971:
944:
654:
Choi SH, Mukasa SB, Andronikov AV, Osanai Y, Harley SL, Kelly NM (2006). "Lu Hf systematics of the ultra-high temperature Napier
Metamorphic Complex in Antarctica: Evidence for the early Archean differentiation of Earth's mantle".
785:
Hokada T, Misawa K, Yokoyama K, Shiraishi K, Yamaguchi A (2004). "SHRIMP and electron microprobe chronology of UHT metamorphism in the Napier
Complex, East Antarctica: implications for zircon growth at >1,000 °C".
870:
Tainosho Y, Kagami H, Takahashi Y, Yamamoto K, Maekawa H, IIzumi S, Osanai Y, Tsuchiya N (1995). "PETROCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE GNEISS FROM MOUNT PARDOE AND TONAGH ISLAND IN THE NAPIER COMPLEX, EAST ANTARCTICA".
407:
events. Napier orogeny formed the cratonic nucleus approximately 4 Ga. Mount Elkins is a classic example of Napier orogeny. Napier orogeny is characterized by high-grade metamorphism and
505:
Preservation of the UHT mineral assemblage in the analyzed rock suggests rapid cooling, with closure likely to have occurred for the Lu-Hf system at post-peak UHT conditions near a
771:
Hensen BJ, Motoyoshi Y (1992). "Osumilite-Producing
Reactions in High Temperature Granulites from the Napier Complex, East Antarctica: Tectonic Implications". In Yoshida Y (ed.).
223:
709:. Vol. Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World—Online Proceedings for the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Santa Barbara, California:
828:"Geodynamic evolution of Mt. Riiser-Larsen, Napier Complex, East Antarctica, with reference to the UHT mineral associations and their reaction relations"
239:
114:
56:
931:
509:
of 800 °C. UHT granulites appear to have evolved in a low Lu-Hf environment, probably formed when the rocks were first extracted from a
888:
Ueno N (1995). "GEOMAGNETIC PALEOINTENSITY EXPERIMENT ON IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS FROM ENDERBY LAND IN NAPIER COMPLEX, ANTARCTICA".
554:
Harley, SL; Black, LP (1997). "A revised
Archaean chronology for the Napier Complex, Enderby Land, from SHRIMP ion-microprobe studies".
953:
737:
788:
411:. The orogenic events which resulted in the formation of the Napier complex (including Mount Elkins) have been dated to the Archean.
985:
916:
751:
454:
derivation. This rock appears to have been overprinted by an ultra-high temperature metamorphic event (UHT) that occurred near the
620:
718:
590:
911:
958:
742:
657:
502:
determined the oldest tectonothermal event in the formation of the Napier
Complex to have occurred approximately 2.8 Ga.
495:
385:
339:
455:
948:
235:
963:
747:
167:
926:
703:
New evidence for the early
Archaean evolution of Aker Peaks, Napier Mountains, Enderby Land (East Antarctica)
530:
525:. These results also suggest significant depletion of the early Archean mantle, in agreement with the early
833:
107:
49:
202:
in
Enderby Land, East Antarctica. It extends about 64 km in a northwest–southeast direction from
353:
308:
243:
526:
827:
710:
700:
Belyatsky, BV; Rodionov, NV; Sergeev, SA; Kamenev, EN (2007). Cooper, AK; Raymond, CR (eds.).
701:
396:
191:
670:
842:
797:
666:
247:
890:
Proceedings of the
National Institute of Polar Research Symposium on Antarctic Geosciences
873:
Proceedings of the
National Institute of Polar Research Symposium on Antarctic Geosciences
8:
772:
506:
379:
263:
970:
846:
801:
628:
514:
428:
412:
273:
893:
876:
858:
813:
714:
682:
571:
850:
805:
674:
563:
510:
459:
440:
335:
331:
278:
203:
598:
447:
408:
313:
288:
207:
187:
171:
100:
936:
678:
318:
268:
227:
211:
199:
159:
809:
567:
391:
2.5 Ga: occurrence of a subsequent, protracted high-grade tectonothermal event
979:
897:
880:
862:
817:
686:
575:
494:
age of 2.4 billion years for this metamorphic event. Using SHRIMPU–Pb zircon
231:
129:
116:
71:
58:
921:
922:
United States
Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
451:
349:
298:
293:
283:
195:
183:
163:
155:
96:
32:
384:
2.8 Ga: occurrence of a very-high grade discrete tectonothermal event (an
424:
400:
375:
892:. Vol. 8. National Institute of Polar Research. pp. 193–200.
