72:
393:
regime. In
Prussia, mass primary education was introduced to foster "loyalty, obedience and devotion to the King". These beliefs about the power of education in forming loyalty to the sovereign were adopted by states in other parts of the world as well, in both non-democratic and democratic contexts. Reports on schools in the Soviet Union illustrate the fact that government-sponsored education programs emphasized not just academic content and skills but also taught "a love of country and mercilessness to the enemy, stubbornness in the overcoming of difficulties, an iron discipline, and love of oppressed peoples, the spirit of adventure and constant striving".
493:
919:
roads and railways, enforce the rule of law, and improve the infrastructure of a state. I part ways with this recent usage and I use the term 'nation-building' as it has been used in the political science literature for the past five decades. Nation-building, sometimes used interchangeably with national integration, is the process through which governing elites make the boundaries of the state and the nation coincide.
355:(the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in North America). Both have fairly narrow and different definitions in political science, the former referring to national identity, the latter to infrastructure, and the institutions of the state. The debate has been clouded further by the existence of two very different schools of thought on state-building. The first (prevalent in the media) portrays state-building as an
583:(ISAF) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security. By 2001, after two decades of civil war and famine, it had the lowest life expectancy,and much of the population were hungry. Many foreign donors—51 in all—started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country. For example, Norway's had charge of the province of
918:
Many journalists, academics, and policy commentators have recently used the term 'nation-building' in place of what the U.S. Department of
Defense calls 'stability operations.' In other words. by 'nation-building' they mean 'third-party state-building.' They use the term to describe efforts to build
372:, describes deliberate efforts by a foreign power to construct or install the institutions of a national government, according to a model that may be more familiar to the foreign power but is often considered foreign and even destabilizing. In this sense, state-building is typically characterized by
392:
The expansion of primary school provision is often believed to be a key driver in the process of nation-building. European rulers during the 19th century relied on state-controlled primary schooling to teach their subjects a common language, a shared identity, and a sense of duty and loyalty to the
367:
The confusion over terminology has meant that more recently, nation-building has come to be used in a completely different context, with reference to what has been succinctly described by its proponents as "the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to
252:
In a functional understanding of nation-building, both economic and social factors are seen as influential. The development of nation-states in different times and places is influenced by differing conditions. It has been suggested that elites and masses in Great
Britain, France, and the United
1497:
1438:
68:, three factors tend to determine the success of nation-building over the long-run: "the early development of civil-society organisations, the rise of a state capable of providing public goods evenly across a territory, and the emergence of a shared medium of communication."
602:
described it as "an attempt to impose a form of government, a state, that would be a state the way that we recognize a state." According to McKenzie, the US "lost track of why we were there". Afghanistan was not "ungovernable", according to the former
1299:
1242:
359:
action by foreign countries. The second (more academic in origin and increasingly accepted by international institutions) sees state-building as an indigenous process. For a discussion of the definitional issues, see
1059:
Achankeng, Fonkem (2014). "The
Foumban "Constitutional" Talks and Prior Intentions of Negotiating: A Historico-Theoretical Analysis of a False Negotiation and the Ramications for Political Developments in Cameroon".
63:
and national content mass schooling. Nation-building can involve the use of propaganda or major infrastructure development to foster social harmony and economic growth. According to
Columbia University sociologist
607:
general, but it was "ungovernable with the
Western model that will be imposed on it". He says the gradual shift to nation building put the US "far beyond the scope" of their original mission to disrupt Al Qaeda.
1117:
Awasom, Nicodemus Fru (2003–2004). "Anglo-Saxonism and
Gallicism in Nation Building in Africa: The Case of Bilingual Cameroon and the Senegambia Confederation in Historical and Contemporary Perspective".
1581:
683:
656:
1514:
312:, can also be related to a lack of ethnic, religious, or racial cohesion within the nation. It has often proved difficult to unite states with similar ethnic but different colonial backgrounds.
