219:
208:
197:
186:
130:
1150:
1084:
155:
715:
1620:
1108:
264:
723:
1120:
275:
253:
242:
167:
230:
142:
50:
1138:
2203:
901:
1096:
2212:
1442:
825:
1022:
This plan was typical of
Napoleon in its dash and reliance on fast movement and surprise, but such a style was more suited to land than to sea warfare, with the vagaries of tide and wind and the effective British blockade making it ever more impractical and unlikely to succeed as time passed. Only
805:
Port facilities at
Boulogne were improved (even though its tides made it unsuitable for such a role) and forts built, whilst the discontent and boredom that often threatened to overflow among the waiting troops was allayed by constant training and frequent ceremonial visits by Napoleon himself
930:
were built along the
English coast to counter the invasion threat, and militias were raised. In the areas closest to France, new fortifications were built, and existing ones previously built to guard against the 1779 invasion were completed or improved.
947:. Unfounded rumours of a massive flat French invasion raft powered by windmills and paddle-wheels, a secretly-dug channel tunnel, and an invasion fleet of balloons, spread via the print media, as did caricatures ridiculing the prospect of invasion. A
1045:. Thus, by the time of the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October, the invasion had already been called off, and so this battle further guaranteed British control of the Channel rather than preventing the invasion. The comment attributed to
1023:
the Toulon force eventually broke out (on 29 March 1805) and, though it managed to cross the
Atlantic, it did not find the Brest fleet at the rendezvous and so sailed back to Europe alone, where it was met by the force blockading
816:
erected at
Boulogne to celebrate the invasion's anticipated success. However, when Napoleon ordered a large-scale test of the invasion craft despite choppy weather and against the advice of his naval commanders such as Admiral
1149:
1344:
1424:
926:
Though the fleet-test was unsuccessful, Britain continued to be on high alert with defences from invasion. With the flotilla and encampment at
Boulogne visible from the south coast of England,
1446:
1007:, quickly sail back across the Atlantic to Europe (losing both these pursuing British fleets en route), land a force in Ireland (as in the two French Revolutionary invasions of Ireland in
951:
was also carried out in
October 1804, and British fleets continued to blockade the French and Spanish fleets that would be needed to maintain naval superiority long enough for a crossing.
1759:
598:
1371:
1636:
593:
491:
2234:
677:
363:
1415:
821:(commander of the flotilla's right wing), they were shown up as ill-designed for their task and, though Napoleon led rescue efforts in person, many men were lost.
525:
2244:
1019:
had remained in the
Channel, take control of the Channel, and defend and transport the invasion force, all before the pursuing fleets could return to stop them.
844:
as an air service chief, though she said the proposed aerial invasion would fail because of the winds. (France's first military balloon had been used in 1794 by
1241:
334:
2027:
1083:
2274:
2264:
1064:(the tallest of such columns in France), built in the 1850s, with a statue of Napoleon on top, panels on the base showing him presenting medals of the
1388:
17:
1764:
895:
1641:
1278:
863:($ 11,250,000). The entire amount was spent on the projected invasion. The United States had partly funded the purchase by means of a loan from
2249:
963:– in his own words, "Let us be masters of the Channel for six hours and we are masters of the world." He envisaged doing this by having the
1658:
1107:
972:
939:
were constructed (with a Grand Shaft to deploy its troops from its hilltop site to sea level rapidly should there be a landing), and the
279:
171:
1368:
1204:
1345:"The Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon, eager for money to wage war on Britain, sold the land to U.S.--and a British bank financed the sale"
695:
691:
327:
2094:
1166:
2215:
1386:
It is attributed to him in a statement by him to the House of Lords, though there is no definite evidence he actually said it.
1119:
848:.) Though an aerial invasion proved a dead-end, the prospect of one captured the minds of the British print media and public.
