Nation of Islam - Knowledge

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of a new black nation”. The objective of a consistent, self-supporting community striving for the recognition of identity and economic empowerment, coupled with a protective perspective against external societal pressures, offered a compelling narrative for both men and women members. Faced with the prevalent racism in public schools, followers of Fard were drawn to the Nation's commitment to “protect their children from demeaning racism of the public schools”. Therefore, the movement's attraction also deeply correlated with the African American community's desire for a protective and supporting environment for their children. This protective perspective extended into a broader objective for the community, where the traditional patriarchal family structure was seen as a basis for stability in the Nation of Islam. Colley thought that in these areas, it offered men living in poverty the "opportunity to reclaim their manhood and sense of pride", thus partly explaining its appeal. Although originating as a largely lower-class movement, over the course of the 20th century it became increasingly middle-class. Gardell suggested that this was partly due to the Nation's focus on hard work and rigid morality, which helped improve the economic situation of its members, coupled with the broader growth of the African-American middle class in this period. He also believed that the changing class composition, and with it a less hostile attitude to white-dominant American society, assisted the shift to Sunnism under Wallace Muhammad in the 1970s.

1440: 2368: 1903:. This led to headline news which often identified the NOI as a "Voodoo cult". The police then raided the Nation's headquarters and arrested Fard Muhammad. He was soon released; the killer was declared insane. After this incident, Fard Muhammad gave Elijah Poole increasing powers, declaring him Supreme Minister of the Nation and renaming him Elijah Muhammad. In 1933, Elijah Muhammad then set up a new temple on Chicago's South Side. Fard Muhammad was arrested several further times; in September 1933 he was arrested for disorderly conduct in Chicago, which is his last known verified whereabouts. In 1934, Fard Muhammad disappeared without notifying his followers or designating a successor. Rumours spread that he had moved to Europe or that he had been killed, either by the police or by ex-followers of his. 2263:, a Japanese man who was promoting pro-Japanese sentiment among African-American groups. Takahashi lived with an officer of the Nation for a time and also married a former member. Elijah Muhammad declared that Takahashi was teaching African Americans that "the Japanese were brothers and friends of the American Negroes". During the Second World War, in which the U.S. fought against Japan, many Nation members expressed pro-Japanese sentiment and refused the draft to fight against the Japanese military, stating that they would not fight people whom they regarded as fellow members of the Original Asiatic Race. 1701:

secondary education. These emphasize science, mathematics, black history, Arabic, and NOI doctrine; Farrakhan has said that they need to provide black children with "an education to make them Gods". In these schools, boys and girls are taught separately; pupils are only given two weeks of vacation each year. Combating the idea that academic achievement entails "acting white", the Nation has sought to associate hard work in school with pride in being black. As well as African-American pupils, some of these schools have also accepted students from Latino, Asian, and Pacific Island communities.

1503: 2564: 1611:, deeming this cuisine to be undignified. Concerned about obesity and diabetes among African Americans, Elijah Muhammad urged his followers to restrict their caloric intake, ideally by eating only one meal a day. He claimed that this would extend the human lifespan and that those who ate only once every 24 hours would live for 150 years and that those who ate once every seven days would live for 1,050 years. Members are also encouraged to conduct regular three-day fasts, and to fast during the daylight for the entirety of December. The NOI also prohibits the use of 1744: 1237:. It claims that most of these enslaved blacks forgot their true names, their Arabic language, and their Muslim identity, instead embracing Christianity, the religion of the white oppressor. In this enslaved state, the black people lost their morality, engaging in sinful behaviour such as fornication and drinking alcohol. The Nation teaches that Allah allowed all this to happen so that the black race would realise humanity's inner potential for evil and discover how to defeat it, thus enabling them to realize their divine capacity and become Gods. 11389: 1098: 1934:, the FBI started monitoring the Nation; FBI informants reported pro-Japanese sentiment being expressed at its meetings. Many Nation members refused the military draft. On October 22, 1942, 25 NOI members were each sentenced to three years in prison for draft evasion. In September 1942, the FBI arrested 65 NOI members, including Elijah Muhammad, who was incarcerated for refusing to register for the draft. He was released in August 1946, at which point he found the Nation's membership had declined. He lived at a villa named The Palace in 2352: 1383:, rejecting the integration of the black and white races. It called for the creation of a separate and sovereign African-American nation-state in the southern part of what is currently the United States, portraying this as compensation for the unpaid labor of their enslaved ancestors. Farrakhan has also suggested that the countries of Africa should set aside land on that continent for the African diaspora, characterising this as a reparation for the complicity of West African states in the Atlantic slave trade. 2664: 2252: 47: 2646:, an Islamic group whose legitimacy is also often rejected by mainstream Muslim communities, similarly does not recognise the NOI as Islamic. Elijah Muhammad dismissed these objections by claiming that the "Old Islam" of his critics was "led by white people", while Farrakhan has responded to such criticisms with his own critique of the mainstream Islamic world, accusing it of racism, of being obedient to the U.S. government, of engaging in sectarian violence, and of excessively relying on the 2380:

rising steadily in the latter part of that decade; many of its members, including Malcolm X, were recruited while in prison. Farrakhan stepped up the Nation's prison ministry in the 1980s in response to the increasing incarceration of young black men under the Reagan administration. By the early 1960s, prison authorities were raising concerns that the NOI was exacerbating racial tensions in prisons; the availability of NOI material in prisons has raised concerns in the U.S. government, with

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from which he had emerged. According to the Nation, the first god then created the Sun and the planets. As his helpers, he created more black men and took his place on a council of 24 imams; 12 greater and 12 lesser. Each of these imams takes a turn being god for one cycle each. 15,000 years ago, these ancient scientists—who had knowledge of the future—wrote their knowledge down in a text, the Mother Book. Parts of this, the NOI claims, have been given to humanity as the

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portrayed as eternal and non-anthropomorphic, which is at odds with the theology of the NOI. Also conflicting with mainstream Islam is the NOI's claim that there is no afterlife; Elijah Muhammad wrote that "when you are dead, you are DEAD". He taught that there is no spiritual realm, with the material universe being all that exists, although he also stated that humans could develop parapsychological powers and that he personally had telepathic abilities.

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the same powers as the inaugural god, namely the ability to return the universe to its primordial darkness and then recreate it, for he has developed the divine capacity innate to black people to the maximum degree. It teaches that although this founder disappeared in 1934, he had secretly moved to Mecca and would live for another 409 years. For the Nation, he takes on the traditional roles of God, the

2146:, during the 1980s and 1990s artists influenced by the Nation who were active in these genres played a role in spreading the Nation's message. Farrakhan had grown concerned by the growth of gang violence, especially among African-American youths, and in 1989 launched his "Stop the Killing" campaign to combat it. He played a key role in getting two of the country's largest gangs, the 2024:

Nation of holding back the revolutionary potential of African Americans. In February 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated in New York. The following year, three members of the NOI were convicted of the killing. There was press speculation that the Nation's leaders were complicit, something which damaged the group's reputation; recruitment declined in the latter half of the 1960s. As the

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blonde, light-skinned people, the white race. The myth of Yakub presents the white race as being degenerate, sub-human, and bereft of divinity. Because of this, the NOI teaches that white people are intrinsically prone to lying, violence, and brutality. Elijah Muhammad repeatedly referred to the white man as the devil. The NOI's ideas regarding white people have been labelled both

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African-American populations, it has for instance engaged in door-to-door campaigns to raise awareness about local pollution, or used the FOI to patrol neighborhoods as a community watchdog, especially to stop drug-dealing. The Nation has also urged African Americans not to rely on state welfare payments, arguing that this undermines the community's ability to be self-sufficient.

1422:, regarding them as "Uncle Tom Negroes". In contrast to King's calls for non-violent protest against segregation and racial violence, the Nation maintained it was a moral obligation for African Americans to defend their community from attack. As a NOI spokesman, Malcolm X claimed that while they would not instigate violence, the Nation would use it to defend themselves. 1322:(1: 4–28). It teaches that Allah and many of his scientists live in a magnificent city on the Mother Plane, from which they monitor humanity; Farrakhan has claimed that Elijah Muhammad never died but is resident aboard this ship. The Nation teaches that there are also smaller vessels, "baby planes", docked inside the Mother Ship and that these travel to visit Earth. 2276:

interest-free loan in 1972 to purchase its Chicago South Side centre, and another $ 5 million interest-free loan in 1985 to fund its black enterprise program. It later offered Farrakhan's Nation $ 1 billion, which the U.S. government sought to block. In 1996, Farrakhan embarked on a tour of Africa and the Middle East, meeting with leaders including Gaddafi, Ghana's

1628: 1164: 1956:, which presented the group as evidence for the harmful effect that poor race relations were having in the U.S. In 1962, Los Angeles police raided one of the Nation's temples; one member was killed and seven injured, attracting national press attention. In 1963, a schism in the Nation's Temple Number 7 in Harlem led to the creation of a new group, the 1342:, Elijah Muhammad claimed that after the apocalypse, "Peace, joy and happiness will have no end." Those living in this perfect society will eat the finest food and wear clothes of silk interwoven with gold. The NOI has taught that the white ruling elite are aware of this forthcoming apocalypse and that the U.S. exploration of space and the 1531:" (peace be upon you), with the congregation responding "Wa 'alaikum As-salam" (and also upon you). Meetings at the mosque are both opened and closed with prayers, and the Nation's "national anthem" may be played. A lecture will be provided by one of the ministers. The minister may read out verses selected from either the Bible or Qur'an. 1147:, including Asians, North Africans, and Native Americans; only light-skinned people of West European descent are excluded. Elijah Muhammad for instance referred to "black, brown, yellow red" people as collectively constituting "black mankind", which he then juxtaposed against the "white race". He considered some East Europeans, such as 1314:. Central to its view of the apocalypse is a large spaceship, known as the Wheel, the Mother Plane, or the Mother Ship. Members usually refer to it with female pronouns. Elijah Muhammad described this as "a small human planet", claiming that it is half a mile by half a mile in diameter. The Nation teaches that this vessel is 2092: 1289:

angels. White everything. But a black Devil, of course. The "Uncle Sam" political foundation is based on white supremacy, relegating nonwhites to second-class citizenship. It goes without saying that the social philosophy is strictly white supremacist. And the educational system perpetuates white supremacy.

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accordance with his father's intentions; he claimed to be in contact with Fard Muhammad, and that the founder had established the NOI's idiosyncratic beliefs as a means of gradually introducing Islamic teachings to African Americans, with the ultimate intention of bringing them to mainstream Sunni Islam.

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use of "X" as a surname, symbolising what they regarded as African-American identity as an "ex-slave" and also as a marker for their lost ancestral name. As this results in many individuals having the same name, numbers are added before the X to differentiate members (i.e. "Charles 2X", "Charles 3X").

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The Nation of Islam became the largest black nationalist organization in the United States, having cultivated a sense of pride among many African Americans and made a noted effort to improve their education and welfare. At the start of the 21st century, Barrett called the NOI "one of the most visible

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suggested the higher estimate. In 2007, the scholar of religion Lawrence A. Mamiya suggested that there were then around 50,000 members of the Nation. While based in the U.S., the Nation has also established either a presence or influence in all parts of the world where there is a dense clustering of

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Prior to 1975, only a small number of Hispanic American and Native American individuals were members of the NOI, although under Farrakhan the Nation began putting greater efforts into recruiting among these groups. The number of Latinos in the Nation is not known, although their presence in the group

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In its early decades, the Nation's appeal was strongest in poor African-American neighborhoods. Ula Y. Taylor mentioned that women members in the Nation, in particular, found the promise of a “stable family life Elijah Muhammad touted,” appealing and the opportunity to participate in “the development

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in 1972. On taking control, Farrakhan also pursued links with various Muslim-majority countries, visiting Ghana and Libya in 1985. For many years, Gaddafi was the Nation's most prominent international supporter and offered them assistance in various forms. His government gave the Nation a $ 3 million

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As of 2020, the Nation consisted of ten ministries: for Spiritual Development, Agriculture, Education, Information, Health, Trade and Commerce, Defense, Justice, Arts and Culture, and Science and Technology. It also established a shadow ministry, forming the prototype for the governance of the future

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He increasingly aligned the group with Sunni Islam, rejecting many of the Nation's idiosyncratic teachings, including its claim that Fard was God, that Elijah Muhammad had been a prophet, the Myth of Yakub, and the claims about the Mother Plane. He retained the Nation's themes of black pride, healthy

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pilgrimage to Mecca, where he came across white Muslims, an experience that shifted him from his total hostility to white people. In light of these experiences, in March 1964 he left the Nation and became a Sunni Muslim. He began denouncing Elijah Muhammad for his extramarital affairs and accused the

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The NOI encourages its followers to live highly disciplined lifestyles, revolving around structure and order; these conservative and ascetic approaches have led to followers being called "Black Puritans". They are encouraged to obey the law, to seek gainful employment, to always be punctual, to avoid

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Although Nation members are allowed to marry non-members, the group stipulates that they should only marry other black people, claiming that sex with white women emasculates black men. Birth control methods are criticised as an attempt by the white establishment to lower the black birthrate, although

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ideology. Elijah Muhammad stated that "where as the Black man in Africa is our brother, our central responsibility is with the Black man here in the wilderness of North America". Rather than treating Africa as a homeland, the Nation's origin myths present Mecca in Saudi Arabia as the original home of

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Christianity is seen as "white man's religion". It is regarded as having perpetuated white domination and furthered the oppression of the African diaspora in the Americas; it is also associated with slavery and colonialism in the Nation of Islam's discourse. The religion is treated with suspicion out

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Fishman and Soage highlighted that the Nation's "core theological principles are completely divorced from the traditional Islamic faith". The Nation's theology differs from the mainstream Islamic belief in a fundamental ontological divide between humanity and God; in mainstream Islam, Allah is always

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The religion which is promoted by the Nation has been described as "Fardian Islam", "nontraditional Islam", and "quasi-Islamic". The Nation sees itself as part of the Islamic world, although it has little in common with mainstream forms of Islam. Herbert Berg commented that it had only a "superficial

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and the Zionist policies of the State of Israel and also to stifle all legitimate criticism of the errant behavior of some Jewish people toward the non-Jewish population of the earth." Other Jewish groups have also been critical of the NOI; four Jewish organizations withdrew their sponsorship of the

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Since its early years, the NOI has sought to recruit disenfranchised African-American Christians, and unemployed, disenchanted black youth. Its process of seeking converts is termed "fishing for the dead". To this end, the Nation holds regular open meetings, mass rallies, street-corner lectures, and

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Under Elijah Muhammad, the Nation established relations with various Muslim countries, regarded as strategic allies in its conflict with the U.S. government. In 1957, Malcolm X organized a conference on colonialism attended by delegates from Egypt, Iraq, Sudan, and Morocco, while Elijah Muhammad met

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With Fard Muhammad gone, Elijah Muhammad took over as head of the Nation. It was under his leadership "that the NOI's theology crystallized". Elijah Muhammad claimed that Fard Muhammad had been the latest Allah and that he had now returned to his own realm, with Elijah Muhammad remaining on Earth as

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It owns various clothing stores and food markets. Since the 1980s, it has also sought government contracts, and in 1988, it established the Security Agency Incorporated, which provided FOI patrols for clients. In 1985 it launched its POWER (People Organized and Working for Economic Rebirth) project,

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The group's leadership is overwhelmingly male, although several women rose to senior positions during the 1990s; in 1998 the Nation appointed its first woman minister, Ava Muhammad, as head of Mosque Number 15 in Georgia. In various cases, Nation women still play an active role in their communities,

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Seeking to restore black manhood, the Nation expresses great concern regarding the emasculation of black men, attributing this attitude to the failure of black men to prevent the sexual assault of black women by white men over the centuries. It expects men to be providers for their family. Women are

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There, the NOI claims, Yakub engaged in a selective breeding program to create the white race. This entailed breeding new children, with those who were too dark being killed at birth and their bodies being fed to wild animals or incinerated. Over two centuries, Yakub's experiments created a group of

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The Nation teaches that in the beginning there was nothing but darkness. Then, 76 trillion years ago, the first god willed himself into being, taking 6 million years to form into his desired appearance; that of a black man. In this account, this god chose his skin color in reference to the blackness

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included contributions not only from Nation members, but also from leftist and progressive writers in the African American community. Members were encouraged to sell these magazines on street corners or sometimes door-to-door in African-American-majority areas. These sellers were given sales quotas

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The NOI says that its finances come primarily from donations and its businesses. At the start of the 1960s, it was reported that members were expected to donate a set part of their earnings to the group each year; as of 1952, this reportedly constituted a third of a member's annual income. In 1976,

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for drugs charges. Ford had been released in May 1929, a year before the appearance of Fard Muhammad. The NOI reject the identification of Fard Muhammad as Ford, claiming that the FBI forged the fingerprint evidence. Another allegation is that Fard had been a member of the Moorish Science Temple of

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Many people have presumed the NOI to be a revolutionary movement; however, it has not sought to foment political revolution or violent social change, instead focusing its emphasis on shifting the consciousness of its members, encouraging them to focus on personal moral improvement, family building,

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by members of the Fruit of Islam (FOI) or the Muslim Girl's Training group, who look both for weapons and for objects like cosmetics and cigarettes which are disapproved of. After this, the attendees are seen to their seats, usually rows of benches. The sexes are segregated during worship, women on

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We want our people in America whose parents or grandparents are descendants from slaves to be allowed to establish a separate state or territory of their own, either on this continent or elsewhere. We believe that our former slave masters are obligated to provide such land and that the area must be

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was also sent to try and civilise the white race; Farrakhan's NOI has taught that Jesus was not the Messiah, as Christians believe, but that he instead pointed to the later coming of the true messiah, Elijah Muhammad. They reject the Christian belief that Jesus was God, that he was the product of a

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The Nation promotes the idea that "God is man and man is God, that God has a presence inside human individuals." It teaches that the black race, in its natural state, is divine; collectively, the black race is God, or a "nation of Gods". Elijah Muhammad said that "all Muslims are Allahs". According

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as a black man, and Nation members believe that this was the form that the first god consciously took. Each god has different abilities and degrees of power. The Nation regards its founder, Fard Muhammad, as the latest of these gods, or "God in person". They believe that he is the first god to have

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followed later. During the 20th century, most studies on the NOI relied on secondary sources due to the group's general unwillingness to open itself up to study. Those outside the movement have often seen its teachings as illogical and irrational. Various historical and scientific errors have been

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The group's recruitment efforts have proved particularly effective among drug addicts and incarcerated criminals, operating in areas where the African-American Christian churches lack a strong presence. The Nation was active in prison ministry by the 1950s, with its numbers of imprisoned followers

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in July 1930, when he began preaching his ideas among the city's African Americans. Fard Muhammad claimed that he was an Arab from Mecca who had come to the United States on a mission to the African-American people, whom he called the "Nation of Islam", to restore them to their original faith. The

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Edward E. Curtis IV stated that the Nation is "both highly religious and political at the same time", while Gardell noted that it "formulated emphatic political demands". However, the NOI has urged its members to avoid mainstream electoral politics; in 1961, it was observed that its members rarely

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in its focus and concealing the achievement of non-white societies, it perpetuates white supremacy. To this end, the Nation has established its own educational system. Across the U.S. it has established Muhammad Universities of Islam; most of these are elementary schools, although a few also offer

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The Nation requests that new members change any names inherited from slave-owners who owned their ancestors as a declaration of mental emancipation. This is not considered necessary if the new member has a name that is already African in origin. During the mid-20th century it began encouraging the

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predicted it would occur in 2001. According to Nation teaching, the Mother Plane will appear above the Earth and transport the righteous to live upon it. It will then use the baby planes to place bombs beneath the Earth's surface, which will explode and wipe out the old, white-dominated order. The

1183:. Yakub is presented as a black scientist who was a child prodigy; by the age of 18 he had learned everything that Mecca's universities had to teach him. He attracted a following but caused trouble, leading the Meccan authorities to exile him and his followers to Pelan, the Mediterranean island of 955:, which are typically seen as central to Islamic belief and practice; its claims that Allah (God) takes anthropomorphic form and that there is no afterlife differ fundamentally from standard Islam. Unlike most forms of Islam, the NOI does not teach that the 6th/7th century Arabian religious leader 2407:

The Nation does not publicly reveal its membership numbers, and in the past it had a high turnover among its members, some eventually evolving into becoming conventional Sunni Muslims. Under Fard Muhammad's leadership, it reached a total of approximately 8,000 members. By 1960, its membership was

