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adopt an aggressive policy in seeking to enforce this right to levy and collect the tax from Naning. This was despite advice from other colonial officials such as
Garling and Anderson who had more local experience and who disagreed with Fullerton's assessment regarding the nature of Malacca's jurisdiction over Naning. Mills also argued that Fullerton's successor Ibbetson was at fault for deciding on pursuing the conflict with Naning despite his realization that the British's jurisdiction over Naning and the corresponding right to collect the tax was based on weak grounds. This was also in spite of instructions from his superiors in England to waive the tax during the lifetime of Dol Said. However, Ibbetson had justified the need to dispatch troops to apprehend Dol Said as the latter's successful defiance of the British could similarly encourage other Malaccans to refuse to pay their taxes.
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could take various forms including rice, poultry or fruit. Abdullah pointed out that the Dutch had previously invaded Naning and compelled it to pay an annual tribute to
Malacca. This was subsequently commuted willingly by the Dutch to a nominal payment of 400 gantangs of rice which Naning accepted and paid. However, Abdullah claimed that when the EIC had decided to impose a tax of one-tenth of all the produce of Naning and its dependent villages instead of the annual tribute, Dol Said considered this to be an excessive demand and he refused to comply with it. When the British attempted to collect the full tenth, the Malays saw it as a breach of faith of what had been agreed upon as part of the 1801 treaty. There were also some fears by the neighboring chiefdoms that once Naning had been conquered, the same tax would be levied upon the adjacent chiefdoms as well.
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the event such as Thomas
Braddell. The narrative of the conflict presented by these colonial officials following the conflict were generally bias towards the role of the British. It justified the right of the British to levy the tax on Naning and explained the military expedition as the forced response to the aggression and unreasonableness of Dol Said, who had constantly refused the efforts by the British in Malacca to resolve the dispute peacefully. In this narrative, Dol Said and the local Malays were not provided with any agency or voice in explaining their resistance to the British. Instead Begbie labelled Dol Said as a "tyrant" that had "rendered himself obnoxious" to his people through his oppression and arbitrary exactions from them.
552:. Lewis also accompanied the expedition as he was slated to be the superintendent of Naning once Dol Said was removed. There are no known figures of Naning's forces although Ibbetson subsequently claimed that they numbered in their thousands. The British were initially optimistic about their chances. James Begbie, a British officer on the expedition noted that the force was regarded as "disproportionately large" for the job that it had to achieve and that the entire expedition was termed as a "picnic". The expedition made good time in its travels to Naning. It soon inflicted the first casualty of the campaign when some sepoys fired upon and killed one of the military chief (
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importance of Asia to
British foreign interests. Coupled with this was the widely held belief among ordinary Britons that their empire would be imperiled without the vigorous assertion of British power and influence in Asia. Both factors created the necessary conditions for local British officials in Southeast Asia to pursue a more aggressive policy. At the same time, local developments in the colonies during a period of colonial history which academic A.J. Stockwell described as a time of turbulent frontiers for the British in Southeast Asia also resulted in the British being willing to take a more interventionist approach in the Malay peninsula. The wealth gained by the
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problems regarding the status of Naning. However Dol Said had refused and limited himself to corresponding through letters, which as Cave established, lent itself open to incorrect translations of key phrases and interpretations of meaning. Dol Said's actions during the period including hearing a murder case despite having been instructed to refer it to
Malacca and confiscating fruits from trees on what the British considered to be Malaccan land were also interpreted by the British to be an act of opposing the state. This was especially in light of Fullerton's understanding of the former's position as simply an appointee of the state.
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particular, Garling pointed out the vagueness of the description of Naning as "Tannah
Company" (company land) in the 1801 treaty and concluded that there was no "tenable ground" by which the British could establish a "claim of sovereignty" over Naning. Garling's assessment was supported by the acting Resident-Councillor of Penang, Anderson, who felt that the British right to subject Naning to the same government as Malacca was "not very clearly established". He felt that Dol Said should be considered a hereditary chief who had been exercising his rule without interruption, which was the prerogative of a sovereign in his own district.
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Braddell in challenging the justification for the conflict. By re-looking at the set of colonial documents produced during the conflict, Mills assessed that the entire Naning war had been an "egregious blunder" due to "hasty actions" taken by the
British officials on the spot based on insufficient and incorrect information. Mills lay the blame for the conflict primarily on a series of blunders by the three key British actors involved, namely Governor Robert Fullerton and his successor Robert Ibbetson and the Superintendent of Lands William Lewis in their handling the situation prior to the conflict.
648:) more firmly into its fold and began to administer it as a district of Malacca. British laws were imposed and the British took over the appointment of the local Malay chiefs which had previously been the prerogative of the Malay chieftains such as Dol Said. A Malaccan of Dutch descent, J.B. Westerhout, was appointed as the new superintendent of Naning and charged with the responsibility of administering the territory and collecting the overdue land tax. Some of the former chiefs who had support Dol Said were also shipped to India to stand trial for their involvement in the conflict.
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Resistance from the Naning forces were also less aggressive than during the first expedition. While they continued to snipe at the
British, they did not try to stand up to the British advance until they neared Dol Said's home village of Taboh. Many of the Malay villages along the route of advance had been abandoned by their inhabitants before the arrival of the British. As the British approached Taboh, a number of the Malay chiefs under Dol Said also started to surrender to the advancing British forces, claiming that they had been coerced into supporting Dol Said.
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Britain's expanding vital interest in resource-rich areas. This encouraged colonial officials to adopt a more proactive, interventionist approach toward neighboring Malay kingdoms. Chew also introduces the concept of a
British civilizing mission, the moral imperative to bring the rule of law, sovereign authority, and other forms of modern civilization to a Malay society perceived as feudal and backward. It added momentum to British forward movements in Naning and the wider peninsula, thus contradicting every preference for cost-cutting non-interference.
