:Nahuan languages
1698:
1695:
1677:
1670:
1336:Federal District
1321:
1280:
1274:
1156:
785:human sacrifices
758:
755:
604:Valley of Mexico
602:, including the
554:
548:
541:
535:
528:
522:
500:
494:
487:
481:
474:
469:
463:
458:
452:
447:
441:
436:
425:
366:Nahuan languages
309:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
110:Estado de México
60:Total population
52:
45:
41:
21:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4044:
3958:
3872:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3756:
3751:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3651:
3616:
3588:. vols. I-XII.
3564:
3528:
3510:Lockhart, James
3499:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3464:
3371:
3352:
3287:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3223:. p. 364.
3213:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3068:
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2146:Kaufman (2001).
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2018:
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1904:. 22 July 2020.
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1750:Aztec mythology
1746:
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1699:
1693:
1690:
1683:needs expansion
1668:
1638:ethnicity. The
1582:
1580:Central America
1526:San Luis Potosí
1465:Rest of Mexico
1427:San Luis Potosí
1265:
1260:
1244:Emiliano Zapata
1183:
1150:
1127:
1084:
995:
989:
960:
951:Matthew Restall
889:
883:
756:
718:
713:
699:
679:San Luis Potosí
630:, southeastern
573:
417:
409:Basin of Mexico
349:) are of Nahua
341:ethnicity. The
307:
281:
277:
223:(Predominantly
190:
166:
159:
143:
136:
130:San Luis Potosi
80:
55:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3452:. Tucson, AZ:
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885:Main article:
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581:Mexican census
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488:(singular) or
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2552:, pp. 410-11.
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2013:
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1681:This section
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1189:in 1821, the
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1164:
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1119:New Philology
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1024:
1023:labor service
1020:
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1001:Depiction of
999:
994:
993:Aztec codices
984:
982:
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969:
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948:
943:
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922:Quiyahuiztlan
919:
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914:Hernán Cortés
908:
907:
902:
898:
895:Depiction of
893:
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757: 600 CE
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
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712:
711:Aztec codices
708:
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694:
692:
688:
684:
683:New York City
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
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637:
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629:
625:
621:
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608:Toluca Valley
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566:
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559:", after the
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4172:Nahua people
4121:Motozintleco
3894:Chontal Maya
3807:
3695:Nahua people
3659:
3634:
3597:
3583:
3582:(1950–82) .
3547:
3513:
3498:. Retrieved
3491:the original
3449:
3404:
3401:Ethnohistory
3400:
3389:
3356:
3312:
3306:
3276:
3251:. Retrieved
3239:
3219:. New York:
3216:
3210:
3196:
3179:
3165:
3151:
3137:
3123:
3112:the original
3108:inegi.gob.mx
3107:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3066:the original
3062:inegi.gob.mx
3061:
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3033:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2957:
2953:
2940:
2921:
2915:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2890:
2881:
2869:|title=
2848:. Retrieved
2841:
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2822:(in Spanish)
2819:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2771:|title=
2750:. Retrieved
2743:
2738:
2708:(1): 61–87.
2705:
2701:
2691:
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2678:
2670:
2665:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2609:
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2494:
2489:
2481:
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2468:
2463:
2454:
2446:
2445:S.L. Cline,
2441:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2389:
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2376:
2368:
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2285:
2277:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2209:
2195:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2007:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1920:
1910:
1896:
1882:
1868:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1760:Netotiliztli
1758:
1727:
1715:
1691:
1687:adding to it
1682:
1629:
1598:
1583:
1574:
1534:México State
1511:
1503:
1491:
1477:
1476:
1330:Percentages
1276:
1241:
1237:Justo Sierra
1225:
1203:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1014:
1012:
980:
975:
970:. Historian
967:
961:
911:
904:
875:Aztec Empire
871:Tenochtitlan
869:ruling from
859:Lake Texcoco
847:Lake Texcoco
823:
812:
779:including a
773:Mesoamerican
761:Oto-Manguean
730:Aridoamerica
727:
652:
638:and coastal
618:and most of
612:Balsas River
593:
565:Aztec Empire
543:
530:
529:(singular),
517:
514:Aztec Empire
507:
489:
479:Nāhuatlācatl
476:
420:
418:
415:Nomenclature
389:Aridoamerica
386:
363:
339:Mesoamerican
273:
271:
221:Christianity
161:
153:San Salvador
138:
137:
75:
39:Ethnic group
36:
18:Nahua people
3303:Canger, Una
3273:Canger, Una
3014:22 December
1818:14 December
1792:7 September
1586:El Salvador
1506:monolingual
1151: [
1148:fundo legal
1139:composición
1033:encomendero
1003:Tlaxcaltecs
942:Tlaxcaltecs
867:Mesoamerica
687:Los Angeles
648:Tlaxcaltecs
624:El Salvador
546:Mexicano(s)
492:Nāhuatlācah
355:Tlaxcallans
319:El Salvador
265:Tlaxcallans
249:Mexicaneros
140:El Salvador
114:Mexico City
4166:Categories
4061:Chiricahua
4025:Qʼanjobʼal
4005:Mexicanero
3265:References
2548:Lockhart,
2509:Lockhart,
2493:Lockhart,
2480:Lockhart,
2017:0806124210
1710:See also:
1694:March 2024
1570:California
1540:, and the
1483:1,448,937
1303:1,651,958
1258:Demography
1163:encomienda
1028:Encomienda
1019:encomienda
991:See also:
938:Tlaxcallan
897:Tlaxcaltec
843:Xochimilco
835:Costa Rica
701:See also:
431:word-root
335:Costa Rica
172:Chinandega
145:Ahuachapan
65:2,694,189+
4116:Mezcalero
4086:Kaqchikel
4076:Ixcatecos
4020:Pima Bajo
3934:Tojolabal
3818:Purépecha
3768:Chinantec
3500:7 October
3425:0014-1801
3341:144210796
3333:0020-7071
3319:: 28–72.
