2753:
668:
5479:
3400:
156:
273:
539:, opposed NIC's revival but initially joined the NIC executive, in Moodley's phrase "primarily because we wanted to change the way in which they were thinking". This did not ameliorate severe tensions between the NIC and Black Consciousness organisations, which were publicly evident by the following year, and Cooper resigned from the NIC executive in June 1972.
356:, which it disparaged as the Ghetto Act; the campaign was naturally spearheaded by the NIC in Natal. It began on 13 June 1946 and continued for two years, during which time almost 2,000 related arrests were made. Also during this period, the NIC made unprecedented advances towards inter-racial cooperation, together with the
595:
A central question for the NIC during the first half of the 1970s was what stance it should adopt on Indian participation in apartheid structures, including the South
African Indian Council. Following years of debate, the organisation resolved in June 1975 that it was strongly opposed to the SAIC and
686:
approached, the ANC met with the TIC and NIC, and they jointly reversed the early decision, deciding that the NIC and TIC should remain in place in order to mobilise minority support for the ANC ahead of the elections. During the election, held within months of the NIC's centenary, many of the NIC's
483:
led to concerns among progressive
Indians, especially NIC stalwarts, that the apartheid government would succeed in co-opting dissent and elevating conservative Indians to dominate political discourse in the community. According to Mewa Ramgobin, he and several friends discussed this concern in June
400:
At the ANC's conference in
November 1952, James Njongwe, the president of the Natal ANC, told the party that the "greatest achievement of our Defiance Campaign has been the welding of a... singleness of purpose and the development of a common South African outlook between Indians and Africans". The
316:
In the 1930s, dissatisfaction among young professionals and trade unionists led to the emergence of a rival and more progressive political organisation, the Natal Indian
Association (NIA). Within the NIA was a loosely constituted "Nationalist Bloc", influenced directly or indirectly by the ideology
554:
When we were revived in 1971, we were nothing more than a protest voice, raising issues from time to time. We were certainly not mass-based. We met on a regular basis, we chartered various issues that needed to be taken up, and took up those largely in the form of petitions or press statements. It
464:
really dark years when we felt complete disillusionment. The bannings took place in 1963, the arrests took place within 3 years and there was a deep sort of gloom and unhappiness. There was a lot of fear in the community... There was this whole scare for communism and it was very orchestrated from
659:
all told press that they expected the NIC to have a limited lifespan and to disband once it had helped attract an Indian constituency to the ANC. In June that year, the NIC and TIC decided at a joint meeting to disband and join the ANC, though both were represented independently at the
488:'s Bolton Hall on 25 June, attendees agreed to revive the NIC and established an ad hoc committee, chaired by Ramgobin, to carry out the task. Within a month, 29 NIC branches had been established across the province, and the organisation was officially relaunched at a convention at the
527:. The relaunch of the NIC was severely criticised among activists from the former quarter, who protested outside the Bolton Hall meeting; they argued that the revival of a political organisation based on narrow Indian identity would undermine inter-ethnic black solidarity (defined in
202:
During its formative years, the constituency of the NIC largely comprised educated Indian merchants who sought to oppose discriminatory legislation through petitioning. In the mid-1940s, the organisation became increasing confrontational under the leadership of
321:
and racial liberation, who advocated a more radical and militant politics, set off against the prevailing "accommodationist" politics of the NIC. When the NIA merged into the NIC in 1943, this bloc formed a pressure group, the Anti-Segregation
Council, led by
429:, the apartheid government embarked upon a major campaign to repress political opposition, banning the ANC and effecting mass arrests around the country. Though the NIC was not itself banned, its members were severely restricted: some, such as Billy Nair and
326:. At the NIC's annual elective conference on 21 October 1945, this faction succeeded in ousting the NIC's moderate leadership (then under A. I. Kajee and P. R. Pather) and installed Naicker as president of the NIC. Others associated with Naicker's coup were
287:
on 22 May 1894 and was formally established on 22 August 1894. Abdoola Hajee Adam
Jhaveri (Dada Abdulla) was the inaugural president and Gandhi was appointed honorary secretary. The organisation's early membership was restricted to the educated class of
1342:
465:
the government. People were afraid because they ... could detain you without reason, ban you without reason. People didn't know what was legal and what was illegal and that fear of being banned or being arrested was there because of the uncertainty.
655:; the UDF disbanded the following year and was largely absorbed into the ANC. During this period, the NIC and its Transvaal counterpart held various meetings with the ANC leadership to discuss their fate. In 1990, Ramgobin, Meer, and
380:
Early inter-racial cooperation was, however, fitful, and there remained racial tensions and even occasional violence between blacks and
Indians in Natal. However, the NIC did participate in early joint action against the system of
619:(UDF) was established later that year, the NIC was a founding affiliate, and three NIC members served on the inaugural UDF regional executive in Natal. The NIC was subsequently a key figure in the UDF's campaign to boycott the
638:
As in the 1960s, several leading NIC members retained ties to the exiled ANC and SACP – also allies of the UDF – and in the late 1980s, NIC members including Nair and Pravin
Gordhan became operatives in the ANC's
234:
organisations faced increased state repression, and the organisation entered a decade of dormancy. It was revived in
October 1971 and continued its activism against apartheid, notably through boycotts of the
397:, which is generally thought to have been inspired by the earlier campaign against the Ghetto Act. The NIC's offices were raided alongside those of the ANC, and NIC leaders submitted for arrest.
695:. The NIC ultimately never formally disbanded but "simply faded into the folds of history", with the vast majority of its leadership and committed membership henceforth represented by the ANC.
623:
to the
Tricameral Parliament. As a result, NIC leaders attracted the interest of apartheid security forces, and four NIC members – Sewpersadh, Ramgobin, Naidoo, and Billy Nair – were among the
587:
Working Committee, and the Durban Housing Committee, and their affiliation to the NIC increased mass support for the organisation and increased its involvement in service delivery issues.
