577:
that can be used for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. These three treatments are radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Although there are currently three treatment methods, there are clinical trials taking place that may develop more effective treatments for NPC. A clinical trial is research study that works to develop new treatment techniques or to gain more information about or improve current methods. If an effective treatment comes out of the clinical trial, then this method may become a new standard treatment method. During the course of, or following, treatment, tests may be done in order to determine if the treatment is working, or if treatment needs to be dropped or changed. Tests that are done after treatment to determine the condition of patient after completing treatment are called follow-up tests and tell the doctor if the patient's condition has changed or if the cancer has come back.
586:
cancer site. A mesh mask is used on the patient in order to keep their head and neck still while the machine rotates to send out beams of radiation. In undergoing this kind of treatment, healthy cells may also be damaged during the process. Therefore, there are 2 other forms of radiation therapy that decreases the likelihood of damaging nearby healthy cells: intensity-modulated radiation therapy and stereotactic radiation therapy. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) uses 3D images of the size and shape of the tumor to then direct thin beams of radiation at different intensities from multiple angles. In stereotactic radiation therapy, radiation is aimed directly at the tumor. In this therapy, the total amount of radiation is divided into smaller doses that will be given over the course of several days.
514:
502:
490:
478:
599:
into a vein or muscle. In this method, the drug circulates through the blood system and can reach cancer cells throughout the body. Regional chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity, for example, the abdomen. In this way, the drugs will mainly affect cancer cells in that area. However, the type of chemotherapy that is administered to the patient depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Additionally, chemotherapy can be used as an adjuvant therapy after radiation to lower the risk of recurrence in the patient. If given after radiation, chemotherapy can be used to kill any cancer cells that may have remained.
61:
417:
405:
393:
381:
433:
175:. Signs of nasopharyngeal cancer may appear as headaches, a sore throat, and trouble hearing, breathing, or speaking. Additional symptoms of NPC include facial pain or numbness, blurred or double vision, trouble opening the mouth, or recurring ear infections. If the ear infection does not present with an upper respiratory tract infection, then an examination should be done on the nasopharynx. This is due to the fact that, in adults, ear infections are less common than in children. Signs and symptoms related to the primary tumor include
235:(EBV). The Epstein-Barr virus is one of the most common viruses. 95% of all people in the U.S. are exposed to this virus by the time they are 30–40 years old. The World Health Organization does not have set preventative measures for this virus because it is so easily spread and is worldwide. Very rarely does Epstein-Barr virus lead to cancer, which suggests a variety of influencing factors.
589:
Using radiation therapy as a cancer treatment method depends on the type and stage of cancer; however, internal and external radiation therapies can be used to treat NPC. If external radiation therapies are being aimed at the thyroid, then this could affect the way the thyroid works. For that reason,
576:
and brachytherapy, which are commonly used in the treatments of cancers of the head and neck. The expression of EBV latent proteins within undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma can be potentially exploited for immune-based therapies. Generally, there are three different types or treatment methods
275:
all seem to play an important role. More importantly, EBV DNA levels appear to correlate with treatment response and may predict disease recurrence, suggesting that they may be an independent indicator of prognosis. The mechanism by which EBV alters nasopharyngeal cells is being elucidated to provide
598:
Chemotherapy works as cancer treatment by using drugs that stop the growth of cancer cells, by either killing the cells or preventing them from dividing. This kind of therapy can be administered systemically or regionally. Systemic chemotherapy is when the chemotherapy is taken orally or is injected
630:
Surgery can be used as a method to determine whether there is cancer present or to remove cancer from the body. If the tumor does not respond to radiation therapy, then the patient may undergo an operation to have it removed. Cancers that may have spread to the lymph nodes may require the doctor to
551:
Individuals that are exposed to cigarette smoking have an increased risk of developing NPC by 2- to 6-fold. Approximately two-thirds of patients with type 1 NPC was attributed to smoking in the United States. However the declining rates of smoking in the US can be associated with less prevalence of
365:
opening). The World Health
Organization classifies nasopharyngeal carcinoma in three types, in order of frequency: Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma; keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma; and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor must show evidence of squamous differentiation; with the