2974:0186-7210
2820:Gatopardo
2722:0742-9797
2682:Brading,
2651:, p. 225.
2578:, p. 285.
2513:, p. 428.
2484:, p. 428.
2319:49:411-29
2071:"Nicarao"
1860:"Nicarao"
1632:Nicaragua
1609:Catacamas
1546:Michoacán
1283:Language
1115:escribano
1108:cofradías
1015:Audiencia
947:New Spain
765:Totonacan
644:Guatemala
640:Michoacan
628:Nicaragua
571:Geography
520:Mēxihcatl
445:nāhuat(i)
419:The name
351:ethnicity
331:Nicaragua
323:Guatemala
195:Languages
184:Matagalpa
163:Nicaragua
157:Santa Ana
149:Sonsonate
122:Chihuahua
98:Michoacán
4056:Awakatek
4030:Qʼeqchiʼ
4010:Ocuiltec
4000:Lacandon
3995:Jakaltek
3990:Guarijio
3944:Wixarika
3929:Tepehuán
3924:Popoluca
3904:Cuicatec
3828:Tlapanec
3823:Rarámuri
3604:and the
3572:51022823
3546:(2003).
3536:24283718
3512:(1996).
3482:(2001).
3472:13126530
3441:62217753
3379:95062129
3275:(1980).
3253:3 August
3039:29 March
3008:Archived
2987:22 April
2978:Archived
2896:17 April
2860:cite web
2762:cite web
2730:26771098
2587:Gibson,
2574:Gibson,
1991:19 April
1985:Archived
1955:Archived
1925:Archived
1921:Refworld
1838:Archived
1812:Archived
1786:Archived
1784:. 2012.
1744:Religion
1736:and the
1724:Language
1656:Jinotega
1648:Mestizos
1601:Honduras
1566:New York
1530:Guerrero
1518:Veracruz
1457:338,324
1453:Veracruz
1440:Tlaxcala
1431:138,523
1418:416,968
1366:221,684
1353:136,681
1349:Guerrero
1309:111,797
1300:Náhuatl
1175:cabecera
1096:cabildos
1070:Americas
1054:Zapotecs
1037:tlatoani
1007:Tlaxcala
934:Altepetl
926:Tlatoani
920:city of
851:Tepanecs
746:Pochutec
675:Guerrero
667:Veracruz
632:Veracruz
616:Tlaxcala
557:Mexicans
533:Mēxihcah
467:popoloca
374:variants
327:Honduras
215:Religion
188:Jinotega
134:Guerrero
118:Tlaxcala
102:Veracruz
4091:Kʼicheʼ
4066:Cochimí
4040:Tepehua
4035:Tacuate
3889:Chatino
3848:Zapotec
3843:Tzotzil
3838:Tzeltal
3833:Totonac
3793:Mazatec
3788:Mazahua
3778:Huastec
3295:7276374
2850:1 April
2826:1 April
2799:2 April
2752:2 April
1778:"Nahua"
1734:Nahuatl
1706:Economy
1666:Culture
1636:Nicarao
1613:Gualaco
1605:Olancho
1590:Pipiles
1554:Jalisco
1550:Durango
1538:Morelos
1522:Hidalgo
1468:50,132
1444:23,737
1405:10,979
1392:18,656
1388:Morelos
1379:55,802
1362:Hidalgo
1340:37,450
1327:Totals
1324:Region
1248:Morelos
1207:Reforma
1171:sujetos
1135:títulos
1089:cabildo
1058:Mixtecs
1009:in 1545
964:Spanish
918:Totonac
855:Acolhua
831:Nicarao
804:Toltecs
769:Huastec
742:Huichol
697:History
691:Houston
671:Hidalgo
659:Nicarao
456:nāhuatl
429:Nahuatl
399:or the
397:Nayarit
393:Durango
382:Spanish
370:Nahuatl
359:Toltecs
257:Mestizo
245:Nicarao
209:Spanish
201:Nahuatl
126:Durango
106:Jalisco
94:Hidalgo
86:Morelos
4131:Paipai