245:. At a deeper level, national identity may be deliberately constructed by molding different ethnic groups into a nation, especially since in many newly established states colonial practices of
406:
After World War II, the Allied victors engaged in large-scale nation-building with considerable success in
Germany. The United States, Britain, and France operated sectors that became
253:
States slowly grew to identify with each other as those states were established and that nationalism developed as more people were able to participate politically and to receive
52:, "Legitimate authority in modern national states is connected to popular rule, to majorities. Nation-building is the process through which these majorities are constructed." In
1034:
414:. In Japan, the victors were nominally in charge but in practice, the United States was in full control, again with considerable political, social, and economic impact.
442:, engaged in stopping the civil wars, punishing more criminals, and operating nation-building programs especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as in Kosovo.
1671:
261:. The more recent development of nation-states in geographically diverse, postcolonial areas may not be comparable due to differences in underlying conditions.
48:. Nation-building aims at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains politically stable and viable in the long run. According to
30:
For nation-building in the sense of enhancing the capacity of state institutions, building state-society relations and also external interventions, see
1608:
Safdar, Ghulam, Ghulam Shabir, and Abdul Wajid Khan. "Media's Role in Nation
Building: Social, Political, Religious and Educational Perspectives."
1492:
Ergun, Ayça. "Citizenship, National
Identity, and Nation-Building in Azerbaijan: Between the Legacy of the Past and the Spirit of Independence."
1428:
587:. The Norwegian-led Provincial Reconstruction Team had the mission of effecting security, good governance, and economic development, 2005–2012.
59:
Nation builders are those members of a state who take the initiative to develop the national community through government programs, including
1444:
712:
Darden, Keith; Mylonas, Harris (July 9, 2016). "Threats to Territorial Integrity, National Mass Schooling, and Linguistic Commonality".
1377:
2175:
1363:
Murray, Donette Murray, "The Love That Dare Not Speak its Name? George Warn. Bush: State and Nation Building in Afghanistan, 2001–2"
2107:
1591:
1023:
Smith, Anthony. 1986. "State-Making and Nation-Building" in John Hall (ed.), States in History. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 228–263.
638:
580:
2687:
1657:
456:
1486:
1169:
Darden, Keith; Mylonas, Harris (1 March 2012). "The Promethean Dilemma: Third-party State-building in Occupied Territories".
827:
2635:
2112:
1699:
1411:
After empire: Multiethnic societies and nation-building: The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg empires
2092:
2087:
2068:
2063:
2050:
1226:
1008:
693:
666:
546:
1623:
1618:
Scott, James Wesley. "Border politics in Central Europe: Hungary and the role of national scale and nation-building."
315:
Differences in language may be particularly hard to overcome in the process of nation-building. Whereas some consider
940:
905:
532:
2692:
2161:
2117:
2097:
738:
Keith Darden and Anna Grzymala-Busse. 2006. "The Great Divide: Literacy, Nationalism, and the Communist Collapse".
510:
1329:
71:
2156:
2076:
1613:
1423:
Berdal, Mats, and Astri Suhrke. "A Good Ally: Norway and International Statebuilding in Afghanistan, 2001-2014."
194:. Nation-building can also include attempts to redefine the populace of territories that had been carved out by
17:
1032:
Harris Mylonas. 2010. "Assimilation and its Alternatives: Caveats in the Study of Nation-Building Policies", In
102:
referred to the efforts of newly independent nations, to establish trusted institutions of national government,
56:'s framework, "state elites employ three nation-building policies: accommodation, assimilation, and exclusion."
2286:
2122:
514:
2199:
2146:
2136:
2102:
1558:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In—Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
572:
554:
320:
2251:
2151:
1946:
1826:
571:. NATO responded under US leadership. In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the
465:. However, Soviet efforts bogged down due to Afghan resistance, in which foreign nations (primarily the
2169:
2141:
1324:
Eric Martin, "Nation building in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cooperation, coordination and collaboration."
604:
356:
167:
1402:
Ahmed, Zahid Shahab. "Impact of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor on nation-building in Pakistan."
2217:
1931:
765:
Wimmer, Andreas (2018). "Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together While Others Fall Apart".