529:
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, classified as a squamous cell cancer, has not been linked to excessive use of tobacco. However, there are certain risk factors that can predispose an individual to NPC if exposed to them. These risk factors include: having
Chinese, or Asian, ancestry, exposure to Epstein-
322:
Type 3 is most commonly found among younger children and adolescents, with a few type 2 cases. Both type 2 and 3 have been found to be associated with elevated levels of
Epstein-Barr virus titers, but not type 1. Additionally, type 2 and type 3 may be followed with an influx of inflammatory cells,
266:
samples of 96% of patients with non-keratinizing NPC, compared with only 7% in controls. The detection of nuclear antigen associated with
Epstein-Barr virus (EBNA) and viral DNA in NPC type 2 and 3, has revealed that EBV can infect epithelial cells and is associated with their transformation. The
166:
NPC may present as a lump or a mass on both sides towards the back of the neck. These lumps usually are not tender or painful but appear as a result of the metastatic spread of the cancer to the lymph nodes, thus causing the lymph nodes to swell. Lymph nodes are defined as glands that function as
585:
Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays or other types of radiation aimed to prevent cancer cells from growing or kill them altogether. This kind of therapy can be administered to the patient externally or internally. With external radiation, a machine is used to send targeted radiation to the
542:
Epstein- Barr virus infects and persists in more than 90% of world population. Transmission of this virus occurs through saliva and is more commonly seen in developing countries where there are living areas are more packed together and less hygienic. Replication of this virus can occur in the
257:
The association between
Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma is unequivocal in World Health Organization (WHO) types II and III tumors but less well-established for WHO type I (WHO-I) NPC, where preliminary evaluation has suggested that
543:
oropharyngeal epithelial tissue and nasopharyngeal tissue. EBV primarily targets B lymphocytes. Patients diagnosed with NPC were found to show elevated levels of the antibodies against the EBV antigen than in individuals not diagnosed with NPC.
690:
regions is not clear. In low-risk populations, such as in the United States, a bimodal peak is observed. The first peak occurs in late adolescence/early adulthood (ages 15–24 years), followed by a second peak later in life (ages 65–79 years).
1185:
Lo AK, Lo KW, Ko CW, Young LS, Dawson CW (July 2013). "Inhibition of the LKB1-AMPK pathway by the
Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 promotes proliferation and transformation of human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells".
1819:
1804:
615:-tpzi (LOQTORZ, Coherus BioSciences, Inc.) with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent, locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). FDA also approved
283:
could be a potential cause of cancer of the nasopharynx. It is hypothesised that this may happen in a way similar to how chronic inflammatory conditions in other parts of the body, such as
2293:
666:. This could be due to the Southeast Asian diet or that Southern Chinese people such as the Cantonese and Taiwanese have Southeast Asian ancestry (such as the proto-
3083:
3511:
552:
type 1 NPC. In southern China and North Africa, it has been suggested that high smoking rates come from wood fires in the country rather than cigarette smoking.
1638:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
1229:
Tsou YA, Lin CC, Tai CJ, Tsai MH, Tsai TC, Chen CM (1 July 2014). "Chronic rhinosinusitis and the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer in a
Taiwanese health study".
184:
2286:
619:-tpzi as a single agent for adults with recurrent unresectable or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after a platinum-containing chemotherapy.
1618:
1518:
3506:
220:
2506:
2085:
662:(廣東癌) because it occurs in about 25 cases per 100,000 people in this region, 25 times higher than the rest of the world. It is also quite common in
678:
from
Northeast Asia which led to the transmission of a genetic risk for nasopharynx cancer. While NPC is seen primarily in middle-aged persons in
2279:
1943:
885:
Lo KW, Chung GT, To KF (April 2012). "Deciphering the molecular genetic basis of NPC through molecular, cytogenetic, and epigenetic approaches".
513:
501:
489:
477:
231:
NPC is caused by a combination of factors: viral, environmental influences, and heredity. The viral influence is associated with infection with
3097:
2100:
416:
404:
392:
380:
777:
447:
Staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is based on clinical and radiologic examination. Most patients present with Stage III or IV disease.
2763:
2594:
826:
Zhang F, Zhang J (February 1999). "Clinical hereditary characteristics in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through Ye-Liang's family cluster".
2634:
572:. There are different forms of radiation therapy, including 3D conformal radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy,
981:"Salted fish and processed foods intake and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies"
2074:
1902:
2499:
2379:
2120:
1360:
1332:
471:
is a large tumor involving intracranial or infratemporal regions, an extensive neck disease, and/or any distant metastasis.
