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sequence, and each appointed by the universities and the
Citizen Power has two alternates, respectively. Members of the National Electoral Council last seven years in office and be elected separately: the three nominated by civil society at the beginning of each period of the National Assembly, and the other two in the middle of it. Members of the National Electoral Council shall be appointed by the National Assembly with the vote of two thirds of its members. Members of the National Electoral Council will designate from among its members its president, in accordance with the law. (Article 296,
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32:
1041:, there is "widespread pre- and post-election fraud, including electoral irregularities, government interference, and manipulation of voters" and "opposition political parties operated in a restrictive atmosphere characterized by intimidation, the threat of prosecution or administrative sanction on questionable charges, and restricted media access". International observers have had difficulties monitoring the elections, though the Bolivarian government accepts the praise of their elections from
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763:
1061:, there is "widespread pre- and post-election fraud, including electoral irregularities, government interference, and voter manipulation," and "opposition political parties operate in a restrictive atmosphere characterized by intimidation, threats of prosecution or administrative sanctions on questionable charges, and restricted media access." International observers have had difficulties monitoring the elections.
77:
1072:. The TSJ's decision has been criticized by the opposition and international observers, as it violates the separation of powers and undermines democracy in the country. Additionally, it adds to a series of actions taken by Maduro's government seen as attempts to consolidate its control over the Venezuelan state apparatus and suppress the opposition.
1159:
auditors was due to the opposition's decision not to participate in these elections. Given the situation, several countries announced that they would not recognize the election results. The
Venezuelan opposition had previously estimated a participation rate of 12.4% of the electoral roll, translating to about 2.4 million voters.
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It is relevant to note that
Smartmatic has been the provider of voting technology in Venezuela since 2004. However, the firm emphasized that, unlike previous elections, this time (2017), there were no opposition auditors present, who are considered essential as process witnesses. The absence of these
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to appoint members of the
Electoral Body when the National Assembly fails to reach a minimum percentage of deputies, beyond the composition of the electoral body, the organization of the electoral act and the formation of polling stations ensure the invulnerability of the vote as they are composed of
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stated that the company's declarations confirmed the opposition's previous allegations and described the situation as a "global earthquake." On the other hand, Antonio Mugica asserted that
Smartmatic had irrefutable evidence of the manipulation of participation data. Despite Smartmatic's significant
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to perform the task. That resulted with the CNE board having a majority consisting of
Chavistas or those that supported Chávez. Since then, the Venezuelan government controlled by the PSUV ruling party has manipulated elections, holding control of the CNE, the media and through government spending.
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Several recent events have highlighted concerns about the upcoming electoral process's legitimacy. For instance, a new
National Electoral Council was elected without National Assembly approval. Additionally, there have been judicial interventions in political parties and an illegal increase in the
1048:
The
Venezuelan electoral system has been questioned on numerous occasions. In 2005, it was alleged that the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, with a pro-Chávez majority, appointed officials to the Venezuelan National Electoral Council despite the 1999 Constitution stipulating that this task was to be
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The
National Electoral Council (CNE) is composed of five persons; three of them nominated by civil society, one by the faculties of law and political science at national universities, and one by the Citizen Power. The three members nominated by civil society shall have six alternates in ordinal
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by the company's CEO, Antonio Mugica, who pointed out a discrepancy of at least one million votes between the official figures and those recorded by their system in August 2017. The
National Electoral Council (CNE) of Venezuela, in turn, rejected these accusations, defending the official
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number of parliamentarians. The outcome of these elections and how they are perceived internationally could have significant implications for Venezuelan politics and international relations in the coming years. Some countries, like Brazil and members of the
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in 2021. If successful, this would further consolidate his government's power and weaken the opposition, led by Juan Guaidó. Guaidó, recognized by many as Venezuela's interim president, would see his term as a deputy officially end on January 4, 2021.
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The CNE was preceded by the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE), which was established under an electoral law on September 11, 1936. This entity was replaced by the CNE in 1997 with the passage of a new Organic Law of Suffrage and Participation.
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government and widely boycotted by the opposition, have raised concerns and controversy over their legitimacy. Maduro, who controls the country's judicial system and electoral bodies, is determined to reclaim the
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Despite the lack of precedent or legal basis in the Venezuelan Constitution for TSJ intervention, on June 13, 2020, it appointed the new electoral directors based on the ruling declaring the legislative omission.