522:
521:
that formed the Napier Complex were extremely depleted relative to the
471:
303:
854:
483:
475:
436:
368:
491:
467:
875:. Vol. 8. National Institute of Polar Research. p. 275.
432:
404:
357:
345:
825:
Hokada T, Motoyoshi Y, Suzuki S, Ishikawa M, Ishizuka H (2008).
869:
699:
479:
463:
450:
components found to date in the Napier complex appear to be of
420:
416:
365:
356:. At least four distinct tectonothermal events occurred in the
39:
198:. The Napier Mountains are centered about 64 km south of
824:
784:
780:. Tokyo: Terra Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 87–92.
518:
224:
British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
222:
The Napier Mountains were discovered in January 1930 by the
653:
344:
The Napier complex is among the most ancient terrestrial
912:
Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee (AANMC)
348:
on Earth. Its evolution is characterized by high-grade
182:
The Napier Mountains are roughly four degrees west of
258:
Geographic features of the Napier Mountains include:
826:
364:3.8 billion years ago (Ga): occurrence of initial
240:Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions
154:are a group of close set peaks, the highest being
927:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
977:
834:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
770:
591:"Geochronology of the Transantarctic Mountains"
242:party in 1960. Members of this party included
158:, at about 2,300 meters above sea level. This
932:PDF Map of the Australian Antarctic Territory
238:. The mountain range was first visited by an
693:
549:
547:
545:
415:to as old as 3.8 billion years, some of the
553:
969:
774:Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science
649:
647:
645:
789:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
625:Tectonics of the Transantarctic Mountains
612:
595:Tectonics of the Transantarctic Mountains
582:
542:
752:United States Department of the Interior
627:. London: self-published. Archived from
597:. London: self-published. Archived from
386:ultra-high temperature metamorphic event
642:
618:
588:
978:
887:
325:
431:found on Earth. Billions of years of
959:Geographic Names Information System
743:Geographic Names Information System
658:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
340:Ultra-high-temperature metamorphism
13:
764:
230:. They were named by Mawson after
14:
997:
905:
443:core of these ancient mountains.
147:Mountain range in East Antarctica
947: This article incorporates
942:
236:Supreme Court of South Australia
986:Mountain ranges of Enderby Land
964:United States Geological Survey
748:United States Geological Survey
517:. The source materials for the
917:Australian Antarctic Gazetteer
403:by a series of tectonothermal
168:Australian Antarctic Territory
1:
536:
529:of the Earth that the latest
621:"Crustal Formation sequence"
523:chondritic uniform reservoir
456:Archean-Proterozoic boundary
217:
44:2,300 m (7,500 ft)
7:
253:
177:
10:
1002:
679:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.012
462:(Lu-Hf) method to examine
371:over a long period of time
329:
194:, and 3.5 degrees east of
810:10.1007/s00410-003-0550-2
568:10.1017/S0954102097000102
106:
92:
87:
48:
38:
28:
23:
18:
671:2006E&PSL.246..305C
527:igneous differentiation
513:profoundly depleted in
374:3.0 Ga: emplacement of
949:public domain material
711:U.S. Geological Survey
309:Stor Hånakken Mountain
531:core formation models
429:oldest rock specimens
413:Radiometrically dated
397:East Antarctic craton
330:Further information:
192:Edward VIII Ice Shelf
713:. pp. 187.1–4.
437:tectonic deformation
248:Terence James Elkins
847:2008GSLSP.308..253H
802:2004CoMP..147....1H
619:Lloyd G, Gibson M.
589:Lloyd G, Gibson M.
515:lithophile elements
507:closure temperature
419:collected from the
380:Proclamation Island
352:and several strong
326:Geology and orogeny
264:Fitzgerald Nunataks
126: /
68: /
954:"Napier Mountains"
496:dating methodology
399:was formed in the
274:Mount Breckinridge
232:John Mellis Napier
24:Highest point
720:978-0-309-11854-5
556:Antarctic Science
439:have exposed the
234:, a judge of the
166:, in the claimed
145:
144:
130:66.500°S 53.667°E
108:Range coordinates
72:66.667°S 54.150°E
993:
973:
967:
946:
945:
901:
884:
866:
855:10.1144/SP308.13
830:
821:
781:
779:
761:
759:
758:
731:
730:
728:
727:
708:
697:
691:
690:
651:
640:
639:
637:
636:
616:
610:
609:
607:
606:
586:
580:
579:
551:
460:lutetium-hafnium
441:metamorphic rock
369:igneous activity
336:Thermochronology
332:Age of the Earth
279:Mount Codrington
204:Mount Codrington
152:Napier Mountains
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
83:
82:
80:
79:
78:
73:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
19:Napier Mountains
16:
15:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
994:
992:
991:
990:
976:
975:
952:
943:
908:
777:
767:
765:Further reading
756:
754:
736:
734:
725:
723:
721:
706:
698:
694:
665:(3–4): 305–16.