345:. This relationship was formalized in 1757 when the Sultan of Johor ceded his nominal rights of suzerainty over Naning and its neighboring chiefdoms around Malacca to the Dutch. However, Naning's position as a dependency of the Dutch appeared to be more nominal than real. Although the Dutch invaded and forced Naning to sign a treaty in 1643, whereby Naning would pay a yearly tribute of one-tenth of their produce and accept Dutch advice in governing, the treaty was never enforced. By 1765, the Dutch commuted the tenth to a nominal yearly tribute of 400
685:, Cave conducted an in-depth review of the primary British colonial sources and events leading up to the Naning war in order to understand if the conflict was inevitable. Unlike his predecessors, Cave did not seek to ascribed blame to any side. Instead he argued that the conflict was the result of a "collision of systems" between the British's ideas of sovereignty during the onset of its early territorial expansion in Malaya and the Malay leaders who continued ascribing to their traditional customs and concepts of governance and rulership based on
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tax revenue. Lewis had estimated that Naning could yield at least 753,450 gantangs of rice a year and that the tax collected as part of the tenth (7,534 gantangs) would yield a revenue of $ 3,767 a year (currency unknown). However, this assessment appeared to have been compiled based on Lewis' own arbitrary assessment rather than any detailed study of the land in Naning. As Cave highlighted, Lewis did not appear to have taken into account the situation on the ground such as the variations in soil and types of crop nor did he conduct a
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Fullerton to do so. Mills also attributed blame to Lewis for a series of mistakes (intentional or otherwise) which swayed
Fullerton's decisions. These include inflating the amount of potential taxes collectible from Naning and translating letters from Dol Said in a manner that made the latter sounded belligerent. Lewis also misjudged the sentiments of the locals towards Dol Said which led to him making incorrect assessments and claims that the removal of Dol Said would be supported by the people in Naning.
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indigenous resistance and protest against the early onset of Western colonialism in the region. In particular, Chew argued that the conflict could be regarded as an example of the preliminary clash between the new ideas of colonial sovereignty being imposed by the British and the traditional notions of Malay rule which was being threatened. Chew pointed out that the British regarded Naning as a vassal territory whose ruler owed his appointment and authority to them whereas to the locals in Naning, the
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458:. This was manifested in different understandings by both sides regarding the exact nature of the land jurisdiction over Naning that Britain had inherited from the Dutch, which was the cause of the conflict. To the British, Dol Said derived his authority and position from his appointment first from the Dutch and subsequently from the British. However, in his exchanges with the British, Dol Said continuously referred to his jurisdiction over Naning as stemming from the
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or nephew in return for no further action to be taken against him. However, the British government refused to deal with Dol Said unless the latter was willing to surrender unconditionally. At the same time Dol Said also continued making preparations for the anticipated British assault. He tried to reach out to some of the surrounding Malay chiefdoms and tried to convince them to ally with him again against the British but did not appear to have been successful.
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Malacca". Fullerton believed this to be substantiated by the Dutch records which indicated that the first ruler of Naning was appointed by the Dutch in 1642 who awarded him a seal of office as ruler of Naning. Prior to this, there had not been a single ruler over the territory. Fullerton thus believed that Naning had been an integral part of Malacca since Dutch rule in 1641 and that the British had inherited this when they took over Malacca from the Dutch.
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and recognized it as an independent sovereign state. At the same time, the British began to receive reinforcements from India which raised the total number of troops to around 1,500 by the end of January 1832. The British government also made logistical preparations to ensure the success of their second expedition including expanding parts of the narrow road between Malacca and Naning.
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their rule. These included passing sentence on a murder case in Naning instead of referring it to Malacca as required under the 1807 directive, as well as the seizing of some fruit from lands which the British considered part of Malacca's territory (Dol Said had claimed that the lands were Naning territory). These perceived transgressions led Fullerton's successor, Governor
577:, a decision was made to retreat to the borders of Malacca. At the same time, panic begun engulfed Malacca when the rumor that the surrounding Malay chiefdoms were gathering to invade Malacca spread, and there soon emerged repeated demands for the expedition to return to defend the town. The expedition arrived back at Malacca on 24
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less aggressive and military-based policy towards dealing with the rest of the Malay states for the next few decades. Instead, the British sought to expand their influence politically among the Malay rulers, culminating in with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty and the creation of the "residential" system in 1874.