3516:
2727:
1538:"Technology insight: Applications of emerging immunotherapeutic strategies for Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies"
1325:
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Tumours of the
Nasopharynx, in World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours
2784:
2065:
1936:
1834:
1592:
801:
2374:
2138:
2095:
17:
3103:
2629:
2586:
856:
1899:
3089:
3018:
2492:
2384:
2115:
705:
646:
and most other nations, representing less than 1 case per 100,000 in most populations. but is extremely common in
292:
2271:
2688:
2674:
1929:
3049:
2057:
1695:"Transcriptional patterns, biomarkers and pathways characterizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma of Southern China"
171:
in the neck is the initial presentation in many people, and the diagnosis of NPC is often made by lymph node
3126:
2893:
2887:
2798:
2792:
2682:
700:
608:
3256:
3182:
3176:
2849:
1994:
920:
Barsouk, Adam; Aluru, John
Sukumar; Rawla, Prashanth; Saginala, Kalyan; Barsouk, Alexander (2023-06-13).
112:), accounting for 50% of cases. NPC occurs in children and adults. NPC differs significantly from other
2070:
239:
3313:
2920:
2193:
2080:
1912:
3022:
2934:
2839:
2669:
2642:
2547:
2364:
2359:
2110:
2011:
1845:
667:
459:
is a tumor extending in the local area, or that with any evidence of limited neck (nodal) disease.
145:
60:
2818:
2369:
2335:
2105:
2021:
1964:
1078:"Exome and genome sequencing of nasopharynx cancer identifies NF-ÎşB pathway activating mutations"
443:
of a patient with nasopharyngeal cancer. Transverse slice demonstrating FDG-positive primary site
216:
141:
2484:
109:
3212:
3190:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3012:
2950:
2844:
2805:
2608:
2242:
687:
371:
308:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified three subtypes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma:
288:
271:
form) seems to follow a multi-step process, in which EBV, ethnic background, and environmental
232:
3197:
2778:
2648:
2619:
2354:
2090:
1977:
200:
161:
71:
showing a nasopharyngeal carcinoma positive for Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs (EBER).
1593:"Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version - National Cancer Institute"
802:"Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version - National Cancer Institute"
334:
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, also known as nasopharyngeal cancer, is classified as a malignant
3461:
3293:
2928:
2757:
2469:
2318:
2130:
1089:
671:
259:
148:
are a flat type of cell found in the skin and the membranes that line some body cavities.
120:, causes, clinical behavior, and treatment. It is vastly more common in certain regions of
113:
1636:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
8:
2879:
2600:
2404:
2208:
1921:
1823:
726:
1093:
956:
921:
3273:
3268:
2982:
2738:
2409:
2260:
2030:
1916:
1721:
1694:
1675:
1567:
1494:
1467:
1300:
1273:
1254:
1211:
1159:
1134:
1110:
1077:
980:
756:
531:
465:
is a large tumor with or without neck disease, or a tumor with bilateral neck disease.
432:
1653:
3446:
3397:
3378:
3359:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3054:
2959:
2663:
2541:
2167:
1956:
1856:
1767:
1726:
1667:
1662:
1559:
1499:
1448:
1399:
1356:
1328:
1305:
1246:
1203:
1164:
1115:
1058:
1008:
1000:
961:
943:
922:"Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma"
902:
835:
748:
565:
367:
328:
204:
76:
1828:
1258:
1215:
898:
760:
3521:
3421:
3131:
2811:
2743:
2624:
2555:
2006:
1885:
1757:
1716:
1706:
1679:
1657:
1649:
1571:
1549:
1489:
1479:
1438:
1295:
1285:
1238:
1195:
1154:
1146:
1105:
1097:
1048:
992:
951:
933:
894:
738:
133:
3385:
1443:
1426:
1053:
1036:
743:
3345:
3250:
3170:
3159:
3030:
2994:
2914:
2700:
2561:
2301:
1906:
1850:
590:
blood tests are done before and after radiation to check thyroid hormone levels.
362:
168:
1133:
Lo EJ, Bell D, Woo JS, Li G, Hanna EY, El-Naggar AK, Sturgis EM (October 2010).
2581:
2188:
2038:
996:
647:
573:
137:
1861:
1391:
1242:
3500:
2576:
2571:
2519:
2198:
1392:"Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®): Health Professional Version"
1327:(4th ed.). International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 65–70.
