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power in dealing with the United States federal government. In addition, with the efforts after 1934 to reorganize tribal governments, activists believed that
Indians had to work together to strengthen their political position. Activists formed the National Congress of American Indians to find ways to organize the tribes to deal in a more unified way with the US government. They wanted to challenge the government on its failure to implement treaties, to work against the tribal termination policy, and to improve public opinion of and appreciation for Indian cultures.
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associate, and organization associate. Voting rights are reserved for tribal and Indian individual members. According to section B of
Article III regarding membership, any tribe, band or group of American Indians and Alaska Natives shall be eligible for tribal membership provided it fulfills the following requirements:
569:
in New York. In March 2021, the publication became independent from the NCAI. “This is an exciting time for Indian
Country Today to become fiscally independent and to continue its tradition of an autonomous free press," NCAI President Fawn Sharp said in a press release regarding the change. “This is
581:
The NCAI Constitution says that its members seek to provide themselves and their descendants with the traditional laws, rights, and benefits. It lists the by-laws and rules of order regarding membership, powers, and dues. There are four classes of membership: tribal, Indian individual, individual
410:
In the 20th century, a generation of Native
Americans came of age who were educated in intertribal boarding schools. They began thinking with a broad pan-Native American vision and learned to form alliances across tribes. They increasingly felt the need to work together politically to exert their
652:
In 2023, two proposed amendments to the NCAI constitution were proposed which would remove state-recognized tribes from full tribal membership to only associate non-voting tribal membership, as well as require candidates for NCAI national leadership to be enrolled members of federally-recognized
393:
422:
of the BIA. At the second national convention, Indian women attended as representatives in numbers equal to the men. The convention decided that BIA employees should be excluded from serving as general officers or members of the executive committee. The first president of the NCAI was
661:. Ironically the NCAI had been founded to assert both civil and tribal rights by declaring that the common welfare of Native Americans required the preservation of cultural values. After 80 years of existence, NCAI membership has gone from 270 member tribes to 146 member tribes.
595:
It is recognized as a Tribe or other identifiable group of Native
Americans by the Department of the Interior, Court of Claims, the Indian Claims Commission, or a State. An Indian or Alaska Native organization incorporated/chartered under state law is not eligible for tribal
677:
The NCAI has been advocating for improved living conditions on reservations, arguing that 560 tribes are federally recognized but fewer than 20 tribes gain profits from casinos to turn the tribe's economy around. Other issues and topics include:
570:
a new day for ICT, which has a long history as a premier source of news for and about
Indigenous communities, written and produced by Indigenous journalists.” The publication's current president and CEO is Karen Michel, Ho Chunk.
497:
In 1966, the NCAI mustered nearly 80 tribal leaders from 62 tribes to protest their exclusion from a US-Congress sponsored conference on reorganizing the BIA (Bureau of Indian
Affairs). The congressional event was organized by
719:
created an advertising campaign and poster for the NCAI to highlight offensive and racist sports team images and mascots. In
October 2013, the NCAI published a report on sports teams using harmful and racial "Indian" mascots.
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300:
organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist U.S. federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their
700:
Promotion of the Rights of Indian economic opportunity both on and off reservations, including securing programs to provide incentives for economic development and the attraction of private capital to Indian
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407:
have independent governments and distinct cultures, histories, and territories. However, the need to create a unified voice in dealing with the U.S. federal government led to an intertribal coalition.
641:
In the early 1960s, a shift in attitude occurred. Many young
American Indians branded the older generation as sell-outs and called for harsh militancy. Two important militant groups were born: the
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organization based in
Washington, DC, in 1962. The organizational structure of the National Congress of American Indians includes a General Assembly, an Executive Council, and seven committees.
466:) took over the post as the executive director of the organization in 1953. That same year, W. W. Short replaced Johnson as president of NCAI. In 1954, Short was replaced by Joseph Garry (
4895:
443:), who established the organization's legislative news service. Bronson's work was largely voluntary, as the organization could not afford to pay her to act as its executive secretary.
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380:
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435:) was the first secretary-treasurer; he also had been serving as an elected member of the Oklahoma State Legislature. From 1945 to 1952, the executive secretary of the NCAI was
3038:
Found on the official NCAI website, this article was last amended in 2007. It states the purpose of the NCAI, the different types of memberships, and the rules and regulations.
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42:
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It maintain a Tribal organization, with regular officers and the means of transacting business and arriving at a reasonably accurate count of its membership;
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Shreve, Bradley G. "From Time Immemorial: The Fish-in Movement and the Rise of the Intertribal Activism." Pacific Historical Review. 78.3 (2009): 403-434
327:
In addition to the four executive positions, the NCAI executive board also consists of 12 area vice presidents and 12 alternative area vice presidents.
4274:
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510:, to discuss the reorganization of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Udall eventually allowed the NCAI representatives to attend. He confirmed that the
89:
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On July 8, 1954, NCAI won its fight against legislation that would have allowed the states to take civil and criminal jurisdictions over Indians.
446:
In 1950, John Rainer became the first paid executive director of NCAI. He was replaced by Bronson in 1951, who resigned in 1952. Frank George, a
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343:
212:
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68:
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The NCAI has maintained a policy of non-protesting. During the 1960s NCAI carried a banner with the slogan, "INDIANS DON'T DEMONSTRATE":
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A substantial number of its members reside upon the same reservation or (in the absence of a reservation) in the same general locality.