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This signifies their willingness to abide to the strict rules of the organisation and their renunciation of much personal choice. They are expected to wear suits with either ties or bowties; those who are part of the Fruit of Islam guards wear military-style uniforms. Women are commanded to dress

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virus to exterminate black people. The Nation is openly critical of U.S. aggression towards countries with non-white majorities, especially when those countries also have Muslim majorities. In keeping with its anti-Western ethos, it has also adopted a consistently anti-Israel position, being both

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in the Arabian peninsula; Elijah Muhammad claimed that Mecca was the Tribe's original home and "the ONLY HOLY SPOT on our planet". He claimed that the Tribe were Muslim and that their language was Arabic. In the Nation's discourse, these early humans are labelled "black", described as having dark

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He claimed that the Nation's old belief that the white man was the Devil referred to mental whiteness, a state that is rebelling against Allah, rather than light-skinned people themselves. Most mosques remained with Wallace Muhammad during these reforms but some mosques rejected them, seeking to

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in the 1760s–80s, approximately 15 percent of enslaved Africans and African Americans in the new United States were Muslim. Although Islam probably died out among the African-American community over subsequent generations, the notion that Islam was a religion historically associated with African

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The Nation interprets many of the problems facing the African-American community in this light, for instance, Farrakhan has claimed that the white establishment has encouraged a black gang culture to provide an excuse for the police killing of black youths, and that they are also responsible for

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to Caribbean migrants, Farrakhan had been a nightclub singer prior to joining the original Nation in 1955. In 1964 he had become minister of the NOI's Harlem Temple and in 1967 a national representative of Elijah Muhammad. Under Wallace Muhammad's leadership, Farrakhan was relocated to Chicago,

1927:. Under Elijah Muhammad's leadership, the NOI relocated its headquarters to Chicago. He then spent the following seven years traveling around the United States, mostly along the East Coast, promoting his religion to African Americans. Under his leadership, the Nation grew in size and influence. 1675:

The Nation prioritises land ownership to increase food production and autonomy for African Americans; a commonly used slogan among the NOI is that "The farm is the engine of our national life." By the early 1970s, it had 20,000 acres of farm land in Michigan, Alabama, and Georgia, while in 1994

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In the late 1950s, Elijah Muhammad published a prayer manual outlining how his followers should pray five times a day; this involved an ablution beforehand. He stipulated that these prayers should be in English, although commented that in future he would explain how to do so in Arabic. In later

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In the Nation's teachings, Allah permitted the white race to rule the Earth for 6000 years, a period that is almost at an end. The NOI teaches that the white race spread out from Europe and began to dominate the world. It conquered and enslaved the Tribe of Shabazz, shipping many of them to the

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African-American studies scholar, Priscilla McCutcheon noted that although the NOI remained a comparatively small religion, it had "a wide discursive reach", while in 1996 Gardell commented that its influence among black youth "far exceeds" its membership. The Nation's role in confronting gang

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In November 1976, the Nation was renamed the World Community of al-Islam in the West, and in April 1978, it was renamed the American Muslim Mission. Wallace Muhammad also renamed himself, first to Warith Deen and then to Warithuddin Muhammad. Wallace Muhammad claimed that these changes were in

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and Marcus Garvey in emphasizing the construction of black infrastructure as a means of community empowerment. The Nation has created many companies, including the Salaam restaurant chain, the Shabazz bakeries, the Fashahnn Islamic clothing range, the Clean 'N Fresh skin and haircare products,

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commented that the idea of black unity is "at the very core of the NOI ideology". It seeks to empower black people by giving them a positive self-identity, purging ideas of white superiority, and black inferiority, from its followers. In the Nation's view, black liberation requires a religious

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knows it. Anyone who has studied the genetic phase of biology knows that white is considered recessive and black is considered dominant...The entire American economy is based on white supremacy. Even the religious philosophy is, in essence, white supremacy. A white Jesus. A white Virgin. White

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God say you're the real devil. And you damn sure are. Ain't another devil nowhere else. Ain't no use you get mad with me, white people. You are the devil. The only hell-raiser on the earth. I'm not sayin' that you are responsible, 'cause you are made devil. But I'm not gonna make a mistake in

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differently from mainstream Christians and mainstream Muslims. A black nationalist religion and an African-American religion, it seeks to reclaim what it regards as the historic Islamic identity of African Americans. Its members have been called "Black Muslims", and its second leader, Elijah

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The NOI teaches that history can be divided into distinct cycles, each ruled by a new god who takes over from his predecessor. The Nation teaches that none of these gods are immortal, but all die, at which time a new god takes their place. A central tenet of its theology is the portrayal of

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produced by the NOI, and its teachings have not remained static, but have changed throughout its history. Over the course of its history, it has, for instance, adopted additional elements from mainstream Islam; further, Farrakhan's second Nation also bears some distinct differences from its

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diets, sexual modesty, and economic self-determination. "Temples" were renamed "mosques", while "ministers" were renamed "imams". The FOI was disbanded, with Wallace calling it a "hooligan outfit". Black nationalism was abandoned, and the ban on white people joining the Nation was lifted.

2119:, which by 1994 had a circulation of 500,000. In 1981, Farrakhan's Nation held its first convention, and its membership began to increase rapidly in the mid-1980s. It was able to buy much of the property owned by its predecessor, including the Chicago Palace and the Stoney Island Mosque. 1468:(MGT) about their intentions. Men found to have beaten their wives are temporarily suspended from Nation membership. Divorce is frowned upon, but not forbidden. Children are expected to study hard, avoid street culture, and respect their elders. Farrakhan was initially highly critical of 738:

then created the white race. The whites lacked inner divinity, and were intrinsically violent; they overthrew the Tribe of Shabazz and achieved global dominance. Setting itself against the white-dominated society of the United States, the NOI campaigns for the creation of an independent

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Farrakhan presented himself as Elijah Muhammad's true successor; his followers described Wallace Muhammad's leadership as "the Fall". Farrakhan's NOI spent the first several years focusing on rebuilding; the Fruit of Islam was re-established. In 1979, Farrakhan established a newspaper,

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The NOI's teachings on gender issues are conservative and patriarchal, promoting strict gender roles for men and women. Emphasis is placed on the family unit; the Nation maintains that the security of the black family unit is ensured when its members adhere to their gendered duties and

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The Nation also has a longstanding record of involvement in civic, economic, and political activities outside the strictly religious arena. In some economically deprived areas, they have played a role in providing services that the public institutions have not. In some areas with high

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In 1991, the Nation launched its Three Year Economic Savings Plan, asking followers to send them $ 10 a month over the three years, money that would collectively allow the group to buy more farmland. For the Nation, acquiring land and growing food is regarded as a means of building

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The NOI's conception of race differs from that of most Americans. For the Nation, everyone not of West European genetic origin is a descendant of the Original Asiatic Race. In the group's discourse, "black" does not simply mean those of Sub-Saharan African genetic descent, but all

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The Nation holds that the moon was created when one of the scientists tried to destroy the Earth with explosives, resulting in a chunk of the Earth's mass being forced into orbit. The Nation also alleges that Asia and Africa were once a single continent. In endorsing a form of

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prison outreach. Young "brothers" seek new recruits in "jails and penitentiaries, pool halls and barbershops, college campuses and street corners". It has also utilized books by Elijah Muhammad, radio broadcasts, and audio-recorded speeches to promote its message.

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Based in the United States, the Nation of Islam has also established a presence abroad, with membership open only to people of color. In 2007, it was estimated to have 50,000 members. The Nation has proven to be particularly successful at converting prisoners. The

985:, a contemporary of the NOI which shares many of its key concerns, members of the Nation do not exhibit considerable variation in their approach to the religion, displaying a high degree of uniformity and conformity among followers. However, there is no specific 1094:, thirteen human tribes existed. These tribes were part of a single black civilization that existed over 66 trillion years ago that "created the universe" and everything in it and was the same group of people as the ancient scientists that existed beforehand. 2629:

The NOI has been the subject of much scholarly attention. Initial research was largely undertaken by historians and sociologists in the late 1950s and 1960s and was often hostile or dismissive; research influenced by disciplines like religious studies and

1122:, the belief that numbers possess hidden meanings; it believes that the number 19 is key to decoding scriptures such as the Quran, and takes the view that it is meaningful that the names of both Elijah Muhammad and Louis Farrakhan have 14 letters in them. 2639: 1815:

of North Africa. The Nation then emerged in the context of the 1930s, when large numbers of African Americans were migrating from southern states to the cities of the north; most of its early members were southern migrants who had settled in Detroit.

1425:

Unlike the Garveyites and Rastafari who strongly emphasise links between the African diaspora and Africa itself, Elijah Muhammad and the NOI have instead focused their attention on the African diaspora in the Americas, rejecting a specifically

950:

traditions, while Jason Eric Fishman and Ana Belén Soage observed that although the Nation uses many standard Islamic terms, it gives them "profoundly different meanings" to those understood by most Muslims. The Nation's views differ from the

1868:

Fard Muhammad's following grew rapidly. Around 7,000 to 8,000 people attended his meetings, which were held three days a week. Some of those attracted to it had previously been members of the Moorish Science Temple. He wrote two manuals, the

1811:, in 1913. Drew Ali claimed that he was the reincarnation of both Jesus and Muhammad, and maintained that African Americans should refer to themselves as "Moorish Americans", reflecting what he believed were their connections to the Islamic 790:. He expanded the NOI's teachings and declared Fard Muhammad to be the latest Allah. Attracting growing attention in the late 1950s and 1960s, the NOI's influence expanded through high-profile members such as the black nationalist, activist 1125:

The Nation teaches that the first humans were the "Original" or "Asiatic" race, whom it describes as members of the Tribe of Shabaz, who spread all over Earth from 66 trillion years ago onwards. It claims that this Tribe inhabited Egypt's

1011:

God is a man and we just cannot make Him other than a man, lest we make Him an inferior one; for man's intelligence has no equal in other than man. His wisdom is infinite; capable of accomplishing anything that His brain can conceive.

2576:

violence, drugs, and poverty among African-American communities has earned them respect. The sociologist A.A. Akom opined that the NOI had a reputation even among non-Muslim African Americans of "speaking truth to power", with a 1994

2531:

when it invited Farrakhan to speak, while Jewish student groups have sought to prevent Farrakhan giving speeches on university campuses, picketing these speeches when they have occurred. Far-right Jewish groups have gone further; the

2396:

is much higher under Farrakhan than it was under Elijah Muhammad. Not all members believe every teaching of the Nation implicitly, and there are reports of members who privately break the Nation's rules, for instance by listening to

2083:

return to the group's original teachings; small splinter groups emerged in Detroit, Atlanta, and Baltimore. In 1985, Wallace Muhammad disbanded the organization, telling his followers to affiliate instead with their local mosques.

15539: 2161:

through Washington DC in 1995 which united a range of African-American groups to counter negative portrayals of black manhood; it was the largest black demonstration in U.S. history. In 2010, Farrakhan announced his embrace of

2469:

should be given 24 hours to leave their country, and all of those whites who are still in South Africa after that point should be killed; Farrakhan censured him for the tone of this speech. The Nation has also been accused of

1202:

According to the Nation's teachings, Yakub's newly created white race sowed discord among the black race, and thus were exiled to live in the caves of Europe. In this narrative, it was in Europe that the white race engaged in

2130:

came to play an important part in Farrakhan's speeches. Farrakhan's Nation expanded its international network, including building links in Africa; particularly strong links were built between Farrakhan and Ghanaian President

2493:

as "ridiculous", insisting that this role is taken by the black race. At his Kean College speech, Khalid Mohammad had referred to the "Jew-nited Nations" in "Jew York City" and stated that the Jewish people deserved Hitler.

1484:

in cases of rape or incest or where the woman's life is endangered by the pregnancy. Same-sex relationships are condemned as immoral; Farrakhan for instance banned gay men from his Million Man March, bringing accusations of

1795:(UNIA); Zoe Coley commented that "UNIA provided the cultural bedrock for the NOI". Garvey's economic nationalism, whereby he called for African-American economic self-sufficiency and enterprise, was a particular influence. 2178:, founder of Dianetics and Scientology, stating that his ideas were "exceedingly valuable to every Caucasian person on this Earth". NOI Sister Charlene Muhammad received the "Dianetics Auditor of the Year" Award 2018. 1443:

Women members of the NOI at a Saviour's Day meeting in 1974. A women's outfit incorporating a headpiece and full-length garment covering the arms and legs was introduced in the 1930s, intended to preserve the wearer's

1386:

It cites the formation of Israel as a state for the Jewish people in 1948 as a precedent for the establishment of such a state. Gardell suggested that any such black state formed under the Nation's leadership would be

1325:

The Nation teaches that a period of deteriorating inter-racial tensions will culminate in the apocalypse. NOI members have repeatedly claimed that this apocalypse is imminent; Farrakhan for instance predicted that the

1877:. He also urged his followers to listen to the radio sermons of the Watch Tower Society and Baptist fundamentalists. He established a bureaucratic administration within the Nation, its own system of schools, and the 2774: 2043:, encouraging several incidents in which Black Panthers attacked NOI newspaper sellers. The NOI also engaged in recurring conflicts with other Islamic groups that had predominantly black memberships. It argued with 1692:

for African Americans. It hopes to establish a system of black-owned farms through which to feed 40 million black people, with the stated aim of providing at least one healthy meal a day for every African American.

1656:

toward black-owned businesses. It also seeks the collective economic advancement of African Americans through individual achievement; various women members created their own businesses, sometimes run from the home.

1584:, Elijah Muhammad urged his followers to subsist primarily on fruit, vegetables, and certain grains, and to choose lamb if they must eat meat. Discouraged foods include dried fruits, white flour, additives, and 1453:

expected to act as caretakers of the household and the children, and are cautioned from forming friendships with men. Outsiders often perceive the Nation's women as being victims of male oppression and control.

959:

was the final nor the most important messenger of God, instead treating its first two leaders, Fard Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad, as being more important. From mainstream Islamic perspectives, its teachings are

1518:

During the 1960s, the NOI's places of worship were called both temples and mosques. As well as serving a religious function, these can also be used as a community center, bank, school, and child-care facility.

893:

featuring in its ideas about the forthcoming end of the world. Although they both employ the same name, the Nation of Islam has represented two distinct organizations: the first organization was established by

2586:

poll found that two-thirds of African Americans who knew of Farrakhan had favorable views of him. Similarly positive assessments of the Nation's efforts have been observed among black communities in Britain.

1135:

skin as well as smooth, straight hair, closely resembling dark-complexioned Arabians or South Asians rather than Sub-Saharan Africans. Elijah Muhammad claimed that some of this Original Race were later given

1945:

During the latter part of the 1950s, the group's membership grew. In 1959, the FBI encouraged the media to attack the Nation, hoping to discredit it. It was in this year that a documentary about the group,

1413:

The Nation's racial separatism was at odds with the mainstream civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The Nation was critical of African-American activists who promoted racial integration, such as

7758: 1798:

The Moorish Science Temple, an organization also promoting an idiosyncratic religion that described its teachings as Islam, would also be a key influence on the Nation. This had been established by the

1151:, to be descendants of the Original Asiatic Race. The Nation teaches that all descendants of the Original Race were Muslims by their intrinsic nature, but that many created heretical deviations such as 12945: 12940: 1460:

The NOI strictly enforces heterosexual monogamy among its members and encourages sexual abstinence prior to marriage. Members seeking to court another are expected to inform the captain of their local

2039:. It had continued to face opposition from the FBI, who engaged in a renewed counterintelligence project to destabilise it from the late 1960s. This included sowing discord between the Nation and the 1842:

My name is W. D. Fard, and I come from the Holy City of Mecca. More about myself I will not tell you yet, for the time has not yet come. I am your brother. You have not yet seen me in my royal robes.

15581: 8489: 16032: 2214:, and was making a loss with its agricultural operations. Although the Nation does not reveal the extent of its financial resources, in the 1990s its assets were estimated to total $ 80,000,000. 7671: 12952: 8594: 7638: 2319:

attended an NOI rally in Washington DC in 1961 and then spoke at the Nation's St Saviour's Day rally in Chicago in 1962. Links with the white far-right continued under Farrakhan's Nation, with

2071:

and had left the Nation on several occasions during the 1960s and 1970s, having re-joined in 1974. As leader, Wallace Muhammad launched what he called a "Second Resurrection" in the movement.

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to its teachings, "knowledge of self" is key for black people to realize their inner divinity. The NOI thus teaches that by following its teachings, one can recognize one's inner Godliness.

10940:

McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013b). "Community Food Security "For Us, By Us": The Nation of Islam and the Pan African Orthodox Christian Church". In Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik (ed.).

1938:

area, and in winter moved to a large ranch outside Phoenix, Arizona. Increasingly exposed to Sunni Islam, Elijah Muhammad drew more elements from it into the Nation, and also undertook the

1439: 10335:

Akom, A. A. (2007). "Cities as Battlefields: Understanding how the Nation of Islam impacts Civic Engagement, Environmental Racism, and Community Development in a Low Income Neighborhood".

2598:

movement, a type of Christianity which emerged in areas of the U.S. where the NOI had a pre-existing presence. The Nation has also influenced a range of hip hop and rap artists, including

8766: 6880: 6841: 2035:, and by 1974 it had either temples or study groups in every U.S. state and the District of Columbia. Relations with law enforcement remained strained; in 1972, a New York City policeman 11193:

Turman, Eboni Marshall (2015). ""The Greatest Tool of the Devil:" Mamie, Malcolm X, and the PolitiX of the Black Madonna in Black Churches and the Nation of Islam in the United States".

2367: 12957: 930:. A Muslim identity appealed to the NOI as it offered an alternative to mainstream, Christian-dominated American culture. The Nation denigrates Christianity, claiming it is a tool of 16425: 10026: 1363:

dimension. It regards African Americans, or black people more broadly, as the Chosen People, espousing a cosmology in which the black race is superior and the white race inferior.

1825: 16450: 12628: 8463: 2956:: "... although there were NRMs that attracted converts with different demographic profiles, such as the young black males who joined the Rastafarians or the Nation of Islam." 1240:

The subjugation of African Americans is thus seen as part of an ancient white conspiracy. According to the NOI, most whites are unaware of their true origins, but that senior

10814:

Knight, Frederick (1994). "Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression? The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam".

2255:

Gaddafi was the Nation's most prominent international supporter; Farrakhan stated that "we will always love him, admire and respect him and stand up and speak on his behalf".

7701: 1755:

Islam had a presence in North America prior to the formation of the United States. African Muslims were among the Spanish expeditions that explored the continent during the

2307:

and other far-right white groups on the basis of their shared belief in racial separatism. Malcolm X revealed that the Nation had held meetings with representatives of the

1280:

was a member and leader of the Nation of Islam, he preached that black people were genetically superior to white people but were dominated by a system of white supremacy:

1244:

have this knowledge. It interprets opposition to the Nation from the U.S. government and white society as evidence of this. The United States is equated with the city of

16157: 2008:, which reached a circulation of over 600,000. In 1963, he became the Nation's first National Representative. He also travelled internationally; in Britain, he met with 2004:. Born Malcolm Little, he discovered the Nation while in prison; following his release in 1952 he rose swiftly through its hierarchy. In 1960, he launched the newspaper 2239:, appeared in the early 1990s. As well as running shows on radio stations, and distributing videos, the Nation has also established websites and a presence across many 2191:

Family ties are an important element of the NOI's senior ranks; various members of Elijah Muhammad's family were for instance married to members of Farrakhan's family.

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donating money to the Nation in 1985 and expressing approval of its separatist aims. During the 1980s, the Nation also had a supportive relationship with the British

1856:(FBI) later noted that Fard Muhammad's fingerprints matched those of Wallie D. Ford, a white man who had a record of arrests and had served a three-year sentence in 9032: 14828: 11467: 8530: 2340: 14710: 10978:

Paisley, Fiona (2009). "From Nation of Islam to Goodwill Tourist: African-American Women at Pan-Pacific and South East Asia Women's Conferences, 1937 and 1955".

10470:

Berg, Herbert (2005). "Mythmaking in the African American Muslim Context: The Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, and the American Society of Muslims".

10285:

Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam".

2619: 2652:

rather than the Quran. The Nation's views that white people lack inner divinity contrasts with the mainstream Islamic view that all humans are equal under God.

1569:

buying on credit, and to not gamble. It is typical for male members to cut their hair very short, sometimes shaving the head entirely, and to not wear a beard.