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Emrys Chew situated the conflict within larger regional and global developments. Chew went beyond the usual colonial records and examined new secondary sources that shed light on the nature of state and society in the Malay world. He argued that the Naning War should be understood as part of a deeper
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Following the period of decolonialisation and the advocating of the ideas of autonomous history by academics such as John R.W. Smail, there was a shift towards trying to understand the Naning conflict beyond its colonial underpinnings. This has resulted in a growing trend to review and understand the
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American academic Lennox Mills highlighted that one of the main causes of the conflict stemmed from Fullerton's assessment that when the British had taken over Malacca from the Dutch, they had also inherited the legal rights the Dutch had previously secured to administer Naning. This led Fullerton to
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The causes of the Naning War stemmed from the expanding British interests in the Malay Peninsula and a dispute over the extent of British jurisdiction, particularly their right to impose taxation on Naning. The British, after two military expeditions, ultimately defeated Naning and fully incorporated
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The Naning conflict marked one of the earliest attempts by the British to safeguard their interests in Malaya through intervening in the interior Malay chiefdoms. However, the high cost, difficulties encountered as well as limited monetary returns from the conflict resulted in the British adopting a
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Dol Said made one final attempt to negotiate with the British in Malacca as the British troops approached his village. He met with a representative of the British on 4 June 1832 where he claimed that he had been tricked and misled by his advisers (including several Dutch merchants in Malacca) in his
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January 1832 and secured their agreement to support the British in the latter's subsequent attempts to capture Dol Said. In return, the British reassured Rembau that it did not have territorial ambitions over the surrounding Malay chiefdoms and renounced whatever claims it might have had over Rembau
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from the burgeoning trade with China gave rise to stronger demands by British merchants for greater intervention in the Malay states to ensure the stability and security of the Straits Settlements. These led to several interventions by the British beyond the Straits Settlements into the Malay states
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or 'customs' of the Malays which vested in him the 'sacrosanctity' of Malay kingship. To his followers, Dol Said's legitimacy stemmed from his ability to trace his authority from the Malaccan kingdom as represented by regalia which was associated with Malaccan royalty. However, the British officials
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The portrayal of the Naning conflict within the academic historiography of early British colonialism in Malaya has evolved over time. The first records of the conflict were by British colonial officials who were either involved in the conflict such as Begbie, or had access to the British records of
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During this period, Dol Said contacted several individuals in Malacca requesting that they intercede with the British government on his behalf. Dol Said offered to return the artillery pieces the British had abandoned during the first expedition and to vacate his position in favor of either his son
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to Naning soon ran aground due to the insufficient depth of the river. Once the expedition crossed the border into Naning, they came under regular sniping from Naning's forces which soon contributed to the perception within the expedition that they were surrounded by an overwhelming enemy. Naning's
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Another key British official who had a hand in starting the conflict was Lewis who as the superintendent of lands, served as the point man for the British in dealing with Naning. He was one of the keenest advocates for the British to exercise every legal right over Naning and had constantly pressed
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Part of the problem appeared to have arisen from the method by which Naning's output had been calculated by Lewis which greatly inflated the tax that could be collected. This probably affected Fullerton's perception of Naning, leading him to make an incorrect assessment regarding Naning's potential
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However, Dol Said contested the British juridical claims over Naning and the imposition of the ten percent tax and chose to continue sending the traditional payment of 400 gantangs of rice instead. He also carried out what the British considered to be increasingly aggressive actions that challenged
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The first challenge to this official colonial historiography of the conflict came from Mills in the 1920s, who like a number of American academics at that time, had been somewhat critical of the effects of British colonialism. Mills took a contradictory position to the earlier works by Begbie and
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The second military expedition to Naning commenced on 7 February 1832. In contrast to the first expedition, the British advanced cautiously, sending out smaller detachments to secure key locations before the main body advanced. The British also received help from a contingent of men from Rembau.
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Another factor that contributed to the conflict was the issue of taxation. Writing during that period of time, Munshi Abdullah noted in his autobiography (Hikayat Abdullah), that it has been the custom since ancient times for Naning to make annual payments according to its means to Malacca. This
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appointed within Malacca territory and held his "powers of investiture from the Malacca Government". Fullerton regarded the 1801 treaty not as a treaty but rather as "articles or conditions" on Naning dictated by the then Governor of Malacca. He felt that Naning was "evidently a place subject to
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January 1828, which discussed the status of Naning, the Resident-Councillor of Malacca, Samuel Garling, noted that the evidence based on the 1801 treaty and Dutch records "favors the independence of Naning" and that the British had "no ground" to claim sovereignty or jurisdiction over Naning. In
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of Naning, Dol Said in 1801. The treaty included a clause for the British to continue receiving the right to one-tenth of the produce of Naning as stipulated by the earlier 1643 Dutch treaty. However, this was commuted to a yearly payment of 400 gantangs of paddy due to the poverty of Naning. In
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Dol Said had reacted to the British demands in a manner which led to it being misconstrued by the British as a challenge to their rule. Prior to the conflict, the British in Malacca had made repeated requests in 1828 and 1829 for Dol Said to meet with Fullerton in Malacca to discuss some of the
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The origins of the Naning conflict must also be understood within the larger geopolitical developments in Britain and the Malay Peninsula during that period. Academic Emrys Chew argued that there was a rethinking at the beginning of the nineteenth century among British leaders about the growing
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Dol Said has been regarded as a hero in modern-day Malaysia and the state of Malacca. He has been portrayed in Malaysian history textbooks and the Malacca state government as a hero who had defiantly stood up to world power and resisted the unlawful imposition of taxation by the British on his
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February 1834, in return for the promise of a pardon. After his surrender, Dol Said was permitted by the British to remain in Malacca where he was well treated. His presence was regarded by the British as a means of securing the goodwill of the local population as well as the neighboring Malay
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Various British colonial officials, were able to exercise power disproportionately greater than their positions and often at their discretion, given the administrative delays made by long-distance communication between them in Malaya and their superiors in India and Britain. In particular, the
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Chew also attempts to situate the conflict within broader geopolitical developments and British geostrategic calculations. British officials in London, India, and the Straits Settlements became increasingly mindful of Asia's strategic importance for trade and industry, and the need to secure
239:. However, the high monetary cost of the war prompted the British to adopt a more cautious approach in their future dealings with the Malay states. Rather than pursuing aggressive military action, they increasingly relied on political influence, a strategy that eventually led to the
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One main cause of the conflict was over the uncertain status of Naning vis-a-vis Malacca. This stemmed in part from problems in interpreting the 1801 treaty between Britain and Naning and the earlier 1643 treaty signed between the Dutch and Naning. During a meeting of the
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June 1832, after brushing aside some small resistance at the edge of the village. Most of the inhabitants and defenders had fled just ahead of the British arrival and the British occupied the town with ease. This brought an end to the Naning conflict.