1341:
Ignatieff, Michael. Empire lite: nation building in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan. Random House, 2003.
2306:
324:
187:
76:
2188:
2180:
2025:
1692:
599:
503:
381:
280:
within the nation). This sometimes resulted in their near-disintegration, such as the attempt by
2421:
1769:
1478:
332:
1642:
Wimmer, Andreas. "Nation building: Why some countries come together while others fall apart."
1134:
2446:
2236:
2130:
1737:
1552:
1536:
462:
218:
175:
80:
2666:
2598:
2583:
2491:
2321:
2204:
1956:
1926:
1921:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1574:
Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the Kennedy Era
1433:
Bereketeab, Redie. "Education as an Instrument of Nation‐Building in Postcolonial Africa."
568:
143:
93:
876:
859:
361:
8:
2630:
2526:
2521:
2408:
2326:
1951:
1742:
377:
2506:
2466:
2461:
2366:
2311:
2256:
1941:
1836:
1789:
1764:
1732:
1685:
1186:
1092:
981:
973:
833:
790:
550:
285:
2588:
2501:
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2471:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2351:
2241:
2231:
1961:
1541:
1482:
1281:
1222:
1203:
Fukuyama, Francis. January/February 2004. "State of the Union: Nation-Building 101",
1190:
1004:
985:
936:
901:
837:
823:
794:
782:
689:
662:
364:, Carolyn Stephenson's essay, and the papers by Whaites, CPC/IPA or ODI cited below.
238:
107:
41:
2558:
2553:
2436:
2000:
1983:
1973:
1869:
1565:
Junco, José Alvarez. "The nation-building process in nineteenth-century Spain." in
1271:
1178:
965:
871:
815:
774:
721:
431:
305:
234:
230:
206:. These reformed states could then become viable and coherent national entities.
1664:
778:
198:
powers or empires without regard to ethnic, religious, or other boundaries, as in
2697:
2593:
2539:
2511:
2451:
2386:
2281:
2015:
2010:
1988:
1916:
1452:
Dibb, Paul (2010) "The Soviet experience in Afghanistan: lessons to be learned?"
1182:
1043:
895:
595:
373:
328:
246:
222:
210:
171:
2625:
2615:
2578:
2516:
2496:
2441:
2035:
2005:
1864:
1831:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1039:
891:
439:
369:
179:
65:
53:
49:
45:
31:
1635:
Smith, Anthony (1986), "State-Making and Nation-Building" in John Hall (ed.),
1583:
The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities
1276:
1259:
897:
The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities
685:
The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities
658:
The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities
2681:
2605:
2563:
2356:
2301:
2276:
2271:
2040:
1995:
1889:
1816:
1796:
1285:
786:
725:
466:
427:
242:
214:
123:
115:
2640:
2573:
2456:
2398:
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2346:
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2222:
2030:
2020:
1968:
1906:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1859:
1811:
1727:
1504:
Common denominators: Ethnicity, nation-building and compromise in Mauritius
1081:"Senegambia and the Confederation: History, Expectations, and Disillusions"
809:
576:
411:
407:
254:
226:
191:
60:
1443:
Bokat-Lindell, Spencer. "Is the United States Done Being the World’s Cop?
1350:
Paul Dibb, "The Soviet experience in Afghanistan: lessons to be learned?"
1155:
Dobbins, James, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, and Beth Cole DeGrasse. 2007.
819:
2568:
2376:
2361:
2336:
2266:
1936:
1911:
1901:
1879:
1806:
1474:
1378:"The U.S. lost track of why it was in Afghanistan, former commander says"
347:
Traditionally, there has been some confusion between the use of the term
195:
183:
163:
1096:
1080:
956:
Connor, Walker (18 July 2011). "Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?".
2650:
2645:
2620:
2548:
2481:
2371:
1821:
1521:
1418:
Nation-building & citizenship: studies of our changing social order
977:
563:
established de facto control of much of Afghanistan. It tolerated the
517: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
471:
461:
Afghanistan was the target for Soviet-style nation-building during the
423:
319:
to be an example of success, fractures are emerging in the form of the
269:
159:
2610:
2476:
2381:
1978:
1851:
1708:
1260:"The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years"
479:. The Soviet Union ultimately withdrew in 1988, ending the conflict.