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As observed, both voters and participating political organizations can verify the voter's intention multiple times during the electoral act, making the electoral results difficult to tamper with.
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contributions to various elections in Venezuela and other countries, the company has not been free from controversy. In the past, it was accused of having ties with the late Venezuelan President
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On June 12, 2020, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice appointed CNE rectors after the controversial ruling of legislative omission by the opposition-majority Parliament, which, according to the
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did not recognize the TSJ's decision and decided to continue the process of nominating candidates for CNE rectors, which was halted during the months of the coronavirus pandemic.
1029:, with the majority supporting Chávez, elected officials to the supposedly non-partisan National Electoral Council of Venezuela (CNE) despite the 1999 Constitution stating for the
1945:
1017:. At the time of their appointments, Amoroso, Quintero and Gil Pacecho were seen as representing the government, while Delpino and Nogal were seen as representing the opposition.
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1171:. However, with its international growth, the firm appears to have prioritized its credibility and reputation over any previous relationship with the Venezuelan government.
907:(member of the Civil and Electoral Registry Commission). Xavier Antonio Moreno Reyes was the CNE's general secretary. Roberto Ignacio Mirabal Acosta was a legal consultant.
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under its 1999 constitution. It is the institution that has the responsibility of overseeing and guaranteeing the transparency of all elections and referendums in
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randomly selected community members, witnesses, and political party representatives. The electoral act is entirely electronic, consisting of the following steps:
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2150:
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1422:"Luis Almagro, ante el Senado de los EEUU: "Venezuela es el país más corrupto del continente, toda la estructura del Estado está tomada por el narcotráfico""
999:
2199:
1057:, has manipulated elections by maintaining control over the CNE, utilizing media outlets, and leveraging government spending. Meanwhile, according to the
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2430:
2319:
2244:
1142:, the company responsible for providing the electronic voting system in Venezuela, publicly denounced "data manipulation" during the elections for the
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598:
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1068:, is responsible for selecting the electoral body directors. This was agreed upon between Nicolás Maduro's government and the interim government of
1986:"Smartmatic, la empresa a cargo del sistema de votación en Venezuela, denuncia "manipulación" en la elección de la Constituyente y el CNE lo niega"
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1861:"El chavismo volvió a violar la constitución de Venezuela y designó a sus propias autoridades electorales de cara a las elecciones parlamentarias"
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Copies of the minutes are given to the representatives of the political parties present, who transmit them to their own computing centers.
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1183:'s withdrawal by Dr. Rafael Simón Jiménez, who was a CNE rector, to acquire voting machines in 2020. ExClé C.A was sanctioned by the
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performed by the National Assembly. As a result, the CNE's board of directors was composed predominantly of individuals aligned with
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At the close of the electoral act, results are totaled, transmitted by each machine, and the corresponding minutes are printed.
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As of March 2016, four of the CNE rectors were the same as those of 2010, except that Vicente Díaz had been replaced by
889:
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243:
20:
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1701:[Aime Nogal's suspected flip in Venezuela: from electoral rector of the opposition to ratifying Maduro's victory].
1266:
1253:, have already indicated that they will not recognize the results if deemed fraudulent. On the other hand, the position of
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and empowered itself to appoint the rectors of the National Electoral Council. On June 11, 2020, the IV legislature of the
427:
2045:"Comisión Especial de la AN determinó que Empresa ExClé S.A ha coadyuvado procesos electorales fraudulentos desde el 2014"
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2019:"La empresa a cargo del sistema de votación en Venezuela denuncia "manipulación" en la Constituyente y el CNE lo niega"
1699:"El sospechoso giro de Aime Nogal en Venezuela: de rectora electoral de la oposición a ratificar la victoria de Maduro"
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and his international recognition could also be affected depending on the outcome and perception of these elections.
1058:
1038:
854:
439:
2063:"Estados Unidos sancionó a la empresa que proveyó el software al régimen de Maduro para sus elecciones legislativas"
792:
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1920:"AN no reconocerá plazo de las 72 horas del ilegitimo TSJ y continuará proceso para designar nuevo CNE"
1235:
On Sunday, December 6, Venezuela will hold its parliamentary elections. These elections, called by the
621:
563:
277:
2636:
1065:
869:
250:
236:
184:
1946:"El Tribunal Supremo designa por la vía rápida a los nuevos rectores del Consejo Nacional Electoral"
881:
740:
into the presidency, the CNE has been described, by the president's opponents, as being pro-Maduro.
