57:
31:
74:
1195:
1150:
1210:
1120:
1225:
1165:
1105:
1180:
1135:
813:
974:
in
February 1885 eroded the Nanyang Fleet's advantage over the Northern Seas Fleet (Beiyang Fleet). During the following decade the Nanyang fleet gradually lost its primacy, as Li Hongzhang invested heavily in the Beiyang Fleet. By 1894, on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War, the Beiyang Fleet had a
855:'s cabinet considered the merits of an attack on the Nanyang fleet, but decided that the risks to business confidence were too great, and notified Courbet that no naval action would be permitted at Shanghai. Courbet thereupon ordered
259:, the first three products of the Kiangnan Arsenal (1869 and 1870) and the fourth built at the Foochow Navy Yard in 1872. Other vessels with the fleet or operating on the Yangzi River in 1884 included the composite sloops
910:
to leave
Shanghai. The lone French cruiser had lain within range of the Nanyang Fleet for a whole week after the outbreak of war, but the Chinese made no attempt to attack her. On the night of 30 August 1884
824:
The commander of the
Nanyang fleet during the Sino-French War was Admiral Li Chengmou (李成謀), who had earlier commanded the Fujian fleet and the traditional Yangtze water forces.
898:
was filled with stones and prepared as a blockship, to be sunk across the entrance to the
Huangpu river if the French showed themselves in force. The German-built cruisers
978:
Nevertheless, the
Nanyang fleet continued to acquire new ships after the Sino-French War, some of reasonable quality. The first of the new ships was the steel cruiser
1717:
919:
ran the gauntlet of the guns of the Wusong forts and escaped without casualties to the open sea. The
Nanyang Fleet did nothing whatsoever to hinder his departure.
863:
to leave
Shanghai and join him in the Min River, where he was concentrating his squadron against the Fujian Fleet and the Foochow Navy Yard. The French cruiser
172:(Nanyang Fleet) based at Shanghai, was the largest of China's four regional fleets. In the early 1880s, its best ships were the modern composite cruiser
875:
1373:
922:
Part of the
Nanyang fleet made a disastrous sortie in February 1885 to try to break the French blockade of Formosa. The frigate
1489:
287:, an experimental product of the Kiangnan Arsenal (1876) nicknamed derisively by Europeans 'the terror of the Western world'.
1426:
874:
plunged France and China into war. The
Nanyang Fleet commanders responded by splitting the fleet to protect Shanghai and the
906:, together with several other ships of the Nanyang Fleet, withdrew to Nanking. In late August 1884 Admiral Courbet ordered
77:
290:
In July 1884, on the eve of the Sino-French War, the
Nanyang fleet was reinforced by the German-built steel cruisers
1509:
1722:
1366:
1401:
1575:
1514:
1194:
188:, also recent products of the Foochow Navy Yard (1878 and 1880), and the 2,630-ton wooden steam frigate
1679:
1524:
1406:
283:
1149:
1529:
1209:
1119:
827:
Most of the ships of the Nanyang fleet remained safely in harbour at Shanghai or Nanking during the
1727:
1359:
1224:
35:
1499:
1484:
1712:
462:
119:
1469:
1396:
1164:
408:
269:
954:
and two 'alphabetical' gunboats were trapped in Zhenhai Bay by the French on 1 March 1885 and
1642:
1560:
1504:
1104:
982:, completed at the Kiangnan Arsenal in 1885. The next additions were the composite cruisers
87:
1550:
1626:
1179:
934:(14 February 1885), the former by a French torpedo attack and the latter by friendly fire.
240:, four iron Rendel 'alphabetical' gunboats that had been in service at Tianjin since 1876.
1474:
1134:
267:, both built at the Foochow Navy Yard (1878 and 1880); the 2,630-ton wooden steam frigate
8:
1545:
840:
1565:
73:
1674:
1494:
975:
comfortable superiority over the Nanyang Fleet both in numbers of ships and quality.
955:
193:
30:
1689:
1555:
1459:
1449:
1444:
1411:
871:
351:
135:
867:
was sent to Shanghai in early August to keep the Nanyang Fleet under observation.
1684:
1669:
1657:
1479:
1464:
1421:
1416:
1382:
931:
828:
751:
177:
154:
115:
1454:
878:, both plausible targets for future French naval descents. The Rendel gunboats
482:
2,800 tons, 14 knots, two 21-cm and four 15-cm Krupp cannon, twenty 12-cm guns
197:
157:, escaped intact in the Sino-Japanese War, and was formally abolished in 1909.
