498:
banking. Although he tried to block the system's creation, he was not determined to be its champion." Part of his plans to revamp this portion of the banking system included hiring a new staff, being hands-on with several aspects such as "personally evaluating applications for bank charters and consoled prospective bankers", and "assisting in the design of the new national bank notes, and arranged for their engraving, printing, and distribution." As an result of McCulloch's efforts, many banks were just not willing to conform to his system of operations. This prompted
Congress to pass "a 10 percent tax on the notes of state banks, signaling its determination that national banks would triumph and the state banks would fade away."
154:
38:
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389:
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380:; February 25, 1863), originally known as the National Currency Act, was passed in the Senate by a 23–21 vote, and was supplemented a year later by the National Banking Act of 1864. The goals of these acts was to create a single national currency, a nationalized bank chartering system, and to raise money for the Union war effort. The Act established national banks that could issue
404:
this system could be subject to corruption, states began passing "free banking" laws in 1837, which meant that any applicant who filled out the correct paperwork and deposited an in-kind payment to the state would be granted a charter. By the 1860s, over half of states had such a law on the books. However, the
National Banking Act of 1864 (ch. 106, 13
443:). National banks were chartered by the federal government, and were subject to stricter regulation; they had higher capital requirements and were not allowed to loan more than 10% of their holdings. A high tax on state banks was levied to discourage competition, and by 1865 most state banks had either received national charters or collapsed.
307:
relative success of New York's "free banking" laws led several states also to adopt a free-entry banking regime, the system remained poorly integrated across state lines. Though all banknotes were uniformly denominated in dollars, notes would often circulate at a steep discount in states beyond their issue.
2511:
493:
dwindled from 1,466 in 1863 to 247 in 1868. Though state banks were no longer allowed to issue notes, local bankers took advantage of less strict capital requirements ($ 10,000 for state banks vs. $ 50,000–200,000 for national banks) and opened new branches en masse. These new state banks then served
403:
Since the establishment of the
Republic, state governments had held authority to regulate banks. Before the act, state legislatures typically issued bank charters on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration whether the area needed a new bank, and if the applicant was of good moral standing. As
337:
This became more urgent during the Civil War, when
Congress and Lincoln were struggling to finance the war efforts. Without a national mechanism for issuing currency, the Lincoln administration could not exploit the powers and loopholes that, for example, Britain could with its central bank, in order
306:
in 1836, the control of banking regimes devolved mostly to the states. Different states adopted policies including a total ban on banking (as in
Wisconsin), a single state-chartered bank (as in Indiana and Illinois), limited chartering of banks (as in Ohio), and free entry (as in New York). While the
488:
The granting of charters led to the creation of many national banks and a national banking system which grew at a fast pace. The number of national banks rose from 66 immediately after the Act to 7,473 in 1913. Initially, this rise in national banking came at the expense of state banking—the number
384:
which were backed by the United States
Treasury and printed by the government itself. The quantity of notes that a bank was allowed to issue was proportional to the bank's level of capital deposited with the Comptroller of the Currency at the Treasury. To further control the currency, the Act taxed
357:
and mandating that paper money be issued and accepted in lieu of gold and silver coins. The bills were backed only by the national government's promise to redeem them and their value was dependent on public confidence in the government as well as the ability of the government to give out specie in
471:
Further acts passed in 1865 and 1866 imposed a tax to speed the adoption of the system. All banks (national or otherwise) had to pay a 10 percent tax on payments that they made in currency notes other than national bank notes. The tax rate was intentionally set so high as to effectively prohibit
514:
The
National Banking Acts served to create the (federal-state) dual structure that is now a defining characteristic of the U.S. banking system and economy. The Comptroller of the Currency continues to have significance in the U.S. economy and is responsible for administration and supervision of
497:
The years leading up to the passing of the 10% tax on banknotes consisted of events surrounding the
National Banking Act of 1864. During this time period, Hugh McCulloch was determined to "fight against the national banking legislation, which he rightly perceived as a threat to state-chartered
2518:
501:
A later act, passed on March 3, 1865, imposed a tax of 10 percent on the notes of state banks to take effect on July 1, 1866. Similar to previous taxes, this effectively forced all non-federal currency from circulation. It also resulted in the creation of
338:
to finance the high expenses involved. Previously, the damage that would be done to state banks by national competition was sufficient to prevent significant national bank chartering. But using the war crisis, Lincoln was able to expand this effort.
5841:
430:
The
National Bank Act of 1863 was passed on February 25, 1863, and was the first attempt to establish a federal banking system after the failures of the First and Second Banks of the United States, and served as the predecessor to the
2504:
416:
of
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Charter #1). The first new national bank to open was The First National Bank of Davenport, Iowa (Charter #15). Additionally, the new Act converted more than 1,500 state banks to national banks.
4730:
3209:
1046:: Document compiled under the direction of the Comptroller of the Currency for the use of the Senate, providing dates of acts relating to national banks, 1863–1920, text of the acts and amendments, and indexes.
280:
chartered at the federal level, and created the United States National Banking System. They encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and established the
412:; June 3, 1864) brought a close to the issue by establishing federally-issued bank charters, which took banking out of the hands of state governments. The first bank to receive a national charter was the
472:
further circulation of state bank and private notes. By this time the conversion from state banks to national banks was well underway. The constitutionality of the tax came before the Supreme Court in
476:, a case by a state-chartered Maine bank and the collector of internal revenue. The Court ruled 7–2 in favor of the government. State banks declined until the 1870s, when the growing popularity of
310:
In the end, well-publicized frauds arose in states like Michigan, which had adopted free entry regimes but did not require the redeemability of bank issues for specie. The perception of dangerous "
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1315:
1098:
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610:
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1989:
1310:
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exchange for the bills in the future. Many thought this promise backing the bills was about as good as the green ink printed on one side, hence the name "greenbacks."
6196:
5953:
5597:
527:, to effectively bar state attorneys general from national bank oversight and regulatory roles. Many blame the resulting lack of oversight and regulation for the
5321:
2090:
1484:
6156:
6058:
5592:
5141:
5111:
4871:
3224:
369:, enacted March 3, 1863, expanded the limit to $ 450 million. The largest amount of greenbacks outstanding at any one time was calculated as $ 447,300,203.10.
5270:
5685:
708:
1996:
1514:
6259:
5934:
1136:
1091:
5929:
4772:
5867:
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2041:
1923:
1662:
1262:
835:
5961:
3383:
3361:
3204:
2875:
2531:
2527:
2473:
1820:
1586:
1499:
1056:
An Act to Provide for a National Currency, Secured by a Pledge of United States Stocks, and to Provide for the Circulation and Redemption Thereof
5116:
2629:
1524:
1494:
48:
An Act to provide a national currency, secured by a pledge of United States stocks, and to provide for the circulation and redemption thereof.