596:
to participation therein. It formed the Anti-South African Indian Council Committee in November 1977, chaired by Monty Naicker. The NIC extended its anti-participation stance to the new
5523:
5288:
372:(ANC); nicknamed the "Doctors' Pact" (because all three signatories were doctors), the document promised "the fullest co-operation between the African and Indian peoples".
1477:
3436:
4066:
2679:
559:
However, from the late 1970s, the direction and public profile of the NIC was strongly influenced by a younger generation of Indian community activists, including
3357:
353:
212:
296:
3 membership fee, and its primary early concern was to protect the economic and politician position of Indian merchants and property-owners, generally through
4855:
449:. In addition, the implementation of forced removals of Indians under the Group Areas Act severely disrupted patterns of civic and political mobilisation.
531:'s philosophy as solidarity among all non-white oppressed groups, not only black Africans). Two prominent Black Consciousness activists of Indian descent,
5528:
3362:
4313:
4017:
5458:
5392:
441:(SACP) and went into exile with the party; while others, such as Monty Naicker, Dawood Seedat, J. N. Singh and I. C. Meer, were subject to prolonged
5465:
3000:
627:
who in 1984 evaded arrest by taking refuge in the British consulate in Durban. All but Nair were subsequently charged with, and then acquitted of,
4960:
4233:
4024:
3429:
2895:
3731:
5274:
5253:
5114:
4031:
2939:
504:
499:
Two weeks before the convention, presumptive NIC president Ramgobin had been banned, meaning that he could not attend the convention. Instead,
4876:
4226:
3043:
2672:
2408:
2059:
652:
2732:
1348:
4792:
4708:
4163:
4142:
2984:
2764:
2448:
2101:
787:
601:
5246:
4112:
4073:
2433:
300:
and other extra-parliamentary protests. Critics also said that the NIC under Gandhi's leadership was highly adverse to cooperation with
5518:
5483:
4925:
4281:
3902:
3422:
2483:
2438:
2423:
1541:
736:
5309:
5170:
5093:
4383:
3342:
2851:
2453:
137:
5513:
5451:
5239:
4974:
4306:
3337:
2976:
2665:
2632:
2473:
2468:
1430:
1425:
1375:
661:
248:
5232:
5079:
5037:
4785:
4666:
4249:
3784:
3722:
3033:
2859:
2398:
1562:
692:
5330:
5295:
4813:
4010:
3155:
2806:
2607:
2478:
2418:
1659:
616:
304:, though it affiliated with similar Indian organisations in the other provinces in the early 1920s, when an umbrella body, the
244:
542:
In addition, those concerned with class issues were concerned that the NIC was dominated once more by the middle classes, and
5503:
5204:
4771:
3865:
3160:
1323:
5508:
5420:
5211:
5121:
4743:
2933:
2375:
1226:
757:
456:
later described the organisation as having been "dormant and moribund, a harsher term would be defunct". Ramgobin's wife,
5357:
5302:
5218:
5065:
4729:
4292:
3959:
3929:
3021:
2602:
2463:
683:
620:
256:
5316:
5281:
5225:
4750:
4715:
4404:
3853:
3842:
3271:
2956:
2901:
2458:
1236:
446:
5100:
4967:
4946:
4904:
4446:
4119:
3404:
3387:
3080:
2951:
2627:
2506:
2403:
1313:
767:
688:
605:
255:. Instead, many leaders and members joined the ANC, and the NIC again fell into dormancy from around the time of the
5030:
4869:
4038:
3952:
3895:
3095:
2927:
1777:
1151:
192:
78:
5260:
5023:
4939:
4820:
4806:
4778:
4045:
3989:
3372:
2945:
2796:
2572:
2390:
1644:
1546:
716:
4198:
2707:
5009:
4918:
4673:
4432:
2826:
2084:
731:
632:
5163:
5149:
5072:
4953:
4911:
4890:
4764:
4327:
3973:
3695:
2737:
687:
leaders (including Ela Gandhi, Gordhan, Ramgobin, Carrim, and Nair) were elected to represent the ANC in the
676:
438:
406:
386:
305:
196:
122:
4205:
5427:
5371:
5197:
5086:
5058:
4995:
4687:
4545:
2971:
2889:
2801:
2742:
2702:
2119:
1733:
1368:
524:
520:
480:
301:
236:
57:
4212:
484:
1971, leading to the call for a community meeting on the matter later that month. At the meeting, held at
5364:
5267:
5142:
5051:
4897:
4256:
3377:
3347:
3264:
3185:
2617:
1266:"The Natal Indian Congress, the Mass Democratic Movement and the Struggle to Defeat Apartheid: 1980–1994"
4834:
4355:
4263:
4219:
3996:
3874:
3773:
3317:
3150:
3090:
2841:
2821:
2811:
1840:
1178:
983:
937:
889:
546:
later conceded that the newly revived NIC had failed to attract mass support. Farouk Meer, brother of
5378:
5016:
4848:
4841:
4799:
4513:
4460:
4348:
4299:
4080:
3738:
3382:
3307:
3038:
3016:
3006:
2791:
2542:
2537:
2092:
369:
357:
224:
142:
2752:
1265:
5190:
4453:
4105:
3352:
3327:
3115:
2995:
2912:
2816:
2688:
2111:
1948:
1420:
132:
1065:
247:, whose leadership often overlapped with that of the NIC. Although the NIC was represented at the
5533:
4827:
4722:
4589:
4439:
4320:
4052:
3835:
3745:
3367:
3197:
2592:
2511:
2355:
2280:
2260:
2184:
2074:
1913:
1361:
827:
507:
held the presidency. Naidoo served again as president in the 1980s, until he was ousted in 1988.