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Having been criticised by both blacks and non-blacks, the Nation has repeatedly been accused of stirring up racial hatred against whites. It has been called a

1888:

in 1897; his father was a sharecropper and Baptist preacher. In 1923, Poole and his wife Clara relocated to Detroit, where they settled in the black ghetto of

2210:

Wallace Muhammad estimated the Nation's net worth to be $ 46 million, although revealed it had a severe cash flow problem, owed millions in back taxes to the

2202:. They are tasked with protecting NOI leaders, temples, and other NOI property and are expected to strictly follow NOI rules. The Nation has also established 16430: 16241: 13285: 13157: 11742: 1253: 6819: 9579: 2635:

identified in the claims of its leaders; mainstream scientists, and much of the wider public, regard its mythological accounts as being pseudo-scientific.

974:). Mainstream Muslims view it as "a religious movement which has selectively adopted some Islamic beliefs and concepts", but which is not "truly Islamic". 10755:

Izadi, Foad; Hosseini, Hassan; Mohammadi, Setareh Sadeqi; Anjomeruz, Susan (2020). "The Islamic Republic of Iran in the Rhetoric of the Nation of Islam".

10535:"Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" 2067:. Wallace Muhammad had had a strained relationship with his father and his father's teachings; while imprisoned in the early 1960s he had moved closer to 15714: 14695: 8499: 8112: 1837:

Nation has since taught that he was born in Mecca on February 26, 1877, the son of a black father and white mother; in their view, he was Allah himself.

108: 9552: 2481:, an accusation that it has denied. Accusations of antisemitism have also been levelled at Malcolm X and Farrakhan. In the 1980s, Farrakhan referred to 11852: 7662: 2028:

emerged in the late 1960s, many observers saw the Nation as its forerunner and a vanguard, with the Nation claiming that it had inspired the movement.

1535:

articles, he explained that his followers should face towards Mecca as they pray, symbolising their journey toward the restoration of black greatness.

8586: 7629: 2572:

and controversial black religions", while in the 1990s Gardell termed it the "most renowned and controversial" of the African-American Muslim groups.

2016:. Born Cassius Clay, he encountered the Nation in 1961 and received significant media criticism after announcing his membership of the group in 1964. 15972: 12441: 11576: 11513: 763:. Practitioners are expected to live disciplined lives, adhering to strict dress codes, specific dietary requirements, and patriarchal gender roles. 9062: 2339:

as part of their shared opposition to the U.S.-led Gulf War. These links have not prevented some white far-right opposition to the NOI; in 1993 the

1952:, was screened. This press criticism backfired, giving the group significant attention and assisting its recruitment. The NOI became a foil for the 1037:

is "very distinct" and "extremely detailed". The Nation provides conflicting statements about its theology; although it professes commitment to the

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of inmates. Some incarcerated members have claimed to have experienced discriminatory treatment from prison authorities because of their religion.

16435: 16415: 15680: 13483: 12723: 2499: 8763: 6864: 16012: 15609: 15461: 15182: 13552: 13527: 2779: 2335:

leadership were endorsing a united front against multi-racial society. During the 1990s, the Nation collaborated with members of the far-right

1684:. Much of the produce grown here is distributed to NOI mosques around the country. NOI members also own urban gardens in various U.S. cities. 15347: 13537: 13532: 12464: 11912: 10306:

Akom, A. A. (2003). "Reexamining Resistance as Oppositional Behavior: The Nation of Islam and the Creation of a Black Achievement Ideology".

9817: 1155:; some of those who broke Islamic rules were exiled from Asia-Africa to North America, where they became the continent's native population. 16264: 13253: 13089: 12798: 12788: 12446: 12436: 11460: 9680: 2749: 2413:

the African diaspora. In 2006, Nuri Tinaz suggested that the Nation "may have" up to 2,000 members and sympathisers in the United Kingdom.

1719: 10018: 15952: 15719: 14725: 13295: 13067: 11498: 10608:

Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United".

9722: 999: 383: 9871: 16420: 16115: 16047: 15352: 13515: 12459: 12454: 10504:

Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965".

1338:

Once the Earth has returned to a habitable state, Allah will return the righteous to live there, in a new black paradise. In his book

704: 15661: 14799: 14715: 13174: 12678: 11787: 11024:

Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.).

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is encouraged among members, although not obligatory, with Elijah Muhammad writing that "meat was never intended for man to eat". In

666: 10491:

Boaz, Danielle N. (2018). "The Voodoo Cult of Detroit: Race, Human Sacrifice, and the Nation of Islam from the 1930s to the 1970s".

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Muhammad, stated that "Islam is the natural religion of the Black Nation." Islamic elements in its practices include the use of the

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modestly; they are not permitted to wear trousers and are encouraged to cover their heads, although the latter is deemed optional.

11278:

Woodford, Maize (1996). "A Chronology: Farrakhan's "World Friendship Tour" to Africa and the Middle East: January–February 1996".

7693: 2126:

in Mexico, he was teleported aboard the Mother Plane and there was given advice on the future of the Nation. Masonic elements and

15567: 15387: 14779: 14700: 13488: 13448: 13290: 13194: 13123: 12728: 11508: 11453: 2135:. Under Farrakhan, the NOI adopted more elements of mainstream Islamic practice, although not to the extent of Wallace Muhammad. 2198:

The Fruit of Islam (FOI) is a group of men within the NOI. FOI members are trained in military protocol, wrestling, boxing, and

2031:

In 1972, the NOI bought the St. Constantine Greek Orthodox Church in Chicago and transformed it into their headquarters temple,

15602: 15511: 14720: 13610: 13547: 13542: 13510: 13280: 13184: 13147: 13094: 12928: 11348: 10999:

Reid-Pharr, Robert (1996). "Speaking through Anti-Semitism: The Nation of Islam and the Poetics of Black (Counter) Modernity".

10732:

Haywood, D'Weston L. (2017). ""A Superb Sales Force… the Men of Muhammad:" The Nation of Islam, Black Masculinity, and Selling

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Mainstream Islamic groups maintain that the Nation's members are not really Muslim. This is the view taken by groups like the

1431:

African Americans; Africa itself was often portrayed in Nation writings as the least desirable of the Original Asiatic lands.

15125: 14730: 14687: 13505: 13463: 13275: 11823: 11689: 11684: 11569: 11062: 11033: 10968: 10949: 10680: 10364:

Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam".

9958: 6874: 6835: 3821: 2951: 2719: 1884:

In 1931, an African-American man named Elijah Poole became a disciple of Fard Muhammad. He had been born to a poor family in

1527:

the right and men on the left. The tone of Nation services is sombre and quiet. Services typically begin with the statement "

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voted. Elijah Muhammad refused to support any African Americans campaigning for election, although Louis Farrakhan backed

15967: 15656: 15574: 15272: 13428: 13265: 13235: 13017: 12596: 11808: 11493: 11419: 8522: 1861:

America, David Ford-el, and had tried to claim its leadership by proclaiming himself to be the reincarnation of founder

1273:

of the belief that the oppressed (African Americans) and the oppressors (European Americans) cannot share the same God.

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MacGregor, Kirk R. (2007). "The Word-Faith Movement: A Theological Conflation of the Nation of Islam and Mormonism?".

7295: 818:'s leadership in 1977. Farrakhan has continued to develop the NOI's beliefs, for instance by drawing connections with 16073: 15827: 15620: 15342: 15142: 14582: 14536: 14196: 14190: 13565: 11955: 11606: 10860: 10804: 9990: 9716: 2744: 1776: 1748: 775: 16178: 15832: 15262: 14453: 14309: 13786: 13682: 13493: 13458: 13443: 13201: 12803: 12047: 12017: 11833: 11562: 11122:

Tinaz, Nuri (2000). "Global Impacts of an Ethno-religious Movement: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain".

2422: 1723: 396: 11255:

Wojcik, Daniel (2003). "Apocalyptic and Millenarian Aspects of American UFOism". In Partridge, Christopher (ed.).

2503:; this book generated controversy for arguing that Jews had a disproportionately high level of involvement in the 15759: 15518: 15314: 14947: 14753: 13500: 13423: 13218: 13062: 12793: 12658: 12363: 12002: 10571:

Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam".

6006: 1853: 799: 10911:

McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013). ""Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms".

10414:

Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam".

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to fulfill and were sometimes punished if they failed to meet them. The Nation's first magazine aimed at women,

16373: 16062: 15802: 15704: 15668: 15207: 15012: 14560: 14458: 13270: 13164: 13079: 12683: 10534: 2967: 1207:

and degenerated, resulting in the emergence of apes and monkeys. Aware of their role in the future, Allah sent

16213: 8104: 15875: 15870: 15767: 15287: 14370: 14129: 13806: 13307: 13240: 13223: 13169: 13118: 13057: 12962: 12923: 12863: 12663: 12052: 12032: 11839: 11818: 9540: 2759: 2528: 703:. While describing itself as Islamic, its religious tenets, though using Islamic terms, differ from orthodox 659: 7984: 2154:, to sign a ceasefire in May 1992. Later in the 1990s, Farrakhan's NOI opened its first mosques in Britain. 722:, of whom Fard Muhammad is the most recent. It claims that the first Allah created the earliest humans, the 16185: 16094: 15734: 15397: 14932: 14909: 14519: 14375: 14365: 14271: 13924: 13130: 13106: 13101: 13084: 13052: 12995: 12108: 12057: 11890: 11533: 8418: 2754: 2432: 1343: 511: 236: 16206: 16445: 15962: 15729: 15227: 15192: 15167: 15162: 15034: 14899: 14705: 14473: 14266: 13643: 13395: 13387: 13330: 13245: 12733: 12638: 12494: 12476: 12378: 12037: 12007: 11732: 11652: 11631: 9548: 9054: 6720: 2794: 2537: 2446: 2052: 2036: 1948: 1852:

Outside of the Nation, various theories have been proposed as to the true identity of Fard Muhammad. The

1545:

Members are encouraged to make the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca; Elijah Muhammad himself did so three times.

1248:

as presented in the Bible. According to the Nation, 1914 marked the end of the 6000 years of white rule.

827: 811: 539: 11400: 2831: 1599:

The NOI also encourages followers to avoid foods associated with the slave culture of the U.S., such as

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Gibson, Dawn-Marie; Berg, Herbert (2017). "Introduction". In Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg (ed.).

8837: 2764: 2729: 2012:, who converted to the Nation and created a British branch. Another prominent NOI member was the boxer 1593: 592: 461: 16192: 1892:. There, he joined Garvey's UNIA, and worked in industrial plants before becoming unemployed amid the 1771:

The early NOI's theology was informed by various sources, including older forms of black nationalism,

739:

African-American nation-state, and calls for African Americans to be economically self-sufficient and

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Taylor, Wayne (2005). "Premillennium Tension: Malcolm X and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam".

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as a "very great man" who "raised Germany up from nothing". He dismissed the claim that the Jews are

11101:

Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement".

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appeals to him, capitalism is the only feasible road to economic empowerment for African Americans.

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Tsoukalas, Steven (2004). "Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism".

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Gabriel, Theodore (2003). "The United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors". In Partridge, Christopher (ed.).

6580: 3929: 3051: 2724: 2211: 1899:

In 1932 the Detroit Police Department arrested an NOI member for a murder which they claimed was a

1889: 1041:

idea of a single God, its discourse refers to multiple gods, meaning that it can be interpreted as

652: 611: 454: 275: 11044: 4286: 16440: 16298: 15992: 15817: 15478: 15377: 15372: 15212: 14887: 13698: 13345: 12895: 12549: 12518: 12298: 12238: 12103: 11846: 11528: 9825: 8933: 8869: 4629: 4177: 2385: 2316: 1176: 926:

language, prayers five times a day, and the adoption of a flag based on that of Islamic-majority

814:. Members seeking to retain Elijah Muhammad's teachings re-established the Nation of Islam under 735: 587: 407: 13852: 9677: 7960: 2543:

The NOI Health Minister Abdul Alim Muhammad accused Jewish doctors of injecting blacks with the

1791:, a Jamaican-born black nationalist who lived in the U.S. from 1916 to 1927, and who formed the 16333: 16329: 16233: 16129: 15797: 15777: 15625: 15466: 15362: 15282: 15222: 15157: 15044: 14973: 14942: 14872: 13796: 13791: 13709: 13260: 12990: 12228: 12022: 12012: 11950: 11760: 11699: 11543: 2799: 2519: 2324: 2222:

From its early days, the Nation used print media to promote its ideas, including the magazines

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Although Farrakhan was critical of the heavy use of themes such as sex, violence, and drugs in

1924: 1780: 1511: 1415: 878: 831: 712: 549: 430: 365: 15644: 9698: 7884: 4474: 2449:, which claims that the NOI teaches a "theology of innate black superiority over whites". The 1502: 16278: 16150: 16027: 16022: 15842: 15822: 15812: 15792: 15782: 15692: 15651: 15217: 14990: 14968: 13719: 13596: 13335: 12848: 12713: 12668: 12484: 12203: 12168: 11987: 11970: 11777: 11694: 11319:

The Nation of Islam's Cautious Return to Americanity in the 2010s: A Cultural Studies Inquiry

11135:

Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain".

9863: 9789: 9292: 9089: 7825: 3523: 2739: 2533: 2462: 2428: 2203: 2171: 1953: 1885: 1465: 1027: 952: 895: 688: 602: 516: 320: 241: 83: 7462: 5244: 2563: 2106:, who, with other disaffected members began to rebuild the Nation of Islam in 1977. Born in 1395:. In his view, the Nation's political stance incorporated elements associated with both the 16358: 16338: 16122: 16042: 15787: 15412: 15111: 14647: 14554: 14499: 13577: 12985: 12748: 12559: 12511: 12383: 12273: 12178: 11945: 11935: 11907: 11772: 11626: 9840: 4870: 2990: 2683: 2511:

asserts that the Nation of Islam engages in revisionist and antisemitic interpretations of

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being estimated at between 30,000 and 100,000; in his 1961 study of the group, the scholar

2064: 2044: 2025: 1896:. On joining the Nation of Islam, Fard Muhammad gave Poole the new name of Elijah Karriem. 1760: 1726:'s presidential candidate, and in 1990 three NOI candidates stood for election in the U.S. 1640: 1636: 1252:

flooding black-majority urban areas with drugs. Both Farrakhan and senior NOI spokesperson

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The Nation teaches that there has been a succession of mortal gods, each a black man named

577: 521: 335: 246: 208: 11214: 7194: 4379: 3715: 2540:

was found to have Farrakhan as the top name on its list of individuals it sought to kill.

8: 16037: 15987: 15957: 15540:

New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack

15488: 15367: 15357: 15277: 15267: 15172: 14882: 14758: 14652: 14468: 13907: 13704: 13360: 12718: 12633: 12113: 11902: 11792: 11722: 10592: 9544: 4090: 2784: 2328: 2312: 2040: 1957: 1764: 1756: 1743: 1396: 1168: 971: 544: 16220: 13365: 8307: 1576:

The NOI teaches that practitioners should seek to keep fit and maintain a healthy diet.

16107: 16101: 15456: 15438: 15407: 15402: 15242: 15232: 15202: 15049: 14963: 14894: 14804: 14740: 14548: 14524: 14201: 14179: 14139: 13981: 13884: 13835: 13801: 13692: 13433: 13370: 13113: 12571: 12338: 12318: 12223: 12148: 11975: 11880: 11870: 11858: 11749: 11646: 11621: 11503: 11388: 11218: 11210: 11181: 11152: 11089: 11012: 10928: 10839: 10831: 10596: 10588: 10521: 10439: 10431: 10402: 10352: 10323: 10229: 9708: 7753: 6644: 2961: 2471: 2293: 2268: 2260: 2206:

for women, teaching them domestic skills, self defense tactics, and other life skills.

2098:, who re-established the Nation of Islam after leaving Wallace Muhammad's group in 1977 1935: 1857: 1808: 1730:

and economic activity. Its members avoided involvement in the race riots of the 1960s.

1689: 1473: 1404: 1400: 1315: 1311: 1136: 898:

in the 1930s and it existed until 1975, and the second organization was established by

850: 475: 297: 16199: 14047: 10694:

Magazine and Contemporary Nation Women". In Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg (ed.).

1097: 853:. Muslim critics accuse it of promoting teachings that are not authentically Islamic. 16324: 16136: 16002: 15560: 15417: 15382: 15024: 15019: 14924: 14914: 14904: 14577: 14463: 14415: 14258: 14169: 13872: 13862: 13857: 13847: 13842: 13675: 12880: 12601: 12263: 12233: 11828: 11585: 11366:

The Farrakhan Phenomenon: Race, Reaction, and the Paranoid Style in American Politics

11264: 11222: 11185: 11156: 11093: 11058: 11029: 10964: 10945: 10878: 10856: 10843: 10800: 10795:

Keener, Craig S.; Usry, Glenn (2005). "The Nation of Islam". In Ronald Enroth (ed.).

10741: 10718: 10699: 10676: 10657: 10638: 10600: 10525: 10456: 10443: 10406: 10356: 10019:"Senior Nation of Islam official: COVID-19 vaccine part of a plot to kill off blacks" 9986: 9712: 8127: 6870: 6831: 4141: 3817: 2947: 2935: 2788: 2454: 2336: 2304: 2158: 1784: 1768:

Americans influenced the emergence of groups like the NOI in the early 20th century.

1751:, whose members are pictured here in 1928, was a key influence on the Nation of Islam 1677: 1616: 1528: 1212: 1196: 977:

The Nation is a highly centralized, hierarchical movement, and has been described as

866: 708: 700: 692: 425: 345: 11336: 8993: 8780: 8490:"Louis Farrakhan renews call for self-determination among Nation of Islam followers" 7541: 7149: 3376: 2943: 1335:

Earth's atmosphere will then burn for 390 years and spend another 610 cooling down.

786:. After Fard Muhammad disappeared in 1934, the leadership of the NOI was assumed by 16080: 15885: 15865: 15855: 15739: 15639: 15497: 15422: 15304: 15247: 15054: 15039: 14789: 14494: 14216: 14154: 14144: 14134: 14119: 13867: 13770: 13742: 13630: 13036: 13007: 13002: 12900: 12868: 12841: 12566: 12183: 12153: 12143: 12138: 11705: 11538: 11523: 11476: 11394: 11291: 11287: 11247: 11243: 11202: 11173: 11144: 11110: 11081: 11050: 11004: 10987: 10932: 10924: 10920: 10899: 10823: 10781: 10617: 10580: 10559: 10551: 10513: 10479: 10423: 10394: 10377: 10373: 10344: 10315: 10294: 8681: 8633: 8458: 6823: 5455: 3810:

Scientific Mythologies: How Science and Science Fiction Forge New Religious Beliefs

3805: 3118: 2939: 2591: 2548: 2508: 2450: 1931: 1893: 1665: 1653: 1539: 1380: 1354:

Ideologically, the NOI is black nationalist, and has sometimes been perceived as a

1331: 1266: 1091: 1030: 978: 934:, and claims that it lacks the rational and scientific basis of its own teachings. 740: 727: 696: 559: 554: 402: 390: 350: 9955: 7908: 6954: 5157: 4925: 4464: 4462: 2775:

List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups

802:

worked to undermine the group. Following Elijah Muhammad's death in 1975, his son

751:, the "Mother Plane" or "Mother Ship", to wipe out the white race and establish a 16363: 15860: 15673: 14980: 14677: 14622: 14422: 14108: 13957: 13913: 13687: 13031: 12858: 12768: 12763: 12694:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

12544: 12353: 12343: 12323: 12308: 12208: 12083: 12073: 11712: 11445: 10870: 10398: 9976: 9962: 9684: 8770: 8494: 6034: 2697: 2611: 2578: 2409: 2372: 2351: 2272: 2103: 2095: 2055:, five of them children. The Nation's leadership denied sanctioning this attack. 1915: 1900: 1661: 1589: 1392: 1359: 1319: 1144: 931: 899: 882: 835: 815: 787: 731: 642: 468: 435: 370: 340: 325: 203: 188: 2251: 1881:(FOI) paramilitary wing for men and the Muslim Girls Training School for women. 16354: 15925: 15905: 15900: 15850: 15092: 14809: 14662: 14504: 14206: 13468: 12873: 12836: 12826: 12586: 12581: 12523: 12358: 12288: 12218: 12213: 11717: 11641: 11206: 11177: 10991: 10385:

Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975".

9105: 8973: 8897: 8657: 8287: 7218: 7104: 4905: 4459: 4447: 4435: 2769: 2669: 2631: 2615: 2515:, and that they exaggerate the role of Jews in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. 2389: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2175: 2132: 1878: 1862: 1804: 1800: 1696:

The NOI is highly critical of the U.S. school system, believing that, by being

1681: 1608: 1461: 1427: 1407: 1299: 1285: 1139:

to assist their lives in the "jungles of East Asia", by which he meant Africa.