75:
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2800:
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503:
57:
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Enhancement of Indian health care, including prevention of juvenile substance abuse, HIV-AIDS prevention and other major diseases
306:
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tribes. The amendments received the vocal support of the principal chiefs of several federally-recognized tribes including the
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On June 19, 1952, a self-help parley was opened in Utah where 50 agents for 12 groups proposed several self-help action plans
404:
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In 2013, the NCAI passed a resolution to establish a National American Indian Holocaust Museum space inside a museum of the
4498:
4367:
4145:
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3159:
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Indians had annual conventions nationwide and dealt with various topics such as health care, employment, and safety issues
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During the late 20th century, NCAI contributed to gaining legislation to protect and preserve Indian culture, including
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4853:
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4218:
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3299:
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290:
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The advertising firm of DeVito/Verdi created a poster for the NCAI to highlight stereotypical Native American mascots.
4975:
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4434:
4279:
4233:
3988:
3339:
3324:
2499:
478:. Garry significantly enlarged the organizational direction away from its focus on issues of Native Americans in the
108:
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This book explores the reality and myths surrounding Indians, the problems of leadership, and modern Indian affairs.
2775:"FEMA Administrator's Remarks at the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) 80th Annual Convention | FEMA.gov"
4522:
4336:
4176:
3344:
658:
82:
3132:
2665:"National Congress of American Indians Establishes Foundation to Increase Philanthropic Funding in Indian Country"
573:
In 2023, NCAI founded the NCAI Foundation (NCAIF) to promote philanthropy by and for Native American communities.
4360:
4264:
3152:
2819:
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4269:
4138:
3722:
3319:
3202:
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Spreading of state-specific information on voter ID requirements through its partnership with the non-partisan
688:
Promotion and support of Indian education, including Head Start, elementary, post-secondary and Adult Education
46:
309:. The organization continues to be an association of federally recognized and state-recognized Indian tribes.
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was opened in Washington D.C. The building serves as a headquarters and central meeting place for the NCAI.
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1300:
562:
4990:
4775:
4023:
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2117:
1448:
891:
451:
3095:
Shreve, Bradley G. “From Time Immemorial: The Fish-in Movement and the Rise of the Intertribal Activism”
682:
Protection of programs and services to benefit Indian families, specifically targeting Indian Youth and
669:
4410:
3963:
3786:
3556:
3551:
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491:
483:
4769:
4696:
4554:
3885:
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3309:
2979:"Speaking for the First Americans: Nipo Strongheart and the campaign for American Indian citizenship"
548:
507:
183:
4921:
4823:
4799:
4626:
4196:
4038:
3958:
3943:
3734:
2293:
2270:"The Association on American Indian Affairs and the Struffle for Native American Rights, 1948–1965"
2269:
642:
487:
415:
4352:
521:. They worked with the tribes to assert their sovereignty in dealing with the federal government.
4970:
4781:
4133:
4069:
3859:
3730:
3620:
3453:
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3428:
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3252:
2579:"Obama Administration Meets With Tribal Leaders To Discuss Public Safety Needs in Indian Country"
1651:
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555:
534:
Improve methods for finding productive employment and developing tribal and individual resources;
467:
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Representatives of various tribes attending organizational meeting, 1944; all were alumni of the
35:
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4888:
4763:
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4546:
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2013:
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385:
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The NCAI's initial organization was largely created by Native American men who worked for the
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3841:
3826:
3821:
3600:
3546:
3433:
3393:
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3257:
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2353:
2186:"National Congress of American Indians Swears in Newly Elected 2023-2025 Executive Committee"
683:
130:
3650:
2883:"SCOTUS ruling on citizenship proof for new voters has an outsized impact for Native voters"
4418:
3756:
3561:
3521:
3483:
3314:
2934:"NCAI Releases Report on History and Legacy of Washington's Harmful "Indian" Sports Mascot"
2750:"2024 National Congress of American Indians Mid-Year Convention & Marketplace | NC DOA"
2066:
1532:
1496:
1189:
760:
613:
566:
436:
3090:
This article discusses the reasons why a nationwide organization of Indians is so crucial.
2551:"The National Congress of American Indians (NACI) Meeting in North Carolina – An Overview"
592:
It is not a mere offshoot or fraction of an organized Tribe itself eligible for membership
8:
4926:
4402:
4107:
3811:
3766:
3668:
3638:
3585:
3496:
3423:
3035:
National Congress of American Indians: Constitution, By-Laws and Standing Rules of Order.
2100:
1563:
1080:
424:
3126:
2285:
4965:
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4739:
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3714:
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3334:
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3006:
2289:
2094:
843:
628:
In 2015 the organization successfully lobbied the State of California to ban the term "
419:
2846:"NCAI Faces Controversial Constitutional Amendments to Remove State Recognized Tribes"
2716:"NCAI Faces Controversial Constitutional Amendments to Remove State Recognized Tribes"
4941:
4666:
4578:
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3612:
3050:
3010:
2998:
2449:
2361:
2319:
2104:
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1423:
1203:
1094:
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Protection of the Rights of all Indian people to decent, safe and affordable housing.
354:
297:
230:
528:
Enforce for Indians all rights under the Constitution and laws in the United States;
4191:
4128:
4123:
3743:
3590:
3541:
3284:
3232:
2994:
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2360:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 80–82.
2281:
1528:
1292:
1128:
1076:
837:
447:
196:
5033:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
2358:
Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century
4953:
4682:
4602:
4506:
4474:
3752:
3738:
3684:
3536:
3222:
3207:
3139:
3087:
Report of Activities, American Association on Indian Affairs, June 1945-May 1946.