702:, preparations began again in earnest soon after the outbreak of war in 1803, and were finally called off in 1805, before the
2254:
2106:
320:
2259:
1049:
1008:
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649:
257:
1847:
1474:
673:
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1000:
223:
1331:
1228:
1171:
818:
644:, although never carried out, was a major influence on British naval strategy and the fortification of the coast of
1966:
1249:
1032:
799:
583:
544:
159:
100:
2032:
1435:
1035:, and forced back into port. Therefore, on 27 August 1805, Napoleon used the invasion army as the core of the new
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845:
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344:
41:
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2146:
2020:
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1806:
1722:
996:
603:
503:
481:
212:
775:
714:
447:
201:
2000:
1933:
1419:
1245:
549:
442:
55:
Napoleon distributing the first
Imperial LĂ©gion d'honneur at the Boulogne camps, on August 16, 1804
1619:
2065:
1430:
1052:– "I do not say they cannot come – I only say they cannot come by sea" – had been proved right.
1012:
871:, which essentially meant that a British bank was indirectly funding an invasion of the country.
791:
618:
613:
476:
234:
437:
375:
1853:
1812:
1785:
1695:
1560:
1467:
1155:
Caricature of a "Gentle Salute" from the
British Lion, knocking Napoleon's hat off (circa 1803)
774:, and gathered at Boulogne. This flotilla was initially under the energetic command of Admiral
578:
561:
539:
515:
1317:
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1983:
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1069:
936:
837:
755:
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510:
385:
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1742:
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608:
462:
1899:
722:
8:
2178:
1928:
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703:
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380:
134:
1292:
932:
2185:
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2015:
1950:
1911:
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532:
452:
106:
2206:
1971:
1923:
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1836:
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1773:
1604:
1460:
1327:
1323:
1296:
1224:
763:
751:
457:
417:
147:
1825:
1749:
959:
Before the flotilla could cross, however, Napoleon had to gain naval control of the
2139:
2081:
2005:
1841:
1716:
1653:
1581:
1576:
1568:
948:
841:
808:
758:" of invasion barges was built in Channel ports along the coasts of France and the
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681:
486:
686:
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1993:
1988:
1945:
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78:
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92:
2124:
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1976:
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813:
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1202:
The National Flotilla is also called the "Boulogne flotilla" in some sources (
2228:
2070:
1028:
1016:
964:
920:
856:
787:
657:
405:
312:
268:
1060:
Today, the Boulogne camp's site is marked by a 53 metres (174 ft) high
1939:
1184:
1180:
1042:
971:
Franco–Spanish fleets break out from the British blockade (led at Brest by
944:
879:
864:
860:
783:
368:
49:
2129:
1552:
980:
855:
of 1803, whereby France ceded her huge North American territories to the
759:
1129:
1004:
984:
916:
795:
771:
246:
190:
1262:
900:
767:
105:
Subsequent destruction of most of the Franco-Spanish fleet during the
1125:
943:
was cut to impede Napoleon's progress into England should he land on
908:
1483:
1068:
to his troops and surrounded by railings decorated with the golden
912:
836:
Napoleon also seriously considered using a fleet of troop-carrying
669:
875:
1031:(where invasion vessels had been prepared), was defeated at the
1441:
968:
868:
824:
747:
1265:
Paras Versus the Reich: Canada's Paratroopers at War 1942–1945
779:
1431:
Anti-Napoleon Caricature and Propaganda in England 1798–1803
1452:
1369:
Western Heights – Heritage factsheet – White Cliffs Country
911:, a national personification of England, holds the head of
684:. Building on planning for mooted invasions under France's
668:
coast in 1798, but an invasion of England was sidelined by
1293:"Lawrence Hargrave: Australian Aviation Pioneer. Timeline"
734:
From 1803 to 1805 a new army of 200,000 men, known as the
882:
in 1803, to create an indigenous part of his 20,000-man
742:(Army of England), was gathered and trained at camps at
1041:
and had it break camp and march eastwards to begin the
1172:
French intervention during the Irish Rebellion of 1798
840:
as part of his proposed invasion force, and appointed
979:), and then sail across the Atlantic to threaten the
786:
in March 1805. The part of the flotilla built by the
828:
Cartoon on the invasion, showing a tunnel under the
138:
1015:) and, more importantly, defeat what parts of the
2235:Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom
1447:Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom
1263:Horn, Benrd, Lt. Col.; Wyczynski, Michel (2003).