338:
273:
127:
111:
103:
1001:
Nation-building: a key concept for peaceful conflict transformation?
969:
935:(New paperback print. ed.). New Brunswick : AldineTransaction.
751:
Barry Posen. 1993. "Nationalism, the Mass Army and Military Power",
492:
2296:
2261:
1556:
1468:"Nation-Building" – Theoretische Betrachtung und Fallbeispiel: Irak
591:
564:
476:
316:
301:
265:
139:
2316:
2246:
1658:
Understanding State-building from a Political Economy Perspective
560:
368:
democracy". In this sense nation-building, better referred to as
293:
289:
203:
135:
131:
119:
384:, and the use of propaganda to communicate governmental policy.
1801:
584:
297:
281:
199:
155:
147:
2331:
1841:
1665:
Concepts and Dilemmas of State-building in Fragile Situations
309:
277:
258:
1677:
1603:
Identity and nation building in everyday post-socialist life
1062:
Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective
1035:
Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict
1722:
1630:
War, denial and nation-building in Sri Lanka: after the end
1530:
Empire lite: nation building in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan
435:
860:"Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know"
590:
The initial invasion of Afghanistan, intended to disrupt
151:
1543:
Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
1221:( ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
1598:. Ed. Patrick James. New York: Oxford University Press.
1461:
America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq
1313:
America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq
645:. Ed. Patrick James. New York: Oxford University Press.
438:(the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), and also the
401:
308:, as well as the recurrent problems experienced by the
249:
had resulted in ethnically heterogeneous populations.
1326:
South East European Journal of Economics and Business
1168:
1046:. BCSIA Studies in International Security, MIT Press.
900:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xx.
1522:
Armed Humanitarians: The Rise of the Nation Builders
688:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. xx.
661:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
1567:
Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula
1253:
1251:
1672:State in Development: Understanding State-building
1540:
931:Deutsch, Karl W. (2010). Foltz, William J. (ed.).
1513:120 (2012): 60–68; on American misguided efforts
1509:Etzioni, Amitai. "The folly of nation building."
707:
705:
410:. The Soviet Union operated a sector that became
2679:
1596:Oxford Bibliographies in International Relations
1248:
643:Oxford Bibliographies in International Relations
27:Constructing national identity using state power
569:September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States
1367:(2013) vol 7 DOI: 10.1080/17502977.2012.734562
702:
209:Nation-building also includes the creation of
1693:
711:
624:Karl Wolfgang Deutsch, William J. Folt, eds,
1219:Nation-building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq
1003:. translated by Barry Stone. London: Pluto.
858:Mylonas, Harris; Tudor, Maya (11 May 2021).
857:
396:
1454:Australian Journal of International Affairs
1352:Australian Journal of International Affairs
1116:
1700:
1686:
1132:
853:
851:
849:
847:
594:'s networks ballooned into a 20 year long
434:, also referred to as the Dayton Accords,
1365:Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding
1275:
1159:. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation.
1058:
875:
533:Learn how and when to remove this message
292:in 1970, or the continuing demand of the
1298:cited in US Dept of State 1954, 134 (in
1257:
1241:Felbiger, cited in Melton 2002, 186 (in
1216:
1078:
1072:
70:
1586:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1579:
1258:Paglayan, Agustina S. (February 2021).
1157:The Beginner's Guide to Nation-Building
998:
933:Nation building in comparative contexts
930:
890:
844:
681:
654:
626:Nation Building in Comparative Contexts
581:International Security Assistance Force
14:
2680:
1110:
955:
884:
807:
764:
1681:
1551:
1535:
1054:
1052:
877:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841
1435:Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
1133:Stephenson, Carolyn (January 2005).