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Dol Said fled from Taboh as the British closed in and sought safety in one of the neighboring Malay chiefdoms. The British issued a reward of 2,000 Spanish dollars for his capture to no success. Dol Said eventually surrendered to the British on
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Part of this confusion was what academic Jonathan Cave has described as a "collision of systems" between the British's ideas of sovereignty and the concept of traditional Malay rule and governance, which were based on Malay customs and
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previous dealings with the British. He also claimed that his actions thus far were not directed against the British government in Malacca but rather against Lewis who he claimed had intruded into his territory and killed one of his
689:. Cave also argued that this clash of systems was manifested in the conflicting understanding of the nature of the jurisdiction over Naning that Britain had inherited from the Dutch which was one of the causes of the conflict.
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in Naning as well as an assessment of the potential of the land in anticipation of extending the Malacca land system, including the levying of a ten-percent tax on all produce, to Naning. There were also plans to transform the
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decisions made by British Governor Fullerton and his successor Ibbetson and the then-Superintendent of Lands at Malacca Lewis with regards to Naning, served to create the conditions necessary for the conflict to break out.
353:, which was about one one-thousandth of the total crop produced in Naning at that time. The Dutch also did not interfere with the administration of Naning, which was exclusively governed by its traditional
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chiefdoms. Dol Said remained in Malacca until his death in August 1849. During this time, the British provided Dol Said with a house and some land in Malacca. They also provided him with a pension of 200
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to decide in early 1831, to send in British troops to enforce British jurisdiction over Naning and to punish Dol Said, believing his resistance could embolden the locals in Malacca to defy the British.
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took the 1643 Dutch and 1801 British treaties at face value and assessed Naning to be part of Malacca. He instructed the Superintendent of Lands in Malacca, William Thomas Lewis, to conduct a
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had been largely contemptuous or condescending towards the importance placed on these Malay customs in their reports, dismissing it simply an excuse to act against a centralizing authority.
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Following the failure of the first military expedition, the British sought to break the alliance between Rembau and Naning. The British governor Ibbetson met with the chiefs of Rembau on 20
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conflict as a clash between two different systems during that particular period of time as well as providing greater agency and voice to the Malay actors involved.
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Penang was the capital of the Straits Settlement at that time and the Penang Council was the executive council helping the governor run the Straits Settlements.
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However, things soon started to go against the British. The boats which were intended to ferry provisions for the expedition as it worked its way up the
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However, Fullerton disagreed and felt that based on the earlier treaties and Dutch records, Naning was completely under British sovereignty and that the
228:(EIC), which had taken over Malacca and its neighboring areas from the Dutch in 1824, against the Malay chiefdom of Naning, located adjacent to Malacca.
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One example was Jonathan Cave who attempted to situate the conflict within larger regional developments at that time. Through his extensive monograph
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survey. After the conflict it was discovered that Naning could only produce around 130,000 gantang of rice and an annual profit of only $ 298.
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The expedition soon began to run out of rations and upon learning that Naning had received help and troops from neighboring states including
1774:. Vol. Monograph No. 16. Petaling Jaya: Printed for the Council of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society by Eagle Trading.
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a month. While in Malacca, Dol Said continued practicing as a traditional medicine man and remained well-respected by the Malay population.
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forces also felled trees along the route of the expedition, forcing the British to spend time and effort clearing them whilst under fire.
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Chew, Emrys (1998). "The Naning War, 1831β1832: Colonial Authority and Malay Resistance in the Early Period of British Expansion".
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Stockwell, A.J. (1999). "British Expansion and Rule in Southeast Asia". In Porter, Andrew; Rogar Louis, William (eds.).
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was the de facto ruler of the territory with all the trappings of Malay rulership conferred on him through his regalia.
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August 1831, three weeks after it had set off and having had to abandon all its guns and stores along the way.
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The origins of the Naning conflict are multifaceted and cannot be attributed to a singular cause.
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in 1773. Naning is shown in purple, covering the northern one-third of present-day Melaka state (
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in the early half of the 19th century of which Naning could possibly be considered the first.
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The Hikayat Abdullah: The Autobiography of Abdullah Bin Abdul Kadir, 1797β1854
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This conflict is one of the earliest instances of British intervention in the
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of Naning Dol Said and his traditional chiefs into salaried officials of the
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were raging in Europe, a treaty was signed between the British and the new
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Harfield, Alan. G. (1984). "The Naning Campaign of 1831 and 1832".
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although there was no evidence to indicate that this was enforced.
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The Straits Settlements 1826β67: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony
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under British control. The conflict was fought between British
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British & Indian Armies in the East Indies, 1685β1935
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in 1874 and the establishment of the 'Resident System'.
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August 1831. The force consisted of about 150 Indian
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Mills, Lennox A. (1925). "The Naning War, 1831β32".
1604:
1470:
1374:
1200:
1176:
1149:
1026:
885:
1958:Zainuddin, Ruslan (2003). "Perang Naning, 1831-2".
1703:
1679:
1542:
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1761:Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia
1592:
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834:
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807:
208:(6 August 1831 β 15 June 1832), also known as the
795:
3199:
422:Conflicting concepts of jurisdiction over Naning
119:Naning incorporated into the district of Malacca
1964:(2 ed.). Shah Alam: Penerbit Fajar Bakti.
1826:. Chippenham: Picton Publishing (Chippenham).
1768:Cave, Jonathan (1989). Sheppard, Mubin (ed.).
665:Historiography and scholarship of the conflict
1994:
601:
253:
1871:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1759:Braddell, Thomas (1856). "Notes on Naning".