1004:
947:
643:
569:
530:
Barr virus (EBV), unknown factors that result in rare familial clusters, and
1813:
3437:
3287:
2965:
2826:
2234:
1972:
1771:
1730:
1711:
1671:
1563:
1503:
1484:
1452:
1403:
1309:
1290:
1250:
1207:
1168:
1119:
1076:
Li YY, Chung GT, Lui VW, To KF, Ma BB, Chow C, et al. (January 2017).
1062:
1012:
965:
938:
906:
839:
752:
639:
As of 2010, NPC resulted in 65,000 deaths globally up from 45,000 in 1990.
561:
263:
247:
196:
180:
117:
1762:
1745:
860:
3477:
3426:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3390:
3364:
3334:
3236:
3075:
2987:
2970:
2905:
2566:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2326:
2310:
2252:
2048:
1984:
675:
616:
612:
350:
284:
243:
192:
140:
factors implicated in its causation. It is most common in males. It is a
108:, most commonly in the postero-lateral nasopharynx or pharyngeal recess (
105:
1796:
1101:
254:
signalling have been reported in almost half of NPC cases investigated.
3327:
3111:
2868:
2429:
2203:
1693:
Fang W, Li X, Jiang Q, Liu Z, Yang H, Wang S, et al. (June 2008).
1554:
1537:
1150:
686:
cases appear in children. The cause of increased risk for NPC in these
346:
324:
272:
212:
68:
1199:
238:
Other likely causes include genetic susceptibility and consumption of
3372:
3353:
3320:
3308:
3302:
3281:
3227:
3155:
3041:
3003:
2772:
2751:
2657:
2535:
2527:
2515:
2239:
2149:
1880:
651:
335:
280:
208:
121:
1637:
3470:
3117:
2859:
2715:
2302:
2172:
2162:
1389:
268:
81:
251:
223:(diseases of joints and bones) may occur with widespread disease.
3223:
2514:
2314:
2157:
440:
436:
188:
176:
1839:
312:
type 1: squamous cell carcinoma, typically found in older adults
167:
part of the immune system and can be found throughout the body.
2832:
2226:
2001:
1952:
1808:
683:
663:
343:
339:
172:
152:
are cells that do not have their mature features or functions.
125:
101:
1135:"Human papillomavirus and WHO type I nasopharyngeal carcinoma"
27:
Type of throat cancer; most common to occur in the nasopharynx
3483:
3242:
2874:
1379:(7th ed.). New York, NY: Springer. 2010. pp. 41–56.
1323:
Petersson BF, Bell D, El-Mofty SK, et al. (2017-01-23).
655:
129:
1619:"FDA approves toripalimab-tpzi for nasopharyngeal carcinoma"
1519:"FDA approves toripalimab-tpzi for nasopharyngeal carcinoma"
679:
279:
It is also being investigated as to whether or not chronic
1951:
2709:
2306:
919:
1427:"The enigmatic epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma"
1037:"The enigmatic epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma"
727:"The Enigmatic Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma"
215:
may result in bone pain or organ dysfunction. Rarely, a
1746:"Is nasopharyngeal cancer really a "Cantonese cancer"?"
1635:
1617:
Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (2023-10-30).
1517:
Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (2023-10-30).
262:(HPV) may be associated. EBV DNA was detectable in the
857:"Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR): Viral cancers"
1322:
1786:
422:
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma—high power
410:
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma—high power
398:
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma—med. power
1351:Cote R, Suster S, Weiss L (2002). Weidner N (ed.).
386:
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma—low power
3498:
1900:Cancer Management Handbook: Head and Neck Tumors
1535:
1431:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
1346:
1344:
1041:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
731:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
631:remove lymph nodes or other tissue in the neck.
1350:
1743:
1692:
1228:
370:), the tumor is most strongly associated with
2500:
2287:
1937:
1744:Wee JT, Ha TC, Loong SL, Qian CN (May 2010).
1341:
778:"Signs and Symptoms of Nasopharyngeal Cancer"
1686:
1390:PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board (2002),
1075:
772:
770:
1231:American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
1184:
1132:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
859:. World Health Organization. Archived from
2764:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
2507:
2493:
2294:
2280:
1944:
1930:
1424:
1034:
985:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
825:
725:Chang, Ellen T.; Adami, Hans-Olov (2006).