5803:
5126:
5090:
4881:
4555:
3199:
2641:
2480:
1609:
1084:
164:
An Act to provide a national currency, secured by a pledge of United States bonds, and to provide for the circulation and redemption thereof.
1050:
An Act to Provide a National Currency, Secured by a Pledge of United States Bonds, and to Provide for the Circulation and Redemption Thereof
6171:
3087:
2779:
2047:
1300:
941:
James, John A., and David F. Weiman. “The National Banking Acts and the Transformation of New York City Banking During the Civil War Era.”
532:
2079:
4626:
4616:
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4044:
4034:
3895:
3848:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
2084:
1464:
314:”, along with the poor integration of the U.S. banking system, led to increasing public support for a uniform national banking regime.
5648:
4636:
4596:
4503:
4431:
4364:
4342:
4297:
4220:
4188:
4148:
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3880:
3828:
3801:
3791:
3776:
3739:
3709:
3699:
3194:
1295:
1161:
953:
Jaremski, Matthew. “State Banks and the National Banking Acts: Measuring the Response to Increased Financial Regulation, 1860—1870.”
282:
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4250:
4173:
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3719:
3536:
3517:
3502:
3483:
3459:
2659:
1977:
1469:
565:
286:
435:
of 1913. The act allowed the creation of national banks, set out a plan for establishing a national currency backed by government
5136:
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4488:
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3561:
3556:
2547:
2468:
2331:
1655:
1156:
1121:
1107:
17:
349:
One of the first attempts to issue a national currency came in the early days of the Civil War when Congress approved the
6078:
5280:
5209:
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2401:
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1755:
463:
The 1864 act, based on a New York State law, brought the federal government into active supervision of commercial banks.
1382:
Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock (Reg U)
439:
held by other banks, and gave the federal government the ability to sell war bonds and securities (in order to help the
6244:
6120:
5879:
4981:
4586:
4461:
4456:
4426:
4168:
3900:
3551:
3003:
2234:
1965:
1692:
1519:
1428:
1146:
1015:
989:
Newman, Patrick. “The Origins of the National Banking System: The Chase—Cooke Connection and the New York City Banks.”
930:
880:
413:
393:
317:
The United States Government, on the other hand, still had limited taxation capabilities and so had an interest in the
2496:
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4513:
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4369:
4302:
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4153:
4081:
4019:
3952:
3910:
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2381:
2341:
2268:
2258:
2106:
2059:
1983:
1687:
1509:
802:
770:
595:
325:
created a United States Treasury system that moved public funds from private banks to Treasury branches to fund the
4915:
4910:
4819:
4523:
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4384:
4359:
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3714:
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2887:
2735:
2443:
2351:
2321:
2264:
2017:
1489:
1407:
385:
notes issued by state and local banks, essentially pushing non-federally issued paper currency out of circulation.
303:
5917:
5848:
5790:
5700:
5627:
5417:
5249:
5188:
5095:
4930:
4855:
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2678:
2672:
2371:
2361:
1648:
818:
668:
641:
405:
373:
201:
193:
85:
77:
901:
Caires, Michael T. "Building a Union of Banks: Salmon P. Chase and the Creation of the National Banking System"
714:
4971:
2904:
2712:
2617:
2411:
2311:
2065:
2035:
1290:
1204:
1141:
1044:
National-Bank Act as Amended, the Federal Reserve Act and Other Laws Relating to National Banks. February, 1920
6249:
6037:
5736:
5602:
5227:
5121:
4925:
3522:
3293:
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1702:
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277:
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4674:
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4664:
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3047:
2931:
2724:
2317:
2307:
2248:
2125:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1835:
1682:
1576:
1479:
1353:
1343:
1338:
1247:
1237:
506:, and encouraged banks to join the national system, increasing the number of national banks substantially.
6223:
6181:
5571:
5346:
5038:
4893:
4888:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3073:
3023:
2605:
1504:
1433:
524:
173:
57:
845:
5582:
5382:
5341:
5285:
4903:
3425:
3356:
1959:
1443:
1402:
1242:
1126:
490:
5387:
6084:
5974:
5894:
5854:
5524:
5232:
5080:
4824:
4794:
3214:
2921:
2145:
1725:
1232:
889:
Anderson, Haelim, et al. “Bank Networks and Systemic Risk: Evidence from the National Banking Acts.”
868:
5690:
5577:
5356:
4956:
4951:
4767:
4762:
3041:
2181:
2157:
1917:
1829:
1214:
1209:
536:
326:
289:. The Act shaped today's national banking system and its support of a uniform U.S. banking policy.
6186:
6005:
5783:
5767:
5658:
5499:
5336:
5275:
4966:
4745:
2961:
2916:
1560:
1305:
1007:
362:
6161:
6050:
5884:
5669:
5326:
3288:
2573:
1906:
516:
366:
6135:
6071:
5680:
5534:
5494:
5449:
4799:
3418:
3016:
3009:
2997:
2869:
2748:
2635:
2595:
2557:
2463:
2139:
2133:
1941:
1871:
732:
503:
388:
153:
37:
4996:
4898:
4711:
3388:
3314:
3263:
2956:
2807:
2623:
1929:
1900:
1720:
1697:
1581:
1555:
1412:
1392:
1280:
1222:
1179:
528:
1058:, Act of February 25, 1863, National Bank Act, National Banking Act, National Currency Act
8:
6013:
5940:
5874:
5835:
5752:
5675:
5463:
5290:
5237:
5171:
5085:
5063:
5043:
4845:
4778:
3189:
3137:
3053:
2975:
2949:
2899:
2857:
2835:
2824:
2813:
2801:
2767:
2684:
2535:
2163:
2004:
1895:
1841:
1189:
906:
432:
5947:
5775:
5759:
5721:
5612:
5529:
5514:
5504:
5443:
5397:
5177:
5166:
4757:
3566:
3096:
2942:
2881:
2851:
2846:
2829:
2755:
2689:
2526:
2279:
2169:
1865:
1859:
1793:
1348:
1076:
728:
520:
456:
440:
436:
381:
480:
and the declining profitability of national bank currency issues caused a resurgence.
6140:
5994:
5653:
5243:
5009:
3527:
3309:
3035:
2910:
2818:
2337:
2327:
2193:
1625:
1615:
1011:
926:
876:
798:
766:
591:
586:
Dowd, Kevin (1992). "US Banking in the 'Free Banking' Period". In Dowd, Kevin (ed.).