2405:
773:
636:
255:
916:
2842:
2435:
1703:
777:
117:
1891:
19:
This article is about the election commission in Venezuela. For a similar body in Colombia, see
2960:
2952:
2584:
1566:
1008:
452:
302:
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The company ExClé C.A, a subsidiary of the Argentine company Ex-Clé S.A, was contracted after
2018:
1985:
1964:"Quiénes son los nuevos rectores del Poder Electoral de Venezuela designados por el chavismo"
1094:
The voting machine prints a receipt, which the voter verifies and deposits in the ballot box.
272:
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199:
974:
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1651:
1515:
1343:
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902:
885:
407:
331:
8:
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963:
626:
412:
1218:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
940:
45:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1619:
1547:
1395:"Venezuela: "Fraude numérico" en Bolívar y más de 200.000 votos descontados en Miranda"
324:
2742:
2415:
1809:
1799:
1738:
1571:
888:(CNE vice president; also President of the Civil and Electoral Registry Commission);
732:
at the local, regional, and national levels. The creation of the CNE was ratified in
1236:
737:
312:
2589:
2410:
1906:"TSJ del régimen declaró omisión inconstitucional a la AN para designación del CNE"
1708:
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713:
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The voter enables the vote with their fingerprint, ensuring one voter, one vote.
928:
became president of the CNE. The other four rectors, as of July 2020, were
1768:
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925:
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1168:
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participation figure of 41.53%, equivalent to 8 million voters. CNE President
1069:
3567:
1813:
1671:
1575:
991:
160:
1922:. Centro de comunicación de Asamblea Nacional. June 11, 2020. Archived from
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1680:
1647:
1615:
1583:
1543:
1511:
1320:
208:
1163:
1793:
2000:"Venezuela: empresa que hizo recuento de votos denuncia "manipulación""
1691:
1339:"Venezuela: Maduro ruling party wins majority of 23 governors' offices"
1250:
1187:(OFAC) of the U.S. Department of State on December 18, 2020, after the
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1139:
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2947:
1449:"Ley de censo electoral y de elecciones, de 11 de septiembre de 1936"
1100:
90% of the ballot boxes are audited in the presence of the community.
729:
725:
133:
762:
1110:
1050:
892:(President of the Political Participation and Finance Commission);
1365:"Venezuelan Opposition Coalition Condemns Falcon Presidential Bid"
1053:. Since then, the Venezuelan government, controlled by the ruling
1426:
1374:
1155:
described Mugica's statements as "irresponsible" and "baseless".
129:
2088:"Por que as eleições parlamentares da Venezuela são ilegítimas"
1875:"Reglamento General de la Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales"
1147:
1554:
1091:
The voter makes their selection on the machine's touchscreen.
1795:
Venezuela's Chavismo and populism in comparative perspective
1735:
Venezuela's Chavismo and populism in comparative perspective
1737:(1. publ. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
76:
1564:[Indira Alfonzo is the new president of the CNE].
1134:
990:
Starting in August 2023, the five rectors of the CNE were
957:
As of October 2021, the five rectors of the CNE were
1301:
1299:
1297:
1025:
The electoral system of Venezuela is controversial. The
2118:
1658:
1626:
1594:
1194:
1522:
1490:
1294:
1146:. This denunciation was made at a press conference in
1562:"Indira Alfonzo asume como nueva presidenta del CNE"
1474:"Ley Orgánica del Sufragio y Participación Política"
870:
Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
185:
Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
1162:After Smartmatic's denunciation, opposition leader
1119:(TSJ) declared the constitutional omission of the
2158:
3565:
1111:Supreme Tribunal of Justice Intervention in 2020
3574:Electoral branch of the Government of Venezuela
1831:"Now Is the Time to Save Venezuela's Elections"
1765:"Now Is the Time to Save Venezuela's Elections"
1669:[Who the new members of the CNE are].
939:(CNE vice-president); Tania D'Amelio Cardiet;
2930:
2144:
689:
16:Electoral branch of the Venezuelan government
804:"National Electoral Council" Venezuela
791:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2937:
2923:
2151:
2137:
979:(vice-president); Tania D'Amelio Cardiet;
880:In 2010, the five rectors of the CNE were
734:Venezuela's 1999 constitutional referendum
696:
682:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1667:"Quiénes son los nuevos rectores del CNE"
1664:
1282:2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum
855:Learn how and when to remove this message
1762:
1466:
1117:Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela
894:Socorro Elizabeth Hernández de Hernández
1908:. El Venezolano Colombia. June 6, 2020.