724:
453:is a small tumor confined to nasopharynx.
59:
3507:Head and neck cancer of respiratory tract
2635:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
1761:
1720:
1710:
1661:
1553:
1536:Khanna R, Moss D, Gandhi M (March 2005).
1493:
1483:
1442:
1316:
1299:
1289:
1180:
1178:
1158:
1109:
1052:
955:
937:
884:
767:
742:
323:including lymphocytes, plasma cells, and
1616:
1516:
1019:
431:
203:(paralysis). Larger growths may produce
1629:
1465:
1271:
654:, accounting for 18% of all cancers in
14:
3512:Epstein–Barr virus–associated diseases
3499:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1175:
191:(loss of or impaired movement) of the
2488:
2380:Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma
2275:
2121:Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma
1925:
1420:
1418:
851:
849:
366:non-keratinizing type (also known as
361:(a recess behind the entrance of the
155:
978:
880:
878:
580:
2785:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
1578:
1425:Chang ET, Adami HO (October 2006).
1035:Chang ET, Adami HO (October 2006).
24:
2375:Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma
1542:Nature Clinical Practice. Oncology
1415:
1398:, National Cancer Institute (US),
846:
674:) via ancient intermarriages with
560:NPC can be treated by surgery, by
374:infection of the cancerous cells.
318:type 3: undifferentiated carcinoma
315:type 2: non-keratinizing carcinoma
250:. Various mutations that activate
25:
3533:
3104:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
2630:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
1913:nasopharyngeal cancer information
1782:
1699:Journal of Translational Medicine
1472:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
1278:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
913:
875:
658:. It is sometimes referred to as
303:
246:containing carcinogenic volatile
3090:Middle East respiratory syndrome
2385:Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma
1396:PDQ Cancer Information Summaries
706:Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma
602:
512:
500:
488:
476:
415:
403:
391:
379:
1737:
1610:
1529:
1510:
1459:
1383:
1369:
1265:
1222:
1126:
1069:
899:10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.011
634:
593:
524:
293:gastroesophageal reflux disease
276:a rational therapeutic target.
267:cause of NPC (particularly the
2689:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
2675:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
972:
819:
794:
718:
519:Stage T4 nasopharyngeal cancer
507:Stage T3 nasopharyngeal cancer
495:Stage T2 nasopharyngeal cancer
483:Stage T1 nasopharyngeal cancer
291:because of conditions such as
13:
1:
2139:Combined small-cell carcinoma
2101:Salivary gland–like carcinoma
2058:Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
1654:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
1444:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0353
1054:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0353
979:Lian, Mei (30 January 2022).
744:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0353
711:
355:lateral nasopharyngeal recess
327:– a condition referred to as
144:of an undifferentiated type.
2894:Tropical spastic paraparesis
2799:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
701:Endoscopic nasopharyngectomy
609:Food and Drug Administration
555:
298:
114:cancers of the head and neck
7:
3517:Infectious causes of cancer
3257:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
3177:Human parainfluenza viruses
2850:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
2346:malignant epithelial tumors
2075:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
1995:Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
694:
169:Swelling of the lymph nodes
10:
3538:
1468:"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma"
1377:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual
1274:"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma"
997:10.1007/s00405-021-07210-9
887:Seminars in Cancer Biology
625:
546:
427:
159:
3460:
3436:
3344:
3267:
3222:
3211:
3040:
3002:
2981:
2949:
2921:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2904:
2858:
2737:
2726:
2699:
2526:
2465:
2442:
2418:
2393:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2251:
2225:
2194:Solitary pulmonary nodule
2181:
2147:
2129:
2081:Large-cell lung carcinoma
2056:
2047:
2029:
2020:
1963:
1871:
1790:
1750:Chinese Journal of Cancer
1353:Modern Surgical Pathology
1243:10.2500/ajra.2014.28.4083
648:southern regions of China
532:heavy alcohol consumption
226:
146:Squamous epithelial cells
75:
67:
58:
40:
35:
3023:Infectious mononucleosis
2840:Chandipura vesiculovirus
2670:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2615:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2548:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2396:benign epithelial tumors
2365:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2360:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2111:Papillary adenocarcinoma
2012:Laryngeal papillomatosis
1990:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
1355:. London: W B Saunders.