354:
657:
United States Congress. Resolution of January 17, 1863, No. 9. Washington D.C.: 1863
451:
6097:
6044:
5924:
5911:
5901:
5861:
5643:
5587:
5544:
5539:
5455:
5331:
5002:
4809:
3398:
3376:
3366:
3132:
2254:
2175:
2100:
1889:
1883:
1227:
1199:
350:
329:. However, the revenue generated this way was limited without a national currency.
250:
240:
230:
124:
114:
905:
edited by Gary W. Gallagher and Elizabeth R. Varon (Fordham UP, 2019) pp 160-185.
6201:
6091:
6014:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
5906:
5796:
5731:
5622:
5468:
5438:
5402:
4920:
3371:
3122:
2795:
2707:
2567:
2377:
2367:
2274:
2187:
1776:
1671:
1619:
1591:
914:
756:
685:
260:
134:
1026:
White, Eugene Nelson. “The Political Economy of Banking Regulation, 1864-1933.”
6065:
5889:
5214:
3403:
3393:
3127:
2407:
2397:
2357:
2289:
2205:
1805:
1798:
1052:, Act of June 3, 1864, National Bank Act of 1864, National Banking Act of 1864
6238:
6166:
6130:
6031:
5726:
5509:
5473:
5433:
3408:
3258:
2387:
2347:
2244:
2223:
2011:
1788:
918:
840:
322:
6206:
6176:
5968:
5607:
5519:
5295:
5058:
4935:
3413:
3351:
3336:
3331:
2789:
2741:
2584:
2438:
2417:
2284:
2217:
2211:
2199:
2151:
1877:
1629:
1373:
1194:
1055:
1049:
738:
691:
556:
515:
national banks as well as certain activities of bank subsidiaries (per the
397:
311:
1043:
5999:
5407:
3246:
3241:
3236:
2980:
2968:
2840:
1935:
1847:
1640:
1550:
1545:
318:
276:
were two United States federal banking acts that established a system of
1066:
894:
795:
The Transformation of Commercial Banking in the United States, 1956-1991
494:
as competition for national banks, growing to 15,526 in number by 1913.
6125:
5981:
2718:
1750:
1253:
Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
994:
958:
946:
822:
672:
645:
377:
89:
1031:
982:
970:
690:, Chicago, Ill.: The Honest Money League of the Northwest – via
409:
205:
5392:
3346:
3065:
2701:
2485:
2448:
1781:
1374:
Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits (Reg Q)
1061:
977:
Million, John Wilson. “The Debate on the National Bank Act of 1863.”
965:
McCandless, George T. “Money, Expectations, and the U.S. Civil War.”
737:. Philadelphia: The American Printing House. p. 67 – via
6191:
3341:
3319:
2761:
2453:
1853:
1712:
872:
762:
2458:
365:, enacted July 11, 1862, a Joint Resolution of Congress, and the
353:, allowing the issue of $ 150 million in national notes known as
4977:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
477:
1386:
Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates (Reg W)
3220:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
341:
5988:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
6197:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
1349:
Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions (Reg D)
1106:
1067:
History of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
1408:
Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks (Reg CC)
611:
Lincoln and the Founding of the National Banking System
6157:
African American founding fathers of the United States
6059:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
3225:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
466:
1335:
Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks (Reg A)
4731:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
834:
Berner, Robert & Grow, Brian (October 9, 2008).
702:
700:
546:
2091:
Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets
624:
622:
620:
618:
4982:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
1137:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
923:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960
755:Dieterle, David A.; Simmons, Katherine M. (2014).
727:
4773:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
1370:Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Reg P)
697:
6236:
913:
615:
1587:History of central banking in the United States
754:
5117:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
1398:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (Reg AA)
345:A "greenback" note issued during the Civil War
5091:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
3081:
2512:
2481:Personal consumption expenditures price index
1656:
1092:
721:
1358:Limitations on Interbank Liabilities (Reg F)
483:
446:
425:
2080:2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program
1997:Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute
758:Government and the Economy: An Encyclopedia
713:, Economic History Services, archived from
321:potential of a national bank. In 1846, the
3088:
3074:
2519:
2505:
2085:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
1670:
1663:
1649:
1099:
1085:
836:"They Warned Us About the Mortgage Crisis"
833:
634:
629:Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History
6260:United States federal banking legislation
5649:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
1296:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
1162:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
750:
748:
661:
579:
519:of 1999). In 2004, the Act was used by
283:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
6172:History of the United States (1865–1917)
1361:International Banking Operations (Reg K)
1267:Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987
706:
450:
387:
340:
287:United States Department of the Treasury
2580:Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747
734:Philadelphia and Popular Philadelphians
710:U.S. Banking History, Civil War to WWII
650:
372:The National Bank Act (ch. 58, 12
14:
6237:
5831:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
4877:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
3095:
1761:Monetary Policy Report to the Congress
1389:Borrowers of Securities Credit (Reg X)
745:
683:
274:National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864
6116:Women's suffrage in the United States
4805:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
3069:
2500:
2054:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices
1644:
1378:Credit by Brokers and Dealers (Reg T)
1152:Financial Stability Oversight Council
1132:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
1080:
1001:
862:
792:
566:Cuomo v. Clearing House Ass'n, L.L.C.