515:adding citations to reliable sources
486:
402:Germany and Japan after World War II
387:
327:demonstrate the problems of uniting
268:(the exclusion of all but friends);
1639:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 228–263.
1610:Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences
422:After the collapse of communism in
24:
1569:(Routledge, 2020) pp. 89–106.
1396:
1049:
864:Annual Review of Political Science
457:History of Afghanistan (1978–1992)
25:
2709:
1650:
1264:American Political Science Review
450:
40:is constructing or structuring a
491:
264:Many new states were plagued by
1370:
1357:
1344:
1335:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1235:
1217:Fukuyama, Francis, ed. (2006).
1210:
1197:
1162:
1149:
1126:
1026:
1017:
992:
949:
924:
502:needs additional citations for
482:
304:for complete independence. The
1576:(U North Carolina Press, 2000)
1085:Journal of Third World Studies
814:. Princeton University Press.
801:
758:
745:
742:, Volume 59 (October): 83-115.
732:
675:
648:
631:
618:
547:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
475:due to the geopolitics of the
445:
83:, each holding a national flag
13:
1:
2688:Political science terminology
1707:
1404:Journal of Contemporary China
999:Hippler, Jochen, ed. (2005).
779:10.1080/00396338.2018.1495442
714:Comparative Political Studies
611:
573:Afghan Interim Administration
555:Reconstruction in Afghanistan
339:Terminology: nation-building
192:municipal governance charters
75:A postcard from 1916 showing
1561:. London: Sage Publications.
1547:. London: Sage Publications.
1425:Journal of Strategic Studies
1183:10.1080/17449057.2011.596127
567:forces that carried out the
559:After the Soviets left, the
7:
1601:Polese, Abel, et al., eds.
1528:Ignatieff, Michael. (2003)
1525:, New York: Bloomsbury USA.
1420:(1964), influential pioneer
1079:Richmond, Edmun B. (1993).
628:, New York, Atherton, 1966.
87:
10:
2714:
2069:Countries by ethnic groups
2064:Contemporary ethnic groups
544:
454:
91:
29:
2659:
2535:
2407:
2215:
2049:
1850:
1715:
1590:Mylonas, Harris (2017), "
1502:Eriksen, Thomas Hylland.
1277:10.1017/S0003055420000647
637:Mylonas, Harris (2017), "
430:broke out. Following the
397:Foreign policy operations
77:national personifications
1667:, OECD-DAC, Paris: 2008.
1580:Mylonas, Harris (2012).
808:Wimmer, Andreas (2018).
726:10.1177/0010414015606735
682:Mylonas, Harris (2012).
655:Mylonas, Harris (2012).
325:Senegambia Confederation
272:which erodes trust; and
188:transport infrastructure
2693:International relations
2181:Torres Strait Islanders
2026:Ethnopsychopharmacology
1770:In-group and out-groups
1406:28.117 (2019): 400–414.
1137:. Beyond Intractability
417:
382:transitional government
44:using the power of the
2422:Cultural appropriation
1519:Hodge, Nathan (2011),
1427:41.1-2 (2018): 61–88.
1380:. NPR. August 10, 2022
1315:(RAND, 2005, pp 1-54).
753:International Security
428:a series of civil wars
219:national coats of arms
211:national paraphernalia
84:
2447:Ethnic interest group
2287:Ethnicity in censuses
2237:Cultural assimilation
1738:Ethnolinguistic group
1674:, DFID, London: 2008.
1656:Fritz V, Menocal AR,
1646:60.4 (2018): 151–164.
1532:(Random House, 2003).
1466:Engin, Kenan (2013).
1456:64.5 (2010): 495–509.
1354:64.5 (2010): 495-509.
820:10.1515/9781400888894
545:Further information:
81:Allies of World War I
74:
61:military conscription
2667:Minzu (anthropology)
2636:Separatist movements
2492:Ethnographic village
2322:Legendary progenitor
1957:Transidioethnography
1760:Hyphenated ethnicity
1755:Ethnographic realism
1748:Ethnoreligious group
1660:, ODI, London: 2007.
1622:91.1 (2018): 17–32.