1791:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1135:Smartmatic and the Constituent Election
3566:
2953:Elections and referendums in Venezuela
1751:
1441:
1272:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election
1189:2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election
2918:
2132:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1825:
1823:
1787:
1785:
1277:2006 Venezuelan presidential election
21:National Electoral Council (Colombia)
1723:
1719:from the original on 26 August 2024.
1687:from the original on 26 August 2024.
1590:from the original on 26 August 2024.
1267:Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004
1198:
1195:Parliamentary Elections in Venezuela
789:adding citations to reliable sources
756:
25:
13:
2073:
2006:
1848:
1820:
1782:
14:
3590:
2110:
1059:United States Department of State
1039:United States Department of State
720:, CNE) is the head of one of the
2946:
1763:Cárdenas, José (4 August 2015).
1203:
1185:Office of Foreign Assets Control
1077:Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
890:Vicente José Gregorio Díaz Silva
761:
656:
207:
75:
30:
2055:
2037:
1992:
1978:
1956:
1938:
1912:
1898:
1884:
1867:
941:Gladys María Gutiérrez Alvarado
1798:. Cambridge University Press.
1414:
1387:
1357:
1331:
1125:National Assembly of Venezuela
1121:National Assembly of Venezuela
1075:While the Constitution of the
1031:National Assembly of Venezuela
996:Carlos Enrique Quintero Cuevas
959:Pedro Enrique Calzadilla Pérez
167:Carlos Enrique Quintero Cuevas
1:
1792:Hawkins, Kirk Andrew (2010).
1707:(in Spanish). 8 August 2024.
1287:
992:Elvis Eduardo Hidrobo Amoroso
985:Roberto Antonio Picón Herrera
970:Enrique Octavio Márquez Pérez
875:
1665:Ibis León (24 August 2023).
1570:(in Spanish). 13 June 2020.
1174:
752:
736:. Following the election of
7:
1988:. BBC News. August 2, 2017.
1894:. CNE.gob. August 26, 2020.
1260:
1081:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
1027:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
1020:
930:Rafael Simón Jiménez Melean
912:Luis Emilio Rondón González
722:five branches of government
589:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
388:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
10:
3595:
1640:National Electoral Council
1608:National Electoral Council
1536:National Electoral Council
1504:National Electoral Council
1313:National Electoral Council
1004:Juan Carlos Delpino Boscán
981:Alexis José Corredor Pérez
743:
718:Consejo Nacional Electoral
710:National Electoral Council
68:Consejo Nacional Electoral
63:National Electoral Council
18:
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2363:
2167:
2094:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1892:"Reglamentos Electorales"
1863:. Infobae. June 13, 2020.
1733:Hawkins, Kirk A. (2010).
1212:This section needs to be
1066:Constitution of Venezuela
1015:Aime Clarisa Nogal Méndez
945:José Luis Gutiérrez Parra
176:
153:
139:
123:
113:
106:Supreme Electoral Council
99:
91:
86:
74:
67:
39:This article needs to be
2728:Bosnia & Herzegovina
2210:Central African Republic
3054:Parliamentary elections
2652:Palestinian territories
645:Chávez's foreign policy
244:Constitutions of States
118:Government of Venezuela
3365:Constituent Assemblies
2961:Presidential elections
998:(CNE vice-president);
898:Tania D'Amelio Cardiet
717:
610:Diplomatic missions of
169:(2024), Vice President
2002:. DW. August 2, 2017.
1115:On June 5, 2020, the
200:Politics of Venezuela
3579:Election commissions
2161:election commissions
2069:. December 18, 2020.
1518:on 16 September 2010
1344:The Washington Times
1144:Constituent Assembly
886:Sandra Oblitas Ruzza
785:improve this section
663:Venezuela portal
369:since 5 January 2021
3325:Municipal elections
2501:Trinidad and Tobago
2371:Antigua and Barbuda
1926:on December 2, 2021
1000:Rosalba Gil Pacheco
64:
3262:Regional elections
2436:Dominican Republic
1654:on 27 October 2021
1506:, September 2010,
283:Capital punishment
62:
3561:
3560:
2912:
2911:
1242:National Assembly
1233:
1232:
1037:According to the
994:(CNE president);
884:(CNE president);
865:
864:
857:
839:
706:
705:
632:Visa requirements
582:Foreign relations
464:Recent elections
460:Political parties
401:Federal divisions
350:National Assembly
193:
192:
163:(2024), President
154:Agency executives
60:
59:
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2939:
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2904:Papua New Guinea
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2146:
2139:
2130:
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2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:Official website
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2015:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1952:. June 13, 2021.