2717:
4397:
4362:
3564:
3140:
2869:
2727:
2622:
2597:
2582:
2516:
2315:
2310:
1689:
1629:
1582:
1435:
1400:
711:
584:
4862:
4757:
4652:
4506:
4156:
3936:
3849:
3644:
3464:
3312:
3297:
3105:
3011:
2786:
2089:
2023:
2013:
1888:
1783:
1567:
1531:
1472:
721:
597:
252:
240:
208:
176:
70:
66:
4680:
4566:
4334:
4270:
4003:
3766:
3759:
3711:
3494:
3257:
2043:
1457:
1415:
503:
served as NIC president, though he in turn was banned from 1973 to 1978, during which time
426:
289:
437:; others, such as M. P. Naicker, H. A. Naidoo and George Ponnen, were dual members of the
8:
5135:
5107:
4981:
4499:
4492:
4425:
4390:
4341:
3821:
3628:
3250:
3130:
3075:
3053:
2781:
2722:
2587:
2295:
2265:
2225:
2174:
2159:
1918:
1815:
1800:
1729:
1706:
1516:
1499:
342:
Under this more confrontational leadership, but still in line with Gandhi's programme of
3828:
3229:
3203:
2567:
2552:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2079:
2069:
1998:
1963:
1958:
1933:
1820:
1810:
1742:
1637:
1577:
1410:
1294:
1207:
1143:
1094:
1012:
984:"The 1946–1948 Passive Resistance Campaign in Natal, South Africa: Origins and Results"
938:"The Making of "Indianess": Indian Politics in South Africa During the 1930s and 1940s"
611:
In January 1983, the NIC responded favourably to the TIC's call for a broad and united
580:
489:
414:
349:
93:
2255:
1179:""Gagged and trussed rather securely by the law": The 1952 Defiance Campaign in Natal"
5413:
5399:
4736:
4552:
4376:
3966:
3556:
3486:
3302:
3222:
2365:
2179:
2018:
1983:
1943:
1898:
1861:
1679:
1604:
1511:
1504:
1462:
1319:
1286:
1232:
1211:
1199:
1135:
1131:
1098:
1086:
1016:
1004:
958:
910:
763:
500:
434:
394:
231:
220:
3414:
2712:
5337:
4701:
4411:
4191:
3881:
3636:
3604:
3540:
3332:
3191:
3028:
2907:
2642:
2637:
2557:
2285:
2220:
2038:
2003:
1767:
1526:
1467:
1298:
1278:
1195:
1191:
1127:
1078:
1000:
996:
954:
950:
906:
902:
726:
555:
was nothing more than a flag-carrying organisation to say, "you know, we are here."
460:, the granddaughter of Mahatma Gandhi, later said that for the NIC the 1960s were:
327:
184:
175:) was a political organisation established in 1894 to fight discrimination against
82:
1282:
869:
364:. In March 1947, Dadoo and Naicker signed a tripartite cooperation agreement with
251:
in 1991, it did not restructure itself as a political party during South Africa's
4659:
4573:
4467:
4135:
4059:
3980:
3704:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3548:
3292:
3178:
3145:
3100:
3061:
2990:
2532:
2340:
2300:
2245:
2215:
2169:
2154:
2149:
2124:
1978:
1968:
1953:
1805:
1684:
1082:
572:
430:
402:
160:
5406:
5128:
5002:
4645:
4559:
4242:
4184:
4177:
4170:
3888:
3814:
3660:
3620:
3110:
2917:
2831:
2501:
2335:
2320:
2290:
2250:
2134:
2129:
2028:
2008:
1993:
1988:
1893:
1854:
1826:
1666:
1652:
1521:
1384:
705:
640:
576:
560:
536:
493:
293:
284:
276:
188:
34:
5497:
5323:
5044:
4149:
4128:
4098:
4091:
3800:
3135:
3120:
2922:
2884:
2836:
2577:
2562:
2547:
2330:
2325:
2194:
2144:
2139:
1928:
1923:
1867:
1847:
1723:
1445:
1290:
1203:
1139:
1090:
1008:
962:
914:
651:
The ANC and SACP were unbanned in 1990 in order to facilitate the conduct of
612:
564:
516:
453:
442:
323:
204:
86:
3085:
4988:
4597:
4418:
4369:
3532:
3446:
3322:
2657:
2360:
2345:
2305:
2199:
2095:
2033:
1908:
1440:
1405:
656:
532:
180:
667:
4581:
3524:
3243:
2612:
2275:
2270:
2189:
1938:
1883:
1772:
1762:
1716:
1672:
1614:
1066:"A case of 'strategic ethnicity'? The Natal Indian Congress in the 1970s"
579:. These activists were among the leaders of civic organisations like the
547:
365:
361:
1147:
1114:
389:
government elected in 1948. Through the SAIC, and alongside the ANC and
155:
5156:
4694:
3807:
3752:
3612:
3596:
2350:
2164:
2064:
1903:
1619:
1599:
1489:
1452:
1224:
1115:"The African National Congress centenary: a long and difficult journey"
672:
624:
568:
543:
528:
457:
410:
344:
331:
4615:
4606:
4537:
3943:
3920:
3909:
3236:
3125:
2879:
1832:
1594:
1589:
1484:
890:"Indian Responses in Natal to Non-European Unity Moves, 1927 to 1945"
390:
382:
318:
216:
98:
74:
223:, the beginning of a long, though not untroubled, alliance with the
5385:
4883:
4528:
3652:
3509:
1973:
1795:
1752:
1572:
1536:
297:
108:
62:
3793:
1747:
1353:
1315:
Colour, Class and Community: The Natal Indian Congress, 1971–1994
870:"What's in a Name: Some Reflections on the Natal Indian Congress"
628:
16:
Civil rights organisation for Indians in South Africa (1894–1994)
4520:
3676:
3455:
1790:
1712:
1609:
604:, which included an Indian-only parliamentary house called the
485:
272:
3668:
1757:
112:
283:
The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) emanated from a proposal by
550:
and an active participant in the relaunch, later described:
393:
Franchise Action Council, the NIC participated in the 1952
375:
675:, a former NIC vice-president, represented the ANC in the
5524:
Defunct civic and political organisations in South Africa
515:
The organisation's relaunch coincided with the so-called
874:
Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa
496:'s widow, Nokukhanya Luthuli, opened the convention.