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Messenger Elijah Muhammad Web Resources Center, Online books, audio, and video

11148: 11114: 11085: 10584: 10517: 10348: 6230: 6228: 4728: 4557: 3909: 2123: 1101:

Young male members of the Nation of Islam in San Francisco, California in 1994

46: 16404: 16164: 15895: 15685: 15257: 14995: 14822: 14672: 14211: 14174: 14149: 13986: 12426: 12408: 12398: 12368: 12313: 12268: 12253: 12198: 12188: 12173: 12123: 12118: 12088: 11885: 11813: 11636: 11485: 10786: 10769: 10555: 10427: 7944: 7314: 7296:"1942.10.22 Thu Nation of Islam defendants - 25 - convicted of draft evasion" 6448: 3348: 3087: 2927: 2595: 2512: 2381: 2143: 2032: 1788: 1715: 1577: 966: 126: 24: 20: 11432: 11427: 10903: 10483: 9403: 8957: 6624: 3138: 15930: 15915: 15890: 15392: 15294: 15082: 15007: 14657: 14509: 14387: 14103: 13952: 13937: 13651: 12738: 12506: 12431: 12403: 12388: 12373: 12328: 12303: 12283: 12193: 12163: 12158: 12128: 12078: 11930: 11616: 10542: 6225: 6209: 4744: 3813: 2734: 2711: 2607: 2599: 2486: 2478: 2458: 2308: 2240: 2091: 2058: 2013: 1991: 1697: 1262: 1211:

to teach the white race to cook and wear clothes. According to the Nation,

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Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.

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The Nation of Islam was founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad, who appeared in

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A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom

10435: 9189: 7418: 7390: 5656: 4076: 4074: 3830: 3242: 3173: 2691: 1763:

of the 16th to 19th centuries. It is estimated that, at the time of the

1664:

critics have derisively dismissed the Nation's approach to economics as

1045:. These gods are described as being anthropomorphic, taking human form. 637: 15910: 14937: 14019: 13976: 13947: 12293: 12278: 12248: 12243: 11992: 11960: 11799: 11767: 10835: 10654:

In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam

10621: 10327: 8553:"The Troubling Connections between Scientology and the Nation of Islam" 8064: 6110: 4543: 4335: 3735: 2438: 2127: 1486: 1204: 1179:, which received its fullest exposition in Elijah Muhammad's 1965 book 1119: 1042: 1038: 943: 861: 838: 748: 223: 12629:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

11016: 10736:

in the Black Power Era". In Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg (ed.).

10563: 9978:

Judaism and Genocide: Psychological Undercurrents of History Volume IV

8327: 8036: 7849: 7274: 7272: 7057: 6680: 6492: 5074: 4941: 4494: 1793:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

1284:

Thoughtful white people know they are inferior to Black people. Even

16319: 16288: 16283: 16087: 15709: 15697: 15634: 15177: 14642: 14073: 14015: 13962: 13830: 12907: 12753: 12258: 12042: 11980: 11875: 11260: 10634: 10453:

The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions

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Like Garvey's UNIA before them, the Nation has also built links with

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Farrakhan's Nation purchased 1,556 acres of rural South Georgia near

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is a hoax perpetrated by members of the white race. The NOI promotes

1111: 982: 819: 791: 779: 747:

tradition, it maintains that Fard Muhammad will soon return aboard a

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Official Website of the United Kingdom Branch of the Nation of Islam

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sometimes challenging established gender norms in the organization.

1346:

are futile attempts to protect themselves against the Mother Plane.

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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Federation of Islamic Associations of the United States and Canada

1557: 869:

on a red background. The group calls this flag, which is based on

15749: 15252: 15197: 15000: 14596: 14284: 14164: 14042: 14037: 14024: 14008: 14001: 13996: 13728: 11997: 11074:

Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society

10799:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. pp. 169–183. 9161: 9145: 7561: 7446: 6548: 6520: 4201: 3779: 3751: 2590:

The Nation's teachings have influenced other groups, such as the

2551:

claimed that Jewish people were receiving different vaccines for

2523: 2482: 2441:

by African-American civil rights activists including the NAACP's

1875:

Teaching for the Lost Found Nation of Islam in a Mathematical Way

1833: 1645: 1615:, tobacco, and other recreational drugs, and has recommended the 1604: 1245: 1084: 1059: 767: 597: 130: 93: 16263: 10041: 8994:"Nation of Islam Tries to Accept Gift of $ 1 Billion from Libya" 7041: 6828:

Malcolm X: From Political Eschatology to Religious Revolutionary

4019: 1592:, the Nation is supportive of organic food and the avoidance of 15309: 14514: 14488: 14447: 14408: 14325: 14238: 14159: 14061: 13971: 13902: 13897: 13664: 13588: 12831: 10754: 10543:

Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions

9850: 9576:"Nation of Islam leader Farrakhan delivers anti-Semitic speech" 9302: 9111: 9099: 8979: 8903: 8879: 8851: 8786: 8687: 8663: 8639: 7749:"Harlem Split on Plan to Honor Officer Killed in Mosque in '72" 4468: 4453: 4441: 3000: 2648: 2297: 2147: 2102:

The leading figure in rejecting Wallace Muhammad's reforms was

2048: 1507: 1192: 1184: 961: 947: 927: 923: 760: 756: 752: 723: 15103: 8523:"Preparation of the Mind and Qualifications to Act for Christ" 6345: 5956: 5954: 5724: 5722: 5443: 2974: 2802:, an offshoot of the Nation of Islam which was founded in 1978 2053:

a group of Nation of Islam members killed seven Hanafi Muslims

2000:

One of the Nation's most significant members at this time was

1847:

A message from Fard Muhammad, as reported by an early follower

715:. It operates as a centralized and hierarchical organization. 687:) is a religious organization in the United States founded by 30:

For the broader pan-Islamic concept of the Muslim nation, see

15427: 14763: 14588: 14542: 14530: 14332: 14318: 14277: 14054: 13892: 13749: 13735: 13656: 13619: 12643: 11397:

profile at the World Religion and Spirituality Project (WRSP)

10177: 8705: 6400: 5644: 3615: 3613: 3277: 3275: 3273: 2151: 2037:

was shot and killed during a search of a NOI Mosque in Harlem

1824: 1812: 1538:

The most important date in the Nation's year is February 26,

1208: 1131: 1080: 1055: 1050: 918: 914: 910: 885:. Scholars of religion have also classified it as resembling 719: 31: 6251: 6249: 6247: 5634: 5632: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5037: 5035: 4895: 4893: 4653: 2292:. On that tour, he also attended annual celebrations of the 2063:

In 1975, Elijah Muhammad died and was succeeded by his son,

1631:

The interior of a Nation-owned bakery in Oakland, California

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A crowd of Muslims applaud during Elijah Muhammad's annual

2199: 2020: 1939: 1257: 730:, whose members possessed inner divinity and from whom all 11422:

Technical Reference Manual on Inmate Beliefs and Practices

10573:

Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation

10205: 9903: 9901: 9700:

Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present

9629: 9627: 9508: 9506: 9419: 9077: 8717: 8372: 8370: 7694:"Quotes: Half a century after his death, Malcolm X speaks" 7406: 7330: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6071: 6069: 5902: 5900: 5572: 5570: 5182: 5180: 5123: 5121: 4998: 4996: 4848: 4846: 4833: 4831: 4718: 4716: 4423: 4399: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 3993: 3991: 3858: 3703: 3610: 3475: 3451: 3411: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3270: 3163: 3161: 3075: 2536:

organized a "Death to Farrakhan" march in 1985, while the

2246: 1942:

pilgrimage to Mecca three times, in 1959, 1967, and 1971.

1420:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

822:, and expanding its economic and agricultural operations. 11414: 10944:(third ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 572–586. 10337:

International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education

9836:– via H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online. 9824:. H-Antisemitism Occasional Papers, No. 1. Archived from 9518: 9443: 9381: 9379: 8488:

Rossetter, Shelley; Tobin, Thomas C. (October 18, 2012).

7773: 7610: 7608: 7577: 7529: 7507: 7505: 7243: 7241: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7001: 6979: 6977: 6900: 6898: 6801: 6799: 6748: 6244: 6182: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5831: 5829: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5629: 5610: 5546: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5216: 5032: 4890: 4224: 4222: 4220: 3887: 3885: 3645: 3643: 3630: 3628: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3548: 3546: 3513: 3511: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3401: 3399: 2583: 2497:

In 1991, the NOI published an anonymously authored book,

2139: 890: 766:

Wallace Fard Muhammad established the Nation of Islam in

16426:

Discrimination against LGBTQ people in the United States

16158:

A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant

15589:

Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.

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Wallace Muhammad and the NOI's transition to Sunni Islam

1639:, the Nation follows the ideas of earlier thinkers like 1627: 1622: 1216:

virgin birth, or that he was crucified and resurrected.

10249: 10165: 10117: 10093: 10081: 10057: 9937: 9925: 9898: 9765: 9624: 9503: 9336: 9133: 8885: 8857: 8792: 8669: 8621: 8609: 8382: 8367: 8355: 8275: 8247: 8183: 8159: 8024: 8012: 7797: 7354: 6612: 6480: 6388: 6366: 6364: 6261: 6199: 6197: 6081: 6066: 5897: 5857: 5750: 5707: 5695: 5567: 5536: 5534: 5388: 5177: 5118: 5008: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4858: 4843: 4828: 4772: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4617: 4577: 4306: 4110: 3988: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3767: 3317: 3158: 3041: 3039: 3026: 3024: 2859: 2857: 2642:, which have distanced themselves from the Nation. The 1227:

Louis Farrakhan’s views on white people being the devil

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movement influenced by Islam which was founded in 1964

2567:

The logo of the Nation on its property in Indianapolis

1923:

his messenger. His wife Clara took on the identity of

1256:

have claimed that the white establishment created the

1163: 16451:

Religious belief systems founded in the United States

11382: 11328:

The Nation of Islam: An American Millenarian Movement

11321:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 11230:

West, Cynthia S'thembile (1996). "Revisting [

10284: 10217: 10069: 9965:, Nation of Islam website; accessed December 7, 2014. 9886: 9743: 9687:, Nation of Islam website; accessed December 7, 2014. 9479: 9467: 9268: 9217: 8909: 8804: 8741: 8729: 8693: 8406: 8171: 7517: 6696: 6594: 6412: 5779: 5373: 5283: 5268: 5204: 5145: 5133: 5090: 5059: 5053: 5026: 4931: 4880: 4798: 4484: 4300: 3307: 3305: 3006: 2453:

described the Nation as having, in the past, favored

1073: 10698:. New York and Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 31–45. 10105: 9455: 9232: 8645: 7366: 6361: 6333: 6321: 6194: 6142: 6098: 5531: 4047: 4035: 3953: 3364: 3036: 3021: 2854: 2659: 1497: 15715:

Hubbard Association of Scientologists International

10740:. New York and Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 9–30. 9678:

Farrakhan and the Jewish Rift; A Historic Reference

6154: 5326: 5192: 3287: 3258: 3230: 3103: 2869: 2388:expressing concern about its potential role in the 2166:and has actively encouraged NOI members to undergo 1403:, and in doing so was similar to the stance of the 1349: 1293: 1222:thinkin' that you can be made better through love. 734:are descended. It maintains that a scientist named 695:organization, the NOI focuses its attention on the 11475: 10961:New Religious Movements: A Guide for the Perplexed 10717:. New York and Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 1–6. 8105:"Main Black Muslim Sect Dissolves As Leader Quits" 7661: 7628: 6817: 3302: 2355:Members of the Fruit of Islam photographed in 1974 2259:In the 1930s and 1940s, the Nation had links with 260: 15561:Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz 11514:Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge 8758: 8756: 2343:were revealed to have plotted to kill Farrakhan. 1564:, which are among the food produced by the Nation 905:The Nation heavily draws on influences from both 16402: 15547:Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong 12679:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 11330:. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. 11028:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. 9697:Perry, Marvin; Schweitzer, Frederick M. (2002). 8483: 8481: 2832:"Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits" 798:. Deeming it a threat to domestic security, the 12724:Black players in professional American football 12674:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 11368:. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 10853:Conspiracy Culture: From Kennedy to The X-Files 9974: 9820:The Secret Relationship between Blacks and Jews 9696: 8764:"Farrakhan's Hate Sermons to Prisoners Slammed" 8447: 8445: 2518:Accusations of antisemitism have come from the 2500:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 1994:(right) helped raise the profile of the Nation. 1918:, who formulated many of the Nation's key ideas 1906: 16013:New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project 15973:Concerned Businessmen's Association of America 15610:Headley v. Church of Scientology International 11026:The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion 9025:"Officials to Block Qaddafi Gift to Farrakhan" 8753: 8487: 8102: 2780:List of topics related to the African diaspora 2346: 1434: 806:took over the organization, moving it towards 16249: 15119: 13604: 11570: 11461: 11437: 10690:Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2017). "Ebony Muhammad's 9690: 8478: 8103:Buursma, Bruce; Houston, Jack (May 3, 1985). 7740: 2825: 2823: 2821: 1787:. The Nation was significantly influenced by 1644:Abundant Life Clinics, and it owns a mall in 660: 16431:Islam-related controversies in North America 16265:New religious movements in the United States 12437:Historically black colleges and universities 11055:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469633930.001.0001 10607: 10025:. Jewish News Syndicate. December 27, 2020. 8947: 8875: 8442: 8436: 7978: 7954: 7746: 7555: 7188: 7163: 5666: 5604: 4389: 3947: 3840: 3725: 3709: 3619: 3537: 3358: 3281: 3252: 3132: 3097: 2750:History of antisemitism in the United States 2086: 1358:political organization. Scholar of religion 15953:Association for Better Living and Education 15720:International Association of Scientologists 10939: 10892:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 10472:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 9497: 8587:"Giving Scientology TV a run for its money" 6238: 6219: 6020: 5992: 5960: 5922: 3183: 3081: 2829: 2416: 2186: 1000:Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam 865:The flag of the Nation of Islam is a white 16256: 16242: 16116:Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath 16048:World Institute of Scientology Enterprises 15353:Church of Scientology editing on Knowledge 15126: 15112: 13611: 13597: 11577: 11563: 11468: 11454: 11387: 10998: 10910: 10794: 10712: 10211: 10183: 9799: 9602:"Former Nation of Islam leader dies at 74" 9535: 9533: 6255: 6234: 6215: 6188: 5041: 4951: 4899: 4802: 3745: 3721: 2902: 2818: 2558: 938:relationship to other Islams" such as the 667: 653: 12654:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 11163: 11023: 10889: 10785: 10570: 10532: 10239: 10171: 10147: 9968: 9524: 9449: 9366: 9055:"Farrakhan Denied $ 1 Billion From Libya" 9023:Stevenson, Richard W. (August 28, 1996). 9022: 8711: 8520: 8321: 8141: 8006: 7902: 7878: 7843: 7428: 7424: 7400: 7396: 6586: 6502: 6430: 6406: 6028: 6000: 5976: 5820: 5804: 5650: 5638: 5623: 5561: 5525: 5469: 5449: 5367: 5222: 5112: 5080: 4919: 4806: 4794: 4766: 4754: 4738: 4643: 4611: 4531: 4504: 4393: 4373: 4317: 4244: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4123: 4104: 4100: 4084: 3997: 3982: 3943: 3923: 3773: 3761: 3729: 3661: 3568: 3533: 3445: 3330: 3212: 3195: 3167: 3093: 3069: 3015: 2914: 2906: 2898: 1588:. Although its own produce is not wholly 15568:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto 11499:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 11277: 10767: 9095: 9083: 8951: 6856: 4822: 2562: 2366: 2350: 2250: 2090: 1910: 1823: 1819: 1742: 1660:Some of its African-American left-wing, 1626: 1556: 1522:Those attending meetings will sometimes 1501: 1438: 1162: 1096: 860: 770:. He drew on various sources, including 11509:Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ 11124:Journal of Economic and Social Research 10977: 10869: 10757:Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies 10738:New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam 10731: 10715:New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam 10696:New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam 10651: 10628: 10450: 10413: 10267: 10255: 10235: 10195: 10135: 10123: 10099: 10087: 10075: 10063: 10051: 9999:from the original on September 26, 2015 9943: 9931: 9907: 9795: 9783: 9771: 9755: 9665: 9661: 9645: 9633: 9608:. Associated Press. September 9, 2008. 9530: 9512: 9437: 9409: 9342: 9326: 9314: 9298: 9211: 9195: 9183: 9171: 9155: 9139: 9127: 8963: 8943: 8927: 8891: 8863: 8831: 8798: 8723: 8675: 8627: 8615: 8563:from the original on September 12, 2018 8428: 8400: 8388: 8376: 8361: 8349: 8333: 8317: 8297: 8281: 8269: 8253: 8237: 8225: 8213: 8201: 8189: 8165: 8153: 8133: 8090: 8070: 8058: 8042: 8030: 8018: 7994: 7970: 7950: 7938: 7918: 7855: 7835: 7819: 7803: 7791: 7779: 7734: 7722: 7626: 7614: 7595: 7583: 7571: 7547: 7535: 7511: 7496: 7492: 7472: 7456: 7412: 7384: 7336: 7320: 7278: 7259: 7228: 7224: 7208: 7200: 7155: 7143: 7114: 7110: 7098: 7079: 7063: 7047: 7035: 7031: 7019: 7007: 6995: 6983: 6964: 6960: 6948: 6944: 6932: 6928: 6916: 6904: 6862: 6805: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6734: 6726: 6714: 6686: 6674: 6654: 6634: 6618: 6590: 6570: 6554: 6542: 6526: 6514: 6498: 6486: 6474: 6458: 6442: 6418: 6394: 6382: 6315: 6311: 6299: 6295: 6283: 6279: 6267: 6176: 6172: 6132: 6116: 6092: 6075: 6044: 6040: 6016: 6012: 5988: 5972: 5945: 5918: 5906: 5891: 5887: 5875: 5863: 5851: 5847: 5835: 5816: 5773: 5756: 5744: 5740: 5728: 5713: 5701: 5689: 5662: 5592: 5588: 5576: 5501: 5497: 5481: 5461: 5437: 5413: 5394: 5258: 5250: 5238: 5234: 5210: 5186: 5167: 5163: 5127: 5084: 5068: 5014: 5002: 4987: 4975: 4963: 4947: 4935: 4915: 4864: 4852: 4837: 4818: 4790: 4778: 4750: 4734: 4722: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4548:http://malcolm-x.org/docs/int_playb.htm 4516: 4500: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4385: 4369: 4357: 4341: 4329: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4240: 4228: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4147: 4135: 4096: 4080: 4065: 4025: 4013: 3939: 3903: 3891: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3836: 3804: 3789: 3741: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3649: 3634: 3604: 3587: 3564: 3552: 3529: 3517: 3502: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3386: 3382: 3354: 3342: 3248: 3179: 3144: 3124: 3065: 3057: 2996: 2932:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology 2894: 2863: 2830:MacFarquhar, Neil (February 26, 2007). 2477:The NOI has repeatedly been accused of 2247:Domestic and international affiliations 1828:Wallace Fard Muhammad in a 1933 mugshot 1302:, believing that humanity is living in 881:, an "ethno-religious movement", and a 16:African-American new religious movement 16436:Anti-white racism in the United States 16416:African-American-related controversies 16403: 15603:Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia 15554:R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto 15512:X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden 13553:Topics related to the African diaspora 12659:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 11312:. New York: New York University Press. 11254: 11192: 11071: 11049:. University of North Carolina Press. 11043:Taylor, Ula Yvette (October 9, 2017). 11042: 10958: 10850: 10813: 10689: 10670: 10503: 10384: 10243: 10159: 10029:from the original on December 30, 2020 9892: 9846: 9803: 9759: 9612:from the original on February 15, 2020 9594: 9425: 9413: 9397: 9385: 9370: 9354: 9286: 9274: 9262: 9250: 9199: 8992:Gaiter, Dorothy J. (August 26, 1996). 8991: 8915: 8847: 8827: 8815: 8735: 8699: 8581: 8337: 8301: 8241: 8177: 8137: 8002: 7974: 7898: 7859: 7839: 7480: 7440: 7348: 7324: 7282: 7263: 7247: 6742: 6738: 6606: 6558: 6530: 6462: 6060: 6048: 6024: 5996: 5800: 5513: 5485: 5465: 5425: 5382: 5344: 5320: 5308: 5304: 5292: 5277: 5262: 5171: 5151: 5139: 5108: 5096: 4876: 4647: 4599: 4567: 4488: 4345: 4195: 4167: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4009: 3978: 3966: 3935: 3919: 3370: 3061: 3045: 3030: 2926: 2910: 2882: 2842:from the original on November 23, 2020 755:. Members worship in buildings called 16237: 15107: 14849: 14617: 14233: 13592: 13533:Landmark African-American legislation 11584: 11558: 11449: 11436: 11363: 11334: 11316: 11134: 11121: 11100: 10363: 10223: 10047: 9815: 9649: 9573: 9555:from the original on October 11, 2019 9485: 9473: 9461: 9226: 9167: 9151: 9123: 9061:. Associated Press. August 29, 1996. 8967: 8939: 8843: 8747: 8651: 8466:from the original on October 12, 2012 8432: 8424: 8412: 8313: 8293: 8265: 8086: 8074: 7998: 7990: 7966: 7934: 7922: 7914: 7894: 7890: 7831: 7815: 7599: 7567: 7551: 7523: 7476: 7468: 7452: 7372: 7360: 7232: 7212: 7204: 7159: 7118: 6968: 6811: 6730: 6702: 6690: 6658: 6650: 6638: 6630: 6574: 6454: 6203: 6136: 6120: 6104: 5788: 4911: 4563: 4480: 4296: 3915: 3800: 3798: 3785: 3757: 3441: 3311: 3236: 3152: 3148: 3128: 2984: 2980: 1668:; Farrakhan has responded that while 1623:Economic and educational independence 16053:Youth for Human Rights International 15526:Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology 15473:The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power 14618: 14234: 12664:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 11307: 11229: 10490: 10469: 10334: 10305: 10199: 10111: 9330: 9238: 8451: 8046: 7761:from the original on August 30, 2021 7659: 7067: 7051: 6820:"Malcolm X as Religious Peripatetic" 6662: 6370: 6355: 6351: 6339: 6327: 6160: 6148: 5540: 5332: 5254: 5198: 4884: 4211: 3390: 3296: 3264: 3224: 3112: 2485:as a "dirty religion" and described 1871:Secret Ritual of the Nation of Islam 1175:The NOI promotes a story called the 1159:The myth of Yakub and the white race 812:World Community of Islam in the West 15968:Citizens Commission on Human Rights 15657:Church of Scientology International 15575:Religious Technology Center v Lerma 13018:African-American Vernacular English 11351:from the original on April 23, 2018 11325: 11166:Missiology: An International Review 10980:Women's Studies International Forum 9744:Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010 8521:Farrakhan, Louis (March 11, 2011). 6883:from the original on April 15, 2022 6595:Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010 5054:Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010 5027:Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010 4932:Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010 4881:Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010 4799:Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010 4485:Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010 4301:Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010 2930:(2015). "New Religious Movements". 2122:Farrakhan claimed that in 1985, at 1704: 1114:and believes that the existence of 13: 15745:Scientology Missions International 15710:Golden Era Productions (Gold Base) 15686:Flag Building/Super Power Building 15596:Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany 12936:U.S. cities with large populations 12639:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 11300: 11137:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 11103:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 10963:. London and New York: Continuum. 10855:. London and New York: Routledge. 10797:A Guide to New Religious Movements 9874:from the original on April 2, 2021 9725:from the original on July 26, 2020 9582:from the original on March 1, 2018 9065:from the original on March 5, 2017 9035:from the original on March 5, 2017 9004:from the original on March 5, 2017 8597:from the original on March 2, 2021 8533:from the original on July 28, 2011 8115:from the original on April 7, 2022 7704:from the original on July 16, 2018 7674:from the original on June 19, 2018 7663:"3 Get Life Terms in Malcolm Case" 7641:from the original on June 19, 2018 7627:Buckley, Thomas (March 11, 1966). 6866:Muslims and Others in Sacred Space 3795: 2217: 1074:Cosmogony and the Tribe of Shabazz 483:Message to the Blackman in America 14: 16462: 16421:Antisemitism in the United States 15343:Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act 11809:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 11805:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 11612:African American founding fathers 11374: 10656:. Durham: Duke University Press. 10493:Journal of Interreligious Studies 9818:"An historian critiques the book 8454:"The Mothership of All Alliances" 6844:from the original on June 1, 2022 2745:Antisemitism in the United States 2720:African American–Jewish relations 2300:; he visited Iran again in 2018. 1777:Moorish Science Temple of America 1749:Moorish Science Temple of America 1498:Services, prayer, and celebration 776:Moorish Science Temple of America 15263:Scientology and religious groups 15088: 15087: 15076: 14597:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 13787:Timeline of the history of Islam 13618: 13571: 12689:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 11834:Nadir of American race relations 11494:African People's Socialist Party 10011: 9949: 9913: 9856: 9809: 9671: 9567: 9047: 9016: 8985: 8575: 8545: 8514: 8096: 7686: 7653: 7620: 7288: 7177:A History of the Nation of Islam 7169: 7132:A History of the Nation of Islam 7124: 4537: 2704: 2690: 2676: 2662: 2594:, which formed in 1970, and the 2423:Nation of Islam and antisemitism 1976: 1967: 1596:, insecticides, and pesticides. 1350:Black nationalism and separatism 1294:Eschatology and the Mother Plane 1171:in Hyde Park, London, March 1999 778:, black nationalist trends like 636: 623: 397:Nation of Islam and antisemitism 165: 164: 45: 16043:The Way to Happiness Foundation 15519:Church of Scientology v. Sweden 15133: 14948:List of ex-Muslim organisations 11695:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 11685:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 11428:FBI file on the Nation of Islam 9574:Tatum, Sophie (March 1, 2018). 8452:Gray, Eliza (October 5, 2012). 7630:"Malcolm X Jury Finds 3 Guilty" 2944:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosn020 2626:artists supporting the Nation. 2181: 1854:Federal Bureau of Investigation 800:Federal Bureau of Investigation 16374:The Power of Positive Thinking 16074:Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology 15705:Founding Church of Scientology 15669:Church of Spiritual Technology 12684:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 11690:Civil right movement 1896–1954 11341:Contributions in Black Studies 11292:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430811 11248:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430812 10925:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001 10768:Jeffries, Bayyinah S. (2019). 10378:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810 8777:; retrieved September 5, 2012. 7302:. October 22, 1942. p. 13 2920: 2271:in 1959 and the Libyan leader 1472:because he argued it promoted 1330:of 1990 would spark it, while 782:, and black-oriented forms of 1: 15348:Books critical of Scientology 12864:Cherokee freedmen controversy 11840:The Negro Motorist Green Book 11195:Journal of Africana Religions 10533:Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). 8762:Bedard, Paul (July 5, 2011). 7747:Anne Barnard (May 11, 2012). 7660:Roth, Jack (April 15, 1966). 2806: 2760:Islam in the African diaspora 2529:Parliament of World Religions 1738: 1480:Farrakhan stated support for 856: 841:that promotes racism towards 15735:Rehabilitation Project Force 15388:Guardian's Office operations 14933:Apostasy in Islam by country 14800:Liberalism and progressivism 11534:Not Fucking Around Coalition 10875:The Black Muslims in America 10816:The Journal of Negro History 10399:10.1080/01419870022000025270 8775:U.S. News & World Report 6826:; Miri, Seyed Javad (eds.). 2811: 1958:Five Percent Nation of Islam 1907:Elijah Muhammad's leadership 1548: 1492: 1489:against him and the Nation. 1369:fertile and minerally rich. 1344:Strategic Defense Initiative 512:Muhammad University of Islam 237:Muhammad University of Islam 7: 15730:Religious Technology Center 15228:Keeping Scientology Working 12734:Black players in ice hockey 12669:National Urban League (NUL) 12495:American Society of Muslims 11733:Selma to Montgomery marches 11653:Brown v. Board of Education 11406:Nation of Islam-affiliated 10671:Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). 10506:Journal of American Studies 9549:Southern Poverty Law Center 6818:William David Hart (2016). 3812:. Downers Grove, Illinois: 2795:Religion of black Americans 2655: 2538:Jewish Defense Organization 2457:views. In a 1993 speech at 2447:Southern Poverty Law Center 2347:Conversion and demographics 2111:widely seen as a demotion. 1949:The Hate that Hate Produced 1652:designed to redirect black 1435:Gender and sexuality issues 1167:Nation of Islam members at 1130:as well as the area around 1004: 834:have characterized it as a 828:Southern Poverty Law Center 540:American Society of Muslims 10: 16467: 15451:The Secrets of Scientology 14850: 12891:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 12649:Nashville Student Movement 11660:Children of the plantation 11420:Federal Bureau of Prisons 11347:(published 1995): 48–160. 11215:10.5325/jafrireli.3.1.0130 11207:10.5325/jafrireli.3.1.0130 11178:10.1177/009182960403200404 10992:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.008 10942:Food and Culture: A Reader 10675:. Santa Barbara: Praeger. 10652:Gardell, Matthias (1996). 10455:. London: Cassell and Co. 10451:Barrett, David V. (2001). 10277: 6863:Cormack, Margaret (2013). 2966:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2765:Islam in the United States 2730:African diaspora religions 2426: 2420: 2375:message in Chicago in 1974 2051:Muslim group, and in 1973 1733: 1594:genetically modified crops 1306:. It propounds a distinct 997: 993: 981:. Unlike practitioners of 964:, with its theology being 593:Peace Movement of Ethiopia 29: 18: 16347: 16312: 16271: 16174: 16061: 15939: 15841: 15758: 15725:Office of Special Affairs 15681:Flag Service Organization 15619: 15533:Hernandez v. Commissioner 15487: 15445:Scientology as a business 15328: 15141: 15071: 14956: 14923: 14863: 14859: 14845: 14772: 14739: 14711:Geography and cartography 14686: 14633: 14629: 14613: 14439: 14361: 14308: 14257: 14253: 14229: 14099: 13923: 13883: 13766: 13718: 13642: 13638: 13627: 13561: 13528:Index of related articles 13406: 13321: 13045: 12978: 12916: 12816: 12777: 12709: 12702: 12617: 12537: 12529:Doctrine of Father Divine 12475: 12417: 12066: 11921: 11913:Women's suffrage movement 11866:Reconstruction Amendments 11673:Voting Rights Act of 1965 11592: 11484: 11443: 11438:Links to related articles 11310:Elijah Muhammad and Islam 11149:10.1080/13602000600937580 11115:10.1080/13602009608716338 11086:10.1080/10999940590910041 11046:The Promise of Patriarchy 10593:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 10585:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 10518:10.1017/S0021875813001308 10387:Ethnic and Racial Studies 10349:10.1080/09518390701630858 9816:Leinweber, David Walter. 8966:, pp. 207, 319–320; 7323:, pp. 58–59, 70–71; 2785:Nation of Gods and Earths 2461:, the NOI representative 2087:Louis Farrakhan's revival 877:The Nation of Islam is a 255: 222: 194: 182: 172: 154: 140: 122: 114: 104: 89: 79: 61: 53: 44: 16018:Oxford Capacity Analysis 15505:United States v. Hubbard 15030:Islamic view of miracles 13578:United States portal 13013:African-American English 12442:Inventors and scientists 12134:George Washington Carver 11738:Chicago Freedom Movement 11335:Sahib, Hatim A. (1951). 10877:. Boston: Beacon Press. 10787:10.3390/genealogy3030034 10556:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5 10428:10.1177/0021934705279611 10416:Journal of Black Studies 9975:Piven, Jerry S. (2002). 8948:Fishman & Soage 2013 8876:Fishman & Soage 2013 8437:Fishman & Soage 2013 7979:Fishman & Soage 2013 7955:Fishman & Soage 2013 7556:Fishman & Soage 2013 7189:Fishman & Soage 2013 7164:Fishman & Soage 2013 5667:Fishman & Soage 2013 5605:Fishman & Soage 2013 4390:Fishman & Soage 2013 3948:Fishman & Soage 2013 3841:Fishman & Soage 2013 3726:Fishman & Soage 2013 3710:Fishman & Soage 2013 3620:Fishman & Soage 2013 3538:Fishman & Soage 2013 3359:Fishman & Soage 2013 3282:Fishman & Soage 2013 3253:Fishman & Soage 2013 3133:Fishman & Soage 2013 3098:Fishman & Soage 2013 2755:Islamic–Jewish relations 2725:African-American Muslims 2507:. David W. Leinweber of 2433:Islamic–Jewish relations 2417:Accusations of prejudice 2315:(ANP). The ANP's leader 2267:with Egyptian President 2212:Internal Revenue Service 2195:state it hopes to lead. 2187:Leadership and financing 2157:Farrakhan organized the 1986:During the early 1960s, 1233:Americas as part of the 1033:noted that the Nation's 1019:Message to the Black Man 913:, but it interprets the 726:-speaking, dark-skinned 612:Your Black Muslim Bakery 455:A Torchlight for America 19:Not to be confused with 15373:Death of Lisa McPherson 14785:Creationism (evolution) 13501:African-American firsts 12550:Back-to-Africa movement 12519:Black Hebrew Israelites 12299:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 11847:Partus sequitur ventrem 11529:New Black Panther Party 11259:. London and New York: 10633:. London and New York: 8998:The Wall Street Journal 6869:. OUP USA. p. 81. 2592:Ansaaru Allah Community 2559:Reception and influence 2317:George Lincoln Rockwell 1803:-born African American 1181:Message to the Blackman 1028:sociologist of religion 588:New Black Panther Party 15983:Cult Awareness Network 15045:Persecution of Muslims 14943:List of former Muslims 13792:Succession to Muhammad 13469:Spingarn Medal winners 12958:States and territories 12729:Black NFL quarterbacks 12229:Martin Luther King Jr. 11761:Dred Scott v. Sandford 11700:Montgomery bus boycott 11544:Republic of New Afrika 10851:Knight, Peter (2000). 10308:Sociology of Education 10212:Keener & Usry 2005 10184:Gibson & Berg 2017 9868:Anti-Defamation League 8591:The Underground Bunker 8585:(September 18, 2018). 