1183:'s planned invasion of the United Kingdom during
638:Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom
2226:
718:Inspection of troops at Boulogne, 15 August 1804
27:Attempt to invade the United Kingdom by Napoleon
1167:Charles François Dumouriez#Later life and death
1072:. The arsenal from the camp is also preserved.
935:had tunnels added to garrison more troops; the
2245:Cancelled military operations involving France
995:. The Toulon and Brest fleets (under Admirals
342:
1468:
896:British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–05
328:
1277:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1113:Caricature mocking the fragile landing rafts
1436:Napoleon's views on the invasion of Britain
1475:
1461:
915:after a conjectured French invasion. 1803
889:
648:. In 1796 the French had already tried to
335:
321:
48:
2275:Military history of the Batavian Republic
2265:Battles of the War of the Third Coalition
35:Napoleon's invasion of the United Kingdom
1223:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
899:
851:These preparations were financed by the
823:
806:(including the first ever awards of the
721:
713:
1190:
1003:respectively) could then rendezvous at
874:For his planned subsidiary invasion of
14:
2227:
1706:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
859:in return for a payment of 50 million
794:. He moved the Batavian flotilla from
790:was under the command of Vice-Admiral
709:
2250:Military history of the Pas-de-Calais
1456:
983:. This, he hoped, would draw off the
762:(then under French domination as the
672:'s concentration on the campaigns in
316:
2211:
1208:Eleventh Edition article "Soignies")
1326:, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2003,
24:
18:Napoleon's invasion of England
1848:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
1089:Disposition of the French flotilla
905:Buonaparte, 48 hours after landing
738:(Army of the Ocean Coasts) or the
25:
2291:
2147:"China is a sleeping giant" quote
1409:
1101:The rumoured French invasion raft
2210:
2202:
2201:
1618:
1440:
1148:
1136:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
800:British attempts to prevent this
273:
262:
251:
240:
228:
217:
206:
195:
184:
165:
153:
140:
128:
2089:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
1425:Objects related to the invasion
1001:Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume
778:, but he soon had to return to
57:by Charles Etienne Pierre Motte
1380:
1362:
1337:
1311:
1285:
1256:
1234:
1211:
1196:
1143:John Bull vanquishing Napoleon
96:redeployed into Central Europe
13:
1:
954:
680:, and shelved in 1802 by the
1482:
1267:. Dundurn Press. p. 22.
819:Charles René Magon de Médine
812:). A medal was struck and a
652:in order to destabilise the
7:
2255:1800s in the United Kingdom
1882:War of the Fourth Coalition
1160:
1055:
1047:First Lord of the Admiralty
574:Planned invasion of Britain
10:
2296:
2260:War of the Third Coalition
2191:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
2056:Column of the Grande Armée
1918:War of the Sixth Coalition
1894:War of the Fifth Coalition
1870:War of the Third Coalition
1075:
893:
736:Armée des côtes de l'Océan
726:Drop Redoubt, part of the
656:or as a stepping-stone to
642:War of the Third Coalition
346:War of the Third Coalition
42:War of the Third Coalition
2199:
2115:
2043:
2021:Saint-Domingue expedition
1959:
1906:French invasion of Russia
1807:French Revolutionary Wars
1796:
1627:
1616:
1517:
1490:
1221:The Campaigns of Napoleon
1033:Battle of Cape Finisterre
997:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
878:, Napoleon had formed an
354:
298:
285:
177:
121:
69:Planned from 1803 to 1805
61:
47:
39:
34:
1934:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
1530:Joséphine de Beauharnais
1420:National Maritime Museum
1246:National Maritime Museum
2066:Palace of Fontainebleau
1205:Encyclopædia Britannica
890:British countermeasures
832:and a fleet of balloons
792:Carel Hendrik Ver Huell
235:Carel Hendrik Ver Huell
111:Invasion plan abandoned
2240:19th-century conflicts
1854:Battle of the Pyramids
1659:Assassination attempts
1561:Carlo Maria Buonaparte
1427:in the NMM collections
1319:The Louisiana Purchase
949:naval raid on Boulogne
923:
833:
776:Étienne Eustache Bruix
731:
719:
584:Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez
178:Commanders and leaders
1070:French Imperial Eagle
937:Dover Western Heights
903:
827:
798:to Boulogne, despite
728:Dover Western Heights
725:
717:
299:Casualties and losses
99:Franco-Spanish fleet
1876:Battle of Austerlitz
1733:Weaponry and warfare
1449:at Wikimedia Commons
1252:on February 1, 2009.