3444:
215:
from 1946 to 1948. After the introduction of formal
646:
1264:
1177:
1113:
1064:
982:
936:
888:
433:, were imprisoned due to their dual membership of
354:Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act
213:Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act
207:, who led the NIC through a renowned campaign of
5495:
3001:People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty
1228:The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970–1980
1225:South African Democracy Education Trust (2004).
4234:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
2896:Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa
1343:Constitution of the Natal Indian Congress –1894
1263:Desai, Ashwin; Vahed, Goolam (2 January 2015).
1063:Vahed, Goolam; Desai, Ashwin (2 January 2014).
469:
3430:
2673:
1369:
413:, were among the defendants in the resulting
409:and several NIC leaders, such as Naicker and
2687:
510:
2940:South African Liberal Students' Association
788:"Constitution of the Natal Indian Congress"
230:In the 1960s, members of the NIC and other
5529:1894 establishments in the Colony of Natal
3437:
3423:
2680:
2666:
1376:
1362:
1311:
1262:
1062:
867:
737:Category:Natal Indian Congress politicians
590:
243:. The NIC was a founding affiliate of the
262:
4307:Reconstruction and Development Programme
886:
868:Singh, Ratnamala; Vawda, Shahid (1988).
666:
662:Convention for a Democratic South Africa
376:Early opposition to apartheid: 1948–1960
271:
249:Convention for a Democratic South Africa
154:
3903:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1111:
360:(TIC), where Naicker's counterpart was
191:, it later served an important role in
159:Founders of the Natal Indian Congress;
5496:
4384:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2608:Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale
1660:The Story of My Experiments with Truth
785:
759:Indians in Post-apartheid South Africa
492:on 2 October 1971, Gandhi's birthday.
452:The NIC entered a decade of dormancy.
420:
3418:
2661:
1357:
1349:The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi
1312:Desai, Ashwin; Vahed, Goolam (2021).
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1154:from the original on 27 December 2021
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
980:
934:
792:The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi
755:
219:in 1948, the NIC participated in the
195:. It was the oldest affiliate of the
2934:People Against Gangsterism and Drugs
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
976:
974:
972:
930:
928:
926:
924:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
781:
779:
311:
163:is in the top row, fourth from left.
4314:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3960:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
3022:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
2603:Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park
348:, the SAIC led a major campaign of
334:, George Ponnen, and H. A. Naidoo.
13:
2957:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front
2902:Congress of South African Students
2751:
1383:
1245:
1166:
1105:
14:
5545:
5519:Organizations established in 1894
5466:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
5101:South African Party (Cape Colony)
2507:International Day of Non-Violence
2404:National Salt Satyagraha Memorial
1336:
1184:Journal of Natal and Zulu History
1023:
989:Journal of Natal and Zulu History
969:
943:Journal of Natal and Zulu History
921:
895:Journal of Natal and Zulu History
887:Mesthrie, Uma Shashikant (1989).
846:
805:
776:
5478:
5477:
3399:
3398:
3192:"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)
2928:Lesbian and Gay Equality Project
1778:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1132:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01098.x
647:Democratic transition: 1991–1994
5514:Indian diaspora in South Africa
5115:South African Party (1977–1980)
5108:South African Party (1911–1934)
5024:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4821:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
2946:South African Students Congress
2573:Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai
2090:Indian currency (Gandhi Series,
1345:(with list of founding leaders)
1305:
1218:
717:Natal Legislative Assembly Bill
682:In March 1993, however, as the
4433:2019 service delivery protests
4419:#FeesMustFall student protests
4164:1983 constitutional referendum
2860:South Africa political parties
2085:Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith
1646:Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)
1196:10.1080/02590123.2013.11964196
1001:10.1080/02590123.2013.11964195
955:10.1080/02590123.1997.11964094
907:10.1080/02590123.1989.11964071
880:
762:. Concept Publishing Company.
749:
732:University of Durban-Westville
633:Pietermaritzburg Treason Trial
583:Housing Action Committee, the
257:first post-apartheid elections
187:, of South Africa. Founded by
1:
4891:Johannesburg Reform Committee
4120:Israel–South Africa Agreement
3513:
3498:
3475:
3468:
3096:(Don't) touch me on my studio
2952:South African Wine Initiative
2102:Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp
1478:Second Round Table Conference
1283:10.1080/02589346.2015.1005788
828:"Natal Indian Congress (NIC)"
742:
653:negotiations to end apartheid
519:, the dual ascendancy of the
439:South African Communist Party
337:
306:South African Indian Congress
292:traders who could afford the
197:South African Indian Congress
123:South African Indian Congress
5504:Anti-apartheid organisations
4546:Black Consciousness Movement
4300:Government of National Unity
3044:Unemployed Peoples' Movement
2890:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
1512:Gujarat Vidyapith University
1426:Indian independence movement
1083:10.1080/17532523.2014.911436
832:South African History Online
786:Gandhi, Mohandas K. (1984),
615:against apartheid. When the
521:Black Consciousness movement
481:South African Indian Council
447:Suppression of Communism Act
401:SAIC was a signatory of the
237:South African Indian Council
7:
5509:Anti-racism in South Africa
4257:Saint James Church massacre
4143:Weapons of mass destruction
3272:No Land! No House! No Vote!
3186:No Land! No House! No Vote!