3746:Keener & Usry 2005 3722:Keener & Usry 2005 2903:Keener & Usry 2005 2800:United Nation of Islam 2568: 2520:Anti-Defamation League 2376: 2356: 2341:Fourth Reich Skinheads 2325:White Aryan Resistance 2256: 2204:Muslim Girls' Training 2099: 2019:Malcolm X went on the 1919: 1844: 1829: 1752: 1632: 1582:How to Eat How to Live 1565: 1515: 1512:Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1445: 1416:Martin Luther King Jr. 1371: 1291: 1224: 1172: 1102: 1014: 879:new religious movement 874: 867:crescent moon and star 832:Anti-Defamation League 713:new religious movement 550:United Nation of Islam 431:Millions More Movement 109:New religious movement 67:; 94 years ago 16279:Purification movement 16151:A Token of My Extreme 16028:Second Chance Program 16023:Safe Environment Fund 15693:Flag Ship Service Org 15652:Church of Scientology 15363:Death of Elli Perkins 14829:Conversion to mosques 14696:Alchemy and chemistry 12779:Athletic associations 12714:Negro league baseball 12485:African-American Jews 12204:Ketanji Brown Jackson 12169:Henry Highland Garnet 12028:Negro National Anthem 11778:George Floyd protests 11743:Post–civil rights era 11364:Singh, R. S. (1997). 11337:"The Nation of Islam" 10959:Oliver, Paul (2012). 10904:10.1093/jaarel/lfl063 10484:10.1093/jaarel/lfi075 10299:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace 9864:"The Nation of Islam" 6830:. Brill. p. 13. 4801:, pp. 124, 147; 4737:, pp. 159, 164; 4190:, pp. 269, 348; 3532:, pp. 145, 171; 3385:, pp. 109, 322; 3357:, pp. 188, 195; 2740:Antisemitism in Islam 2566: 2534:Jewish Defense League 2463:Khalid Abdul Muhammad 2429:Antisemitism in Islam 2427:Further information: 2370: 2354: 2254: 2172:Church of Scientology 2094: 1954:civil rights movement 1914: 1886:Bold Springs, Georgia 1840: 1827: 1820:Wallace Fard Muhammad 1746: 1630: 1617:avoidance of vaccines 1560: 1514:, United States, 2005 1505: 1466:Muslim Girls Training 1442: 1391:, authoritarian, and 1374:Elijah Muhammad, 1965 1366: 1282: 1276:During the time when 1219: 1166: 1110:, the Nation rejects 1100: 1009: 896:Wallace Fard Muhammad 864: 711:characterize it as a 689:Wallace Fard Muhammad 603:Church of Scientology 572:Related organizations 517:Muslim Girls Training 321:Wallace Fard Muhammad 242:Muslim Girls Training 84:Wallace Fard Muhammad 16359:Azusa Street Revival 16339:Ghost Dance movement 16123:My Scientology Movie 15462:Tax status in the US 15413:Operation Snow White 14555:Ma malakat aymanukum 14130:Association football 14029:Moderate Kharijites 12986:Afro-Seminole Creole 12512:Azusa Street Revival 12384:Booker T. Washington 11908:Underground Railroad 11773:Free people of color 11627:Atlantic slave trade 11263:. pp. 274–300. 10637:. pp. 149–161. 10242:, pp. 182–183; 9828:on November 11, 2001 9802:, pp. 140–141; 9798:, pp. 260–261; 9711:. pp. 213–258. 9664:, pp. 232–233; 9412:, pp. 307–308; 9400:, pp. 394, 405. 9198:, pp. 278–279; 8789:, pp. 144, 150. 8435:, pp. 203–204; 8431:, pp. 343–345; 8320:, pp. 131–132; 7953:, pp. 111–112; 7921:, pp. 110–111; 6314:, pp. 61, 324; 6282:, pp. 61, 323; 5452:, pp. 171, 172. 4753:, pp. 59, 164; 4662:, pp. 131, 159. 4344:, pp. 148–149; 4295:, pp. 59, 148; 4103:, pp. 453–454; 3227:, pp. 307, 308. 3060:, pp. 54, 181; 2684:United States portal 2505:Atlantic slave trade 2467:White South Africans 2445:, as well as by the 2174:. Farrakhan praised 2045:Hamaas Abdul Khaalis 2026:Black Power movement 1761:Atlantic slave trade 1641:Booker T. Washington 1637:economic nationalism 1318:that appears in the 1235:Atlantic slave trade 810:and renaming it the 804:Warith Deen Mohammed 709:Scholars of religion 578:Black Dragon Society 522:Star Chamber Academy 384:Beliefs and theology 336:Warith Deen Mohammed 247:Star Chamber Academy 16334:Jehovah's Witnesses 16038:Volunteer Ministers 15988:The Delphian School 15958:Applied Scholastics 15368:Death of Kaja Ballo 15358:Clearwater Hearings 13381:Trinidad and Tobago 12996:Black American Sign 12823:By African descent 12817:Ethnic subdivisions 12804:Southwestern (SWAC) 12719:Baseball color line 12634:Black Panther Party 12538:Political movements 12455:in computer science 12114:Carol Moseley Braun 11903:Tulsa race massacre 11896:Treatment of slaves 11728:March on Washington 11723:Birmingham movement 11326:Lee, M. F. (1996). 10270:, pp. 195–196. 10202:, pp. 308–309. 10138:, pp. 226–227. 9922:. February 16, 1994 9786:, pp. 258–259. 9746:, pp. 143–144. 9545:Montgomery, Alabama 9440:, pp. 169–170. 9428:, pp. 104–105. 9416:, pp. 404–405. 9373:, pp. 393–394. 9317:, pp. 115–116. 9214:, pp. 280–281. 9186:, pp. 274–275. 9130:, pp. 271–272. 8930:, pp. 205–206. 8714:, pp. 174–175. 8690:, pp. 149–150. 8642:, pp. 137–138. 8502:on November 5, 2012 8403:, pp. 290–291. 8352:, pp. 192–193. 8228:, pp. 141–142. 8216:, pp. 135–136. 8156:, pp. 119–120. 8077:, pp. 200–201. 8061:, pp. 104–105. 8049:, pp. 696–697. 6769:, pp. 53, 155. 6693:, pp. 193–194. 6477:, pp. 313–314. 6409:, pp. 167–168. 6385:, pp. 302–303. 6123:, pp. 202–203. 5878:, pp. 888–889. 5731:, pp. 189–190. 5653:, pp. 183–184. 5440:, pp. 61, 335. 4432:, pp. 325–327. 4408:, pp. 286–287. 4138:, pp. 59, 148. 3867:, pp. 175–176. 3484:, pp. 170–171. 3460:, pp. 877–878. 3420:, pp. 881–882. 2555:from other people. 2491:God's Chosen People 2313:American Nazi Party 2041:Black Panther Party 1936:Chicago's Hyde Park 1781:Jehovah's Witnesses 1765:American Revolution 1757:early modern period 1254:Abdul Alim Muhammad 902:in the late 1970s. 643:Politics portal 545:Five-Percent Nation 534:Offshoots and sects 41: 16446:Apocalyptic groups 16003:Moxon & Kobrin 15457:Suppressive person 15439:Scientology and Me 15408:Operation Freakout 15403:Operation Clambake 15233:Marcab Confederacy 15208:Ethics and justice 15050:Quran and miracles 14964:Criticism of Islam 14668:Geometric patterns 14520:Gender segregation 14091:Non-denominational 13479:US representatives 13474:US cabinet members 13366:Dominican Republic 12953:Metropolitan areas 12794:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 12619:Civic and economic 12597:Self-determination 12418:Education, science 12339:Fred Shuttlesworth 12319:A. Philip Randolph 12224:Coretta Scott King 12149:Frederick Douglass 11976:Harlem Renaissance 11881:Separate but equal 11871:Reconstruction era 11859:Plessy v. Ferguson 11750:Cornerstone Speech 11664:Civil Rights Acts 11647:Black Lives Matter 11622:American Civil War 11504:Black Hammer Party 11317:Damak, S. (2019). 10622:10.1111/rec3.12032 10186:, pp. 2–3, 4. 9983:Writers Club Press 9961:2006-04-26 at the 9709:Palgrave Macmillan 9683:2007-08-22 at the 9029:The New York Times 8769:2018-01-03 at the 8726:, pp. 13, 15. 8427:, pp. 23–24; 8140:, pp. 85–86; 7993:, pp. 2, 17; 7901:, pp. 76–77; 7818:, pp. 15–16; 7754:The New York Times 7668:The New York Times 7635:The New York Times 7495:, pp. 63–64; 7415:, pp. 63, 73. 7339:, pp. 59, 71. 7066:, pp. 55–56; 6967:, pp. 54–55; 6729:, pp. 10–11; 4388:, p. 59, 16; 3100:, pp. 59, 60. 2836:The New York Times 2569: 2472:anti-LGBT rhetoric 2377: 2357: 2294:Iranian Revolution 2269:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2261:Satokata Takahashi 2257: 2100: 2010:Michael de Freitas 1920: 1858:San Quentin Prison 1830: 1809:Newark, New Jersey 1753: 1690:self-determination 1633: 1566: 1516: 1506:A Nation of Islam 1474:sexual promiscuity 1449:responsibilities. 1446: 1340:The Supreme Wisdom 1312:Book of Revelation 1173: 1137:Afro-textured hair 1103: 875: 851:anti-LGBT rhetoric 705:Islamic traditions 476:How to Eat to Live 298:Satokata Takahashi 174:Official language 39: 16398: 16397: 16392: 16391: 16325:Christian Science 16231: 16230: 16187:Wikimedia Commons 15768:Status by country 15662:Guaranty Building 15418:Project Chanology 15383:Fishman Affidavit 15315:Training routines 15101: 15100: 15067: 15066: 15063: 15062: 15035:Domestic violence 15025:Islamic terrorism 15020:Islamic extremism 14841: 14840: 14837: 14836: 14609: 14608: 14605: 14604: 14395:Marriage contract 14225: 14224: 14185:Political aspects 13914:Story of Prophets 13683:Prophets of Islam 13586: 13585: 13414:African Americans 13286:Dallas–Fort Worth 12881:Black Southerners 12812: 12811: 12264:Thurgood Marshall 12234:Bernard Lafayette 11829:Million Man March 11586:African Americans 11552: 11551: 11410:newspaper website 11308:Berg, H. (2009). 11280:The Black Scholar 11236:The Black Scholar 11064:978-1-4696-3393-0 11035:978-1-4039-7786-1 10970:978-1-4411-0197-6 10951:978-0-415-52103-1 10682:978-0-313-39807-0 10366:The Black Scholar 10287:Narrative Inquiry 10150:, pp. 92–93. 9851:Izadi et al. 2020 9541:"Nation of Islam" 9303:Izadi et al. 2020 9112:Izadi et al. 2020 9100:Izadi et al. 2020 9086:, pp. 35–37. 9059:Los Angeles Times 8980:Izadi et al. 2020 8904:Izadi et al. 2020 8880:Izadi et al. 2020 8852:Izadi et al. 2020 8787:Izadi et al. 2020 8688:Izadi et al. 2020 8664:Izadi et al. 2020 8640:Izadi et al. 2020 8559:. April 2, 2018. 8340:, pp. 97–98. 8324:, pp. 25–26. 7862:, pp. 72–74. 7782:, pp. 86–89. 7586:, pp. 80–81. 7538:, pp. 67–68. 7499:, pp. 9, 10. 7483:, pp. 59–60. 7363:, pp. 12–13. 7070:, pp. 23–24. 7010:, pp. 48–49. 6876:978-0-19-992506-3 6837:978-90-04-30868-8 6757:, pp. 50–51. 5347:, pp. 39–40. 4741:, pp. 19–20. 4469:Izadi et al. 2020 4454:Izadi et al. 2020 4442:Izadi et al. 2020 3823:978-0-8308-2588-2 3806:Herrick, James A. 3001:Izadi et al. 2020 2953:978-1-4051-6551-8 2789:black nationalist 2455:black supremacist 2337:LaRouche movement 2305:white nationalist 2284:, South Africa's 2159:Million Man March 1785:Black Freemasonry 1529:As-salamu alaykum 1213:Jesus of Nazareth 1017:Elijah Muhammad, 873:, "the national". 836:black supremacist 701:African Americans 693:black nationalist 677: 676: 426:Million Man March 346:Tynnetta Muhammad 269: 268: 65:July 4, 1930 16458: 16258: 16251: 16244: 16235: 16234: 16223: 16216: 16209: 16202: 16195: 16188: 16181: 16081:Being Tom Cruise 15886:Jessica Feshbach 15866:Shelly Miscavige 15856:Mary Sue Hubbard 15740:Saint Hill Manor 15640:Celebrity Centre 15498:Hubbard v Vosper 15423:Project Normandy 15305:Study Technology 15248:Operating Thetan 15128: 15121: 15114: 15105: 15104: 15091: 15090: 15083:Islam portal 15081: 15080: 15079: 14861: 14860: 14853: 14847: 14846: 14688:Medieval science 14631: 14630: 14621: 14615: 14614: 14272:Economic history 14255: 14254: 14231: 14230: 14217:Islam by country 14002:Bektashi Alevism 13640: 13639: 13631:Outline of Islam 13613: 13606: 13599: 13590: 13589: 13576: 13575: 13574: 13538:Lynching victims 13037:Louisiana Creole 13008:American English 12896:Louisiana Creole 12869:Choctaw freedmen 12707: 12706: 12244:Huddie Ledbetter 12184:Fannie Lou Hamer 12154:W. E. B. Du Bois 12144:Claudette Colvin 12139:Shirley Chisholm 11956:Family structure 11824:Military history 11706:Browder v. Gayle 11579: 11572: 11565: 11556: 11555: 11539:Nuwaubian Nation 11524:Nation of Yahweh 11477:Black separatist 11470: 11463: 11456: 11447: 11446: 11434: 11433: 11391: 11386: 11385: 11383:Official website 11369: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11331: 11322: 11313: 11295: 11274: 11251: 11226: 11189: 11160: 11131: 11118: 11097: 11068: 11039: 11020: 10995: 10974: 10955: 10936: 10907: 10886: 10871:Lincoln, C. Eric 10866: 10847: 10810: 10791: 10789: 10764: 10751: 10728: 10709: 10686: 10667: 10648: 10625: 10610:Religion Compass 10604: 10567: 10539: 10529: 10500: 10487: 10466: 10447: 10410: 10381: 10360: 10331: 10302: 10271: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10233: 10227: 10221: 10215: 10209: 10203: 10193: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10169: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10004: 9972: 9966: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9860: 9854: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9813: 9807: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9694: 9688: 9675: 9669: 9659: 9653: 9643: 9637: 9631: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9537: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9501: 9498:McCutcheon 2013b 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9374: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9165: 9159: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9131: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8961: 8955: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8841: 8835: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8760: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8498:. 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4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4945: 4939: 4929: 4923: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4888: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4826: 4816: 4810: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4748: 4742: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4561: 4555: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4498: 4492: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4383: 4377: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4304: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4215: 4205: 4199: 4181: 4175: 4165: 4159: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4108: 4094: 4088: 4078: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4023: 4017: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3986: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3951: 3933: 3927: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3802: 3793: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3755: 3749: 3739: 3733: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3638: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3591: 3585: 3572: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3541: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3506: 3500: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3394: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3315: 3309: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3184:McCutcheon 2013b 3177: 3171: 3165: 3156: 3142: 3136: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3101: 3091: 3085: 3082:McCutcheon 2013b 3079: 3073: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3034: 3028: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2994: 2988: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2924: 2918: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2867: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2827: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2549:Ishmael Muhammad 2509:Emory University 2451:Associated Press 2331:as the latter's 2237:Righteous Living 2065:Wallace Muhammad 1980: 1971: 1932:Second World War 1894:Great Depression 1848: 1724:Democratic Party 1705:Civic engagement 1666:black capitalism 1654:purchasing power 1381:black separatist 1375: 1332:Tynetta Muhammad 1267:anti-imperialist 1228: 1169:Speakers' Corner 1092:Tribe of Shabazz 1031:David V. Barrett 1022: 728:Tribe of Shabazz 699:, especially on 697:African diaspora 669: 662: 655: 641: 640: 634: 630:Islam portal 628: 627: 626: 560:Nuwaubian Nation 555:Nation of Yahweh 403:Tribe of Shabazz 399: 351:Ishmael Muhammad 271: 270: 265: 262: 209:Wallace Muhammad 168: 167: 159: 75: 73: 68: 49: 42: 38: 16466: 16465: 16461: 16460: 16459: 16457: 16456: 16455: 16411:Nation of Islam 16401: 16400: 16399: 16394: 16393: 16388: 16369:Nation of Islam 16364:Moorish Science 16343: 16308: 16267: 16262: 16232: 16227: 16221: 16214: 16207: 16200: 16193: 16186: 16179: 16170: 16064: 16057: 15945:and recruitment 15944: 15942: 15935: 15876:John Carmichael 15861:David Miscavige 15837: 15754: 15674:Trementina Base 15623: 15615: 15483: 15333: 15324: 15144: 15137: 15132: 15102: 15097: 15077: 15075: 15059: 14981:Cultural Muslim 14952: 14919: 14865:Other religions 14855: 14851: 14833: 14768: 14735: 14682: 14625: 14623:Islamic studies 14619: 14601: 14435: 14380: 14357: 14304: 14249: 14248: 14221: 14170:Moral teachings 14113: 14095: 14069:Nation of Islam 13982:Twelver Shi'ism 13919: 13885:Religious texts 13879: 13797:Early conquests 13780: 13762: 13714: 13634: 13623: 13617: 13587: 13582: 13572: 13570: 13557: 13523:Historic places 13516:US state firsts 13402: 13317: 13041: 12974: 12946:2010 majorities 12941:2000 majorities 12912: 12859:Black Seminoles 12808: 12799:Southern (SIAC) 12782: 12781:and conferences 12780: 12773: 12769:Serena Williams 12764:Jackie Robinson 12698: 12622: 12620: 12613: 12533: 12500:Nation of Islam 12471: 12419: 12413: 12354:Sojourner Truth 12344:Clarence Thomas 12309:Gabriel Prosser 12209:Michael Jackson 12084:Crispus Attucks 12074:Ralph Abernathy 12062: 12018:Musical theater 11917: 11783:Great Migration 11755:COVID-19 impact 11713:Sit-in movement 11588: 11583: 11553: 11548: 11519:Nation of Islam 11480: 11474: 11439: 11395:Nation of Islam 11381: 11380: 11377: 11372: 11354: 11352: 11303: 11301:Further reading 11298: 11271: 11065: 11036: 11003:(49): 133–147. 10971: 10952: 10863: 10828:10.2307/2717628 10807: 10748: 10734:Muhammad Speaks 10725: 10706: 10683: 10664: 10645: 10537: 10463: 10320:10.2307/1519868 10280: 10275: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10238:, p. 188; 10234: 10230: 10222: 10218: 10210: 10206: 10194: 10190: 10182: 10178: 10170: 10166: 10158: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10046: 10042: 10032: 10030: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10002: 10000: 9993: 9973: 9969: 9963:Wayback Machine 9956:Nation of Islam 9954: 9950: 9942: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9918: 9914: 9906: 9899: 9891: 9887: 9877: 9875: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9845: 9841: 9831: 9829: 9814: 9810: 9800:Reid-Pharr 1996 9794: 9790: 9782: 9778: 9770: 9766: 9758:, p. 253; 9754: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9728: 9726: 9719: 9695: 9691: 9685:Wayback Machine 9676: 9672: 9660: 9656: 9648:, p. 265; 9644: 9640: 9632: 9625: 9615: 9613: 9600: 9599: 9595: 9585: 9583: 9572: 9568: 9558: 9556: 9539: 9538: 9531: 9523: 9519: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9460: 9456: 9448: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9424: 9420: 9408: 9404: 9396: 9392: 9384: 9377: 9369:, p. 181; 9365: 9361: 9353: 9349: 9341: 9337: 9329:, p. 306; 9325: 9321: 9313: 9309: 9301:, p. 115; 9297: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9273: 9269: 9261: 9257: 9249: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9225: 9218: 9210: 9206: 9194: 9190: 9182: 9178: 9166: 9162: 9150: 9146: 9138: 9134: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9066: 9053: 9052: 9048: 9038: 9036: 9021: 9017: 9007: 9005: 8990: 8986: 8978: 8974: 8962: 8958: 8946:, p. 207; 8938: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8846:, p. 198; 8842: 8838: 8826: 8822: 8814: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8771:Wayback Machine 8761: 8754: 8746: 8742: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8710: 8706: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8580: 8576: 8566: 8564: 8557:National Review 8551: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8534: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8495:Tampa Bay Times 8486: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8450: 8443: 8423: 8419: 8411: 8407: 8399: 8395: 8387: 8383: 8375: 8368: 8360: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8336:, p. 142; 8332: 8328: 8312: 8308: 8300:, p. 138; 8292: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8264: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8240:, p. 140; 8236: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8136:, p. 123; 8132: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8109:Chicago Tribune 8101: 8097: 8085: 8081: 8073:, p. 113; 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8045:, p. 106; 8041: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8001:, p. 199; 7997:, p. 110; 7989: 7985: 7973:, p. 109; 7965: 7961: 7949: 7945: 7933: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7897:, p. 199; 7889: 7885: 7877: 7866: 7858:, p. 102; 7854: 7850: 7838:, p. 101; 7830: 7826: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7790: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7764: 7762: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7606: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7566: 7562: 7554:, p. 199; 7546: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7503: 7491: 7487: 7479:, p. 197; 7467: 7463: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7427:, p. 182; 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7399:, p. 181; 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7277: 7270: 7258: 7254: 7246: 7239: 7223: 7219: 7199: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7174: 7170: 7162:, p. 195; 7154: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7129: 7125: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7062: 7058: 7046: 7042: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6975: 6959: 6955: 6943: 6939: 6927: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6838: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661:, p. 193; 6649: 6645: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6605: 6601: 6593:, p. 879; 6589:, p. 451; 6585: 6581: 6569: 6565: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6525: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6501:, p. 891; 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6461:, p. 250; 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6362: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6310: 6306: 6298:, p. 323; 6294: 6290: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6256:McCutcheon 2013 6254: 6245: 6235:McCutcheon 2013 6233: 6226: 6216:McCutcheon 2013 6214: 6210: 6202: 6195: 6189:McCutcheon 2013 6187: 6183: 6175:, p. 321; 6171: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135:, p. 319; 6131: 6127: 6119:, p. 304; 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6082: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6047:, p. 883; 6039: 6035: 6027:, p. 400; 6023:, p. 575; 6011: 6007: 5999:, p. 400; 5995:, p. 575; 5987: 5983: 5971: 5967: 5959: 5952: 5944: 5929: 5921:, p. 877; 5917: 5913: 5905: 5898: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5827: 5815: 5811: 5803:, p. 405; 5799: 5795: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5673: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591:, p. 191; 5587: 5583: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5547: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500:, p. 336; 5496: 5492: 5484:, p. 335; 5480: 5476: 5468:, p. 103; 5464:, p. 335; 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307:, p. 104; 5303: 5299: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5269: 5261:, p. 879; 5253:, p. 330; 5249: 5245: 5237:, p. 330; 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5178: 5170:, p. 879; 5166:, p. 330; 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5119: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5042:McCutcheon 2013 5040: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4952:McCutcheon 2013 4946: 4942: 4934:, p. 145; 4930: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4900:McCutcheon 2013 4898: 4891: 4883:, p. 142; 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4821:, p. 252; 4817: 4813: 4803:McCutcheon 2013 4793:, p. 182; 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4749: 4745: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4646:, p. 456; 4642:, p. 253; 4638:, p. 158; 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598:, p. 158; 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570:, p. 280; 4562: 4558: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503:, p. 882; 4499: 4495: 4487:, p. 140; 4483:, p. 160; 4479: 4475: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4384: 4380: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4307: 4299:, p. 197; 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243:, p. 235; 4239: 4235: 4227: 4218: 4210:, p. 151; 4206: 4202: 4194:, p. 154; 4182: 4178: 4166: 4162: 4154:, p. 454; 4150:, p. 148; 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4111: 4099:, p. 148; 4095: 4091: 4083:, p. 147; 4079: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4024: 4020: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3989: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3954: 3942:, p. 882; 3934: 3930: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839:, p. 145; 3835: 3831: 3824: 3816:. p. 233. 3803: 3796: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3756: 3752: 3744:, p. 233; 3740: 3736: 3724:, p. 175; 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3594: 3586: 3575: 3567:, p. 876; 3563: 3559: 3551: 3544: 3536:, p. 455; 3528: 3524: 3516: 3509: 3501: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444:, p. 193; 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3397: 3389:, p. 881; 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3318: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3288: 3280: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251:, p. 252; 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3202: 3198:, pp. 8–9. 