1191:References and notes
941:Royal Military Canal
766:), all the way from
664:had gathered on the
640:at the start of the
599:Lippa and St. Mathia
589:Occupation of Naples
280:Cuthbert Collingwood
2280:Invasions by France
2270:Cancelled invasions
2135:Cultural depictions
1929:Battle of Vauchamps
1649:Coup of 18 Brumaire
1508:First French Empire
1416:Invasion of Britain
846:Jean-Marie Coutelle
782:, where he died of
710:French preparations
704:Battle of Trafalgar
660:. The first French
550:2nd Cape Finisterre
545:1st Cape Finisterre
497:Castelfranco Veneto
2173:Retour des cendres
2152:German Romanticism
2102:Rue de la Victoire
2016:Law of 20 May 1802
1951:Battle of Waterloo
1912:Battle of Borodino
1600:Caroline Bonaparte
1548:Alexandre Walewski
1374:2009-08-21 at the
1299:. February 2, 2003
1218:Chandler, David G.
1177:Operation Sea Lion
993:Western Approaches
989:William Cornwallis
924:
853:Louisiana Purchase
834:
740:Armée d'Angleterre
732:
720:
646:South East England
533:Trafalgar campaign
504:Invasion of Naples
107:Trafalgar campaign
2222:
2221:
2117:Legacy and memory
2061:Equestrian statue
2044:Homes and honours
1972:Concordat of 1801
1924:Battle of Leipzig
1900:Battle of EckmĂĽhl
1864:Battle of Marengo
1837:Battle of Bassano
1819:French Revolution
1701:Sale of Louisiana
1605:Pauline Bonaparte
1445:Media related to
1324:Thomas J. Fleming
1297:Monash University
1128:protected by the
975:and at Toulon by
973:Baron Collingwood
764:Batavian Republic
756:National Flotilla
632:
631:
604:Atlantic campaign
594:Wonau and Stecken
391:Haslach-Jungingen
311:
310:
213:Pierre Villeneuve
148:Batavian Republic
117:
116:
16:(Redirected from
2287:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2140:Napoleon complex
2082:Maison Bonaparte
2036:
2006:Organic Articles
1842:Battle of Rivoli
1798:Battles and wars
1782:
1768:
1717:Mesures usuelles
1645:
1622:
1592:JĂ©rĂ´me Bonaparte
1582:Lucien Bonaparte
1577:Joseph Bonaparte
1569:Letizia Ramolino
1477:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1391:. Archived from
1384:
1378:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1349:The Vintage News
1341:
1335:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
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1282:
1276:
1268:
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1248:. Archived from
1238:
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1209:
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1152:
1140:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1066:LĂ©gion d'honneur
1050:Lord St. Vincent
884:Corps d'Irelande
842:Sophie Blanchard
814:triumphal column
809:LĂ©gion d'honneur
492:Caldiero pursuit
471:Italian campaign
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2157:Napoleonic Code
2111:
2107:Warsaw monument
2051:Arc de Triomphe
2039:
2030:
1994:Infamous Decree
1989:Grand Sanhedrin
1967:Catholic Church
1955:
1946:Battle of Ligny
1888:Battle of Eylau
1813:Siege of Toulon
1792:
1776:
1762:
1690:Napoleonic Wars
1639:
1637:Stay in Auxonne
1629:Life and career
1623:
1614:
1610:Elisa Bonaparte
1587:Louis Bonaparte
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1486:
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1376:Wayback Machine
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865:Baring Brothers
830:English Channel
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682:Peace of Amiens