420:
27:Primary federal legislation in the US
5223:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
4911:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
4723:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
2548:Monetary policy of the United States
2532:central banking in the United States
2469:Monetary policy of the United States
2048:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
2005:Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve
1978:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act
1301:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
1157:National Credit Union Administration
1122:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
1108:Bank regulation in the United States
955:Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
585:
533:bailout of the U.S. financial system
297:
6079:United Daughters of the Confederacy
5210:American Woman Suffrage Association
5205:National Woman Suffrage Association
5132:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
3431:Women during the Reconstruction era
2830:New York Clearing House Association
1756:Federal Reserve Statistical Release
467:National Bank Acts of 1865 and 1866
24:
6121:Labor history of the United States
5157:South Carolina readmitted to Union
5154:North Carolina readmitted to Union
5137:Impeachment managers investigation
5076:Constitutional conventions of 1867
4752:National Women's Rights Convention
2642:Article I of the U.S. Constitution
2042:Subprime mortgage crisis responses
1147:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
856:
25:
6271:
5362:United States expedition to Korea
5069:Reconstruction military districts
2107:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
2060:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
1219:Interest Rate Control Act of 1966
1037:
903:New Perspectives on the Union War
4916:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
3210:African-American representatives
2736:Second Bank of the United States
2444:Criticism of the Federal Reserve
2018:Expedited Funds Availability Act
1734:
1624:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1354:Electronic Fund Transfer (Reg E)
1344:Home Mortgage Disclosure (Reg C)
1339:Equal Credit Opportunity (Reg B)
549:
304:Second Bank of the United States
152:
36:
5918:Black Reconstruction in America
5791:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
5701:1876 State of the Union Address
5628:1875 State of the Union Address
5555:1874 State of the Union Address
5479:1873 State of the Union Address
5418:1872 State of the Union Address
5367:1871 State of the Union Address
5306:1870 State of the Union Address
5255:1869 State of the Union Address
5250:First transcontinental railroad
5189:1868 State of the Union Address
5096:1867 State of the Union Address
4931:1865 State of the Union Address
4856:1864 State of the Union Address
4830:1863 State of the Union Address
4739:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
2894:Compound interest treasury note
2679:First Bank of the United States
1912:U.S. Treasury Department Accord
1403:Community Reinvestment (Reg BB)
1072:History of banking at About.com
827:
811:
786:
687:The Contraction of the Currency
4991:Petition for Universal Freedom
4972:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
2618:Continental currency banknotes
2114:Corner Post v. Federal Reserve
2066:Primary Dealer Credit Facility
1142:Federal Housing Finance Agency
677:
604:
588:The Experience of Free Banking
13:
1:
6038:A Visit from the Old Mistress
5737:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
5603:Specie Payment Resumption Act
5228:Board of Indian Commissioners
5160:Louisiana readmitted to Union
5122:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
4986:Tennessee readmitted to Union
4820:Women's Loyal National League
3523:Straight-Out Democratic Party
3294:Confederate States of America
2986:Specie Payment Resumption Act
2731:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
1703:Federal Open Market Committee
707:Grossman, Richard S. (2010),
292:
5664:Battle of the Little Bighorn
5148:Arkansas readmitted to Union
5054:Knights of the White Camelia
5016:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
4962:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
4936:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
4894:Special Field Orders No. 15
4717:Slavery in the United States
3048:National Monetary Commission
2073:Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve
1972:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
1954:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
1948:Equal Credit Opportunity Act
1836:National Monetary Commission
1577:Banking in the United States
1248:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
1238:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
1004:Samuel P. Chase: A Biography
979:Journal of Political Economy
332:
7:
6255:37th United States Congress
6182:Race (human categorization)
5572:United States v. Cruikshank
5163:Alabama readmitted to Union
5151:Florida readmitted to Union
3024:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
2756:New York Safety Fund System
2630:U.S. Finance Superintendent
2606:Second Continental Congress
1434:Federal savings association
1263:Depository Institutions Act
1028:Journal of Economic History
957:45#2-3 (2013), pp. 379–99.
943:Journal of Economic History
893:109#9 (2019), pp. 3125–61.
684:Backus, Charles K. (1878),
542:
525:Comptroller of the Currency
174:38th United States Congress
123:on February 20, 1863 (
113:on February 12, 1863 (
58:37th United States Congress
10:
6276:
5383:General Mining Act of 1872
5352:New York custom house ring
5342:Meridian race riot of 1871
5286:Naturalization Act of 1870
2269:Vice Chair for Supervision
1966:Federal Reserve Reform Act
1960:Community Reinvestment Act
1243:Community Reinvestment Act
1127:Farm Credit Administration
993:22#3 (2018), pp. 383–401.
945:71#2 (2011), pp. 338–62.
6245:1863 in American politics
6219:
6149:
6108:
6024:
5975:Been in the Storm So Long
5895:William Archibald Dunning
5855:The American Commonwealth
5823:
5816:
5745:
5709:
5636:
5563:
5525:Election Massacre of 1874
5487:
5426:
5375:
5314:
5263:
5233:Public Credit Act of 1869
5197:
5172:Fourth Reconstruction Act
5104:
5081:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
5031:
4944:
4864:
4838:
4825:New York City draft riots
4795:Emancipation Proclamation
4787:
4704:
4697:
4647:
3669:
3623:
3577:
3470:National Union Convention
3450:
3443:
3302:
3279:
3215:Reconstruction Amendments
3205:African-American senators
3110:
3103:
2932:2nd Industrial Revolution
2930:
2922:Public Credit Act of 1869
2808:Independent U.S. Treasury
2778:
2596:1st Industrial Revolution
2594:
2556:
2543:
2431:
2298:
2233:
2124:
1984:International Banking Act
1814:
1769:
1743:
1732:
1726:Federal Reserve Bank Note
1711:
1678:
1600:
1569:
1538:
1452:
1421:
1413:Truth in Savings (Reg DD)
1367:Loans to Insiders (Reg O)
1324:
1233:Fair Credit Reporting Act
1170:
1114:
969:86#3 (1996) pp. 661–71.
865:The Encyclopedia of Money
797:. Routledge. p. 24.
509:
484:Resurgence of state banks
447:National Bank Act of 1864
426:National Bank Act of 1863
216:
211:
192:
187:
179:
168:
160:
151:
147:National Bank Act of 1864
100:
95:
76:
71:
63:
52:
44:
35:
31:National Bank Act of 1863
5691:Safe burglary conspiracy
5578:Civil Rights Act of 1875
5357:Civil service commission
4957:Memphis massacre of 1866
4952:Civil Rights Act of 1866
4768:Confiscation Act of 1862
4763:Confiscation Act of 1861
3518:Liberal Republican Party
3200:Conservative Republicans
2847:Legal Tender Act of 1862
2660:U.S. Treasury Department
1918:Bank Holding Company Act
1393:Truth in Lending (Reg Z)
1364:Consumer Leasing (Reg M)
1215:Bank Holding Company Act
1210:Federal Credit Union Act
1180:Independent Treasury Act
981:2#2 (1894), pp. 251–80.
967:American Economic Review
891:American Economic Review
793:Mason, James E. (2013).
572:
537:subprime mortgage crisis
351:Legal Tender Act of 1862
229:on April 18, 1864 (
6187:Reconstruction Treaties
6006:A Nation Under Our Feet
5954:From Slavery to Freedom
5784:Williams v. Mississippi
5768:United States v. Harris
5659:Great Sioux War of 1876
5598:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
5500:Battle of Liberty Place
5388:Crédit Mobilier scandal
5337:Alcorn State University
5276:Enforcement Act of 1870
5142:Articles of impeachment
5049:Indian Peace Commission
4967:Swing Around the Circle
4904:Freedmen's Bureau bills
4746:Seneca Falls Convention
3475:Radical Democracy Party
3426:Freedman's Savings Bank
2962:National Gold Bank Note
2917:Contraction Act of 1866
2666:U.S. Treasury Secretary
1561:Thrift Financial Report
1062:The Library of Congress
1008:Oxford University Press
504:demand deposit accounts
363:Second Legal Tender Act
6162:Forty acres and a mule
5885:Walter Lynwood Fleming
5670:United States v. Reese
5327:Second Enforcement Act
3557:Prohibition Convention
3289:Southern United States
2673:U.S. Treasury security
2574:Tobacco Inspection Act
2036:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
1907:Employment Act of 1946
1672:Federal Reserve System
1291:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
1030:42#1 1982, pp. 33–40.