3194: 3190: 3182:, p. 233; 3178: 3174: 3166: 3159: 3143: 3139: 3131:, p. 193; 3123: 3119: 3111: 3104: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068:, p. 882; 3056: 3052: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3007: 2999:, p. 891; 2995: 2991: 2979: 2975: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2925: 2921: 2905:, p. 172; 2901:, p. 187; 2897:, p. 185; 2893: 2889: 2881: 2870: 2862: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2828: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2698:Politics portal 2696: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2622:, with various 2612:The Skinny Boys 2561: 2547:virus; in 2020 2435: 2425: 2419: 2410:C. Eric Lincoln 2349: 2273:Muammar Gaddafi 2249: 2232:Muhammad Speaks 2224:Muhammad Speaks 2220: 2218:Press and media 2189: 2184: 2104:Louis Farrakhan 2096:Louis Farrakhan 2089: 2061: 2006:Muhammad Speaks 1998: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1973: 1972: 1916:Elijah Muhammad 1909: 1901:human sacrifice 1890:Paradise Valley 1850: 1846: 1822: 1741: 1736: 1707: 1662:anti-capitalist 1625: 1551: 1500: 1495: 1437: 1377: 1373: 1360:Mattias Gardell 1352: 1320:Book of Ezekiel 1310:drawing on the 1296: 1230: 1226: 1161: 1145:people of color 1076: 1024: 1016: 1007: 1002: 996: 932:white supremacy 900:Louis Farrakhan 883:social movement 859: 816:Louis Farrakhan 788:Elijah Muhammad 732:people of color 681:Nation of Islam 673: 635: 632: 624: 622: 617: 616: 573: 565: 564: 535: 527: 526: 497: 489: 488: 469:Muhammad Speaks 449: 441: 440: 436:Justice or Else 421: 413: 412: 395: 386: 376: 375: 371:Khalid Muhammad 341:Louis Farrakhan 326:Elijah Muhammad 316: 308: 307: 293: 284:Nation of Islam 259: 251: 218: 204:Elijah Muhammad 197: 189:Louis Farrakhan 185: 175: 160: 158:(2007 estimate) 157: 150: 71: 69: 66: 40:Nation of Islam 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16464: 16454: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16441:Millenarianism 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16396: 16395: 16390: 16389: 16387: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16355:Pentecostalism 16351: 16349: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16341: 16336: 16330:Bible Students 16327: 16322: 16316: 16314: 16310: 16309: 16307: 16306: 16304:Rosicrucianism 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16275: 16273: 16269: 16268: 16261: 16260: 16253: 16246: 16238: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16225: 16218: 16211: 16204: 16197: 16190: 16183: 16175: 16172: 16171: 16169: 16168: 16161: 16154: 16147: 16140: 16133: 16126: 16119: 16112: 16111: 16110: 16098: 16091: 16084: 16077: 16069: 16067: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15949: 15947: 15937: 15936: 15934: 15933: 15928: 15926:Michelle Stith 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15906:Kendrick Moxon 15903: 15901:Heber Jentzsch 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15851:L. Ron Hubbard 15847: 15845: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15835: 15830: 15828:United Kingdom 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15764: 15762: 15756: 15755: 15753: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15701: 15700: 15690: 15689: 15688: 15678: 15677: 15676: 15666: 15665: 15664: 15654: 15649: 15648: 15647: 15645:Château Élysée 15637: 15631: 15629: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15613: 15606: 15599: 15592: 15585: 15578: 15571: 15564: 15557: 15550: 15543: 15536: 15529: 15522: 15515: 15508: 15501: 15493: 15491: 15485: 15484: 15482: 15481: 15476: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15447: 15442: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15339: 15337: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15291: 15290: 15285: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15189: 15188: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15149: 15147: 15139: 15138: 15131: 15130: 15123: 15116: 15108: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15095: 15085: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15065: 15064: 15061: 15060: 15058: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15016: 15015: 15005: 15004: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14983: 14978: 14977: 14976: 14971: 14960: 14958: 14957:Related topics 14954: 14953: 14951: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14929: 14927: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14891: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14869: 14867: 14857: 14856: 14843: 14842: 14839: 14838: 14835: 14834: 14832: 14831: 14826: 14819: 14814: 14813: 14812: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14776: 14774: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14745: 14743: 14737: 14736: 14734: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14692: 14690: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14639: 14637: 14627: 14626: 14611: 14610: 14607: 14606: 14603: 14602: 14600: 14599: 14594: 14593: 14592: 14580: 14578:Sources of law 14575: 14570: 14569: 14568: 14558: 14551: 14546: 14539: 14534: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14485: 14478: 14477: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14456: 14451: 14443: 14441: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14426: 14419: 14412: 14405: 14398: 14391: 14383: 14381: 14379: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14362: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14355: 14348: 14343: 14336: 14329: 14322: 14314: 14312: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14302: 14295: 14288: 14281: 14274: 14269: 14263: 14261: 14251: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14241: 14235: 14227: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14202:Social welfare 14199: 14194: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14116: 14114: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14082: 14081: 14071: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14052: 14051: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14027: 14013: 14012: 14011: 14006: 14005: 14004: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13974: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13929: 13927: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13917: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13889: 13887: 13881: 13880: 13878: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13828: 13823: 13816: 13809: 13807:Historiography 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13783: 13781: 13779: 13778: 13773: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13761: 13760: 13753: 13746: 13739: 13732: 13724: 13722: 13716: 13715: 13713: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13668: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13648: 13646: 13636: 13635: 13628: 13625: 13624: 13616: 13615: 13608: 13601: 13593: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13580: 13568: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13498: 13497: 13496: 13491: 13489:Visual artists 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13449:Mathematicians 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13410: 13408: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13398: 13390: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13327: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13299: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13273: 13268: 13266:South Carolina 13263: 13258: 13257: 13256: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13236:North Carolina 13233: 13232: 13231: 13221: 13216: 13215: 13214: 13204: 13199: 13198: 13197: 13189: 13188: 13187: 13181:Massachusetts 13179: 13178: 13177: 13167: 13162: 13161: 13160: 13150: 13145: 13144: 13143: 13133: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13116: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13092: 13082: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13070: 13060: 13055: 13049: 13047: 13043: 13042: 13040: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13023:social context 13020: 13010: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12988: 12982: 12980: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12955: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12943: 12933: 12932: 12931: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12904: 12903: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12874:Creek Freedmen 12871: 12866: 12861: 12851: 12849:Alabama Creole 12846: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12820: 12818: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12789:Central (CIAA) 12785: 12783: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12710: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12625: 12623: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12582:Pan-Africanism 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12563: 12562: 12552: 12547: 12541: 12539: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12531: 12526: 12524:Black theology 12521: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12487: 12481: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12469: 12468: 12467: 12465:in STEM fields 12462: 12457: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12423: 12421: 12420:and technology 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12359:Harriet Tubman 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12289:Michelle Obama 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12219:Barbara Jordan 12216: 12214:Harriet Jacobs 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12104:Amelia Boynton 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12070: 12068: 12067:Notable people 12064: 12063: 12061: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12003:LGBT community 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11984: 11983: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11927: 11925: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11855: 11850: 11843: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11802: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11790: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11718:Freedom Riders 11715: 11710: 11702: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11662: 11657: 11649: 11644: 11642:Black genocide 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11598: 11596: 11590: 11589: 11582: 11581: 11574: 11567: 11559: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11490: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11473: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11450: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11417: 11412: 11403: 11398: 11392: 11376: 11375:External links 11373: 11371: 11370: 11361: 11332: 11323: 11314: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11286:(3–4): 35–40. 11275: 11270:978-0415263245 11269: 11252: 11242:(3–4): 41–48. 11227: 11201:(1): 130–150. 11190: 11172:(4): 449–464. 11161: 11143:(2): 151–170. 11132: 11119: 11109:(2): 193–209. 11098: 11069: 11063: 11040: 11034: 11021: 11009:10.2307/466897 10996: 10975: 10969: 10956: 10950: 10937: 10908: 10887: 10867: 10861: 10848: 10822:(2): 182–196. 10811: 10805: 10792: 10765: 10752: 10747:978-0367875176 10746: 10729: 10724:978-0367875176 10723: 10710: 10705:978-0367875176 10704: 10687: 10681: 10668: 10663:978-0822318453 10662: 10649: 10644:978-0415263245 10643: 10626: 10605: 10579:(2): 167–196. 10568: 10530: 10512:(2): 393–415. 10501: 10488: 10478:(3): 685–703. 10467: 10462:978-0304355921 10461: 10448: 10422:(6): 873–893. 10411: 10382: 10361: 10343:(6): 711–730. 10332: 10314:(4): 305–325. 10303: 10293:(1): 124–152. 10281: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10260: 10258:, p. 188. 10248: 10240:Curtis IV 2002 10228: 10226:, p. 164. 10216: 10214:, p. 180. 10204: 10188: 10176: 10172:Curtis IV 2016 10164: 10162:, p. 165. 10152: 10148:MacGregor 2007 10140: 10128: 10126:, p. 271. 10116: 10114:, p. 718. 10104: 10102:, p. 316. 10092: 10090:, p. 285. 10080: 10068: 10066:, p. 250. 10056: 10040: 10010: 9991: 9985:. p. 10. 9967: 9948: 9946:, p. 269. 9936: 9934:, p. 245. 9924: 9920:The Final Call 9912: 9910:, p. 259. 9897: 9885: 9855: 9853:, p. 159. 9849:, p. 97; 9839: 9808: 9806:, p. 163. 9788: 9776: 9774:, p. 252. 9764: 9748: 9736: 9717: 9689: 9670: 9668:, p. 253. 9654: 9652:, p. 202. 9638: 9636:, p. 264. 9623: 9593: 9566: 9529: 9527:, p. 182. 9525:Curtis IV 2002 9517: 9515:, p. 253. 9502: 9500:, p. 574. 9490: 9488:, p. 152. 9478: 9476:, p. 154. 9466: 9454: 9452:, p. 176. 9450:Curtis IV 2002 9442: 9430: 9418: 9402: 9390: 9388:, p. 105. 9375: 9367:Curtis IV 2002 9359: 9357:, p. 394. 9347: 9345:, p. 241. 9335: 9333:, p. 311. 9319: 9307: 9305:, p. 140. 9291: 9289:, p. 409. 9279: 9267: 9265:, p. 105. 9255: 9253:, p. 399. 9243: 9241:, p. 311. 9231: 9229:, p. 161. 9216: 9204: 9202:, p. 164. 9188: 9176: 9174:, p. 277. 9160: 9158:, p. 274. 9144: 9142:, p. 273. 9132: 9116: 9114:, p. 162. 9104: 9102:, p. 141. 9098:, p. 37; 9088: 9076: 9046: 9015: 8984: 8982:, p. 138. 8972: 8970:, p. 201. 8956: 8950:, p. 66; 8942:, p. 15; 8932: 8920: 8908: 8906:, p. 139. 8896: 8894:, p. 206. 8884: 8882:, p. 139. 8878:, p. 64; 8868: 8866:, p. 190. 8856: 8854:, p. 138. 8850:, p. 64; 8836: 8830:, p. 62; 8820: 8803: 8801:, p. 207. 8791: 8779: 8752: 8750:, p. 160. 8740: 8728: 8716: 8712:Curtis IV 2002 8704: 8692: 8680: 8678:, p. 115. 8668: 8666:, p. 137. 8656: 8644: 8632: 8630:, p. 337. 8620: 8618:, p. 125. 8608: 8574: 8544: 8527:The Final Call 8513: 8477: 8441: 8417: 8415:, p. 159. 8405: 8393: 8391:, p. 288. 8381: 8379:, p. 295. 8366: 8364:, p. 294. 8354: 8342: 8326: 8322:Curtis IV 2016 8316:, p. 20; 8306: 8304:, p. 108. 8296:, p. 20; 8286: 8284:, p. 141. 8274: 8272:, p. 137. 8268:, p. 18; 8258: 8256:, p. 140. 8246: 8230: 8218: 8206: 8194: 8192:, p. 126. 8182: 8170: 8168:, p. 121. 8158: 8146: 8142:Curtis IV 2016 8126: 8095: 8093:, p. 113. 8089:, p. 18; 8079: 8063: 8051: 8035: 8033:, p. 102. 8023: 8021:, p. 111. 8011: 8007:Curtis IV 2016 8005:, p. 78; 7983: 7977:, p. 78; 7969:, p. 16; 7959: 7943: 7941:, p. 109. 7937:, p. 16; 7927: 7925:, p. 200. 7917:, p. 16; 7907: 7903:Curtis IV 2016 7893:, p. 16; 7883: 7879:Curtis IV 2016 7864: 7848: 7844:Curtis IV 2016 7842:, p. 71; 7834:, p. 16; 7824: 7822:, p. 189. 7808: 7806:, p. 189. 7796: 7784: 7772: 7739: 7727: 7715: 7685: 7652: 7619: 7604: 7602:, p. 199. 7598:, p. 76; 7588: 7576: 7570:, p. 14; 7560: 7550:, p. 80; 7540: 7528: 7526:, p. 155. 7516: 7501: 7485: 7475:, p. 65; 7471:, p. 11; 7461: 7459:, p. 224. 7445: 7443:, p. 183. 7433: 7429:Curtis IV 2016 7425:Curtis IV 2002 7417: 7405: 7401:Curtis IV 2016 7397:Curtis IV 2002 7389: 7377: 7365: 7353: 7351:, p. 401. 7341: 7329: 7327:, p. 401. 7313: 7287: 7285:, p. 401. 7281:, p. 70; 7268: 7266:, p. 401. 7262:, p. 69; 7252: 7250:, p. 398. 7237: 7235:, p. 195. 7231:, p. 58; 7227:, p. 16; 7217: 7215:, p. 195. 7211:, p. 58; 7207:, p. 10; 7203:, p. 16; 7193: 7181: 7168: 7158:, p. 58; 7148: 7136: 7123: 7121:, p. 195. 7117:, p. 58; 7113:, p. 15; 7103: 7084: 7072: 7056: 7050:, p. 55; 7040: 7034:, p. 15; 7024: 7012: 7000: 6988: 6973: 6971:, p. 195. 6963:, p. 14; 6953: 6947:, p. 13; 6937: 6931:, p. 14; 6921: 6909: 6894: 6875: 6855: 6836: 6824:Byrd, Dustin J 6810: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6745:, p. 397. 6741:, p. 13; 6737:, p. 50; 6719: 6707: 6705:, p. 194. 6695: 6689:, p. 37; 6679: 6667: 6665:, p. 689. 6657:, p. 37; 6643: 6641:, p. 193. 6637:, p. 31; 6623: 6621:, p. 880. 6611: 6609:, p. 393. 6599: 6597:, p. 138. 6587:Tsoukalas 2004 6579: 6577:, p. 153. 6573:, p. 35; 6563: 6557:, p. 35; 6547: 6535: 6529:, p. 32; 6519: 6507: 6503:Curtis IV 2016 6491: 6489:, p. 891. 6479: 6467: 6447: 6435: 6431:Curtis IV 2016 6423: 6411: 6407:Curtis IV 2002 6399: 6397:, p. 319. 6387: 6375: 6373:, p. 723. 6360: 6358:, p. 725. 6354:, p. 45; 6344: 6342:, p. 721. 6332: 6330:, p. 313. 6320: 6318:, p. 880. 6304: 6302:, p. 880. 6288: 6286:, p. 880. 6272: 6270:, p. 320. 6260: 6243: 6241:, p. 575. 6237:, p. 65; 6224: 6222:, p. 572. 6218:, p. 62; 6208: 6193: 6181: 6179:, p. 884. 6165: 6153: 6151:, p. 307. 6141: 6139:, p. 201. 6125: 6109: 6097: 6095:, p. 318. 6080: 6078:, p. 884. 6065: 6063:, p. 153. 6053: 6051:, p. 400. 6043:, p. 61; 6033: 6029:Curtis IV 2016 6019:, p. 61; 6015:, p. 17; 6005: 6001:Curtis IV 2016 5991:, p. 61; 5981: 5977:Curtis IV 2016 5975:, p. 62; 5965: 5963:, p. 575. 5950: 5927: 5925:, p. 574. 5911: 5909:, p. 889. 5896: 5894:, p. 889. 5890:, p. 61; 5880: 5868: 5866:, p. 888. 5856: 5850:, p. 17; 5840: 5825: 5821:Curtis IV 2016 5819:, p. 17; 5809: 5805:Curtis IV 2016 5793: 5791:, p. 197. 5778: 5761: 5759:, p. 886. 5749: 5747:, p. 886. 5743:, p. 54; 5733: 5718: 5716:, p. 192. 5706: 5704:, p. 137. 5694: 5671: 5665:, p. 63; 5655: 5651:Curtis IV 2002 5643: 5641:, p. 183. 5639:Curtis IV 2002 5628: 5626:, p. 174. 5624:Curtis IV 2002 5609: 5597: 5595:, p. 879. 5581: 5579:, p. 191. 5566: 5564:, p. 173. 5562:Curtis IV 2002 5545: 5543:, p. 722. 5530: 5526:Curtis IV 2016 5518: 5516:, p. 101. 5506: 5504:, p. 879. 5490: 5488:, p. 103. 5474: 5470:Curtis IV 2016 5454: 5450:Curtis IV 2002 5442: 5430: 5428:, p. 103. 5418: 5399: 5397:, p. 330. 5387: 5372: 5368:Curtis IV 2016 5349: 5337: 5325: 5323:, p. 104. 5313: 5297: 5282: 5267: 5265:, p. 409. 5257:, p. 42; 5243: 5241:, p. 879. 5227: 5225:, p. 171. 5223:Curtis IV 2002 5215: 5203: 5191: 5189:, p. 879. 5176: 5174:, p. 140. 5156: 5144: 5132: 5130:, p. 883. 5117: 5113:Soumahoro 2007 5111:, p. 65; 5101: 5089: 5087:, p. 882. 5083:, p. 42; 5081:Soumahoro 2007 5073: 5058: 5056:, p. 147. 5046: 5031: 5029:, p. 145. 5019: 5017:, p. 283. 5007: 5005:, p. 322. 4992: 4990:, p. 257. 4980: 4978:, p. 309. 4968: 4966:, p. 310. 4956: 4950:, p. 60; 4940: 4924: 4920:Soumahoro 2007 4918:, p. 60; 4904: 4889: 4879:, p. 58; 4869: 4867:, p. 875. 4857: 4855:, p. 874. 4842: 4840:, p. 321. 4827: 4811: 4807:Curtis IV 2016 4805:, p. 61; 4797:, p. 40; 4795:Soumahoro 2007 4783: 4781:, p. 159. 4771: 4767:Curtis IV 2016 4759: 4757:, p. 456. 4755:Tsoukalas 2004 4743: 4739:Curtis IV 2016 4727: 4725:, p. 164. 4712: 4710:, p. 162. 4700: 4698:, p. 163. 4688: 4686:, p. 131. 4676: 4674:, p. 133. 4664: 4652: 4644:Tsoukalas 2004 4628: 4626:, p. 158. 4616: 4612:Curtis IV 2016 4604: 4588: 4586:, p. 160. 4576: 4574:, p. 874. 4556: 4536: 4532:Soumahoro 2007 4521: 4509: 4505:Soumahoro 2007 4493: 4491:, p. 400. 4473: 4471:, p. 148. 4458: 4456:, p. 141. 4446: 4444:, p. 151. 4434: 4422: 4420:, p. 301. 4410: 4398: 4394:Curtis IV 2016 4392:, p. 63; 4378: 4374:Soumahoro 2007 4372:, p. 60; 4362: 4360:, p. 157. 4350: 4348:, p. 165. 4334: 4332:, p. 150. 4322: 4318:Curtis IV 2016 4305: 4303:, p. 139. 4285: 4283:, p. 148. 4273: 4271:, p. 234. 4261: 4259:, p. 129. 4249: 4245:Curtis IV 2016 4233: 4231:, p. 152. 4216: 4214:, p. 692. 4200: 4176: 4172:Curtis IV 2016 4170:, p. 61; 4160: 4156:Curtis IV 2016 4152:Tsoukalas 2004 4140: 4128: 4124:Soumahoro 2007 4109: 4105:Curtis IV 2016 4101:Tsoukalas 2004 4089: 4085:Curtis IV 2016 4070: 4068:, p. 153. 4058: 4046: 4034: 4018: 4016:, p. 878. 4012:, p. 57; 4002: 3998:Curtis IV 2016 3987: 3983:Curtis IV 2016 3981:, p. 57; 3971: 3952: 3946:, p. 42; 3944:Soumahoro 2007 3938:, p. 57; 3928: 3924:Soumahoro 2007 3922:, p. 56; 3918:, p. 10; 3908: 3906:, p. 180. 3896: 3894:, p. 179. 3881: 3879:, p. 176. 3869: 3857: 3855:, p. 882. 3845: 3829: 3822: 3794: 3792:, p. 144. 3788:, p. 10; 3778: 3774:Curtis IV 2016 3766: 3762:Curtis IV 2016 3750: 3748:, p. 175. 3734: 3730:Curtis IV 2016 3728:, p. 64; 3714: 3702: 3700:, p. 877. 3690: 3688:, p. 174. 3678: 3676:, p. 172. 3666: 3664:, p. 455. 3662:Tsoukalas 2004 3654: 3652:, p. 134. 3639: 3637:, p. 876. 3624: 3609: 3607:, p. 146. 3592: 3590:, p. 144. 3573: 3569:Soumahoro 2007 3557: 3555:, p. 173. 3542: 3534:Tsoukalas 2004 3522: 3520:, p. 145. 3507: 3505:, p. 171. 3486: 3474: 3472:, p. 252. 3462: 3450: 3446:Curtis IV 2016 3434: 3432:, p. 169. 3422: 3410: 3408:, p. 117. 3395: 3393:, p. 311. 3375: 3363: 3347: 3345:, p. 106. 3335: 3331:Soumahoro 2007 3316: 3301: 3299:, p. 699. 3286: 3269: 3267:, p. 700. 3257: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3215:, p. 456. 3213:Tsoukalas 2004 3200: 3196:Curtis IV 2016 3188: 3186:, p. 574. 3172: 3168:Soumahoro 2007 3157: 3155:, p. 153. 3151:, p. 46; 3147:, p. 36; 3137: 3127:, p. iv; 3117: 3115:, p. 686. 3102: 3096:, p. 39; 3094:Soumahoro 2007 3086: 3084:, p. 573. 3074: 3070:Soumahoro 2007 3064:, p. 59; 3050: 3035: 3033:, p. 280. 3020: 3016:Curtis IV 2016 3005: 3003:, p. 165. 2989: 2987:, p. 151. 2983:, p. 45; 2973: 2952: 2928:Barker, Eileen 2919: 2915:Curtis IV 2016 2913:, p. 28; 2909:, p. 87; 2907:MacGregor 2007 2899:Curtis IV 2002 2887: 2868: 2853: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2792: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2770:Latino Muslims 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2701: 2687: 2673: 2670:Chicago portal 2657: 2654: 2632:gender studies 2616:Sister Souljah 2560: 2557: 2421:Main article: 2418: 2415: 2390:radicalization 2348: 2345: 2329:National Front 2311:(KKK) and the 2290:Saddam Hussein 2286:Nelson Mandela 2278:Jerry Rawlings 2248: 2245: 2228:The Final Call 2226:(1961–75) and 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Ron Hubbard 2133:Jerry Rawlings 2117:The Final Call 2088: 2085: 2060: 2057: 1985: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1908: 1905: 1879:Fruit of Islam 1863:Noble Drew Ali 1839: 1821: 1818: 1805:Noble Drew Ali 1801:North Carolina 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1722:to become the 1706: 1703: 1682:Muhammad Farms 1624: 1621: 1619:for children. 