626:
531:
232:its territory under Malacca's jurisdiction.
526:
216:, was a conflict in the region surrounding
2001:
1987:
289:and within the borders of the present-day
1957:
1904:
1586:
1119:
1107:
562:had been sent to escort the expedition.)
413:
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
1929:
1908:The Oxford History of the British Empire
1819:
1758:
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257:
337:and, after Malacca's fall, that of the
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585:Preparations for the second expedition
1982:
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2260:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
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443:of Naning was like any of the other
325:that made up the first iteration of
18:
492:British interests in Southeast Asia
13:
505:
34:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
3244:
3208:Wars involving the United Kingdom
2009:Colonial conflicts involving the
3218:Resistance to the British Empire
544:, their British officers and an
277:Naning was a small inland Malay
187:
176:
149:
135:
44:guide to writing better articles
23:
2085:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1730:
1554:
711:
618:The British reached Taboh on 15
2188:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
1933:(1972). "Malacca and Naning".
1:
2585:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
2429:Castle Hill convict rebellion
724:
1841:Hill, A. H., trans. (1969).
373:of his power of passing the
293:constituency, which borders
89:6 August 1831 β 15 June 1832
7:
10:
3249:
3102:Jewish revolt in Palestine
2747:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
2392:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
2284:American Revolutionary War
602:Second military expedition
382:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
254:Background to the conflict
157:British East India Company
2936:
2873:Jameson Raid South Africa
2407:
2160:
2021:
1805:10.1017/S0026749X9800287X
1739:Dol Sa'id Pahlawan Naning
1568:. Melaka State Government
704:
651:
627:Aftermath of the conflict
532:First military expedition
169:
127:
81:
76:
3084:Arab revolt in Palestine
2681:Second Anglo-Burmese War
2423:Second Anglo-Maratha War
2314:Australian frontier wars
1931:Turnbull, Constance Mary
527:Outbreak of the conflict
220:, which was part of the
3213:Wars involving Malaysia
3078:Second Mohmand campaign
2813:Third Anglo-Burmese War
2777:Second Anglo-Afghan War
2579:First Anglo-Burmese War
2555:Third Anglo-Maratha War
2386:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
2296:Second Anglo-Mysore War
2290:First Anglo-Maratha War
1913:Oxford University Press
1888:Oxford University Press
1883:British Malaya, 1824β67
1849:Oxford University Press
1752:Oxford University Press
1741:. Penang: Sinaran Bros.
3018:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2903:First Mohmand campaign
2627:First Anglo-Afghan War
2326:Third Anglo-Mysore War
1746:Begbie, P. J. (1967).
414:Causes of the conflict
321:, was one of the nine
274:
170:Commanders and leaders
2675:Second Anglo-Sikh War
2332:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
2218:French and Indian War
1748:The Malayan Peninsula
1737:Ahmad, Darus (1957).
261:
16:19th century conflict
2837:HunzaβNagar Campaign
2645:First Anglo-Sikh War
2621:EgyptianβOttoman War
1792:Modern Asian Studies
193:William Thomas Lewis
3090:Waziristan campaign
3024:Waziristan campaign
2717:Revolt of Rajab Ali
2194:War of Jenkins' Ear
1724:, pp. 352β358.
1700:, pp. 385β386.
1676:, pp. 361β362.
1664:, pp. 357β358.
1652:, pp. 154β156.
1637:, pp. 116β124.
1589:, pp. 173β174.
1467:, pp. 254β257.
1455:, pp. 250β251.
1431:, pp. 242β248.
1419:, pp. 210β220.
1347:, pp. 197β198.
1323:, pp. 186β190.
1299:, pp. 179β181.
1287:, pp. 174β176.
1251:, pp. 170β171.
1227:, pp. 163β164.
1197:, pp. 104β105.
1146:, pp. 117β120.
1134:, pp. 123β125.
1122:, pp. 375β376.
981:, pp. 374β376.
969:, pp. 130β140.
945:, pp. 260β261.
867:, pp. 124β125.
855:, pp. 160β162.
777:, pp. 116β117.
499:Straits Settlements
222:Straits Settlements
3233:History of Malacca
2964:Bambatha Rebellion
2879:Anglo-Zanzibar War
2867:Chitral Expedition
2801:Anglo-Egyptian War
2573:Anglo-Ashanti wars
2278:Lord Dunmore's War
2236:Anglo-Cherokee War
2145:King William's War
1562:"Value of history"
1086:, pp. 359β40.
467:Excessive taxation
399:East India Company
335:Kingdom of Malacca
281:(locally known as
275:
226:East India Company
3228:Conflicts in 1832
3223:Conflicts in 1831
3195:
3194:
3126:Malayan Emergency
3036:Malabar rebellion
2897:Siege of Malakand
2843:Anglo-Manipur War
2699:Anglo-Persian War
2248:Anglo-Spanish War
2200:King George's War
2121:King Philip's War
2097:Anglo-Spanish War
1922:978-0-19-521658-5
1566:www.melaka.gov.my
1050:, pp. 87β89.
909:, pp. 95β96.
297:. It, along with
241:Treaty of Pangkor
202:
201:
123:
122:
72:
71:
64:
38:used on Knowledge
36:encyclopedic tone
3240:
3144:Cyprus Emergency
2970:Maritz rebellion
2958:Tibet expedition
2891:Benin Expedition
2711:Indian Rebellion
2705:Second Opium War
2687:Eureka Rebellion
2663:British Honduras
2639:New Zealand Wars
2224:Seven Years' War
2170:Queen Anne's War
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1961:Sejarah Malaysia
1954:
1926:
1901:
1886:. Kuala Lumpur:
1876:
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1862:
1837:
1816:
1785:
1771:Naning in Melaka
1764:
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1750:. Kuala Lumpur:
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683:Naning in Melaka
635:
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386:Robert Fullerton
343:Dutch in Malacca
313:, Jelai (Inas),
192:
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155:
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141:
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138:
83:
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60:
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47:
46:for suggestions.