991:The Independent Review
631:. Detroit: Gale, 2000.
517:Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
460:
400:
367:Third Legal Tender Act
346:
249:on May 24, 1864 (
247:Agreed to by the House
239:on May 10, 1864 (
6136:Civil rights movement
6072:The Birth of a Nation
5681:Centennial Exposition
5535:Black Hills Gold Rush
5450:Slaughter-House Cases
5322:Ku Klux Klan hearings
4800:General Order No. 143
3419:James Mitchell Ashley
3017:Juilliard v. Greenman
3010:Refunding Certificate
2876:National banks system
2870:Interest bearing note
2749:McCulloch v. Maryland
2636:Bank of North America
2612:U.S. dollar banknotes
2558:Commercial Revolution
2464:Lender of last resort
2140:William P. G. Harding
1942:Smithsonian Agreement
1872:Emergency Banking Act
1698:Federal Reserve Banks
1422:Types of bank charter
863:Allen, Larry (2009).
454:
391:
344:
6250:1863 in American law
5717:Electoral Commission
5593:Clifton Riot of 1875
5347:Treaty of Washington
5039:Tenure of Office Act
4997:National Labor Union
4712:American Indian Wars
3562:Electoral Commission
3552:Greenback Convention
3315:Free people of color
3255:Federal bureaucracy
3195:Moderate Republicans
3042:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
2957:Currency Act of 1870
2624:Bank of Pennsylvania
2146:Daniel R. Crissinger
2030:FDIC Improvement Act
1930:Truth in Lending Act
1901:Bretton Woods system
1830:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
1721:Federal Reserve Note
1582:Fair debt collection
1556:CAMELS rating system
1281:Truth in Savings Act
1258:Monetary Control Act
1223:Truth in Lending Act
1010:. pp. 330–331.
1002:Niven, John (1995).
875:. pp. 298–299.
848:on October 13, 2008.
765:. pp. 249–250.
529:late-2000s recession
474:Veazie Bank v. Fenno
327:Mexican–American War
137:on February 25, 1863
18:National Banking Act
6066:D. W. Griffith
6051:The Leopard's Spots
5941:The American Crisis
5875:Columbia University
5842:The Prostrate State
5836:James Shepherd Pike
5753:Posse Comitatus Act
5676:Trader post scandal
5464:Coinage Act of 1873
5238:Black Friday (1869)
5086:Peonage Act of 1867
5064:Reconstruction Acts
5044:Command of Army Act
4779:Militia Act of 1862
3190:Radical Republicans
3138:Rutherford B. Hayes
3054:Federal Reserve Act
2976:Coinage Act of 1873
2950:Hepburn v. Griswold
2900:Coinage Act of 1864
2858:Fractional currency
2836:Coinage Act of 1857
2825:Coinage Act of 1853
2814:Coinage Act of 1849
2768:Coinage Act of 1834
2685:Coinage Act of 1792
1896:Banking Act of 1935
1842:Federal Reserve Act
1190:Federal Reserve Act
1115:Federal authorities
433:Federal Reserve Act
414:First National Bank
394:First National Bank
382:National Bank Notes
323:Polk Administration
212:Legislative history
148:
96:Legislative history
32:
6085:Gone with the Wind
5948:John Hope Franklin
5804:Disenfranchisement
5776:Plessy v. Ferguson
5760:Civil Rights Cases
5722:Compromise of 1877
5613:Wheeler Compromise
5530:Vicksburg massacre
5515:Timber Culture Act
5505:Coushatta massacre
5444:Timber Culture Act
5398:Star Route scandal
5281:Justice Department
5178:Georgia v. Stanton
5167:Opelousas massacre
4758:American Civil War
3567:Compromise of 1877
3269:Justice Department
3233:Federal judiciary
3112:Federal government
3097:Reconstruction era
3004:Silver certificate
2943:Legal Tender Cases
2882:National Bank Note
2864:National Bank Acts
2852:United States Note
2690:United States Mint
2299:Current presidents
2280:Christopher Waller
2170:Marriner S. Eccles
1884:Glass–Steagall Act
1794:Federal funds rate
1205:Glass–Steagall Act
729:The North American
521:John D. Hawke, Jr.
461:
457:National Bank Note
421:National Bank Acts
401:
347:
302:At the end of the
146:
30:
6232:
6231:
6215:
6214:
6141:American frontier
5995:Kenneth M. Stampp
5812:
5811:
5654:Ellenton massacre
5495:Brooks–Baxter War
5244:Ex parte McCardle
5010:Ex parte Milligan
4899:Freedmen's Bureau
4815:National Bank Act
4693:
4692:
3528:Victoria Woodhull
3439:
3438:
3310:African Americans
3281:State governments
3264:Freedmen's Bureau
3063:
3062:
3036:Gold Standard Act
2998:Bland–Allison Act
2992:Twenty-cent piece
2911:Three-cent nickel
2819:Three-cent silver
2696:U.S. dollar coins
2494:
2493:
2338:Loretta J. Mester
2328:Patrick T. Harker
2194:G. William Miller
2182:William M. Martin
2134:Charles S. Hamlin
1638:
1637:
1453:State authorities
1328:Board regulations
1286:Riegle-Neal IBBEA
1185:National Bank Act
919:Schwartz, Anna J.
869:Santa Barbara, CA
640:ch. 142, 12
298:Antebellum Period
270:
269:
237:Passed the Senate
195:Statutes at Large
144:
143:
111:Passed the Senate
79:Statutes at Large
67:February 25, 1863
16:(Redirected from
6267:
6098:Race and Reunion
6045:Thomas Dixon Jr.
5935:William R. Brock
5925:C. Vann Woodward
5912:W. E. B. Du Bois
5902:Charles A. Beard
5862:Claude G. Bowers
5821:
5820:
5644:Hamburg massacre
5623:Pratt & Boyd
5588:Mississippi Plan
5545:Anti-Moiety Acts
5540:Sanborn incident
5332:Ku Klux Klan Act
5003:Ex parte Garland
4810:Ten percent plan
4702:
4701:
3448:
3447:
3399:Thaddeus Stevens
3384:Republican Party
3377:Samuel J. Tilden
3367:Bourbon Democrat
3362:Democratic Party
3133:Ulysses S. Grant
3108:
3107:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3067:
3066:
2888:Gold certificate
2521:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2255:Philip Jefferson
2176:Thomas B. McCabe
2101:Durbin amendment
1890:Gold Reserve Act
1738:
1737:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1383:
1326:Federal Reserve
1228:Bank Secrecy Act
1200:1933 Banking Act
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1021:
936:
925:. pp. 3–7.