2525:"National Congress of American Indians Annual Convention Address - Oct. 12, 2021"
1923:
1369:
1165:
654:
612:
In 1950, the NCAI influenced the insertion of an anti-reservation clause to the
5010:
4787:
4458:
4166:
3816:
3511:
3506:
3408:
3279:
3274:
2689:
2146:
1569:
910:
833:
455:
294:
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5015:
5000:
4618:
3977:
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3634:
3616:
3604:
3581:
3526:
3398:
3329:
3212:
3192:
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1806:
1802:
1296:
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914:
463:
302:
3672:
2578:
4829:
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3718:
3197:
2638:"Oneida Nation to Donate Indian Country Today Media Network Assets to NCAI"
2590:
1709:
1444:
1209:
716:
609:
In 1949, the NCAI made charges against Federal job bias towards the Indians
499:
479:
471:
400:), former first vice president of the National Congress of American Indians
361:
244:
3082:, this article discusses the formation of the NCAI, and Congress'reaction.
2069:, executive director (1944–48) and a specialist in American Indian affairs
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3910:
3801:
3642:
3630:
3576:
3566:
3531:
3516:
3491:
3413:
3294:
3144:
3078:
Written by the Justice of Supreme Court of Oklahoma and published in the
2084:
1743:
1598:
860:
5005:
4074:
3771:
3761:
3748:
3706:
3676:
3625:
3501:
2869:
708:
616:. This clause removes the ban against reservations for Alaskan Natives.
475:
2107:
on several Hollywood films involving Native Americans and a cofounder.
1338:
4757:
4745:
3998:
3905:
3791:
3781:
3701:
3692:
3571:
2090:
2075:, executive director (1964–1967). He ended major legislative battles
1927:
1865:
1407:
1012:
368:
321:
318:
258:
175:
Public affairs, ethnic and racial minority rights, cultural awareness
2340:
American Indian and World War II: Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs
697:
Protection of Indian cultural resources and religious freedom rights
694:
Support of environmental protection and natural resources management
24:
4382:
3900:
3806:
3696:
3688:
3664:
3659:
3418:
3046:
The National Congress of American Indians : the founding years
2052:
1590:
1431:
1427:
1342:
755:
459:
440:
347:
216:
4091:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
4019:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
531:
Expand and improve educational opportunities provided for Indians;
4706:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
3473:
3403:
1623:
1619:
1573:
1321:
629:
392:
2690:"National Congress of American Indians Fund - GuideStar Profile"
1615:
1594:
1148:
632:" from being used by public schools in the state of California.
518:
3366:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
3106:
The National Congress of American Indians: The Founding Years.
2212:
The National Congress of American Indians: The Founding Years
1713:
1172:
1152:
514:, composed of tribe members, would be created to advise him.
432:
397:
3243:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2801:"California Becomes First State to Ban 'Redskins' Nickname"
2500:"National Congress of American Indians looks to year ahead"
4587:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
2425:
2413:
2251:"Native American journalist, activist Chuck Trimble dies"
3969:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
2474:"National Congress of American Indians convention opens"
418:(BIA) and represented many tribes. Among this group was
3120:
2379:
2377:
2342:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991) p. 116-119
4848:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
4812:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
2820:"A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States"
2318:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 106.
2316:
Singing an Indian Song: A Biography of D'Arcy McNickle
649:(NIYC). The two groups protested several conventions.
524:
In the early 21st century, key goals of the NCAI are:
4659:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
4539:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
2401:
2389:
2374:
4860:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
4515:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
3049:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
558:. However, the Smithsonian has been uncooperative.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2613:
2214:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
270:
2909:"Old Poster Goes Viral, Teaches Multiple Lessons"
2549:CityNewsOKC, Patrick B. McGuigan (June 7, 2024).
537:Increase number and quality of health facilities;
5045:
4611:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
4319:List of Indian reservations in the United States
3984:Native American recognition in the United States
3133:title=Ending the Era of Harmful "Indian" Mascots
3108:Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
2970:
4937:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
3065:Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto.
338:The executive board of the NCAI is as follows:
317:NCAI was founded in 1944 and incorporated as a
4491:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
4044:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
636:
561:In 2017, the NCAI took over the assets of the
330:Chuck Trimble was the former chief executive.
4368:
3469:Native American identity in the United States
3160:
4595:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
4314:State-recognized tribes in the United States
4096:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
2497:
2225:"CN's Byrd re-elected to NCAI district post"
486:, making it more inclusive of tribes in the
2880:
2548:
2529:Archives of Women's Political Communication
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
4531:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
4375:
4361:
3290:Native Americans in the American Civil War
3174:
3167:
3153:
3125:
3075:The National Congress of American Indians.
2356:. In Ware, Susan; Braukman, Stacy (eds.).
2274:The Princeton University Library Chronicle
129:
4297:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
3305:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
2881:Silversmith, Shondiin (August 30, 2024).
2443:
2097:, and also made a speech in the congress.
333:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
5069:1944 establishments in the United States
3655:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
2616:"Native American Genocide or Holocaust?"
2573:
2571:
2164:
668:
391:
379:
5064:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
4884:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
2843:
2713:
2471:
2183:
2147:"National Congress of American Indians"
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
58:"National Congress of American Indians"
5046:
3042:
2976:
2906:
2609:
2607:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2351:
2313:
2267:
4818:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
4635:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
4388:Native Americans in the United States
4356:
4029:National Congress of American Indians
3974:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
3937:National Congress of American Indians
3876:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
3464:Native American disease and epidemics
3238:European colonization of the Americas
3148:
2568:
2498:KickingWoman, Kolby (March 2, 2023).
2472:Liberty, Brandi (November 13, 2023).