42:See Knowledge's
27:
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3198:
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3132:Kenya Emergency
2938:
2932:
2927:Second Boer War
2921:Boxer Rebellion
2849:Pahang Uprising
2729:Ambela campaign
2651:RΓo de la Plata
2633:First Opium War
2615:Aden Expedition
2447:RΓo de la Plata
2409:
2403:
2374:Irish Rebellion
2266:First Carib War
2162:
2156:
2079:Confederate War
2073:Irish Rebellion
2023:
2017:
2007:
1972:
1951:
1923:
1898:
1864:
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1859:
1834:
1782:
1763:(New series 1).
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506:Man on the spot
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407:Robert Ibbetson
362:Napoleonic Wars
339:Sultan of Johor
327:Negeri Sembilan
295:Negeri Sembilan
287:city of Malacca
271:Jasin Districts
263:Negeri Sembilan
256:
210:Naning Conflict
186:
185:
183:Robert Ibbetson
175:
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136:
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109:British victory
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32:This article's
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3135:
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3072:Barzani revolt
3069:
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2909:Tirah campaign
2906:
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2894:
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2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2819:Central Africa
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2789:First Boer War
2786:
2780:
2774:
2771:Anglo-Zulu War
2768:
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2139:Williamite War
2136:
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2112:
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2100:
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2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2015:British Empire
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1927:
1921:
1902:
1896:
1877:
1857:
1838:
1832:
1817:
1799:(2): 351β387.
1786:
1780:
1765:
1756:
1743:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1712:, p. 352.
1702:
1690:
1688:, p. 376.
1678:
1666:
1654:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1587:Zainuddin 2003
1579:
1553:
1551:, p. 387.
1541:
1539:, p. 386.
1529:
1527:, p. 160.
1517:
1515:, p. 218.
1505:
1503:, p. 217.
1493:
1491:, p. 166.
1481:
1479:, p. 128.
1469:
1457:
1445:
1443:, p. 249.
1433:
1421:
1409:
1407:, p. 153.
1397:
1395:, p. 204.
1385:
1373:
1371:, p. 201.
1361:
1359:, p. 200.
1349:
1337:
1335:, p. 193.
1325:
1313:
1311:, p. 182.
1301:
1289:
1277:
1275:, p. 164.
1265:
1263:, p. 154.
1253:
1241:
1239:, p. 143.
1229:
1214:
1212:, p. 123.
1199:
1187:
1185:, p. 125.
1175:
1173:, p. 137.
1163:
1161:, p. 118.
1148:
1136:
1124:
1120:Stockwell 1999
1112:
1110:, p. 375.
1108:Stockwell 1999
1100:
1098:, p. 340.
1088:
1076:
1074:, p. 171.
1064:
1052:
1040:
1038:, p. 126.
1025:
1023:, p. 260.
1013:
1011:, p. 262.
998:
996:, p. 156.
983:
971:
959:
957:, p. 116.
947:
935:
923:
921:, p. 108.
911:
899:
897:, p. 119.
884:
882:, p. 353.
869:
857:
845:
843:, p. 131.
833:
831:, p. 354.
818:
816:, p. 126.
806:
794:
792:, p. 117.
779:
767:
765:, p. 116.
748:
746:, p. 115.
728:
726:
723:
720:
719:
709:
708:
706:
703:
666:
663:
653:
650:
628:
625:
603:
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583:
533:
530:
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525:
507:
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412:
375:death sentence
255:
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143:United Kingdom
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2:
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3061:
3060:Ikhwan revolt
3058:
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2507:Spice Islands
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2465:Santo Domingo
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2264:
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2258:
2255:
2254:Pontiac's War
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:Carnatic Wars
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:Tuscarora War
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
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2029:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1950:9780485131321
1946:
1942:
1941:Athlone Press
1938:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1897:9789679948264
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1858:0-19-582626-4
1854:
1850:
1847:. Singapore:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1833:0-7855-3483-0
1829:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
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1781:9789839961416
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1611:Braddell 1856
1607:
1600:
1595:
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1583:
1567:
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1557:
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1538:
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1513:Braddell 1856
1509:
1502:
1501:Braddell 1856
1497:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
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1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1383:, p. 20.
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1310:
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1191:
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1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1062:, p. 89.
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1005:
1003:
995:
990:
988:
980:
975:
968:
963:
956:
951:
944:
939:
933:, p. 97.
932:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
896:
891:
889:
881:
876:
874:
866:
861:
854:
849:
842:
837:
830:
825:
823:
815:
810:
804:, p. 85.
803:
798:
791:
786:
784:
776:
771:
764:
759:
757:
755:
753:
745:
740:
738:
736:
734:
729:
714:
710:
702:
698:
696:
690:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
662:
661:territories.