1188:The Journal of Pathology
668:Kra-Dai speaking peoples
353:, most often within the
90:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
36:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2819:Encephalitis lethargica
2520:viral systemic diseases
2370:Salivary duct carcinoma
2106:Adenosquamous carcinoma
2066:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1466:Brennan B (June 2006).
1272:Brennan B (June 2006).
828:Chinese Medical Journal
682:, a high proportion of
642:NPC is uncommon in the
217:paraneoplastic syndrome
142:squamous cell carcinoma
3191:Human orthopneumovirus
2845:Herpesviral meningitis
2806:Arbovirus encephalitis
2243:solitary fibrous tumor
1712:10.1186/1479-5876-6-32
1485:10.1186/1750-1172-1-23
1291:10.1186/1750-1172-1-23
939:10.3390/medsci11020042
537:
444:
150:Undifferentiated cells
2649:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2355:Acinic cell carcinoma
2091:Sarcomatoid carcinoma
1978:Esthesioneuroblastoma
1763:10.5732/cjc.009.10329
1663:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
1082:Nature Communications
574:particle beam therapy
435:
287:sometimes leading to
211:and a "nasal twang".
128:than elsewhere, with
100:, is the most common
45:Nasopharyngeal cancer
3294:Adenovirus infection
2758:Human polyomavirus 2
2587:Oropharyngeal cancer
2319:head and neck cancer
2131:Small-cell carcinoma
2116:Giant-cell carcinoma
1911:Clinically reviewed
672:Austronesian peoples
359:fossa of RosenmĂĽller
260:human papillomavirus
110:fossa of RosenmĂĽller
2880:Post-polio syndrome
2516:Infectious diseases
2405:Pleomorphic adenoma
2209:Bronchial leiomyoma
1648:(9859): 2095–2128.
1102:10.1038/ncomms14121
1094:2017NatCo...814121L
342:, arising from the
289:Barrett's esophagus
201:cranial nerve palsy
185:nasal regurgitation
104:originating in the
3013:Epstein–Barr virus
2983:Respiratory system
2620:Burkitt's lymphoma
2261:Mediastinal tumors
2086:Rhabdoid carcinoma
1917:Cancer Research UK
1915:for patients from
1905:2013-10-04 at the
1872:External resources
1555:10.1038/ncponc0107
1151:10.1002/lary.21089
650:, particularly in
445:
372:Epstein–Barr virus
233:Epstein–Barr virus
162:Trotter's syndrome
156:Signs and symptoms
98:nasopharynx cancer
49:nasopharynx cancer
18:Nasopharynx cancer
3494:
3493:
3456:
3455:
3207:
3206:
3138:Influenza virus A
3055:Human coronavirus
2945:
2944:
2935:Herpes of the eye
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2438:
2437:
2269:
2268:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2168:Immature teratoma
1957:respiratory tract
1895:
1894:
1437:(10): 1765–1777.
1362:978-0-7216-7253-3
1334:978-92-832-2438-9
1200:10.1002/path.4201
1145:(10): 1990–1997.
1047:(10): 1765–1777.
737:(10): 1765–1777.
581:Radiation therapy
368:lymphoepithelioma
329:lymphoepithelioma
213:Metastatic spread
205:nasal obstruction
87:
86:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3529:
3220:
3219:
3215:digestive system
3132:Orthomyxoviridae
3098:SARS coronavirus
3084:MERS coronavirus
3000:
2999:
2812:Orthomyxoviridae
2735:
2734:
2701:Immune disorders
2625:Hodgkin lymphoma
2601:Kaposi's sarcoma
2509:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2423:
2398:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2054:
2053:
2027:
2026:
2007:Laryngeal cancer
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1487:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1139:The Laryngoscope
1130:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1032:
1017:
1016:
991:(5): 2501–2509.