1612:(PJSS) 38.2 (2018).
1494:Nationalities Papers
1437:20.1 (2020): 71–90.
511:improve this article
144:company registration
94:Cultural nationalism
2527:Multinational state
2522:Model minority myth
2409:Multiethnic society
2327:Linguistic homeland
1743:Ethnonational group
1620:Geographia Polonica
1572:Latham, Michael E.
378:military occupation
98:In the modern era,
2507:Middleman minority
2467:Ethnic pornography
2462:Ethnic nationalism
2367:Pantribal sodality
2312:Imagined community
1837:Symbolic ethnicity
1765:Indigenous peoples
1733:Ethnographic group
1605:(Routledge, 2017).
1506:(Routledge, 2020).
1446:The New York Times
1416:Bendix, Reinhard.
1413:(Routledge, 2018).
551:Taliban insurgency
374:massive investment
321:Anglophone problem
239:national languages
85:
2675:
2674:
2589:Ethnic stereotype
2502:Indigenous rights
2487:Ethnographic film
2472:Ethnic theme park
2432:Dominant minority
2427:Diaspora politics
2417:Consociationalism
2352:National language
2242:Cultural identity
2232:Cross-race effect
2176:Aboriginal groups
1637:States in History
1632:(Springer, 2017).
1628:Seoighe, Rachel.
1511:National Interest
1487:978-3-8487-0684-6
1328:2.2 (2007): 7-22
1135:"Nation Building"
829:978-1-4008-8889-4
755:, 18(2): 80-124.
720:(11): 1446–1479.
543:
542:
535:
463:Soviet–Afghan War
388:Role of education
276:(rivalry between
235:national airlines
231:national stadiums
176:marriage registry
128:foreign diplomacy
42:national identity
16:(Redirected from
2705:
2559:Ethnic cleansing
2554:Ethnic bioweapon
2437:Ethnic democracy
2051:Groups by region
2001:Ethnomethodology
1984:Ethnomathematics
1974:Ethnolinguistics
1870:Ethnoarchaeology
1702:
1695:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1587:
1562:
1548:
1546:
1472:
1459:Dobbins, James.
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
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579:was formed. The
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469:) supported the
432:Dayton Agreement
323:. Failures like
306:Rwandan genocide
257:in exchange for
223:national anthems
108:military defence
21:
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2704:
2703:
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2678:
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2655:
2594:Ethnic violence
2542:
2540:ethnic conflict
2538:
2531:
2512:Minority rights
2452:Ethnic majority
2403:
2387:Detribalization
2342:Nation-building
2282:Ethnic religion
2225:
2221:
2211:
2118:Central America
2045:
2016:Ethnophilosophy
2011:Ethnomusicology
1989:Ethnostatistics
1947:Person-centered
1917:Autoethnography
1846:
1711:
1706:
1670:Whaites, Alan,
1653:
1592:Nation-building
1470:
1409:Barkey, Karen.
1399:
1397:Further reading
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349:nation-building
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247:divide and rule
100:nation-building
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79:of some of the
38:Nation-building
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18:Nation building
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2628:
2626:Indigenization
2623:
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2616:Ethnosymbolism
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2591:
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2579:Ethnic penalty
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2497:Ethnopluralism
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2442:Ethnic enclave
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2157:Southeast Asia
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2044:
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2036:Ethnosemiotics
2033:
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2006:Ethnomuseology
2003:
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1865:Ethnic studies
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1845:
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1832:Supraethnicity
1829:
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1785:Minority group
1782:
1780:Metroethnicity
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1775:Meta-ethnicity
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1091:(2): 172–194.