658:
649:
647:
642:
640:
624:
616:
614:
608:
599:
595:
582:
576:
571:
568:
567:Malacca River
563:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
524:
520:
516:
512:
503:
500:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:topographical
473:
464:
461:
457:
456:
449:
446:
442:
437:
431:Council on 30
430:
419:
411:
408:
402:
400:
396:
391:
387:
383:
378:
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372:
367:
363:
358:
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328:
324:
320:
316:
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308:
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288:
284:
280:
272:
268:
264:
260:
251:
249:
244:
242:
238:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:Naning Revolt
211:
207:
198:
195:
190:
184:
179:
174:
173:
168:
165:
162:
158:
147:
146:
145:
144:
132:
131:
126:
118:
113:
112:
108:
105:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
75:
66:
63:
55:
52:December 2015
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
3030:Iraqi Revolt
2885:Matabeleland
2861:North Borneo
2855:Matabeleland
2807:Saskatchewan
2609:Upper Canada
2603:Lower Canada
2596:
2561:Persian Gulf
2477:Persian Gulf
2417:Newfoundland
2398:Polygar Wars
2368:Kandyan Wars
2320:Nootka Sound
1960:
1935:
1907:
1882:
1843:
1822:
1796:
1790:
1770:
1760:
1747:
1738:
1731:Bibliography
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1565:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1016:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
860:
848:
836:
809:
797:
770:
713:
699:
694:
691:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
659:
655:
646:Taboh Naning
643:
630:
617:
612:
609:
605:
596:
588:
572:
564:
557:
553:
535:
521:
517:
513:
509:
495:
474:
470:
459:
453:
450:
444:
440:
438:
425:
417:
403:
394:
379:
370:
365:
359:
354:
322:
299:Sungai Ujong
291:Masjid Tanah
282:
276:
245:
237:Malay states
234:
230:
213:
209:
205:
203:
133:
128:Belligerents
58:
49:
33:
3150:Suez Crisis
3048:Transjordan
2952:West Africa
2929:(1899β1902)
2923:(1898β1901)
2915:Six-Day War
2863:(1894β1905)
2851:(1891β1895)
2831:Mashonaland
2795:Mahdist War
2735:Shimonoseki
2665:(1847β1901)
2575:(1824β1901)
2543:Cape Colony
2441:Cape Colony
2400:(1799β1805)
2394:(1799β1803)
2382:(1798β1800)
2370:(1796β1818)
2344:Cape Colony
2334:(1793β1806)
2316:(1788β1934)
2212:Nova Scotia
2182:Yamasee War
2153:(1694β1700)
2127:Child's War
2115:2nd Tangier
2109:1st Tangier
2105:(1655β1739)
2055:Saint Kitts
2033:(1593β1603)
1623:Begbie 1967
1599:Begbie 1967
1572:18 December
1393:Begbie 1967
1381:Begbie 1967
1369:Begbie 1967
1357:Begbie 1967
1345:Begbie 1967
1333:Begbie 1967
1321:Begbie 1967
1309:Begbie 1967
1297:Begbie 1967
1285:Begbie 1967
1273:Begbie 1967
1249:Begbie 1967
1225:Begbie 1967
853:Begbie 1967
114:Territorial
3202:Categories
3054:Pink's War
2946:Somaliland
2783:Basutoland
2537:Guadeloupe
2519:Xhosa Wars
2501:Seychelles
2483:Guadeloupe
2471:Martinique
2338:Rohilkhand
2302:Gold Coast
2272:Rohilkhand
2230:Bengal War
2067:Pequot War
1971:9676566713
1939:. London:
1911:. Oxford:
1635:Mills 1925
1477:Mills 1925
1210:Mills 1925
1183:Mills 1925
1159:Mills 1925
1144:Mills 1925
1132:Mills 1925
1036:Mills 1925
895:Mills 1925
865:Mills 1925
790:Mills 1925
775:Mills 1925
763:Mills 1925
744:Mills 1925
725:References
550:6-pounders
331:suzerainty
319:Ulu Pahang
267:Alor Gajah
206:Naning War
3186:Falklands
3182:(1963β67)
3176:(1962β66)
3170:(1962β90)
3158:(1962β76)
3146:(1955β59)
3140:(1954β59)
3134:(1952β60)
3128:(1948β60)
3122:(1946β50)
3114:Indonesia
3110:(1945β46)
3108:Indochina
3104:(1944β48)
3092:(1936β39)
3086:(1936β39)
3074:(1931β32)
3068:(1930β31)
3062:(1927β30)
3044:(1922β24)
3042:Kurdistan
3026:(1919β20)
3002:(1916β17)
2982:Nyasaland
2978:(1914β15)
2972:(1914β15)
2960:(1903β04)
2954:(1901β02)
2948:(1900β20)
2911:(1897β98)
2905:(1897β98)
2887:(1896β97)
2857:(1893β94)
2821:(1886β89)
2797:(1881β99)
2791:(1880β81)
2785:(1880β81)
2779:(1879β80)
2767:(1875β76)
2753:Abyssinia
2749:(1866β71)
2743:(1864β65)
2731:(1863β64)
2723:Kagoshima
2719:(1857β58)
2713:(1857β59)
2707:(1856β60)
2701:(1856β57)
2695:(1854β56)
2693:Γ
land War
2677:(1848β49)
2653:(1845β50)
2647:(1845β46)