2467:
2465:
1537:A. Gay Kingman, Cheyenne River Sioux
502:, chairman of the House Committee on
405:Native Americans in the United States
283:National Congress of American Indians
124:National Congress of American Indians
5054:Native American rights organizations
4499:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
4034:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
3891:Native American people and Mormonism
3735:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
2448:. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
2130:
353:First Vice President: Brian Weeden (
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4806:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
4467:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
4302:List of federally recognized tribes
2844:Rickert, Levi (November 14, 2023).
2714:Rickert, Levi (November 14, 2023).
2662:
2614:Peter D'Errico (January 10, 2017).
2604:
2294:10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.67.2.0366
2286:10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.67.2.0366
2184:Rickert, Levi (November 18, 2023).
540:Settle Indian claims equitably; and
16:Native American rights organization
13:
4065:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4060:Black Indians in the United States
4024:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
3300:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
2462:
2437:
2060:
723:
14:
5080:
5059:Organizations established in 1944
4976:National Indian Gaming Commission
4571:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
4435:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
3989:Native American women in politics
3340:Native Americans and World War II
3325:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
3112:
2977:Fisher, Andrew H. (Winter 2013).
2907:Roller, Emma (October 10, 2013).
2817:
2446:The Native North American Almanac
715:In 2001, the advertising firm of
664:
4523:Menominee Tribe v. United States
3621:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
3609:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
3345:American Indian boarding schools
2870:VoteRiders Partner Organizations
2081:, executive director (1984–1989)
659:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
543:Preserve Indian cultural values.
23:
4730:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
4039:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
3101:78.3 (2009): 403–434, via JSTOR
3028:
2952:
2926:
2900:
2874:
2863:
2837:
2811:
2793:
2767:
2742:
2733:
2707:
2682:
2656:
2630:
2542:
2517:
2491:
2268:Rosier, Paul C. (Winter 2006).
876:Ruth Muskrat Bronson, Cherokee
600:
576:
454:, briefly held the post before
360:Secretary: Nickolaus D. Lewis (
312:
34:needs additional citations for
4960:In the Courts of the Conqueror
4563:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
4139:Native American Pidgin English
3944:American Indian Movement (AIM)
3320:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
3203:Archaic period in the Americas
2995:10.5403/oregonhistq.114.4.0441
2345:
2332:
2307:
2261:
2243:
2217:
2204:
1225:Charles Trimble, Oglala Sioux
1:
4842:Native American Languages Act
3837:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
3613:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
3601:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
2123:
647:National Indian Youth Council
4981:Native American civil rights
4836:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
4675:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
3932:Native American civil rights
3842:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
3827:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
3822:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
3744:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
3371:Native American civil rights
3067:New York: Avon Books, 1970.
2642:Indian Country Media Network
2352:Harvey, Gretchen G. (2004).
1732:Jacqueline Johnson, Tlingit
1301:Colorado River Indian Tribes
565:, which were donated by the
563:Indian Country Media Network
7:
4996:Recognition of sacred sites
4991:Native American Rights Fund
4896:Federally recognized tribes
4776:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
4285:Native American politicians
4275:Native American War Leaders
3753:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
3739:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
3731:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
3727:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
3711:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
3639:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
3361:Native American Rights Fund
2983:Oregon Historical Quarterly
2314:Parker, Dorothy R. (1992).
2118:Society of American Indians
2111:
2093:: American hero during the
1449:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
637:Internal policy differences
452:Colville Indian Reservation
10:
5085:
4854:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
4411:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3964:Occupation of Wounded Knee
3681:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
3669:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
3651:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
3647:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
3552:American Revolutionary War
3043:Cowger, Thomas W. (1999).
2960:"Previous NCAI Leadership"
1334:Edward Driving Hawk, Sioux
512:Tribal Advisory Commission
375:
4909:
4869:
4770:Indian Reorganization Act
4714:
4697:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
4555:United States v. Antelope
4394:
4332:
4252:
4154:
4146:Native American languages
4116:
4083:
4052:
4007:
3924:
3886:Native American religions
3868:
3850:
3635:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
3617:Red River War (1874–1875)
3605:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
3482:
3384:
3310:Indian Appropriations Act
3183:
3138:February 2, 2021, at the
3099:Pacific Historical Review
2444:Champagne, Duane (2001).
549:Embassy of Tribal Nations
547:On November 3, 2009, the
265:
251:
237:
223:
206:
189:
184:Embassy of Tribal Nations
179:
171:
163:
145:
137:
128:
4922:Bureau of Indian Affairs
4824:Indian Child Welfare Act
4627:South Dakota v. Bourland
3959:Trail of Broken Treaties
3787:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
3777:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
3757:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
3719:Colorado War (1863–1865)
1946:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1932:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1898:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1884:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1870:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1853:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1839:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1746:, Mandan/Hidatsa/Arikara
643:American Indian Movement
416:Bureau of Indian Affairs
367:Treasurer: David Woerz (
4971:Long Walk of the Navajo
4901:State recognized tribes
4800:Indian Civil Rights Act
4134:American Indian English
4070:Louisiana Creole people
3860:Native American studies
3812:Bannock Uprising (1895)
3767:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
3723:Powder River War (1865)
3631:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
3449:Mesoamerican literature
3444:Indigenous Peoples' Day
3253:Partus sequitur ventrem
2354:"Bronson, Ruth Muskrat"
2103:performer-lecturer and
1912:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
556:Smithsonian Institution
427:, a judge in Oklahoma.