976:
970:
969:
959:
941:
926:Medical Sciences
917:
911:
910:
882:
873:
872:
870:
868:
853:
844:
843:
823:
817:
816:
814:
813:
798:
792:
791:
789:
788:
774:
765:
764:
746:
722:
660:Cantonese cancer
516:
504:
492:
480:
419:
407:
395:
383:
221:osteoarthropathy
63:
33:
32:
21:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3452:
3432:
3340:
3314:Gastroenteritis
3272:
3269:Gastroenteritis
3263:
3251:Cytomegalovirus
3214:
3203:
3171:Paramyxoviridae
3160:Avian influenza
3036:
3031:Cytomegalovirus
2995:viral pneumonia
2993:
2990:nasopharyngitis
2989:
2986:
2977:
2941:
2915:Cytomegalovirus
2900:
2854:
2742:
2729:
2722:
2695:
2562:Cervical cancer
2522:
2513:
2483:
2474:
2461:
2434:
2419:
2414:
2410:Warthin's tumor
2394:
2389:
2344:
2321:
2300:
2270:
2265:
2247:
2213:
2204:Peripheral lung
2177:
2143:
2125:
2043:
2016:
1959:
1950:
1907:Wayback Machine
1896:
1891:
1890:
1867:
1866:
1799:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1742:
1738:
1691:
1687:
1634:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1534:
1530:
1515:
1511:
1464:
1460:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1321:
1317:
1270:
1266:
1227:
1223:
1183:
1176:
1131:
1127:
1074:
1070:
1033:
1020:
977:
973:
918:
914:
883:
876:
866:
864:
863:on 1 April 2019
855:
854:
847:
824:
820:
811:
809:
800:
799:
795:
786:
784:
776:
775:
768:
723:
719:
714:
697:
637:
628:
622:
605:
596:
583:
558:
549:
540:
527:
520:
517:
508:
505:
496:
493:
484:
481:
430:
423:
420:
411:
408:
399:
396:
387:
384:
363:eustachian tube
306:
301:
240:preserved meats
229:
164:
158:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3232:
3230:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2955:
2953:
2951:Cardiovascular
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2732:
2730:nervous system
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2582:Vaginal cancer
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2338:
2336:Salivary gland
2329:
2323:
2322:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:Pancoast tumor
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2071:Adenocarcinoma
2068:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2039:Tracheal tumor
2035:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1955:involving the
1949:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1842:
1831:
1816:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:Classification
1784:
1783:External links
1781:
1778:
1777:
1756:(5): 517–526.
1736:
1685:
1628:
1609:
1597:www.cancer.gov
1577:
1548:(3): 138–149.
1528:
1509:
1458:
1414:
1382:
1368:
1361:
1340:
1333:
1315:
1264:
1237:(4): 168–172.
1221:
1194:(3): 336–346.
1174:
1125:
1068:
1018:
971:
912:
874:
845:
834:(2): 185–187.
818:
806:www.cancer.gov
793:
782:www.cancer.org
766:
716:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
703:
696:
693:
636:
633:
627:
624:
604:
601:
595:
592:
582:
579:
557:
554:
548:
545:
539:
536:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
511:
509:
506:
499:
497:
494:
487:
485:
482:
475:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
414:
412:
409:
402:
400:
397:
390:
388:
385:
378:
320:
319:
316:
313:
305:
304:Classification
302:
300:
297:
228:
225:
157:
154:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
65:
64:
56:
55:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3534:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:Parainfluenza
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:EBV infection
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Poliomyelitis
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Vulvar cancer
2575:
2573:
2572:Penile cancer
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
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2966:Pericarditis
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2791:
2777:
2756:
2739:Encephalitis
2708:
2681:
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2607:
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2554:
2540:
2420:
2395:
2345:
2235:Mesothelioma
2199:Central lung
1989:
1973:Nasal cavity
1879:
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1753:
1749:
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1601:. Retrieved
1599:. 2020-04-13
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890:
886:
865:. Retrieved
861:the original
831:
827:
821:
810:. Retrieved
808:. 2020-04-13
805:
796:
785:. Retrieved
781:
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659:
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635:Epidemiology
629:
621:
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597:
594:Chemotherapy
588:
584:
566:radiotherapy
562:chemotherapy
559:
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541:
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525:Risk factors
468:
467:
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461:
456:
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450:
449:
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358:
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321:
307:
278:
264:blood plasma
256:
248:nitrosamines
237:
230:
197:hearing loss
181:otitis media
165:
149:
97:
93:
89:
88:
52:
48:
44:
3335:Coronavirus
3076:Common cold
2988:acute viral
2971:Myocarditis
2815:(probable)
2567:Anal cancer
2457:Rhabdomyoma
2452:Leukoplakia
2327:Oral cancer
2311:oral cavity
2253:Mediastinum
2182:By location
1985:Nasopharynx
676:Han Chinese
617:toripalimab
613:toripalimab
351:nasopharynx
325:eosinophils
285:esophagitis
273:carcinogens
244:salted fish
193:soft palate
106:nasopharynx
41:Other names
3501:Categories
3462:Urogenital
3328:Astrovirus
3288:Adenovirus
3112:SARS-CoV-2
2869:Poliovirus
2744:meningitis
2470:Oropharynx
2430:Oncocytoma
1857:DiseasesDB
1603:2020-04-27
1409:2020-04-28
812:2020-04-27
787:2020-04-27
712:References
670:and proto-
347:epithelium
160:See also:
118:occurrence
69:Micrograph
3373:RNA virus
3354:DNA virus
3346:Hepatitis
3321:Norovirus
3309:Rotavirus
3303:RNA virus
3282:DNA virus
3228:Esophagus
3156:Influenza
3042:RNA virus
3004:DNA virus
2773:RNA virus
2752:DNA virus
2658:RNA virus
2536:DNA virus
2528:Oncovirus
2421:ungrouped
2240:Malignant
2150:carcinoma
2096:Carcinoid
1881:eMedicine
1088:: 14121.