1609:collard greens 1550: 1547: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1462:Fruit of Islam 1436: 1433: 1408:Third Position 1379:The Nation is 1365: 1351: 1348: 1295: 1292: 1218: 1160: 1157: 1075: 1072: 1008: 1006: 1003: 998:Main article: 995: 992: 871:that of Turkey 858: 855: 794:and the boxer 772:Noble Drew Ali 675: 674: 672: 671: 664: 657: 649: 646: 645: 619: 618: 615: 614: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 519: 514: 509: 507:Muhammad Farms 504: 502:Fruit of Islam 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 479: 472: 465: 462:The Final Call 458: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 433: 428: 422: 419: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 405: 400: 393: 387: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 368: 363: 361:David Muhammad 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 303:Noble Drew Ali 300: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 280: 279: 267: 266: 257: 253: 252: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 232:Fruit of Islam 228: 226: 220: 219: 217: 216: 211: 206: 200: 198: 195: 192: 191: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 161: 155: 152: 151: 149: 148: 144: 142: 138: 137: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16463: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16408: 16406: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16356: 16353: 16352: 16350: 16346: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16317: 16315: 16311: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16270: 16266: 16259: 16254: 16252: 16247: 16245: 16240: 16239: 16236: 16224: 16219: 16217: 16212: 16210: 16205: 16203: 16198: 16196: 16191: 16189: 16184: 16182: 16177: 16176: 16173: 16167: 16166: 16165:We Stand Tall 16162: 16160: 16159: 16155: 16152: 16148: 16146: 16145: 16141: 16139: 16138: 16134: 16132: 16131: 16127: 16125: 16124: 16120: 16118: 16117: 16113: 16109: 16106: 16105: 16104: 16103: 16099: 16097: 16096: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16085: 16083: 16082: 16078: 16076: 16075: 16071: 16070: 16068: 16066: 16060: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15950: 15948: 15946: 15943:organizations 15938: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15896:Leisa Goodman 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15848: 15846: 15844: 15840: 15834: 15833:United States 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15757: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15694: 15691: 15687: 15684: 15683: 15682: 15679: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15670: 15667: 15663: 15660: 15659: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15622: 15621:Organizations 15618: 15612: 15611: 15607: 15605: 15604: 15600: 15598: 15597: 15593: 15591: 15590: 15586: 15584: 15583: 15579: 15577: 15576: 15572: 15570: 15569: 15565: 15563: 15562: 15558: 15556: 15555: 15551: 15549: 15548: 15544: 15542: 15541: 15537: 15535: 15534: 15530: 15528: 15527: 15523: 15521: 15520: 15516: 15514: 15513: 15509: 15507: 15506: 15502: 15500: 15499: 15495: 15494: 15492: 15490: 15486: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15474: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15452: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15440: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15336: 15335:controversies 15331: 15327: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15289: 15288:Homosexuality 15286: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15268:Reincarnation 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15258:Reactive mind 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15193:Disconnection 15191: 15187: 15185: 15181: 15180: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15140: 15136: 15129: 15124: 15122: 15117: 15115: 15110: 15109: 15106: 15094: 15086: 15084: 15074: 15073: 15070: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15009: 15006: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14996:Post-Islamism 14994: 14992: 14989: 14988: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14966: 14965: 14962: 14961: 14959: 14955: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14926: 14922: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14889: 14888:Protestantism 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14875: 14874: 14871: 14870: 14868: 14866: 14862: 14858: 14848: 14844: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14824: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14811: 14808: 14807: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14746: 14744: 14742: 14738: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14726:Ophthalmology 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14693: 14691: 14689: 14685: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14636: 14632: 14628: 14624: 14616: 14612: 14598: 14595: 14591: 14590: 14586: 14585: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14567: 14564: 14563: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14556: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14544: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14532: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14490: 14486: 14484: 14483: 14479: 14475: 14474:Death penalty 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14461: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14449: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14440:Other aspects 14438: 14432: 14431: 14427: 14425: 14424: 14420: 14418: 14417: 14413: 14411: 14410: 14406: 14404: 14403: 14399: 14397: 14396: 14392: 14390: 14389: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14360: 14354: 14353: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14341: 14337: 14335: 14334: 14330: 14328: 14327: 14323: 14321: 14320: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14311: 14307: 14301: 14300: 14296: 14294: 14293: 14289: 14287: 14286: 14282: 14280: 14279: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14260: 14256: 14252: 14245: 14244:Jurisprudence 14242: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14232: 14228: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14192: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14098: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14063: 14060: 14056: 14053: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14022: 14021: 14017: 14014: 14010: 14007: 14003: 14000: 13999: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13964: 13961: 13960: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13935: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13928: 13926: 13925:Denominations 13922: 13916: 13915: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13886: 13882: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13838: 13834: 13833: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13821: 13817: 13815: 13814: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13768: 13765: 13759: 13758: 13754: 13752: 13751: 13747: 13745: 13744: 13740: 13738: 13737: 13733: 13731: 13730: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13717: 13711: 13710:Holiest sites 13708: 13706: 13705:Judgement Day 13703: 13701: 13700: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13647: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13632: 13626: 13621: 13614: 13609: 13607: 13602: 13600: 13595: 13594: 13591: 13579: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13560: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13548:Neighborhoods 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13511:Sports firsts 13509: 13507: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13324: 13320: 13314: 13313:West Virginia 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13255: 13252: 13251: 13250:Pennsylvania 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13230: 13229:New York City 13227: 13226: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13213: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13186: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13100: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13074: 13073:San Francisco 13071: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13050: 13048: 13046:By state/city 13044: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12997: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12991:American Sign 12989: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12977: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12938: 12937: 12934: 12930: 12927: 12926: 12925: 12924:Neighborhoods 12922: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12909: 12906: 12902: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12855: 12854:Black Indians 12852: 12850: 12847: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12776: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12616: 12610: 12607: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12536: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12432:Black schools 12430: 12428: 12427:Black studies 12425: 12424: 12422: 12416: 12410: 12409:Whitney Young 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12399:Oprah Winfrey 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12369:Denmark Vesey 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12314:Joseph Rainey 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12269:Toni Morrison 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12254:Joseph Lowery 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12199:Jesse Jackson 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12189:Kamala Harris 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12174:Marcus Garvey 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12124:Blanche Bruce 12122: 12120: 12119:Edward Brooke 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12109:James Bradley 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12089:James Baldwin 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12065: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12033:Neighborhoods 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11886:Silent Parade 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11848: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11814:Jim Crow laws 11812: 11810: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11655: 11654: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11637:Black cowboys 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11580: 11575: 11573: 11568: 11566: 11561: 11560: 11557: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11486:United States 11483: 11479:organizations 11478: 11471: 11466: 11464: 11459: 11457: 11452: 11451: 11448: 11442: 11435: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11384: 11379: 11378: 11367: 11362: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11329: 11324: 11320: 11315: 11311: 11306: 11305: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11257:UFO Religions 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11027: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10962: 10957: 10953: 10947: 10943: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10898:(1): 87–120. 10897: 10893: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10862:9780415189781 10858: 10854: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10812: 10808: 10806:9780739454954 10802: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10766: 10763:(1): 133–175. 10762: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10730: 10726: 10720: 10716: 10711: 10707: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10688: 10684: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10655: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10631:UFO Religions 10627: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10536: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10468: 10464: 10458: 10454: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10372:(3–4): 2–34. 10371: 10367: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10283: 10282: 10269: 10264: 10257: 10252: 10246:, p. 64. 10245: 10241: 10237: 10232: 10225: 10220: 10213: 10208: 10201: 10198:, p. 5; 10197: 10192: 10185: 10180: 10173: 10168: 10161: 10156: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10125: 10120: 10113: 10108: 10101: 10096: 10089: 10084: 10077: 10072: 10065: 10060: 10054:, p. 98. 10053: 10050:, p. 2; 10049: 10044: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10014: 9998: 9994: 9992:0-595-24086-0 9988: 9984: 9980: 9979: 9971: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9952: 9945: 9940: 9933: 9928: 9921: 9916: 9909: 9904: 9902: 9895:, p. 94. 9894: 9889: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9827: 9823: 9821: 9812: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9780: 9773: 9768: 9762:, p. 95. 9761: 9757: 9752: 9745: 9740: 9724: 9720: 9718:0-312-16561-7 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9701: 9693: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9674: 9667: 9663: 9658: 9651: 9647: 9642: 9635: 9630: 9628: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9536: 9534: 9526: 9521: 9514: 9509: 9507: 9499: 9494: 9487: 9482: 9475: 9470: 9464:, p. 11. 9463: 9458: 9451: 9446: 9439: 9434: 9427: 9422: 9415: 9411: 9406: 9399: 9394: 9387: 9382: 9380: 9372: 9368: 9363: 9356: 9351: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9300: 9295: 9288: 9283: 9277:, p. 37. 9276: 9271: 9264: 9259: 9252: 9247: 9240: 9235: 9228: 9223: 9221: 9213: 9208: 9201: 9197: 9192: 9185: 9180: 9173: 9170:, p. 6; 9169: 9164: 9157: 9154:, p. 5; 9153: 9148: 9141: 9136: 9129: 9126:, p. 5; 9125: 9120: 9113: 9108: 9101: 9097: 9096:Woodford 1996 9092: 9085: 9084:Woodford 1996 9080: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9050: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8976: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8953: 8952:Jeffries 2019 8949: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8929: 8924: 8918:, p. 97. 8917: 8912: 8905: 8900: 8893: 8888: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8865: 8860: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8840: 8834:, p. 23. 8833: 8829: 8824: 8818:, p. 62. 8817: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8800: 8795: 8788: 8783: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8749: 8744: 8738:, p. 31. 8737: 8732: 8725: 8720: 8713: 8708: 8702:, p. 67. 8701: 8696: 8689: 8684: 8677: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8654:, p. 15. 8653: 8648: 8641: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8617: 8612: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8482: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8448: 8446: 8439:, p. 61. 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8414: 8409: 8402: 8397: 8390: 8385: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8363: 8358: 8351: 8346: 8339: 8335: 8330: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8310: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8290: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8255: 8250: 8244:, p. 88. 8243: 8239: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8215: 8210: 8204:, p. 99. 8203: 8198: 8191: 8186: 8180:, p. 81. 8179: 8174: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8144:, p. 25. 8143: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8088: 8083: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8044: 8039: 8032: 8027: 8020: 8015: 8009:, p. 25. 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7981:, p. 61. 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7963: 7957:, p. 61. 7956: 7952: 7947: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7911: 7905:, p. 25. 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7881:, p. 25. 7880: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7846:, p. 24. 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7794:, p. 90. 7793: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7737:, p. 17. 7736: 7731: 7725:, p. 16. 7724: 7719: 7708:September 21, 7703: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7623: 7617:, p. 77. 7616: 7611: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7580: 7574:, p. 80. 7573: 7569: 7564: 7558:, p. 63. 7557: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7514:, p. 66. 7513: 7508: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7455:, p. 3; 7454: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7431:, p. 17. 7430: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7403:, p. 17. 7402: 7398: 7393: 7387:, p. 73. 7386: 7381: 7375:, p. 12. 7374: 7369: 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7338: 7333: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7284: 7280: 7275: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7256: 7249: 7244: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7191:, p. 60. 7190: 7185: 7178: 7172: 7166:, p. 60. 7165: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7146:, p. 15. 7145: 7140: 7133: 7127: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7101:, p. 58. 7100: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7082:, p. 57. 7081: 7076: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7054:, p. 17. 7053: 7049: 7044: 7038:, p. 54. 7037: 7033: 7028: 7022:, p. 49. 7021: 7016: 7009: 7004: 6998:, p. 47. 6997: 6992: 6986:, p. 50. 6985: 6980: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6951:, p. 54. 6950: 6946: 6941: 6935:, p. 54. 6934: 6930: 6925: 6919:, p. 13. 6918: 6913: 6907:, p. 54. 6906: 6901: 6899: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6859: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6808:, p. 53. 6807: 6802: 6800: 6793:, p. 51. 6792: 6787: 6781:, p. 11. 6780: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6733:, p. 8; 6732: 6728: 6723: 6717:, p. 21. 6716: 6711: 6704: 6699: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6677:, p. 38. 6676: 6671: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6653:, p. 7; 6652: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6633:, p. 7; 6632: 6627: 6620: 6615: 6608: 6603: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6545:, p. 32. 6544: 6539: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6517:, p. 87. 6516: 6511: 6505:, p. 17. 6504: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6465:, p. 89. 6464: 6460: 6457:, p. 4; 6456: 6451: 6445:, p. 18. 6444: 6439: 6433:, p. 17. 6432: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6391: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6258:, p. 62. 6257: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6206:, p. 14. 6205: 6200: 6198: 6191:, p. 61. 6190: 6185: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6163:, p. 45. 6162: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6107:, p. 19. 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6031:, p. 18. 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6003:, p. 18. 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5979:, p. 18. 5978: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5955: 5948:, p. 62. 5947: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5854:, p. 61. 5853: 5849: 5844: 5838:, p. 17. 5837: 5832: 5830: 5823:, p. 18. 5822: 5818: 5813: 5807:, p. 17. 5806: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5776:, p. 64. 5775: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5692:, p. 63. 5691: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5669:, p. 60. 5668: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5633: 5625: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5607:, p. 65. 5606: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5528:, p. 10. 5527: 5522: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5472:, p. 16. 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5416:, p. 61. 5415: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5391: 5385:, p. 38. 5384: 5379: 5377: 5370:, p. 18. 5369: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5346: 5341: 5335:, p. 41. 5334: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5311:, p. 42. 5310: 5306: 5301: 5295:, p. 33. 5294: 5289: 5287: 5280:, p. 39. 5279: 5274: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5201:, p. 42. 5200: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5154:, p. 35. 5153: 5148: 5142:, p. 65. 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5115:, p. 42. 5114: 5110: 5105: 5099:, p. 66. 5098: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5055: 5050: 5044:, p. 65. 5043: 5038: 5036: 5028: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4954:, p. 62. 4953: 4949: 4944: 4938:, p. 12. 4937: 4933: 4928: 4922:, p. 40. 4921: 4917: 4914:, p. 4; 4913: 4908: 4902:, p. 69. 4901: 4896: 4894: 4887:, p. 24. 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4823:Jeffries 2019 4820: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4769:, p. 22. 4768: 4763: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4650:, p. 57. 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4614:, p. 20. 4613: 4608: 4602:, p. 63. 4601: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4569: 4566:, p. 8; 4565: 4560: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4534:, p. 39. 4533: 4528: 4526: 4519:, p. 36. 4518: 4513: 4507:, p. 46. 4506: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4396:, p. 16. 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4376:, p. 41. 4375: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4320:, p. 16. 4319: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4247:, p. 16. 4246: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4198:, p. 71. 4197: 4193: 4189: 4186:, p. 4; 4185: 4180: 4174:, p. 16. 4173: 4169: 4164: 4158:, p. 22. 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4126:, p. 41. 4125: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4107:, p. 15. 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4087:, p. 15. 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4067: 4062: 4056:, p. 58. 4055: 4050: 4044:, p. 63. 4043: 4038: 4032:, p. 57. 4031: 4028:, p. 7; 4027: 4022: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4000:, p. 14. 3999: 3994: 3992: 3985:, p. 14. 3984: 3980: 3975: 3969:, p. 57. 3968: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3950:, p. 63. 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3926:, p. 42. 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3843:, p. 63. 3842: 3838: 3833: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3776:, p. 23. 3775: 3770: 3764:, p. 13. 3763: 3760:, p. 9; 3759: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3732:, p. 17. 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3712:, p. 64. 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3622:, p. 63. 3621: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3571:, p. 40. 3570: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3540:, p. 62. 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3454: 3448:, p. 13. 3447: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3373:, p. 28. 3372: 3367: 3361:, p. 62. 3360: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3333:, p. 40. 3332: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3284:, p. 62. 3283: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3266: 3261: 3255:, p. 64. 3254: 3250: 3245: 3239:, p. 50. 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3170:, p. 42. 3169: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3135:, p. 62. 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3072:, p. 40. 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3048:, p. 55. 3047: 3042: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2969: 2963: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2885:, p. 59. 2884: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2866:, p. 60. 2865: 2860: 2858: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2674: 2671: 2660: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596:Word of Faith 2593: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2513:the Holocaust 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2288:, and Iraq's 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144:hip hop music 2141: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033:Mosque Maryam 2029: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1789:Marcus Garvey 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1745: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1720:1984 campaign 1717: 1716:Jesse Jackson 1711: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:Vegetarianism 1574: 1570: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1540:Saviours' Day 1536: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:myth of Yakub 1170: 1165: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1087:, and Quran. 1086: 1082: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1023: 1020: 1013: 1001: 991: 990:predecessor. 988: 984: 980: 979:authoritarian 975: 973: 969: 968: 963: 958: 954: 949: 945: 941: 935: 933: 929: 925: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 892: 888: 887:UFO religions 884: 880: 872: 868: 863: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 837: 833: 829: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 650: 648: 647: 644: 639: 631: 621: 620: 613: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 569: 568: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 531: 530: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 493: 492: 485: 484: 480: 478: 477: 473: 471: 470: 466: 464: 463: 459: 457: 456: 452: 451: 445: 444: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 417: 416: 409: 406: 404: 401: 398: 394: 392: 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15183: 15008:Islamophobia 14873:Christianity 14821: 14754:Contemporary 14648:Architecture 14587: 14553: 14541: 14529: 14487: 14480: 14446: 14428: 14423:Nikah mut'ah 14421: 14414: 14407: 14400: 14393: 14386: 14350: 14338: 14331: 14324: 14317: 14297: 14290: 14283: 14276: 14189: 14068: 13912: 13836: 13818: 13811: 13755: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13727: 13720:Five Pillars 13697: 13663: 13652:God in Islam 13629: 13464:Sportspeople 13434:Billionaires 13351:Sierra Leone 13254:Philadelphia 13090:Jacksonville 12917:Demographics 12749:Jack Johnson 12739:Muhammad Ali 12572:Conservatism 12507:Black church 12499: 12404:Andrew Young 12389:Ida B. 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A 583:Black Mafia 292:Influencers 156:Membership 16405:Categories 16313:Gilded Age 16272:Antebellum 16222:Wiktionary 16208:Wikisource 16144:South Park 16137:The Profit 16130:The Master 16095:The Bridge 16033:Trademarks 15911:Karin Pouw 15626:properties 15489:Litigation 15433:Psychiatry 14938:Ex-Muslims 14823:Shu'ubiyya 14817:Psychology 14805:Literature 14795:Inventions 14741:Philosophy 14549:Leadership 14525:Honorifics 14180:Philosophy 13987:Isma'ilism 13948:Maturidism 13831:Caliphates 13802:Golden Age 13693:Revelation 13429:Astronauts 13219:New Jersey 13063:California 12567:Capitalism 12364:Nat Turner 12294:Rosa Parks 12279:Diane Nash 12249:John Lewis 12038:Newspapers 12008:Literature 11993:Juneteenth 11946:Businesses 11800:Exodusters 11768:Free Negro 11408:Final Call 10564:1805/14819 10224:Tinaz 2006 10048:Allen 1996 10003:August 13, 9650:Tinaz 1996 9486:Tinaz 2006 9474:Tinaz 2006 9462:Allen 1996 9227:Tinaz 2006 9168:Allen 1996 9152:Allen 1996 9124:Allen 1996 8968:Tinaz 1996 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