652:
643:
634:
632:
631:on May 13, 2003
617:
613:
604:
602:
587:
583:
552:
543:
539:
409:plate tectonics
342:
328:
323:
314:Wilkinson Peaks
289:Mount Griffiths
256:
226:under explorer
220:
208:Mount Kjerringa
188:Edward VIII Bay
180:
172:East Antarctica
148:
135:-66.500; 53.667
134:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
115:
113:
112:
101:East Antarctica
77:-66.667; 54.150
76:
74:
70:
67:
62:
59:
57:
55:
54:
12:
11:
5:
999:
989:
988:
940:
939:
937:Mawson Station
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
907:
906:External links
904:
903:
902:
885:
867:
822:
782:
766:
763:
738:"Mount Elkins"
733:
732:
719:
692:
641:
611:
601:on May 4, 2003
581:
540:
538:
535:
490:determined an
482:from this UHT
427:are among the
393:
392:
389:
382:
372:
327:
324:
322:
321:
319:Young Nunataks
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
269:Grimsley Peaks
266:
260:
255:
252:
228:Douglas Mawson
219:
216:
212:Young Nunataks
200:Cape Batterbee
179:
176:
162:is located in
160:mountain range
146:
143:
142:
110:
104:
103:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
52:
46:
45:
42:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
998:
987:
984:
983:
981:
974:
972:
965:
961:
960:
955:
950:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
899:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:(1): 253–82.
840:
836:
835:
829:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
783:
776:
775:
769:
768:
762:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
722:
716:
712:
705:
704:
696:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:
650:
648:
646:
630:
626:
622:
615:
600:
596:
592:
585:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
548:
546:
541:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:orthopyroxene
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:orthogneisses
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
362:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
341:
337:
333:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
259:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
206:and includes
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
139:
111:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
86:
81:
53:
51:
47:
43:
41:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
17:
957:
941:
898:110001071789
889:
881:110001071802
872:
838:
832:
793:
787:
773:
755:. Retrieved
741:
735:
724:. Retrieved
702:
695:
662:
656:
633:. Retrieved
629:the original
624:
614:
603:. Retrieved
599:the original
594:
584:
562:(1): 74–91.
559:
555:
504:
499:
498:, Belyatsky
487:
445:
395:Much of the
394:
354:deformations
350:metamorphism
343:
299:Mount Rabben
294:Mount Maines
284:Mount Elkins
257:
221:
196:Amundsen Bay
184:Cape Boothby
181:
164:Enderby Land
156:Mount Elkins
151:
149:
97:Enderby Land
33:Mount Elkins
796:(1): 1–20.
486:belt, Choi
446:The oldest
425:Mount Sones
401:Precambrian
376:charnockite
133: /
75: /
50:Coordinates
757:2010-11-26
726:2010-11-26
635:2010-11-26
605:2010-11-26
537:References
472:sapphirine
458:. Using a
304:Skorefjell
244:Syd Kirkby
863:0305-8719
818:0010-7999
687:0012-821X
576:0954-1020
533:require.
484:granulite
476:osumilite
218:Discovery
88:Geography
40:Elevation
980:Category
492:isochron
405:orogenic
358:Archaean
346:terranes
254:Features
210:and the
178:Location
968:
843:Bibcode
798:Bibcode
667:Bibcode
452:igneous
448:crustal
433:erosion
417:zircons
121:53°40′E
118:66°30′S
63:54°09′E
60:66°40′S
896:
879:
861:
816:
717:
685:
574:
519:magmas
511:mantle
480:rutile
464:garnet
366:felsic
338:, and
93:Region
951:from
778:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
500:et al
488:et al
360:eon:
894:NAID
877:NAID
859:ISSN
814:ISSN
715:ISBN
683:ISSN
572:ISSN
478:and
435:and
246:and
190:and
150:The
29:Peak
851:doi
839:308
806:doi
794:147
675:doi
663:246
564:doi
423:of
378:at
982::
962:.
956:.
857:.
849:.
837:.
831:.
812:.
804:.
792:.
750:,
746:.
740:.
681:.
673:.
661:.
644:^
623:.
593:.
570:.
558:.
544:^
474:,
470:,
466:,
334:,
250:.
214:.
186:,
174:.
170:,
99:,
966:.
900:.
883:.
865:.
853::
845::
820:.
808::
800::
760:.
729:.
689:.
677::
669::
638:.
608:.
578:.
566::
560:9
388:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.