2618:Mohandas Gandhi High School
2200:Leela (great-granddaughter)
1999:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
698:
677:first democratic Parliament
474:
470:Revived activism: 1971–1991
10:
5550:
3997:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
3875:South West Africa campaign
3774:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
3739:French Huguenot settlement
2120:Karamchand Gandhi (father)
1841:Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram
267:
5475:
5452:African National Congress
5441:
5347:
5180:
4912:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
4635:
4626:
4484:
4280:
4250:1992 apartheid referendum
3919:
3864:
3783:
3721:
3694:
3687:
3453:
3396:
3285:
3212:
3170:
3069:
3052:
3039:Treatment Action Campaign
3017:Landless Peoples Movement
2985:South Africa trade unions
2970:
2867:
2850:
2774:
2763:
2749:
2695:
2525:
2494:
2383:
2374:
2208:
2110:
2052:
1876:
1698:
1628:
1555:
1391:
1112:Suttner, Raymond (2012).
1071:African Historical Review
511:Composition and criticism
479:The establishment of the
370:African National Congress
358:Transvaal Indian Congress
308:(SAIC), was established.
225:African National Congress
128:
118:
104:
92:
56:
48:
40:
30:
21:
4905:Labour Party (1969–1994)
4898:Labour Party (1910–1958)
4454:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
4412:#RhodesMustFall protests
4011:1960 republic referendum
3358:Political assassinations
3034:Social Justice Coalition
2996:Mandela Park Backyarders
2689:Politics of South Africa
2633:Roads named after Gandhi
1949:Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri
1431:Non-cooperation movement
671:Gandhi's granddaughter,
600:, established under the
133:Politics of South Africa
5350:terrorist organisations
4440:2019 Johannesburg riots
4053:Constructive engagement
4018:International isolation
3836:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
3198:One Settler, One Bullet
2261:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
2195:Tushar (great-grandson)
2175:Gopalkrishna (grandson)
2075:Gandhi Peace Foundation
1914:Brij Krishna Chandiwala
693:provincial legislatures
617:United Democratic Front
591:United Democratic Front
368:, the president of the
279:in South Africa in 1909
245:United Democratic Front
94:Political position
4363:Attack on Kennedy Road
3974:Congress of the People
3565:South African Republic
3156:Anti-Chinese sentiment
3141:White monopoly capital
3007:Poor People's Alliance
2757:
2623:National Gandhi Museum
2598:Mahatma Gandhi College
2583:Gandhi Temple, Bhatara
2517:Season for Nonviolence
2316:Maria Lacerda de Moura
2311:Martin Luther King Jr.
1690:Gandhi Heritage Portal
1522:India ashrams (Kochrab
1436:Chauri Chaura incident
1401:Indian Ambulance Corps
1176:Vahed, Goolam (2013).
981:Desai, Ashwin (2013).
935:Vahed, Goolam (1997).
712:Indian Ambulance Corps
679:
557:
467:
407:Congress of the People
280:
263:Early years: 1894–1948
164:
4933:Natal Indian Congress
4653:Afrikaner Broederbond
4507:Afrikaner nationalism
4293:1994 general election
4264:Bophuthatswana crisis
4157:Church Street bombing
3937:Apartheid legislation
3930:1948 general election
3850:South Africa Act 1909
3645:Union of South Africa
3465:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3445:Political history of
3343:Legacies of apartheid
3204:"Each One, Teach One"
3161:Anti-Indian sentiment
3106:Proudly South African
3012:Abahlali baseMjondolo
2787:Afrikaner nationalism
2755:
2180:Ramchandra (grandson)
2024:Rettamalai Srinivasan
2014:Anugrah Narayan Sinha
1784:The Masque of Anarchy
1568:Composite nationalism
1563:Practices and beliefs
1495:Natal Indian Congress
1120:International Affairs
756:Singh, Anand (2005).
722:Apartheid legislation
684:1994 general election
670:
598:Tricameral Parliament
552:
462:
275:
253:democratic transition
241:Tricameral Parliament
169:Natal Indian Congress
158:
71:Nonviolent resistance
24:Natal Indian Congress
4567:Greater South Africa
4405:2014 platinum strike
4271:Shell House massacre
4199:Transkei coup d'état
4004:Sharpeville massacre
3767:Battle of Blaauwberg
3760:Battle of Muizenberg
3712:Battle of Salt River
3495:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3363:Political repression
3258:Long Walk to Freedom
2756:Flag of South Africa
2044:Kishorlal Mashruwala
1833:Gandhi's translation
1458:Dharasana Satyagraha
1416:Champaran Satyagraha
525:trade union movement
427:Sharpeville massacre
290:South African Indian
119:National affiliation
5459:Democratic Alliance
4636:Civic and political
4500:Afrikaner Calvinism
4493:African nationalism
4342:African Renaissance
4032:UNSC Resolution 591
3953:Internal resistance
3854:National Convention
3822:Transvaal Civil War
3746:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
3629:Orange River Colony
3353:Phala Phala robbery
3251:I Write What I Like
3076:African Renaissance
2802:Black consciousness
2782:African nationalism
2588:Kaba Gandhi No Delo
2296:Lal Bahadur Shastri
2266:Govind Vallabh Pant
2170:Rajmohan (grandson)
2165:Ela (granddaughter)
2060:Artistic depictions
1919:Sudhakar Chaturvedi
1816:Henry Stephens Salt
1801:Sermon on the Mount
1730:Henry David Thoreau
1707:A Letter to a Hindu
1517:Harijan Sevak Sangh
421:Dormancy: 1960–1971
302:other racial groups
4206:Ciskei coup d'état
4025:UN Resolution 1761
3990:Women's March 1956
3843:South African Wars
3829:Mineral Revolution
2758:
2241:C. Rajagopalachari
2236:Brajkishore Prasad
2231:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
2190:Kanu (grandnephew)
2093:Gandhi New Series,
2080:Gandhi Peace Prize
2070:Gandhi Peace Award
1964:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
1959:Hermann Kallenbach
1934:Dada Dharmadhikari
1811:Shrimad Rajchandra
1743:Civil disobedience
1735:Civil Disobedience
1411:Bardoli Satyagraha
680:
606:House of Delegates
490:Phoenix Settlement
385:introduced by the
350:passive resistance
281:
209:passive resistance
193:opposing apartheid
165:
5491:
5490:
5444:political parties
5437:
5436:
5414:Orde van die Dood
5031:Progressive Party
4737:Congress Alliance
4553:Cape Independence
4485:Political culture
4480:
4479:
4447:COVID-19 pandemic
4377:Marikana massacre
4213:Venda coup d'état
3967:Defiance Campaign
3557:Orange Free State
3487:Dutch Cape Colony
3412:
3411:
3303:Cape Independence
3281:
3280:
3223:African Communist
3179:Amandla Ngawethu!