1706:
1647:
1601:
1596:
1519:
281:, both built at the Foochow Navy Yard (1875 and 1876); and the tiny ironclad
221:
1652:
1621:
1611:
217:
150:
62:
1570:
852:
1606:
1591:
835:
observed the presence of the Nanyang fleet at Shanghai. Her commander,
801:
2,200 tons, 15 knots, two 8-in Armstrong guns, eight 12-cm quickfirers
777:
2,200 tons, 15 knots, two 8-in Armstrong guns, eight 12-cm quickfirers
1616:
812:
105:
1351:
807:
273:, built at the Kiangnan Arsenal in 1872; the wooden transports
870:
Courbet's attack on the Fujian Fleet on 23 August 1884 at the
196:
in 1873. The fleet was originally to have had the four steel
153:. Established in the 1870s, the fleet suffered losses in the
747:
429:
143:
1090:
1,477 tons, 15 knots, two 15-cm and five 12-cm Krupp cannon
1066:
1,477 tons, 15 knots, two 15-cm and five 12-cm Krupp cannon
602:
400 tons, 9 knots, one 38-ton Armstrong gun, two 12-lb guns
456:
572.5 tons, 8 knots, two 16-cm Vavasseur and two 40-lb guns
16:
One of four modernised naval fleets in the late Qing dynasty
831:(August 1884–April 1885). In July 1884 the French ironclad
146:
990:, both products of the Foochow Navy Yard (1886 and 1887).
428:
2,800 tons, 12 knots, two 21-cm, four 15-cm and two 12-cm
220:
was so impressed by them that he took them over for the
674:
1,250 tons, 11.5 knots, one 19-cm and four 40-lb guns
302:
Table 1: Composition of the Nanyang fleet, August 1884
626:
319 tons, one 38.5-ton Armstrong gun, two 12-lb guns
1042:
1,477 tons, 16 knots, two 200-lb and six 70-lb guns
816:
French torpedo launch attacking the Chinese frigate
530:
1,258 tons, 10 knots, one 16-cm and four 12-cm guns
506:
1,250 tons, 10 knots, one 16-cm and four 40-lb guns
243:
The fleet also included the elderly wooden gunboats
1718:Military units and formations of the Qing dynasty
1339:China's Struggle for Naval Development, 1839–1895
1704:
1318:Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin
994:Table 2: Additions to the Nanyang fleet, 1885–94
1278:Duboc, 274–93; Loir, 245–64; Lung Chang, 327-8
746:2,153 tons, 15 knots, two 21-cm and six 12-cm
1367:
1096:
808:The Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885)
298:, which sailed from Germany in March 1884.
1374:
1360:
843:for permission to attack the Chinese with
722:1,200 tons, one 7-in MLR, six 4.7-in MLR
698:1,200 tons, one 7-in MLR, six 4.7-in MLR
811:
1269:Duboc, 260–61; Loir, 169–82; Wright, 63
378:600 tons, 12 knots, fifteen 12-cm guns
1705:
961:
894:remained at Shanghai, and the frigate
224:, compensating the Nanyang Fleet with
1427:Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
1355:
650:319 tons, one 26.5-ton Armstrong gun
578:319 tons, one 26.5-ton Armstrong gun
1381:
13:
14:
1739:
1346:The Chinese Steam Navy, 1862–1945
142:) was one of the four modernised
1223:
1208:
1193:
1178:
1163:
1148:
1133:
1118:
1103:
72:
55:
29:
1332:Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
350:640 tons, 9 knots, four 16-cm
160:
1:
1325:L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet
1303:
956:ignominiously blockaded there
7:
176:, completed in 1884 at the
10:
1744:
1680:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
1097:Ships of the Nanyang Fleet
1635:
1584:
1538:
1530:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
1435:
1389:
1311:Through the Dragon's Eyes
958:for the rest of the war.
647:1876, Mitchell & Co.
623:1876, Mitchell & Co.
599:1876, Mitchell & Co.
575:1876, Mitchell & Co.