4106:Kumiai
4101:Kiliwa
4096:Kikapú
4071:Cucapá
3980:Chocho
3970:Akatek
3939:Triqui
3884:Amuzgo
3803:Mixtec
3717:Mexico
3703:Portal
3670:
3647:
3624:276351
3622:
3612:
3570:
3560:
3534:
3524:
3470:
3460:
3439:
3433:482092
3431:
3423:
3377:
3367:
3339:
3331:
3293:
3283:
3227:
2972:
2928:
2728:
2720:
2686:p. 665
2647:Hale,
2185:
2175:
2014:
1755:Dances
1660:Sébaco
1658:, and
1558:Colima
1528:, and
1514:Puebla
1486:1.49%
1478:Total:
1471:0.10%
1460:4.90%
1447:2.47%
1434:6.02%
1421:8.21%
1414:Puebla
1408:0.32%
1401:Oaxaca
1395:1.20%
1382:0.43%
1369:9.92%
1356:4.44%
1343:0.44%
1306:22.4%
1263:Mexico
1072:, the
1056:, and
940:. The
901:Chalco
863:Mexica
849:; the
815:Toltec
750:Oaxaca
709:, and
707:Mexica
689:, and
663:Puebla
636:Colima
634:, and
620:Puebla
606:, the
596:Panama
561:Mexica
510:Aztecs
503:plural
434:nāhua-
364:Their
347:Aztecs
343:Mexica
333:, and
274:Nahuas
261:Mexica
180:Masaya
90:Puebla
82:Oaxaca
77:Mexico
43:Nahuas
4126:Opata
4111:Lipán
3954:Zoque
3949:Yaqui
3909:Huave
3813:Otomi
3808:Nahua
3773:Chʼol
3494:(PDF)
3487:(PDF)
3429:JSTOR
3353:(PDF)
3337:S2CID
3248:(PDF)
3188:(PDF)
3115:(PDF)
3104:(PDF)
3069:(PDF)
3058:(PDF)
2981:(PDF)
2950:(PDF)
2726:JSTOR
2183:JSTOR
1961:6 May
1931:6 May
1844:6 May
1765:Notes
1712:Milpa
1652:Rivas
1617:Guata
1562:Texas
1495:INEGI
1312:6.8%
1252:cause
1232:Marat
1199:fuero
1195:indio
1191:casta
1155:]
1143:varas
903:from
827:Pipil
703:Aztec
655:Pipil
423:Nahua
401:Bajío
368:, or
310:-wahz
241:Pipil
205:Nawat
168:Rivas
4141:Teko
4136:Seri
4081:Ixil
4015:Pame
3985:Chuj
3919:Mayo
3899:Cora
3798:Mixe
3783:Maya
3668:ISBN
3645:ISBN
3620:OCLC
3610:ISBN
3592:and
3568:OCLC
3558:ISBN
3532:OCLC
3522:ISBN
3502:2007
3468:OCLC
3458:ISBN
3437:OCLC
3421:ISSN
3375:OCLC
3365:ISBN
3329:ISSN
3291:OCLC
3281:ISBN
3255:2024
3225:ISBN
3041:2024
3016:2012
2989:2020
2970:ISSN
2926:ISBN
2898:2024
2873:help
2852:2024
2828:2024
2801:2024
2775:help
2754:2024
2718:ISSN
2173:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1993:2015
1963:2019
1933:2019
1846:2021
1820:2021
1794:2012
1623:and
1621:Jano
1568:and
1556:and
1548:and
1050:Maya
829:and
808:Tula
767:and
740:and
738:Cora
677:and
395:and
272:The
255:and
207:and
132:and
3914:Mam
3413:doi
3321:doi
2962:doi
2710:doi
2242:doi
1689:.
1644:DNA
1630:In
1599:In
1584:In
1499:INI
1042:don
936:of
806:at
308:NAH
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3618:.
3608:.
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3289:.
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3060:.
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1979:.
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