3081:Alternative media
3070:Political culture
3062:South African law
2966:
2965:
2852:Political parties
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2434:Parliament Square
2366:Vallabhbhai Patel
2155:Samaldas (nephew)
2150:Maganlal (cousin)
2019:Sri Krishna Sinha
1984:Vallabhbhai Patel
1969:Acharya Kripalani
1944:Shiv Prasad Gupta
1899:Shankarlal Banker
1862:Vaishnava Jana To
1680:Seven Social Sins
1473:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
1463:Vaikom Satyagraha
1325:978-1-77614-716-8
689:National Assembly
602:1983 constitution
501:George Sewpersadh
435:Umkhonto we Sizwe
395:Defiance Campaign
312:Shift to the left
232:Congress Alliance
221:Defiance Campaign
151:
150:
138:Political parties
5541:
5481:
5480:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5348:Paramilitary and
5340:
5338:Umkosi Wezintaba
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5183:social movements
5181:Trade unions and
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4702:Boerestaat Party
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4633:
4632:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4585:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4473:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4192:Dakar Conference
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4122:
4115:
4113:Israeli alliance
4108:
4101:
4094:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4067:Sporting boycott
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4039:Academic boycott
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3896:Great Depression
3891:
3884:
3882:Maritz rebellion
3877:
3857:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3732:Dutch settlement
3714:
3707:
3705:Bantu migrations
3692:
3691:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3637:Transvaal Colony
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3605:Nieuwe Republiek
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3541:Natalia Republic
3536:
3528:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3510:Ndwandwe Kingdom
3505:
3503:
3500:
3490:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3338:Land occupations
3333:Labour brokering
3265:Molotov Cocktail
3168:
3167:
3029:Reclaim the City
2977:Social movements
2908:Earthlife Africa
2807:Environmentalism
2772:
2771:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2643:Satyagraha House
2638:Sabarmati Ashram
2558:Gandhi Promenade
2484:Washington, D.C.
2439:Tavistock Square
2424:Pietermaritzburg
2381:
2380:
2286:Jawaharlal Nehru
2221:Aung San Suu Kyi
2039:Ravishankar Vyas
2004:Bibi Amtus Salam
1768:Parsee Rustomjee
1468:Aundh Experiment
1421:Kheda Satyagraha
1378:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1330:
1329:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1268:
1260:
1243:
1242:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1068:
1060:
1021:
1020:
986:
978:
967:
966:
940:
932:
919:
918:
892:
884:
878:
877:
865:
844:
843:
841:
839:
824:
803:
801:
800:
798:
783:
774:
773:
753:
727:Parsee Rustomjee
183:, and later the
83:Anti-colonialism
67:Indian interests
19:
18:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4849:HNP (Herstigte)
4847:
4842:HNP (Herenigde)
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4660:Afrikaner Party
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4628:
4622:
4613:
4604:
4595:
4588:
4579:
4574:Honorary whites
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4476:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4335:Soweto bombings
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4136:Soweto Uprising
4134:
4127:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4060:Tar Baby Option
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:Freedom Charter
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3860:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3581:Griqualand West
3579:
3573:Griqualand East
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3449:
3443:
3413:
3408:
3392:
3373:Sexual violence
3293:Corrective rape
3277:
3214:
3208:
3166:
3146:Ungovernability
3101:Freedom Charter
3065:
3048:
2991:Equal Education
2975:
2962:
2871:
2863:
2846:
2766:
2759:
2747:
2691:
2686:
2656:
2647:
2568:Gandhi Memorial
2543:Gandhi Mandapam
2533:Aga Khan Palace
2521:
2490:
2370:
2341:Rajendra Prasad
2301:Lanza del Vasto
2256:François Bayrou
2246:Eknath Easwaran
2216:14th Dalai Lama
2204:
2185:Kanu (grandson)
2160:Arun (grandson)
2125:Kasturba (wife)
2106:
2048:
1979:Mohanlal Pandya
1954:J. C. Kumarappa
1872:
1694:
1685:Navajivan Trust
1624:
1551:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1310:
1306:
1261:
1246:
1239:
1231:. Unisa Press.