216:, completed in 1879, but
139:
111:
101:
93:
83:
68:
50:
42:
28:
21:
1402:France–Vietnam relations
1238:
1087:1887, Foochow Navy Yard
1063:1886, Foochow Navy Yard
1039:1885, Kiangnan Dockyard
926:and the composite sloop
743:1884, Foochow Navy Yard
719:1880, Foochow Navy Yard
695:1879, Foochow Navy Yard
671:1878, Foochow Navy Yard
551:1876, Kiangnan Dockyard
527:1876, Foochow Navy Yard
503:1875, Foochow Navy Yard
479:1873, Kiangnan Dockyard
453:1872, Foochow Navy Yard
425:1872, Kiangnan Dockyard
399:1870, Kiangnan Dockyard
375:1869, Kiangnan Dockyard
347:1869, Kiangnan Dockyard
180:, the composite sloops
120:First Sino-Japanese War
36:Ensign of Nanyang Fleet
1723:Naval history of China
1576:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1436:Military and political
1407:China–France relations
1397:French colonial empire
821:
1643:Imperial Chinese Navy
1585:Chinese personalities
1515:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
1505:Battle of Phu Lam Tao
913:capitaine de vaisseau
839:Baux, cabled Admiral
837:capitaine de vaisseau
815:
554:No details available
476:wooden steam frigate
422:wooden steam frigate
402:1,000 tons, 12 knots
88:Imperial Chinese Navy
1627:Empress Dowager Cixi
1539:French personalities
1470:Siege of Tuyên Quang
798:1884, Howaldt, Kiel
774:1884, Howaldt, Kiel
644:iron Rendel gunboat
620:iron Rendel gunboat
596:iron Rendel gunboat
572:iron Rendel gunboat
1566:François de Négrier
1525:Pescadores campaign
1490:Battle of Đồng Đăng
962:Postwar Development
149:fleets in the late
1551:Marc-Edmond Dominé
1309:Arlington, L. C.,
1084:composite cruiser
1060:composite cruiser
822:
820:, 14 February 1885
740:composite cruiser
1698:
1697:
1675:Far East Squadron
1636:Armies and fleets
1510:Battle of Bang Bo
1500:Battle of Hòa Mộc
1495:Battle of Zhenhai
1485:Lạng Sơn campaign
1475:Battle of Núi Bop
1094:
1093:
930:were sunk in the
805:
804:
524:wooden transport
500:wooden transport
178:Foochow Navy Yard
165:Before 1885, the
125:
124:
1735:
1690:Tonkinese Rifles
1561:Sébastien Lespès
1556:Jacques Duchesne
1460:Battle of Tamsui
1450:Keelung campaign
1445:Battle of Fuzhou
1412:French Indochina
1376:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1227:
1212:
1197:
1182:
1167:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1107:
998:
997:
872:Battle of Fuzhou
847:and the cruiser
752:Nordenfeldt guns
716:composite sloop
692:composite sloop
668:composite sloop
306:
305:
194:Kiangnan Arsenal
141:
78:Emperor of China
76:
61:
59:
58:
33:
19:
18:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1728:Sino-French War
1703:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1685:Tonkin Flotilla
1670:Black Flag Army
1658:Guangdong Fleet
1631:
1580:
1534:
1480:Battle of Shipu
1465:Battle of Yu Oc
1437:
1431:
1422:Tientsin Accord
1417:Tonkin campaign
1385:
1383:Sino-French War
1380:
1341:(Harvard, 1967)
1337:Rawlinson, J.,
1306:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1018:Specifications
1005:
964:
932:Battle of Shipu
876:Nanking Arsenal
829:Sino-French War
810:
450:wooden gunboat
396:wooden gunboat
372:wooden gunboat
344:wooden gunboat
326:Specifications
313:
198:Rendel gunboats
192:, built at the
163:
155:Sino-French War
128:
118:
116:Sino-French War
56:
54:
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Chinese fleets
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Amédée Courbet
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1348:(London, 2001)
1342:
1335:
1334:(Taipei, 1993)
1328:
1321:
1314:
1313:(London, 1931)
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1260:Rawlinson, 120
1253:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:steel cruiser
1034:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1002:
1001:Name (pinyin)
963:
960:
841:Amédée Courbet
809:
806:
803:
802:
799:
796:
795:steel cruiser
793:
790:
785:
779:
778:
775:
772:
771:steel cruiser
769:
766:
761:
755:
754:
744:
741:
738:
735:
730:
724:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
706:
700:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
682:
676:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
658:
652:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
634:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
610:
604:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
586:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
562:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
538:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
517:Teng-ying-chou
514:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
490:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
466:
458:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
440:
434:
433:
426:
423:
420:
417:
412:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
386:
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
362:
356:
355:
348:
345:
342:
339:
334:
328:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
310:
309:Name (pinyin)
162:
159:
126:
123:
122:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
70:
66:
65:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1740:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1663:Nanyang Fleet
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Beiyang Fleet
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Tang Jingsong
1600:
1598:
1597:Liu Mingchuan
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Tonkin Affair
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:Lung Chang ,
1329:
1327:(Paris, 1886)
1326:
1322:
1320:(Paris, 1899)
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:Construction
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:(Wade Giles)
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
991:
989:
985:
981:
976:
973:
969:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
819:
814:
800:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
749:
745:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
710:
709:Ch'eng-ch'ing
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
694:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
673:
670:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
550:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
464:
460:
459:
455:
452:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
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1653:Fujian Fleet
1622:Zhang Peilun
1612:Li Hongzhang
1455:Kép campaign
1438:developments
1345:
1344:Wright, R.,
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1296:Wright, 67–9
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63:Qing Dynasty
1571:Jules Ferry
1316:Duboc, E.,
1009:Characters
857:Triomphante
853:Jules Ferry
845:Triomphante
833:Triomphante
565:Lung-hsiang
317:Characters
161:Composition
112:Engagements
102:Garrison/HQ
1707:Categories
1607:Feng Zicai
1592:Liu Yongfu
1390:Background
1323:Loir, M.,
1304:References
750:cannon, 4
443:Ching-yuan
186:Chengching
69:Allegiance
46:1870s–1909
1617:Zeng Jize
1201:Longxiang
1077:Huan-t'ai
972:Chengqing
928:Chengqing
880:Longxiang
861:d'Estaing
849:d'Estaing
764:Nan-ch'en
704:Chengqing
685:K'ang-chi
613:Ts'e-tien
589:Fei-t'ing
560:Longxiang
548:ironclad
493:Yuan-k'ai
389:Wei-ching
352:Vavasseur
265:Chengqing
226:Longxiang
1048:Jingqing
984:Jingqing
917:Parseval
908:Parseval
865:Parseval
733:K'ai-chi
661:Ch'ao-wu
438:Jingyuan
365:Ts'e-hai
332:Caojiang
257:Jingyuan
245:Caojiang
202:Zhendong
106:Shanghai
1216:Nanchen
1171:Huantai
1156:Feiting
1072:Huantai
1029:Pao-min
988:Huantai
952:Yuankai
944:Nanchen
904:Nanchen
884:Feiting
788:Nan-jui
759:Nanchen
584:Feiting
541:Chin-ou
488:Yuankai
469:Yu-yuen
432:cannon
384:Weijing
296:Nanchen
275:Yuankai
253:Weijing
234:Feiting
214:Zhenbei
210:Zhennan
144:Chinese
136:Chinese
51:Country
1231:Nanrui
1126:Cedian
1111:Baomin
1024:Baomin
980:Baomin
968:Yuyuan
948:Chaowu
940:Nanrui
924:Yuyuan
900:Nanrui
888:Cedian
818:Yuyuan
783:Nanrui
680:Kangji
656:Chaowu
637:Hu-wei
608:Cedian
463:Yuyuan
415:Hai-an
292:Nanrui
261:Chaowu
238:Cedian
206:Zhenxi
190:Yuyuan
182:Kangji
138::
84:Branch
60:
43:Active
1239:Notes
1186:Kaiji
1143:(登瀛洲)
936:Kaiji
896:Haian
892:Huwei
748:Krupp
728:Kaiji
632:Huwei
536:Jinou
430:Krupp
409:Haian
360:Zehai
354:guns
284:Jinou
270:Haian
249:Zehai
230:Huwei
174:Kaiji
170:Fleet
147:naval
1233:(南瑞)
1218:(南琛)
1203:(龍驤)
1188:(開濟)
1173:(寰泰)
1158:(飛霆)
1128:(策電)
1113:(保民)
1004:Name
986:and
970:and
902:and
890:and
859:and
521:登瀛洲
312:Name
294:and
277:and
263:and
255:and
236:and
212:and
184:and
140:南洋水師
130:The
97:Navy
94:Type
1081:寰泰
1057:靖清
1033:保民
792:南瑞
768:南琛
737:開濟
713:澄慶
689:康濟
665:超武
641:虎威
617:策電
593:飛霆
569:龍驤
545:金歐
497:元凱
473:馭遠
447:靖遠
419:海安
393:威靖
369:測海
341:操江
1709::
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251:,
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1375:e
1368:t
1361:v
134:(
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