4986:Native American gaming
4889:Legal status of Hawaii
4764:Indian Citizenship Act
4643:Idaho v. United States
4547:Bryan v. Itasca County
4483:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
4443:Standing Bear v. Crook
3954:Occupation of Alcatraz
3896:Native American church
3762:Mohave War (1858–1859)
3749:Yakima War (1855–1858)
3707:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
3685:White River War (1879)
3673:Walker War (1853–1854)
3557:Cherokee–American wars
3080:Chronicles of Oklahoma
2824:library.law.howard.edu
2591:10.1037/e502062010-003
2555:Oklahoma City Sentinel
1236:Mel Tonasket, Colville
674:
401:
389:
386:Carlisle Indian School
334:Current administration
151:; 79 years ago
149:November 17, 1944
4794:Indian Relocation Act
4651:United States v. Lara
4427:Fellows v. Blacksmith
3817:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
3792:Modoc War (1872–1873)
3782:Snake War (1864–1869)
3697:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
3693:Bluff War (1914–1915)
3643:Tonto War (1871–1875)
3394:Mississippian culture
3357:Civil rights movement
3258:Five Civilized Tribes
2338:Alison R. Bernstein.
2229:Tahlequah Daily Press
1568:Michael J. Anderson,
1188:Franklin Ducheneaux,
819:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
805:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
791:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
777:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
754:Napoleon B. Johnson,
672:
470:), a veteran of both
395:
383:
164:Registration no.
4419:Worcester v. Georgia
3832:Last Massacre (1911)
3797:Nez Perce War (1877)
3665:Ute Wars (1850–1923)
3562:Northwest Indian War
3315:Racial Integrity Act
2067:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
1533:Cheyenne River Sioux
1497:San Ildefonso Pueblo
1478:Reuben A. Snake, Jr.
1464:Reuben A. Snake, Jr.
1445:Reuben A. Snake, Jr.
1190:Cheyenne River Sioux
761:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
614:Alaska Statehood Act
567:Oneida Indian Nation
437:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
243:Nickolaus D. Lewis (
225:First Vice President
43:improve this article
4966:Indian reservations
4927:Cherokee Commission
4403:Johnson v. McIntosh
4108:Reservation poverty
4053:Ethnic subdivisions
3925:Political movements
3586:Second Seminole War
3497:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
2807:. October 12, 2015.
2434:, pp. 111–112.
2422:, pp. 110–111.
2101:Nipo T. Strongheart
1825:Jacqueline Johnson
1811:Jacqueline Johnson
1791:Jacqueline Johnson
1777:Jacqueline Johnson
1771:Fort Lauderdale, FL
1763:Jacqueline Johnson
1749:Jacqueline Johnson
1652:Jamestown S’Klallam
1564:Lac Courte Oreilles
1548:Wayne L. Ducheneaux
1529:Wayne L. Ducheneaux
1355:Edward Driving Hawk
1317:Veronica L. Murdock
1293:Veronica L. Murdock
1081:Standing Rock Sioux
743:Executive Director
730:
425:Napoleon B. Johnson
125:
5026:Self-determination
5021:Tribal sovereignty
4947:Eagle-bone whistle
4740:Indian Removal Act
4728:Nonintercourse Act
4722:Blood quantum laws
4689:McGirt v. Oklahoma
4009:Civic and economic
3994:Tribal sovereignty
3949:Red Power Movement
3916:Longhouse Religion
3851:Education, science
3802:Bannock War (1878)
3596:American Civil War
3547:Lord Dunmore's War
3335:Blood quantum laws
3218:Post-Classic stage
3104:Cowger, Thomas W.
3063:Deloria, Vine Jr.
2940:. October 10, 2013
2850:Native News Online
2781:. February 2, 2024
2720:Native News Online
2669:Native News Online
2626:on March 24, 2022.
2231:. October 26, 2017
2210:Cowger, Thomas W.
2190:Native News Online
2095:battle of Iwo Jima
1589:Rachel A. Joseph,
1517:Suzan Shown Harjo
1502:Suzan Shown Harjo
1481:Suzan Shown Harjo
1467:Suzan Shown Harjo
1453:Suzan Shown Harjo
1275:Salt Lake City, UT
1133:Vine Deloria, Jr.
1113:Vine Deloria, Jr.
1099:Vine Deloria, Jr.
952:Salt Lake City, UT
844:Minnesota Chippewa
728:
675:
402:
390:
307:sovereign entities
123:
5041:
5040:
4942:Eagle feather law
4876:State recognition
4667:Cobell v. Salazar
4579:Solem v. Bartlett
4451:Ex parte Crow Dog
4350:
4349:
3881:Eagle feather law
3772:Paiute War (1860)
3715:Dakota War (1862)
3677:Tintic War (1856)
3591:Osage Indian War
3522:King Philip's War
3091:
3083:
3070:
3056:978-0-8032-1502-3
3039:
2694:www.guidestar.org
2644:. October 4, 2017
2583:PsycEXTRA Dataset
2367:978-0-674-01488-6
2105:technical advisor
2087:: founding member
2079:Susan Shown Harjo
2073:Vine Deloria, Jr.
2058:
2057:
1545:San Francisco, CA
1511:Oklahoma City, OK
1424:Suzan Shown Harjo
1320:Andrew E. Ebona,
1204:Red Lake Chippewa
1107:Oklahoma City, OK
1095:San Carlos Apache
1093:Clarence Wesley,
904:Joseph R. Garry,
785:Oklahoma City, OK
737:Meeting location
355:Mashpee Wampanoag
279:
278:
231:Mashpee Wampanoag
119:
118:
111:
93:
5076:
4917:Aboriginal title
4734:Civilization Act
4670:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
4377:
4370:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4260:Native Americans
4129:American English
3702:Posey War (1923)
3419:Iroquois culture
3285:Indian Territory
3233:Age of Discovery
3169:
3162:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3121:Official website
3089:
3077:
3068:
3060:
3037:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2622:. Archived from
2611:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2181:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2143:
1988:Jacqueline Pata
1974:Jacqueline Pata
1960:Jacqueline Pata
1920:Atlanta, Georgia
1864:Jefferson Keel,
1847:Palm Springs, CA
1692:Palm Springs, CA
1678:Myrtle Beach, SC
1614:JoAnn K. Chase,
1337:Ronald Andrade,
1306:Charles Trimble
1281:Charles Trimble
1267:Charles Trimble
1253:Charles Trimble
1239:Charles Trimble
1129:Mescalero Apache
1077:Vine Deloria Jr.