1223:
1219:
1174:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1110:
1106:
1061:
1024:
979:
970:
933:
922:
885:
881:
866:
847:
837:
835:
826:
825:
806:
796:
794:
784:
777:
770:
754:
750:
745:
701:
649:
593:
573:Maggie Govender
513:
477:
472:
431:Ebrahim Ebrahim
425:After the 1960
423:
403:Freedom Charter
378:
340:
314:
270:
265:
147:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
26:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5534:Mahatma Gandhi
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5489:
5488:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5407:Ossewabrandwag
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5150:Unionist Party
5146:
5139:
5132:
5129:Torch Commando
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
5003:Orde Boerevolk
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
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4957:
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4943:
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4929:
4922:
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4908:
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4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
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4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4779:DP (1989–2000)
4775:
4772:DP (1973–1977)
4768:
4765:Dominion Party
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4646:Afrikaner Bond
4641:
4639:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4586:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4560:Day of the Vow
4556:
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4503:
4496:
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4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4328:Floor crossing
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4286:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4243:Bisho massacre
4239:
4238:
4237:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4185:Operation Vula
4181:
4178:Rubicon speech
4174:
4171:Langa massacre
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4109:
4102:
4095:
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3889:Rand Rebellion
3885:
3878:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3839:
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3825:
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3815:Boer Republics
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3797:
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3661:Bophuthatswana
3657:
3649:
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3633:
3625:
3621:Klein Vrystaat
3617:
3609:
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3593:
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3121:Tenderpreneurs
3118:
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3111:Rainbow nation
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2918:Khanya College
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2856:
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2832:Pan-Africanism
2829:
2827:Libertarianism
2824:
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2502:Gandhi Jayanti
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2336:Nelson Mandela
2333:
2328:
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2321:Mehdi Bazargan
2318:
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2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Joan Bondurant
2288:
2283:
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2251:Draupadi Murmu
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2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:V. A. Sundaram
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:Sonja Schlesin
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:Mithuben Petit
1991:
1989:Narhari Parikh
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
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1911:
1906:
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1894:Jamnalal Bajaj
1891:
1886:
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1865:
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1855:Hari Tuma Haro
1851:
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1827:Unto This Last
1823:
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1667:Mangal Prabhat
1663:
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1653:Indian Opinion
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1389:
1388:
1385:Mahatma Gandhi
1381:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1338:
1337:External links
1335:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1304:
1244:
1238:978-1868884063
1237:
1217:
1165:
1126:(4): 719–738.
1104:
1022:
968:
920:
879:
845:
834:. 3 March 2011
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714:
709:
706:Indian Opinion
700:
697:
648:
645:
641:Operation Vula
621:1984 elections
592:
589:
577:Roy Padayachie
561:Pravin Gordhan
537:Strini Moodley
523:and fledgling
512:
509:
494:Albert Luthuli
476:
473:
471:
468:
443:banning orders
422:
419:
387:National Party
377:
374:
339:
336:
313:
310:
285:Mahatma Gandhi
277:Mahatma Gandhi
269:
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189:Mahatma Gandhi
185:Natal Province
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79:Anti-Apartheid
60:
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53:
50:
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44:22 August 1894
42:
38:
37:
35:Mahatma Gandhi
32:
28:
27:
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15:
9:
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4:
3:
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5324:Die Spoorbund
5321:
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5172:
5168:
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5164:Workers Party
5161:
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5144:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
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5123:
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5053:
5049:
5046:
5045:Radio Freedom
5042:
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5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5000:
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4996:Oranjewerkers
4993:
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4773:
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4654:
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4647:
4643:
4642:
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4638:organisations
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4629:organisations
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4609:
4608:
4603:
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4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:Tshwane riots
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
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4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:Project Coast
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:Mafeje affair
4126:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:Durban Moment
4096:
4093:
4092:Rivonia Trial
4089:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:Disinvestment
4043:
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4022:
4021:
4019:
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3837:
3833:
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3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:1820 Settlers
3798:
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3149:
3147:
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3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:UnFreedom Day
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
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1318:. NYU Press.
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613:popular front
609:
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582:
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565:Yunus Mohamed
562:
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518:
517:Durban moment
508:
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461:
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454:Mewa Ramgobin
450:
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415:Treason Trial
412:
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325:
324:Monty Naicker
320:
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87:Progressivism
84:
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68:
64:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
33:
29:
20:
5482:
5442:Histories of
5143:United Party
5052:Reform Party
4989:Orangia Unie
4932:
4614:
4605:
4598:Swart gevaar
4596:
4580:
4536:
4527:
4468:
4370:Blikkiesdorp
3696:Pre-colonial
3549:Natal Colony
3533:Zulu Kingdom
3447:South Africa
3403:
3323:Gupta family
3318:Farm attacks
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3059:
2982:
2972:Trade unions
2898:(CONTRALESA)
2857:
2743:Western Cape
2703:Eastern Cape
2593:Kirti Mandir
2512:Martyrs' Day
2419:Johannesburg
2361:Vinoba Bhave
2346:Ramjee Singh
2306:Maulana Azad
2281:James Lawson
2145:Devdas (son)
2140:Ramdas (son)
2096:Indian rupee
2034:Abbas Tyabji
1909:Vinoba Bhave
1825:
1782:
1776:
1734:
1722:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1630:Publications
1494:
1441:Purna Swaraj
1406:Tolstoy Farm
1314:
1307:
1274:
1270:
1227:
1220:
1190:(2): 68–89.
1187:
1183:
1156:. Retrieved
1123:
1119:
1107:
1077:(1): 22–47.
1074:
1070:
995:(2): 54–67.
992:
988:
946:
942:
901:(1): 73–89.
898:
894:
882:
873:
836:. Retrieved
831:
795:, retrieved
791:
758:
751:
704:
681:
657:Yunus Carrim
650:
637:
610:
594:
571:, Charm and
558:
553:
541:
533:Saths Cooper
514:
505:M. J. Naidoo
498:
478:
463:
451:
424:
405:at the 1955
399:
379:
343:
341:
315:
282:
229:
211:against the
201:
181:Natal Colony
172:
168:
166:
152:
4582:Rooi gevaar
4461:2021 unrest
4391:Nkandlagate
4220:Third Force
4081:Rugby union
3679:(1981–1994)
3671:(1979–1994)
3663:(1977–1994)
3655:(1976–1994)
3647:(1910–1961)
3639:(1902–1910)
3631:(1902–1910)
3623:(1886–1891)
3615:(1885–1887)
3607:(1884–1888)
3599:(1882–1885)
3591:(1882–1883)
3583:(1870–1873)
3575:(1861–1879)
3567:(1856–1902)
3559:(1854–1902)
3551:(1843–1910)
3543:(1839–1843)
3535:(1816–1897)
3527:(1795–1910)
3525:Cape Colony
3517: 1780
3502: 1780
3489:(1652–1806)
3479: 1220
3472: 1075
3388:Third Force
3378:Shack fires
3215:periodicals
2696:By province
2613:Mani Bhavan
2495:Observances
2356:Sane Guruji
2276:James Bevel
2271:Ho Chi Minh
1939:Kanu Gandhi
1884:Swami Anand
1773:Leo Tolstoy
1763:John Ruskin
1717:nonviolence
1674:Young India
1615:Eleven vows
1583:trusteeship
1392:Life events
1277:(1): 1–22.