915:Friedman, Milton
886:
867:(2nd ed.).
850:
849:
844:. Archived from
831:
825:
815:
809:
808:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
752:
743:
742:
725:
719:
718:
704:
695:
694:
681:
675:
667:ch. 73, 12
665:
659:
654:
648:
638:
632:
626:
613:
608:
602:
601:
583:
559:
554:
553:
552:
227:Passed the House
196:
156:
149:
145:
121:Passed the House
80:
40:
33:
29:
21:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6211:
6202:White supremacy
6145:
6104:
6092:David W. Blight
6020:
5930:Joel Williamson
5907:Howard K. Beale
5808:
5797:Giles v. Harris
5741:
5732:Desert Land Act
5705:
5632:
5559:
5483:
5469:Long Depression
5439:Colfax massacre
5422:
5403:Salary Grab Act
5371:
5310:
5291:Kirk–Holden war
5259:
5193:
5100:
5027:
4940:
4921:Shaw University
4860:
4846:Wade–Davis Bill
4834:
4783:
4689:
4643:
3665:
3619:
3573:
3453:
3435:
3372:Horatio Seymour
3298:
3282:
3275:
3123:Abraham Lincoln
3113:
3099:
3094:
3064:
3059:
2934:
2926:
2802:Forstall System
2796:Wildcat banking
2782:
2774:
2708:1792 half disme
2598:
2590:
2568:Bills of credit
2560:
2552:
2539:
2528:Monetary policy
2525:
2495:
2490:
2427:
2378:Alberto Musalem
2368:Austan Goolsbee
2300:
2294:
2275:Michelle Bowman
2236:
2229:
2188:Arthur F. Burns
2164:Eugene R. Black
2120:
1818:
1810:
1777:Discount window
1765:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1707:
1674:
1669:
1639:
1634:
1620:Business portal
1596:
1592:Wildcat banking
1565:
1534:
1448:
1417:
1381:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1306:Credit CARD Act
1172:
1166:
1110:
1105:
1040:
1018:
933:
883:
859:
857:Further reading
854:
853:
832:
828:
816:
812:
805:
791:
787:
777:
775:
773:
753:
746:
726:
722:
705:
698:
682:
678:
666:
662:
655:
651:
639:
635:
627:
616:
609:
605:
598:
584:
580:
575:
555:
550:
548:
545:
512:
486:
469:
449:
428:
423:
335:
312:wildcat banking
300:
295:
285:as part of the
266:
263:on June 3, 1864
261:Abraham Lincoln
257:Signed into law
194:
169:Enacted by
140:
135:Abraham Lincoln
131:Signed into law
78:
53:Enacted by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6273:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6094:
6089:
6081:
6076:
6068:
6063:
6055:
6047:
6042:
6034:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6010:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5984:
5979:
5971:
5966:
5958:
5950:
5945:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5890:Dunning School
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5868:The Tragic Era
5864:
5859:
5851:
5846:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5824:Historiography
5818:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5793:
5788:
5780:
5772:
5764:
5756:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5696:1876 elections
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5550:1874 elections
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5413:1872 elections
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5301:1870 elections
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5271:15th Amendment
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5184:1868 elections
5181:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5119:
5114:
5112:14th Amendment
5108:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5023:1866 elections
5019:
5018:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4994:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
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4942:
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4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4872:13th Amendment
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4851:1864 elections
4848:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
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4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
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4735:
4727:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4699:
4695:
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4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4648:U.S. elections
4645:
4644:
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4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
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4579:
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4561:
4553:
4548:
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4506:
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4335:
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4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4258:
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4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4194:
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4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
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4136:
4127:
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4119:
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4109:
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4022:
4017:
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3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3404:Lyman Trumbull
3401:
3396:
3394:Charles Sumner
3391:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3349:
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3334:
3329:
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3252:
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3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:Andrew Johnson
3125:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3061:
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2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2905:Two-cent piece
2902:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2884:(1863–c. 1930)
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2799:
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2753:
2745:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2675:(1789–present)
2670:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2570:(c. 1690–1750)
2564:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
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2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2358:Raphael Bostic
2355:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2290:Adriana Kugler
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:(2018–present)
2221:
2215:
2209:
2206:Alan Greenspan
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2097:Dodd–Frank Act
2094:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:(1961–present)
1921:
1915:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1806:Primary dealer
1803:
1802:
1801:
1799:Overnight rate
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
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1758:
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1225:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1171:Major federal
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1038:External links
1036:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1017:978-0195046533
1016:
998:
997:
986:
985:
974:
973:
962:
961:
950:
949:
938:
937:
932:978-0691003542
931:
910:
909:
898:
897:
887:
882:978-1598842517
881:
858:
855:
852:
851:
826:
810:
803:
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771:
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482:
468:
465:
448:
445:
427:
424:
422:
419:
334:
331:
299:
296:
294:
291:
278:national banks
268:
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264:
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234:
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217:
214:
213:
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208:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:Habeas corpus
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
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6060:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:Winslow Homer
6030:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:After Slavery
5959:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
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5908:
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5843:
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5829:
5828:
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5822:
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5815:
5805:
5802:
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5798:
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5792:
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5778:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Nez Perce War
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Delano affair
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
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5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:Red River War
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5474:Comstock laws
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:Panic of 1873
5432:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
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5348:
5345:
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5338:
5335:
5333:
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5328:
5325:
5323:
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5307:
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5297:
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5138:
5135:
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5128:
5125:
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5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
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5017:
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5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4985:
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4980:
4978:
4975:
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4968:
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4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:New Departure
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:Gubernatorial
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Benjamin Wade
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Carpetbaggers
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Edwin Stanton
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:Treasury Note
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:Civil War Era
2777:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:Treasury Note
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2585:Currency Acts
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2422:San Francisco
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:Neel Kashkari
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:Thomas Barkin
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:John Williams
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:Susan Collins
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:(by district)
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:Jerome Powell
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2224:Jerome Powell
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:Greenspan put
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Federal funds
1787:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:Federal funds
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:New Hampshire
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:National bank
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
992:
988:
987:
984:
980:
976:
975:
972:
968:
964:
963:
960:
956:
952:
951:
948:
944:
940:
939:
934:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:
908:
904:
900:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
860:
847:
843:
842:
841:Business Week
837:
830:
824:
820:
814:
806:
804:9781136747250
800:
796:
789:
774:
772:9781440829048
768:
764:
760:
759:
751:
749:
740:
736:
735:
730:
724:
717:on 2012-09-05
716:
712:
711:
703:
701:
693:
689:
688:
680:
674:
670:
664:
658:
653:
647:
643:
637:
630:
625:
623:
621:
619:
612:
607:
599:
597:9780415048088
593:
590:. Routledge.