662:Army of England
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2125:Bank of France
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1859:Siege of Jaffa
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1832:Battle of Lodi
1829:
1826:13 Vendémiaire
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1755:2nd abdication
1752:
1750:Route Napoléon
1747:
1746:
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1738:1st abdication
1735:
1730:
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1723:Looting of art
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1539:
1535:Marie Louise
1526:
1397:. Retrieved
1393:the original
1382:
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1351:. 2017-10-31
1348:
1339:
1318:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1287:
1264:
1258:
1250:the original
1236:
1220:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1185:World War II
1181:Adolf Hitler
1065:
1059:
1043:Ulm campaign
1038:Grande Armée
1036:
1021:
987:force under
958:
945:Romney Marsh
933:Dover Castle
925:
904:
883:
880:Irish Legion
873:
850:
835:
807:
804:
784:tuberculosis
739:
735:
733:
685:
676:and against
637:
636:
573:
562:Cape Ortegal
555:
540:Diamond Rock
516:Campo Tenese
463:
448:Schöngrabern
370:Ulm campaign
369:
122:Belligerents
93:Grande Armée
91:
54:
40:Part of the
2130:Bonapartism
2031: [
2001:Protestants
1777: [
1763: [
1640: [
1553:Napoleon II
1334:(p.129-130)
981:West Indies
977:Lord Nelson
760:Netherlands
754:. A large "
294:615,000 men
291:200,000 men
2229:Categories
2162:Propaganda
1696:Coronation
1399:2008-07-11
1355:2020-05-03
1130:Royal Navy
1005:Martinique
985:Royal Navy
955:Naval plan
917:caricature
796:Vlissingen
609:Blaauwberg
464:Austerlitz
438:DĂĽrenstein
376:Donauwörth
247:George III
191:Napoleon I
1760:2nd exile
1743:1st exile
1654:Consulate
1574:Brothers:
1540:Children:
1303:August 7,
1273:cite book
1126:John Bull
1025:Rochefort
909:John Bull
752:Montreuil
556:Trafalgar
433:Mariazell
428:Amstetten
413:Mehrnbach
401:Elchingen
396:Memmingen
381:Wertingen
2207:Category
2012:Slavery
1597:Sisters:
1501:timeline
1484:Napoleon
1389:"Nelson"
1372:Archived
1295:. CTIE,
1161:See also
1056:Memorial
913:Napoleon
838:balloons
772:Flushing
744:Boulogne
670:Napoleon
526:Calabria
482:Caldiero
443:Dornbirn
386:GĂĽnzburg
286:Strength
74:Location
2216:Commons
2186:Studies
1728:Tactics
1711:Holland
1566:Mother:
1558:Father:
1076:Gallery
876:Ireland
768:Étaples
730:complex
678:Austria
666:Channel
579:Chausey
458:Wischau
453:Hanover
418:Lambach
364:Bavaria
307:Unknown
304:Unknown
101:blocked
1527:Wives:
1519:Family
1330:
1231:, p323
1227:
1062:column
1029:Ferrol
969:Toulon
869:London
750:, and
748:Bruges
698:, and
624:Ceylon
487:Forano
477:Verona
145:
135:France
86:Result
2179:Penis
2095:Milan
2035:]
2028:Women
1977:Tiara
1960:Views
1781:]
1774:Death
1767:]
1644:]
965:Brest
780:Paris
674:Egypt
619:Natal
521:Maida
511:Gaeta
423:Steyr
160:Spain
2167:Tomb
1786:mask
1682:1815
1677:1804
1672:1802
1667:1799
1328:ISBN
1305:2019
1279:link
1225:ISBN
1027:and
1013:1798
1011:and
1009:1796
999:and
967:and
700:1779
696:1759
692:1744
66:Date
919:by
867:of
770:to
690:in
406:Ulm
2231::
2033:fr
1779:fr
1765:fr
1642:fr
1418:–
1347:.
1322:,
1275:}}
1271:{{
1244:.
1179:,
907:.
886:.
802:.
746:,
706:.
694:,
1476:e
1469:t
1462:v
1402:.
1358:.
1307:.
1281:)
336:e
329:t
322:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