1158:27 December
949:(1): 1–36.
366:Alfred Xuma
362:Yusuf Dadoo
5498:Categories
5393:Greyshirts
5157:Volksparty
4695:Black Sash
4356:Xenophobia
4349:Travelgate
4106:Border War
3910:Bantustans
3808:Great Trek
3753:Xhosa Wars
3613:Upingtonia
3597:Stellaland
3151:Xenophobia
3091:Corruption
2842:Trotskyism
2822:Liberalism
2812:Federalism
2775:Ideologies
2733:North West
2728:Mpumalanga
2708:Free State
2553:Bookstores
2351:Steve Biko
2226:Abhay Bang
2209:Influenced
2065:Gandhigiri
1904:Sarla Behn
1877:Associates
1821:Tirukkuṛaḷ
1699:Influences
1620:Gandhi cap
1600:Satyagraha
1556:Philosophy
1500:Quit India
1490:Poona Pact
1453:Salt March
876:(6): 1–21.
743:References
673:Ela Gandhi
625:Durban Six
581:Chatsworth
569:Zak Yacoob
544:Ela Gandhi
529:Steve Biko
458:Ela Gandhi
445:under the
411:Billy Nair
345:satyagraha
338:Ghetto Act
332:I. C. Meer
4616:Volkstaat
4607:Uitlander
4538:Boerehaat
4514:Anarchism
4321:Arms Deal
4284:apartheid
3944:Pass laws
3921:Apartheid
3866:1910–1948
3785:1815–1910
3723:1652–1815
3383:Terrorism
3313:e-tolling
3308:Elections
3237:ANC Today
3213:Books and
3126:Toyi-toyi
2913:Keep Left
2880:AfriForum
2870:political
2792:Anarchism
2767:movements
2765:Political
2464:Milwaukee
2409:New Delhi
2376:Memorials
1595:Sarvodaya
1590:Education
1578:Economics
1537:Sevagram)
1527:Sabarmati
1485:Padayatra
1291:0258-9346
1271:Politikon
1212:147172313
1204:0259-0123
1140:0020-5850
1099:143932497
1091:1753-2523
1017:155135236
1009:0259-0123
963:0259-0123
915:0259-0123
383:apartheid
319:socialism
298:petitions
259:in 1994.
217:apartheid
143:Elections
99:Left-wing
75:Socialism
49:Dissolved
5484:Category
5386:Boeremag
4884:Jeugkrag
4835:Het Volk
4529:Baasskap
4471:incident
4074:Olympics
3653:Transkei
3456:polities
3454:Defunct
3405:Category
3368:Protests
3328:HIV/AIDS
3116:Renaming
3003:(PASSOP)
2817:Feminism
2797:Anti-war
2628:Raj Ghat
2479:San Jose
2469:New York
1974:Mirabehn
1796:Pacifism
1753:Hinduism
1605:Swadeshi
1573:Gandhism
1152:Archived
1148:23255615
699:See also
475:Relaunch
391:Coloured
109:Hinduism
105:Religion
63:Gandhism
58:Ideology
5289:SAAPAWU
4627:Defunct
4590:Slavery
3794:Mfecane
3348:Lindela
3230:Amandla
3171:Slogans
2948:(SASCO)
2942:(SALSA)
2936:(PAGAD)
2904:(COSAS)
2723:Limpopo
2713:Gauteng
2459:Houston
2384:Statues
1806:Shravan
1748:Fasting
1737:(essay)
1639:Harijan
1299:5688404
631:in the
629:treason
585:Phoenix
352:to the
268:Origins
227:(ANC).
179:in the
177:Indians
41:Founded
31:Founder
5240:FOSATU
5094:SAYRCO
5066:SADECO
4982:Occupy
4521:Azania
4469:Lady R
4398:Racism
4227:CODESA
3688:Events
3677:Ciskei
3589:Goshen
3519:–1819)
3504:–1817)
3131:Ubuntu
3086:Azania
2959:(ZACF)
2930:(LGEP)
2868:Other
2454:Denver
2395:India
2112:Family
2053:Legacy
1791:Narmad
1713:Ahimsa
1610:Swaraj
1505:speech
1322:
1297:
1289:
1235:
1210:
1202:
1146:
1138:
1097:
1089:
1015:
1007:
961:
913:
766:
575:, and
548:Fatima
486:Durban
161:Gandhi
5421:PAGAD
5317:SATUC
5310:SARHU
5296:SACTU
5275:NURHS
5233:FNETU
5219:CTSWU
5212:CNETU
5205:BLATU
5087:SAYCO
4975:NUSAS
4856:IDASA
4667:AITUP
4282:Post-
3669:Venda
3298:Crime
3286:Other
2892:(AWB)
2526:Other
2449:Davis
2445:U.S.
2399:Patna
2391:Ghana
1758:Khadi
1295:S2CID
1208:S2CID
1144:JSTOR
1095:S2CID
1013:S2CID
838:2 May
797:2 May
113:Islam
5428:SANF
5358:APLA
5303:SAIF
5282:PAWE
5268:NEUM
5261:MUSA
5226:FCWU
5171:WOSA
5122:TNIP
5080:SASO
5073:SAIC
5059:SABP
5010:PAVN
4744:COSG
4723:CTEG
4716:CNIP
3244:Biko
3060:see
2983:see
2858:see
1446:flag
1320:ISBN
1287:ISSN
1233:ISBN
1200:ISSN
1160:2021
1136:ISSN
1087:ISSN
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