589:
582:
578:
568:
567:
563:
562:
558:
547:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
507:
505:
499:
495:
492:
481:
479:
475:
464:
458:
453:
444:
442:
438:
434:
418:
415:
411:
407:
399:
395:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
359:
356:
352:
343:
339:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
308:
305:
290:
288:
284:
279:
275:
262:
259:by President
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
210:
207:
203:
199:
197:
191:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
136:
133:by President
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
107:in the Senate
106:
103:
102:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
81:
75:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
6207:Whitecapping
6177:Paramilitary
6150:Other topics
6131:Jim Crow era
6096:
6083:
6070:
6057:
6049:
6036:
6012:
6004:
5986:
5973:
5969:Leon Litwack
5960:
5952:
5939:
5916:
5880:John Burgess
5866:
5853:
5840:
5795:
5782:
5774:
5766:
5758:
5668:
5608:Whiskey Ring
5570:
5520:White League
5456:
5448:
5296:Shoffner Act
5242:
5215:
5176:
5059:Pulaski riot
5008:
5001:
4989:
4814:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4565:
4557:
3452:Presidential
3414:John Bingham
3352:White League
3337:Ku Klux Klan
3104:Participants
3015:
2967:
2948:
2941:
2866:(1863; 1864)
2863:
2790:Free banking
2747:
2742:Suffolk Bank
2648:Section VIII
2587:(1751; 1764)
2439:Central bank
2418:Mary C. Daly
2332:Philadelphia
2285:Lisa D. Cook
2265:Michael Barr
2218:Janet Yellen
2212:Ben Bernanke
2200:Paul Volcker
2158:Eugene Meyer
2152:Roy A. Young
2112:
2071:
2003:
1995:
1924:FOMC actions
1878:Regulation Q
1866:Regulation D
1630:Banks portal
1570:Other topics
1520:Pennsylvania
1429:Credit union
1195:McFadden Act
1184:
1027:
1006:. New York:
1003:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
922:
902:
890:
864:
846:the original
839:
829:
813:
794:
788:
776:. Retrieved
757:
739:Google Books
733:
723:
715:the original
709:
692:Google Books
686:
679:
663:
652:
636:
628:
606:
587:
581:
564:
557:Banks portal
513:
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473:
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429:
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398:Philadelphia
371:
360:
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273:
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256:
246:
236:
226:
223:in the House
220:
183:June 3, 1864
130:
120:
110:
104:
6000:Steven Hahn
5849:James Bryce
5408:Amnesty Act
4889:Black Codes
3578:U.S. Senate
3325:Politicians
3247:Waite Court
3242:Chase Court
3237:Taney Court
3119:Presidents
3050:(1909–1912)
3032:(1890–1891)
3012:(1879–1907)
3006:(1878–1964)
2994:(1875–1878)
2981:Free silver
2969:Knox v. Lee
2964:(1870–1875)
2935:(1870–1914)
2913:(1865–1889)
2907:(1864–1873)
2896:(1863–1864)
2890:(1863–1933)
2878:(1863–1913)
2872:(1863–1865)
2860:(1862–1876)
2854:(1862–1971)
2843:(1861–1862)
2841:Demand Note
2832:(1853–1863)
2821:(1851–1873)
2810:(1846–1913)
2804:(1842–1865)
2798:(1836–1865)
2792:(1836–1865)
2783:(1840–1870)
2764:, 1832–1836
2758:, 1829–1842
2744:, 1818–1858
2738:, 1816–1836
2727:(1812–1913)
2721:(1793–1857)
2715:(1793–1857)
2704:(1792–1873)
2692:(1792–1873)
2681:(1791–1811)
2664:1789–1913;
2646:1787–1788;
2638:(1781–1791)
2632:(1781–1785)
2626:(1780–1781)
2620:(1775–1779)
2608:(1776–1780)
2599:(1760–1840)
2561:(1607–1760)
2408:Lorie Logan
2402:Kansas City
2398:Jeff Schmid
2392:Minneapolis
2220:(2014–2018)
2214:(2006–2014)
2208:(1987–2006)
2202:(1979–1987)
2196:(1978–1979)
2190:(1970–1978)
2184:(1951–1970)
2178:(1948–1951)
2172:(1934–1948)
2166:(1933–1934)
2160:(1930–1933)
2154:(1927–1930)
2148:(1923–1927)
2142:(1916–1922)
2136:(1914–1916)
2109:(2020–2021)
2087:(2009–2010)
2068:(2008–2010)
2062:(2008–2010)
2044:(2007–2010)
1936:Nixon shock
1903:(1944–1971)
1848:Pittman Act
1838:(1909–1912)
1821:Antecedents
1551:CAEL Rating
1546:Call report
1173:legislation
491:state banks
319:seigniorage
6239:Categories
6126:Gilded Age
5982:Eric Foner
5686:Cattellism
5583:Red Shirts
4698:Key events
3624:U.S. House
3357:Red Shirts
2719:Large cent
2259:Vice Chair
1860:Phelan Act
1751:Beige Book
1688:Vice Chair
1495:New Jersey
1460:California
1444:State bank
1311:Dodd–Frank
441:war effort
437:securities
355:greenbacks
293:Background
221:Introduced
161:Long title
105:Introduced
45:Long title
5746:Aftermath
5457:Virginius
5393:Modoc War
3444:Elections
3389:Stalwarts
3347:Redeemers
3146:Congress
2713:Half cent
2702:Half dime
2653:Section X
2486:Sahm rule
2449:Fed model
2382:St. Louis
2342:Cleveland
2237:governors
2024:FIRRE Act
1990:DIDMC Act
1868:(c. 1930)
1782:Bank rate
1713:Banknotes
1693:Governors
1525:Tennessee
459:from 1875
333:Civil War
188:Citations
180:Effective
72:Citations
64:Effective
6224:Category
6192:Suffrage
5127:Timeline
3342:Scalawag
3320:Freedman
2762:Bank War
2536:pre–1913
2454:Fedspeak
2352:Richmond
2322:New York
1854:Edge Act
1610:Category
1530:Virginia
1510:Oklahoma
1500:New York
1485:Michigan
1480:Maryland
1475:Illinois
1465:Colorado
921:(1963).
873:ABC-CLIO
817:13
763:ABC-CLIO
731:(1891).