2641:(1845β72)
2635:(1839β42)
2629:(1839β42)
2623:(1839β41)
2611:(1837β38)
2605:(1837β38)
2599:(1831β33)
2593:(1831β32)
2587:(1828β32)
2581:(1824β26)
2557:(1817β18)
2533:(1814β16)
2527:(1812β15)
2521:(1811β79)
2515:(1810β11)
2495:Mauritius
2467:(1808β09)
2449:(1806β07)
2425:(1803β05)
2388:(1798β99)
2358:(1795β96)
2352:(1795β96)
2328:(1789β92)
2304:(1781β82)
2298:(1779β84)
2292:(1775β82)
2286:(1775β83)
2274:(1773β74)
2268:(1769β73)
2262:(1765β71)
2256:(1763β66)
2250:(1762β63)
2238:(1758β61)
2232:(1756β65)
2226:(1756β63)
2220:(1754β63)
2214:(1749β55)
2208:(1746β63)
2202:(1744β48)
2196:(1740β42)
2190:(1722β25)
2184:(1715β17)
2178:(1711β15)
2172:(1702β13)
2147:(1688β97)
2141:(1688β91)
2129:(1686β90)
2123:(1675β78)
2099:(1654β60)
2093:(1654β67)
2087:(1649β53)
2081:(1641β53)
2069:(1634β38)
2039:(1609β46)
1867:cite book
1813:146591613
1722:Chew 1998
1710:Chew 1998
1698:Chew 1998
1686:Chew 1998
1674:Chew 1998
1662:Chew 1998
1650:Cave 1989
1549:Chew 1998
1537:Chew 1998
1525:Cave 1989
1489:Cave 1989
1465:Cave 1989
1453:Cave 1989
1441:Cave 1989
1429:Cave 1989
1417:Cave 1989
1405:Cave 1989
1261:Cave 1989
1237:Cave 1989
1195:Cave 1989
1171:Cave 1989
1096:Chew 1998
1084:Chew 1998
1072:Cave 1989
1060:Cave 1989
1048:Cave 1989
1021:Hill 1969
1009:Hill 1969
994:Cave 1989
979:Chew 1998
967:Cave 1989
955:Cave 1989
943:Hill 1969
931:Cave 1989
919:Cave 1989
907:Cave 1989
880:Chew 1998
841:Cave 1989
829:Chew 1998
814:Cave 1989
802:Cave 1989
486:agronomic
482:cadastral
445:Penghulus
355:Penghulus
3174:Malaysia
3096:Ethiopia
2994:Peshawar
2759:Manitoba
2741:Duar War
2037:Virginia
695:Penghulu
613:Panglima
559:Panglima
554:Panglima
441:Penghulu
395:Penghulu
371:Penghulu
366:Penghulu
347:gantangs
279:chiefdom
248:Dol Said
197:Dol Said
94:Location
3168:Sarawak
3120:Sarawak
3012:Nigeria
3000:Mohmand
2988:Nigeria
2939:century
2597:Malacca
2591:Jamaica
2549:Algiers
2489:Reunion
2435:Surinam
2410:century
2356:Grenada
2350:Jamaica
2242:Jamaica
2163:century
2103:Jamaica
2031:Ireland
2024:century
2011:English
333:of the
246:Today,
218:Malacca
116:changes
3188:(1982)
3164:(1962)
3162:Brunei
3152:(1956)
3116:(1945)
3098:(1943)
3080:(1935)
3056:(1925)
3050:(1923)
3038:(1921)
3032:(1920)
3020:(1919)
3014:(1918)
3008:(1917)
3006:Quebec
2996:(1915)
2990:(1915)
2984:(1915)
2966:(1906)
2917:(1899)
2899:(1897)
2893:(1897)
2881:(1896)
2875:(1896)
2869:(1895)
2845:(1891)
2839:(1891)
2833:(1890)
2827:(1888)
2825:Hazara
2815:(1885)
2809:(1885)
2803:(1882)
2773:(1879)
2761:(1870)
2755:(1868)
2737:(1864)
2725:(1863)
2689:(1854)
2683:(1852)
2671:(1848)
2669:Ceylon
2659:(1847)
2657:Canton
2617:(1839)
2569:(1823)
2567:Guiana
2563:(1819)
2551:(1816)
2545:(1815)
2539:(1815)
2509:(1810)
2503:(1810)
2497:(1810)
2491:(1810)
2485:(1810)
2479:(1809)
2473:(1809)
2461:(1807)
2455:(1807)
2443:(1806)
2437:(1804)
2431:(1804)
2419:(1800)
2376:(1798)
2364:(1795)
2362:Ceylon
2346:(1795)
2340:(1794)
2322:(1789)
2310:(1786)
2280:(1774)
2244:(1762)
2135:(1687)
2117:(1664)
2111:(1662)
2091:Acadia
2075:(1641)
2063:(1628)
2061:Quebec
2057:(1626)
2051:(1622)
2045:(1612)
2043:Swally
1968:
1947:
1919:
1894:
1855:
1830:
1811:
1778:
705:Noters
652:Legacy
639:rupees
634:
620:
591:
579:
575:Rembau
542:sepoys
538:
433:
429:Penang
390:census
315:Jelebu
307:Kelang
303:Rembau
164:Naning
154:
140:
106:Result
3066:Tirah
2976:Tochi
2765:Perak
2531:Nepal
2453:Egypt
2380:Malta
2308:Assam
2151:Ghana
2049:Ormuz
1809:S2CID
351:paddy
323:luaks
311:Johol
3180:Aden
3156:Oman
3138:Oman
2937:20th
2513:Java
2408:19th
2161:18th
2133:Siam
2022:17th
1966:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1873:link
1853:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1574:2015
687:adat
460:adat
455:adat
317:and
283:luak
269:and
204:The
86:Date
2525:USA
1801:doi
548:of
484:or
349:of
212:or
3204::
1943:.
1915:.
1890:.
1869:}}
1865:{{
1851:.
1807:.
1797:32
1795:.
1642:^
1564:.
1217:^
1202:^
1151:^
1028:^
1001:^
986:^
887:^
872:^
821:^
782:^
751:^
732:^
480:,
401:.
357:.
309:,
305:,
301:,
273:).
2013:/
2002:e
1995:t
1988:v
1974:.
1953:.
1925:.
1900:.
1875:)
1861:.
1836:.
1815:.
1803::
1784:.
1754:.
1613:.
1601:.
1576:.
632:4
65:)
59:(
54:)
50:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.