1017:Robert Burnett,
859:John C. Rainer,
838:St. Regis Mohawk
731:
729:Past leadership
727:
275:
272:
197:Washington, D.C.
159:
157:
152:
133:
126:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
4954:Hunting license
4905:
4874:
4865:
4782:Nationality Act
4710:
4683:Sharp v. Murphy
4603:Hodel v. Irving
4507:Williams v. Lee
4475:Talton v. Mayes
4390:
4381:
4351:
4346:
4328:
4248:
4150:
4112:
4079:
4048:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3920:
3864:
3852:
3846:
3807:Crow War (1887)
3478:
3404:Hohokam culture
3380:
3223:Woodland period
3208:Formative stage
3179:
3176:Native American
3173:
3140:Wayback Machine
3119:
3118:
3115:
3057:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3013:
2975:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2818:Henry, Carmel.
2816:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2663:Rickert, Levi.
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2612:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2350:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2131:
2126:
2114:
2063:
2061:Notable members
2048:New Orleans, LA
2040:Jefferson Keel
1996:Albuquerque, NM
1971:Brian Cladoosby
1957:Brian Cladoosby
1943:Brian Cladoosby
1924:Brian Cladoosby
1861:Albuquerque, NM
1757:Albuquerque, NM
1718:JoAnn K. Chase
1698:JoAnn K. Chase
1684:JoAnn K. Chase
1670:JoAnn K. Chase
1656:JoAnn K. Chase
1639:JoAnn K. Chase
1551:A. Gay Kingman
1525:Albuquerque, NM
1420:Joseph DeLaCruz
1406:Silas Whitman,
1403:Joseph DeLaCruz
1392:Ronald Andrade
1389:Joseph DeLaCruz
1378:Ronald Andrade
1370:Joseph DeLaCruz
1358:Ronald Andrade
1331:Albuquerque, NM
1185:Earl Old Person
1166:Earl Old Person
1162:Albuquerque, NM
1110:Clarence Wesley
1062:Robert Burnett
1048:Robert Burnett
1034:Robert Burnett
1011:Walter Wetzel,
1000:Helen Peterson
997:Joseph R. Garry
986:Helen Peterson
983:Joseph R. Garry
972:Helen Peterson
969:Joseph R. Garry
958:Helen Peterson
955:Joseph R. Garry
944:Helen Peterson
941:Joseph R. Garry
930:Helen Peterson
927:Joseph R. Garry
842:Edward Rogers,
841:
726:
724:Past leadership
667:
655:Cherokee Nation
639:
603:
579:
508:Insular Affairs
420:D'Arcy McNickle
378:
336:
315:
291:American Indian
269:
254:
240:
226:
209:
202:
155:
153:
150:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5018:
5013:
5011:Trail of Tears
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4880:
4878:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4788:Public Law 280
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4724:(1705 onwards)
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4459:Elk v. Wilkins
4455:
4447:
4446:(D. Neb. 1879)
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4224:North Carolina
4221:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3853:and technology
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3746:
3741:
3704:
3699:
3689:Ute War (1887)
3662:
3657:
3628:
3623:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3512:Peach Tree War
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Plains Indians
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3376:Discrimination
3373:
3368:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:Trail of Tears
3277:
3275:Indian removal
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3114:
3113:External links
3111:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3092:
3084:
3073:Johnson, N B.
3071:
3061:
3055:
3040:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
2989:(4): 441–452.
2969:
2951:
2925:
2899:
2887:Arizona Mirror
2873:
2862:
2836:
2810:
2792:
2766:
2754:www.doa.nc.gov
2741:
2732:
2706:
2681:
2655:
2629:
2603:
2567:
2541:
2516:
2490:
2461:
2455:978-0787616557
2454:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2373:
2366:
2344:
2331:
2325:978-0803236875
2324:
2306:
2260:
2242:
2216:
2203:
2163:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:Mark Macarro,
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:Jefferson Keel
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:Jefferson Keel
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:Jefferson Keel
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:Jefferson Keel
1893:
1892:Sacramento, CA
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:Jefferson Keel
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1800:
1799:Sacramento, CA
1797:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1650:W. Ron Allen,
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1489:Sioux City, SD
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1314:Rapid City, SD
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1202:Leon F. Cook,
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1171:Bruce Wilkie,
1169:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:John Belindo,
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:Scottsdale, AZ
1088:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
960:
959:
956:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
918:
917:
911:Helen Peterson
908:
902:
899:
895:
894:
890:Frank George,
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
864:
863:
857:
854:
853:Bellingham, WA
851:
847:
846:
834:Louis R. Bruce
831:
828:
827:Rapid City, SD
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
764:
758:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
735:
725:
722:
713:
712:
705:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
666:
665:Ongoing issues
663:
645:(AIM) and the
638:
635:
634:
633:
626:
623:
620:
617:
610:
602:
599:
598:
597:
593:
590:
587:
578:
575:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
456:Helen Peterson
377:
374:
373:
372:
365:
358:
351:
335:
332:
314:
311:
305:and status as
277:
276:
267:
263:
262:
255:
252:
249:
248:
241:
238:
235:
234:
229:Brian Weeden (
227:
224:
221:
220:
210:
207:
204:
203:
201:
200:
193:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
167:EIN 53-0210846
165:
161:
160:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5081:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Treaty rights
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Seminole Wars
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:Duro v. Reina
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:By state/city
4153:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:Red handprint
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:Seminole Wars
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Pontiac's War
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Tuscarora War
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Neighborhoods
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Adena culture
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Jim Crow laws
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Classic stage
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Paleo-Indians
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2939:
2938:Latino Rebels
2935:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2736:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2410:, p. 69.