543:See also
535:and the
253:)
200:13
84:12
5817:Aspects
5216:Alabama
4882:Address
4705:Prelude
3661:1876–77
3656:1874–75
3651:1872–73
3646:1870–71
3641:1868–69
3636:1866–67
3631:1864–65
3615:1876–77
3610:1874–75
3605:1872–73
3600:1870–71
3595:1868–69
3590:1866–67
3585:1864–65
2698:(1792–)
2614:(1775–)
2474:History
2459:Fed put
2432:Related
2372:Chicago
2362:Atlanta
2235:Current
2099:(2010;
2093:(2009–)
1816:History
1744:Reports
1470:Florida
1316:EGRRCPA
455:$ 1000
6109:Legacy
6101:(2001)
6088:(1939)
6075:(1915)
6062:(1905)
6054:(1902)
6041:(1876)
6025:Memory
6017:(2019)
6009:(2003)
5991:(1988)
5978:(1979)
5965:(1965)
5957:(1947)
5944:(1963)
5921:(1935)
5871:(1929)
5858:(1888)
5845:(1874)
5800:(1903)
5787:(1898)
5779:(1896)
5771:(1883)
5763:(1883)
5755:(1878)
5459:Affair
5218:Claims
4775:(1862)
4754:(1850)
4748:(1848)
4742:(1839)
4734:(1838)
4726:(1792)
3303:Others
3056:(1913)
3044:(1908)
3038:(1900)
3026:(1890)
3020:(1884)
3000:(1878)
2988:(1875)
2972:(1871)
2953:(1870)
2752:, 1819
2576:(1730)
2412:Dallas
2312:Boston
2126:Chairs
2117:(2024)
2076:(2009)
2056:(2008)
2050:(2008)
2038:(1999)
2032:(1991)
2026:(1989)
2020:(1987)
2014:(1987)
2008:(1985)
2000:(1981)
1992:(1980)
1986:(1978)
1980:(1978)
1974:(1978)
1968:(1977)
1962:(1977)
1956:(1975)
1950:(1974)
1944:(1971)
1938:(1971)
1932:(1968)
1920:(1956)
1914:(1951)
1892:(1934)
1886:(1933)
1880:(1933)
1874:(1933)
1862:(1920)
1856:(1919)
1850:(1918)
1844:(1913)
1832:(1908)
1515:Oregon
1276:FDICIA
1271:FIRREA
1032:online
1014:
995:online
983:online
971:online
959:online
947:online
929:
907:online
895:online
879:
821:
801:
778:15 May
769:
671:
644:
594:
531:, the
510:Legacy
478:checks
408:
376:
204:
88:
4542:1876
4480:1875
4408:1874
4351:1873
4264:1872
4197:1871
4130:1870
4063:1869
3981:1868
3929:1867
3867:1866
3810:1865
3748:1864
3676:1863
2249:Chair
1683:Chair
1539:Terms
819:Stat.
669:Stat.
642:Stat.
573:Notes
406:Stat.
374:Stat.
251:66–52
231:80-66
202:Stat.
125:78-64
115:23–21
86:Stat.
5710:1877
5637:1876
5564:1875
5488:1874
5427:1873
5376:1872
5315:1871
5264:1870
5198:1869
5105:1868
5032:1867
4945:1866
4865:1865
4839:1864
4788:1863
4685:1876
4680:1874
4675:1872
4670:1870
4665:1868
4660:1866
4655:1864
4566:Nov.
4558:Apr.
3537:1876
3503:1872
3484:1868
3460:1864
2530:and
1505:Ohio
1012:ISBN
927:ISBN
877:ISBN
799:ISBN
780:2016
767:ISBN
592:ISBN
392:The
361:The
272:The
241:30–9
172:the
56:the
4564:CT
4556:CT
3547:RNC
3542:DNC
3513:RNC
3508:DNC
3494:RNC
3489:DNC
3465:DNC
823:484
673:709
646:532
489:of
396:in
378:665
90:665
6241::
4637:WV
4632:VT
4627:SC
4622:RI
4617:NC
4612:MO
4607:MI
4602:ME
4597:MA
4592:LA
4587:KS
4582:IN
4577:IL
4572:FL
4551:CO
4546:AL
4534:WI
4529:OH
4524:OH
4519:MN
4514:ME
4509:MD
4504:MA
4499:KY
4494:IA
4489:CT
4484:CA
4472:VT
4467:SC
4462:OR
4457:NV
4452:NJ
4447:MO
4442:MI
4437:ME
4432:MA
4427:KS
4422:DE
4417:CT
4412:AL
4400:WI
4395:VA
4390:TX
4385:OH
4380:MS
4375:MN
4370:ME
4365:MA
4360:IA
4355:CT
4343:WV
4338:VT
4333:SC
4328:RI
4323:PA
4318:NC
4313:MO
4308:MI
4303:ME
4298:MA
4293:LA
4288:IN
4283:IL
4278:FL
4273:CT
4268:AL
4256:WI
4251:RI
4246:OH
4241:NJ
4236:MN
4231:ME
4226:MD
4221:MA
4216:KY
4211:IA
4206:CT
4201:CA
4189:WV
4184:VT
4179:SC
4174:RI
4169:OR
4164:MO
4159:MI
4154:ME
4149:MA
4144:DE
4139:CT
4134:AL
4122:WI
4117:VT
4112:VA
4107:RI
4102:PA
4097:OH
4092:MS
4087:MN
4082:ME
4077:MA
4072:IA
4067:CT
4055:WV
4050:VT
4045:SC
4040:NJ
4035:NC
4030:MO
4025:MI
4020:ME
4015:MA
4010:LA
4005:IN
4000:IL
3995:FL
3990:CT
3985:AL
3973:WI
3968:VT
3963:OH
3958:MN
3953:ME
3948:MD
3943:MA
3938:CT
3933:CA
3921:WV
3916:VT
3911:TX
3906:PA
3901:OR
3896:NC
3891:MI
3886:ME
3881:MA
3876:DE
3871:CT
3859:WI
3854:VT
3849:SC
3844:OH
3839:NJ
3834:MN
3829:MA
3824:LA
3819:FL
3814:CT
3802:WV
3797:VT
3792:NH
3787:MO
3782:MI
3777:MA
3772:MD
3767:LA
3762:IN
3757:IL
3752:CT
3740:WV
3735:WI
3730:VT
3725:VA
3720:PA
3715:OH
3710:NH
3705:MN
3700:MA
3695:KY
3690:CT
3685:CA
3680:AL
3185:45
3180:44
3175:43
3170:42
3165:41
3160:40
3155:39
3150:38
917:;
871::
838:.
761:.
747:^
699:^
617:^
539:.
523:,
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206:99
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2267:(
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2257:(
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2103:)
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