1005:0937-4477
948:2076-3271
932:(2): 42.
867:2 October
652:Guangdong
611:approved
556:Treatment
463:Stage III
299:Diagnosis
281:sinusitis
122:East Asia
77:Specialty
3471:BK virus
3274:diarrhea
3118:COVID-19
2860:Myelitis
2173:Melanoma
2163:Lymphoma
2022:Lower RT
1965:Upper RT
1903:Archived
1886:ped/1553
1772:20426903
1731:18570662
1672:23245604
1564:16264907
1504:16800883
1453:17035381
1404:26389193
1310:16800883
1259:30791737
1251:25197911
1216:10765689
1208:23592276
1169:20824783
1120:28098136
1063:17035381
1013:35094122
966:37367741
957:10304137
907:22245473
840:11593591
761:29670301
753:17035381
695:See also
568:, or by
469:Stage IV
457:Stage II
336:neoplasm
209:bleeding
179:, pain,
82:Oncology
3522:Pharynx
3224:Pharynx
2728:Central
2315:pharynx
2158:Sarcoma
2031:Trachea
1851:D009303
1722:2443113
1680:1541253
1572:7615720
1495:1559589
1301:1559589
1160:4212520
1111:5253631
1090:Bibcode
688:endemic
684:African
626:Surgery
547:Smoking
451:Stage I
441:CT scan
437:FDG-PET
428:Staging
349:of the
344:mucosal
269:endemic
189:paresis
187:due to
177:trismus
138:genetic
134:dietary
116:in its
2888:HTLV-I
2833:Rabies
2683:HTLV-I
2444:Tongue
2303:Tumors
2227:Pleura
2002:Larynx
1953:Cancer
1840:161550
1770:
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1642:Lancet
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664:Taiwan
340:cancer
227:Causes
173:biopsy
126:Africa
102:cancer
96:), or
3484:Mumps
3243:Mumps
3213:Human
2643:MCPyV
1676:S2CID
1568:S2CID
1255:S2CID
1212:S2CID
757:S2CID
656:China
338:, or
252:NF-ÎşB
130:viral
3198:hMPV
3070:OC43
3066:HKU1
3062:NL63
3058:229E
2716:AIDS
2595:KSHV
2313:and
2148:Non-
2049:Lung
1862:8814
1846:MeSH
1835:OMIM
1824:9-CM
1768:PMID
1727:PMID
1668:PMID
1560:PMID
1500:PMID
1449:PMID
1400:PMID
1357:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1306:PMID
1247:PMID
1204:PMID
1165:PMID
1116:PMID
1059:PMID
1009:PMID
1001:ISSN
962:PMID
944:ISSN
903:PMID
869:2012
836:PMID
749:PMID
680:Asia
607:The
242:and
199:and
136:and
124:and
3478:MuV
3447:CBV
3422:HEV
3410:HDV
3398:HCV
3386:HAV
3379:CBV
3360:HBV
3237:MuV
3168:V,
2960:CBV
2929:HSV
2906:Eye
2793:LCV
2779:MeV
2710:HIV
2664:HCV
2609:EBV
2556:HPV
2542:HBV
2307:lip
2305:of
1829:147
1820:ICD
1814:C11
1805:ICD
1758:doi
1717:PMC
1707:doi
1658:hdl
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1623:FDA
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952:PMC
934:doi
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538:EBV
357:or
219:of
207:or
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