2409:
2404:
2398:, p. 53.
2397:
2392:
2386:, p. 74.
2385:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:Milwaukee, WI
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:San Diego, CA
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:Joe A. Garcia
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:Joe A. Garcia
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:Joe A. Garcia
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:Ohkay Owingeh
1804:
1803:Joe A. Garcia
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:San Diego, CA
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
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54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4958:
4830:Diminishment
4695:
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4103:Reservations
4084:Demographics
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3537:Dummer's War
3359: /
3198:Lithic stage
3105:
3098:
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3034:
3029:Bibliography
3014:. Retrieved
2986:
2982:
2972:
2964:www.ncai.org
2963:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2937:
2928:
2916:. Retrieved
2912:
2902:
2892:September 3,
2890:. Retrieved
2886:
2876:
2865:
2855:November 15,
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2839:
2829:September 3,
2827:. Retrieved
2823:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2785:September 3,
2783:. Retrieved
2779:www.fema.gov
2778:
2769:
2759:September 3,
2757:. Retrieved
2753:
2744:
2735:
2725:September 3,
2723:. Retrieved
2719:
2709:
2699:September 3,
2697:. Retrieved
2693:
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2624:the original
2619:
2594:. Retrieved
2582:
2560:September 3,
2558:. Retrieved
2554:
2544:
2534:September 3,
2532:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2509:September 3,
2507:. Retrieved
2503:
2493:
2483:September 3,
2481:. Retrieved
2477:
2445:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2357:
2347:
2339:
2334:
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2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2277:
2273:
2263:
2255:Star Tribune
2254:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2192:. Yahoo News
2189:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:
2012:Fawn Sharp,
2002:Kevin Allis
1878:Portland, OR
1729:Susan Masten
1710:Susan Masten
1706:St. Paul, MN
1695:W. Ron Allen
1681:W. Ron Allen
1667:W. Ron Allen
1664:Santa Fe, NM
1501:
1386:Bismarck, ND
1278:Mel Tonasket
1264:Mel Tonasket
1261:Portland, OR
1250:Mel Tonasket
1222:Leon F. Cook
1219:Sarasota, FL
1210:Oglala Sioux
1121:Portland, OR
1070:Sheridan, WY
1056:Bismarck, ND
1042:Cherokee, NC
1028:Lewiston, ID
980:Missoula, MT
887:N.B. Johnson
873:N.B. Johnson
870:St. Paul, MN
856:N.B. Johnson
830:N.B. Johnson
816:N.B. Johnson
802:N.B. Johnson
799:Santa Fe, NM
788:N.B. Johnson
774:N.B. Johnson
771:Browning, MT
717:DeVito/Verdi
714:
676:
651:
640:
604:
601:Achievements
580:
577:Constitution
572:
560:
553:
546:
523:
516:
500:Morris Udall
496:
480:Great Plains
472:World War II
445:
413:
409:
403:
344:Mark Macarro
337:
329:
326:
316:
313:Organization
286:
282:
280:
213:Mark Macarro
180:Headquarters
138:Abbreviation
120:
105:
99:October 2020
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4932:Dawes Rolls
4715:Legislation
3911:Sweat lodge
3577:Arikara War
3567:War of 1812
3532:Yamasee War
3517:Esopus Wars
3507:Kieft's War
3492:Beaver Wars
3414:Anishinaabe
3295:Dawes Rolls
2648:January 20,
2478:Verite News
2432:Cowger 1999
2420:Cowger 1999
2408:Cowger 1999
2396:Cowger 1999
2384:Cowger 1999
2085:J. B. Milam
1954:Phoenix, AZ
1833:Phoenix, AZ
1744:Tex G. Hall
1726:Spokane, WA
1647:Phoenix, AZ
1636:gaiashkibos
1611:gaiashkibos
1586:gaiashkibos
1461:Phoenix, AZ
1417:Spokane, WA
1352:Spokane, WA
1168:, Blackfeet
994:Phoenix, AZ
938:Spokane, WA
901:Phoenix, AZ
861:Taos Pueblo
763:, Cherokee
596:membership.
429:Dan Madrano
342:President:
5048:Categories
5006:Survivance
4752:Curtis Act
4177:California
4075:Pretendian
3626:Cayuse War
3502:Pequot War
3350:gravesites
3016:August 22,
2944:January 7,
2918:August 31,
2674:January 7,
2299:January 7,
2280:(2): 368.