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1040:Adria Lawrence
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958:World Politics
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370:state-building
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243:national myths
215:national flags
180:birth registry
168:citizen rights
120:import customs
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66:Andreas Wimmer
54:Harris Mylonas
50:Harris Mylonas
32:State-building
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2641:Xenocentrism
2599:Ethnic riots
2584:Ethnic slurs
2574:Ethnic party
2537:Ideology and
2457:Ethnic media
2399:White ethnic
2392:Neotribalism
2347:Nation state
2341:
2292:Ethnofiction
2223:ethnogenesis
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2137:Central Asia
2129:
2082:
2075:
2058:
2031:Ethnoscience
2021:Ethnopoetics
1969:Ethnohistory
1907:Ethnogeology
1895:Ethnozoology
1885:Ethnoecology
1875:Ethnobiology
1860:Anthropology
1812:Panethnicity
1728:Ethnic group
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1382:. Retrieved
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1177:(1): 85–93.
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1102:28 September
1100:. Retrieved
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911:. Retrieved
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605:Marine Corps
589:
577:Hamid Karzai
558:
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520:
509:Please help
504:verification
501:
483:NATO efforts
470:
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421:
412:East Germany
408:West Germany
405:
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351:and that of
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255:public goods
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2569:Ethnic joke
2377:Tribal name
2362:Origin myth
2337:Mythomoteur
2267:Ethnic flag
2252:Development
1937:Netnography
1912:Ethnography
1902:Ethnocinema
1880:Ethnobotany
1807:Nationality
1553:James, Paul
1537:James, Paul
1475:Baden Baden
1471:(in German)
446:Afghanistan
329:Francophone
184:immigration
164:citizenship
2682:Categories
2651:Xenophobia
2646:Xenophilia
2621:Indigenism
2549:Allophilia
2482:Ethnocracy
2372:Statistext
2307:Historical
2200:Indigenous
2152:South Asia
2088:Indigenous
1822:Population
913:2013-12-02
612:References
472:mujahideen
424:Yugoslavia
333:Anglophone
300:region of
270:corruption
160:healthcare
92:See also:
2611:Ethnocide
2477:Ethnoburb
2382:Tribalism
2170:Australia
2162:West Asia
2142:East Asia
2113:Caribbean
2098:Greenland
1979:Ethnology
1852:Ethnology
1790:Influence
1709:Ethnicity
1663:CIC/IPA,
1384:28 August
1286:0003-0554
1191:145382064
986:154407042
838:240305736
795:158766905
787:0039-6338
598:project.
426:in 1989,
274:tribalism
172:liberties
112:elections
104:education
2631:Nativism
2297:Ethnonym
2262:Ethnarch
2218:Identity
2205:European
2083:Americas
1927:Critical
1922:Clinical
1716:Concepts
1644:Survival
1555:(2006).
1539:(1996).
1122:. 11–12.
1097:45193442
894:(2012).
767:Survival
592:Al Qaeda
565:Al Qaeda
477:Cold War
317:Cameroon
302:Ethiopia
266:cronyism
213:such as
202:and the
196:colonial
140:taxation
88:Overview
2660:Related
2317:Kinship
2257:Endonym
2247:Demonym
2195:Oceania
1952:Salvage
1141:27 June
1038:, eds.
978:2009753
561:Taliban
296:in the
290:Nigeria
204:Balkans
190:and/or
136:finance
132:banking
2698:Nation
2189:Europe
2103:Mexico
2093:Canada
2077:Africa
1942:Online
1802:Nation
1624:online
1614:online
1515:online
1498:online
1485:
1439:online
1429:online
1330:online
1284:
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585:Faryab
575:under
553:, and
341:versus
298:Ogaden
286:secede
282:Biafra
278:tribes
241:, and
200:Africa
156:courts
148:police
2332:Mores
2059:World
1962:Video
1842:Tribe
1187:S2CID
1093:JSTOR
982:S2CID
974:JSTOR
834:S2CID
791:S2CID
310:Sudan
288:from
259:taxes
46:state
2131:Asia
1827:Race
1723:Clan
1483:ISBN
1386:2022
1282:ISSN
1223:ISBN
1143:2018
1104:2021
1042:and
1005:ISBN
937:ISBN
902:ISBN
824:ISBN
783:ISSN
690:ISBN
663:ISBN
436:NATO
418:NATO
331:and
170:and
2220:and
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1272:doi
1268:115
1179:doi
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284:to
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