2235:January 7,
2196:January 7,
2156:January 7,
2124:References
2037:Fawn Sharp
2025:Fawn Sharp
1982:Denver, CO
1819:Denver, CO
1608:Denver, CO
1289:Dallas, TX
1008:Denver, CO
884:Denver, CO
813:Denver, CO
751:Denver, CO
740:President
709:VoteRiders
476:Korean War
156:1944-11-17
69:newspapers
4758:Burke Act
4746:Dawes Act
4324:Massacres
4280:musicians
4244:Wisconsin
4207:Baltimore
4117:Languages
3999:Land Back
3906:Sun Dance
3572:Creek War
3268:ownership
3011:159734621
3003:0030-4727
2151:GuideStar
2091:Ira Hayes
1928:Swinomish
1906:Tulsa, OK
1866:Chickasaw
1785:Tulsa, OK
1475:Tampa, FL
1441:Tulsa, OK
1408:Nez Perce
1233:Tulsa, OK
1141:Omaha, NE
1013:Blackfeet
924:Omaha, NE
492:Northwest
484:Southwest
450:from the
448:Nez Perce
369:Chickasaw
322:nonprofit
319:501(c)(4)
259:Chickasaw
253:Treasurer
239:Secretary
208:President
146:Formation
4395:Case law
4337:Category
4307:by state
4239:Virginia
4229:Oklahoma
4219:Nebraska
4214:Michigan
4202:Maryland
4182:Colorado
3901:Smudging
3869:Religion
3660:Yuma War
3248:Genocide
3136:Archived
2805:NBC News
2620:Ict News
2596:March 9,
2585:. 2009.
2504:ICT News
2112:See also
2053:Pechanga
2014:Quinault
1788:Tex Hall
1774:Tex Hall
1760:Tex Hall
1591:Shoshone
1583:Reno, NV
1432:Muscogee
1428:Cheyenne
1374:Quinault
1343:Kumeyaay
1199:Reno, NV
892:Colville
756:Cherokee
657:and the
630:redskins
504:Interior
482:and the
474:and the
460:Cheyenne
441:Cherokee
348:Pechanga
289:) is an
217:Pechanga
190:Location
4910:Related
4871:Federal
4290:writers
4265:artists
4187:Florida
4172:Arizona
4124:English
3474:Pow wow
3454:Fashion
3386:Culture
3263:Slavery
3185:History
1624:Arikara
1620:Hidatsa
1574:Choctaw
1339:Luiseño
1322:Tlingit
701:Country
488:Midwest
376:History
266:Website
172:Purpose
154: (
83:scholar
4862:(2008)
4856:(1990)
4850:(1990)
4844:(1990)
4838:(1988)
4832:(1984)
4826:(1978)
4820:(1978)
4814:(1975)
4808:(1971)
4802:(1968)
4796:(1956)
4790:(1953)
4784:(1940)
4778:(1936)
4772:(1934)
4766:(1924)
4760:(1906)
4754:(1898)
4748:(1887)
4742:(1830)
4736:(1819)
4700:(2022)
4692:(2020)
4678:(2013)
4662:(2005)
4654:(2004)
4646:(2001)
4638:(1997)
4630:(1993)
4622:(1990)
4614:(1989)
4606:(1987)
4598:(1986)
4590:(1985)
4582:(1984)
4574:(1982)
4566:(1978)
4558:(1977)
4550:(1976)
4542:(1974)
4534:(1973)
4526:(1968)
4518:(1960)
4510:(1959)
4502:(1955)
4494:(1941)
4486:(1903)
4478:(1896)
4470:(1896)
4462:(1884)
4454:(1883)
4438:(1858)
4430:(1857)
4422:(1832)
4414:(1831)
4406:(1823)
4384:Rights
4342:Portal
4270:actors
4234:Oregon
4192:Hawaii
4167:Alaska
4011:groups
3178:topics
3053:
3009:
3001:
2452:
2364:
2322:
2292:
1616:Mandan
1595:Paiute
1297:Mohave
1149:Navajo
684:elders
519:NAGPRA
464:Lakota
298:rights
199:, U.S.
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4253:Lists
3434:Music
3228:Trade
3007:S2CID
2913:Slate
2290:JSTOR
1714:Yurok
1570:Creek
1173:Makah
1153:Kiowa
734:Year
433:Caddo
398:Kiowa
362:Lummi
245:Lummi
90:JSTOR
76:books
4197:Iowa
4162:List
3484:Wars
3439:Film
3429:Food
3051:ISBN
3018:2014
2999:ISSN
2946:2024
2920:2016
2894:2024
2857:2023
2831:2024
2787:2024
2761:2024
2727:2024
2701:2024
2676:2024
2650:2018
2598:2023
2562:2024
2536:2024
2511:2024
2485:2024
2450:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2301:2024
2237:2024
2198:2024
2158:2024
2045:2023
2032:2022
2020:2021
2007:2020
1993:2019
1979:2018
1965:2017
1951:2016
1937:2015
1917:2014
1903:2013
1889:2012
1875:2011
1858:2010
1844:2009
1830:2008
1816:2007
1796:2006
1782:2005
1768:2004
1754:2003
1737:2002
1723:2001
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1689:1999
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1630:1995
1605:1994
1599:Mono
1580:1993
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1438:1985
1414:1984
1397:1983
1383:1982
1363:1981
1349:1980
1328:1979
1311:1978
1286:1977
1272:1976
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1244:1974
1230:1973
1216:1972
1196:1971
1179:1970
1159:1969
1138:1968
1118:1967
1104:1966
1087:1965
1067:1964
1053:1963
1039:1962
1025:1961
1005:1960
991:1959
977:1958
963:1957
949:1956
935:1955
921:1954
898:1953
881:1952
867:1951
850:1950
824:1949
810:1948
796:1947
782:1946
768:1945
748:1944
506:and
490:and
293:and
287:NCAI
281:The
273:.org
271:ncai
141:NCAI
62:news
4873:and
4686:and
4386:of
3424:Art
2991:doi
2987:114
2587:doi
2282:doi
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