1942:
1936:
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1650:, archived from
1642:, October 2021,
1630:
1624:
1623:
1618:, archived from
1598:
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2092:Gazeta do Povo
2072:
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2023:BBC News Mundo
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1991:
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1966:. 13 June 2020
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1835:Foreign Policy
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1769:Foreign Policy
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1675:(in Spanish).
1657:
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1502:(in Spanish),
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924:In June 2020,
882:Tibisay Lucena
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557:Referendums:
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423:Constitutions
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2335:South Africa
2190:Burkina Faso
2124:(in Spanish)
2096:. Retrieved
2091:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2025:(in Spanish)
2022:
1994:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1914:
1900:
1886:
1869:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1794:
1772:. Retrieved
1734:
1702:
1693:
1670:
1660:
1652:the original
1639:
1634:
1628:
1620:the original
1607:
1602:
1596:
1567:El Universal
1565:
1556:
1548:the original
1535:
1530:
1524:
1516:the original
1503:
1498:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1430:(in Spanish)
1425:
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1403:(in Spanish)
1398:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1348:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1325:the original
1312:
1307:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1213:
1178:
1164:Julio Borges
1161:
1157:
1138:
1129:
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1074:
1063:
1047:
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1024:
989:
956:
923:
909:
879:
866:
851:
842:
832:
825:
818:
811:
799:
783:Please help
771:
747:
709:
707:
614:in Venezuela
477:
440:Dependencies
428:Legislatures
251:Human rights
237:Constitution
225:Constitution
177:Key document
146:
124:Headquarters
114:Jurisdiction
48:
40:
3501:Referendums
2894:New Zealand
2667:South Korea
2657:Philippines
2532:Afghanistan
2446:El Salvador
2255:Ivory Coast
2098:October 23,
2029:October 23,
1840:February 6,
1635:Autoridades
1603:Autoridades
1531:Autoridades
1499:Autoridades
1308:Autoridades
1224:August 2024
1169:Hugo Chávez
1070:Juan Guaidó
1007: [
973: [
962: [
948: [
933: [
915: [
901: [
845:August 2024
637:Visa policy
540:Municipal:
344:Legislature
278:Nationality
256:LGBT rights
81:Logo of CNE
3568:Categories
3518:1999 (Dec)
3513:1999 (Apr)
2617:Kyrgyzstan
2612:Kazakhstan
2562:East Timor
2547:Bangladesh
2537:Azerbaijan
2426:Costa Rica
2375:Argentina
2330:Somaliland
2325:Seychelles
2300:Mozambique
2290:Mauritania
2280:Madagascar
2205:Cape Verde
2049:Confirmado
1713:Q129857000
1681:Q129857570
1648:Q129944430
1616:Q129942953
1584:Q129845035
1544:Q129945342
1512:Q129846981
1434:2018-05-17
1407:2018-05-17
1380:2018-05-17
1350:2018-05-17
1321:Q129846732
1288:References
1251:Lima Group
1181:Smartmatic
1140:Smartmatic
876:Leadership
815:newspapers
593:Minister:
523:Regional:
2879:Australia
2803:Lithuania
2672:Sri Lanka
2662:Singapore
2577:Indonesia
2567:Hong Kong
2516:Venezuela
2481:Nicaragua
2451:Guatemala
2295:Mauritius
2159:National
1814:427439570
1576:1768-3076
1175:ExClé C.A
772:does not
753:Structure
730:Venezuela
726:Venezuela
453:Elections
418:Governors
382:Judiciary
356:President
303:President
297:Executive
134:Venezuela
51:June 2020
2833:Portugal
2733:Bulgaria
2703:Abkhazia
2682:Thailand
2647:Pakistan
2632:Mongolia
2627:Maldives
2622:Malaysia
2557:Cambodia
2491:Paraguay
2471:Honduras
2431:Dominica
2421:Colombia
2391:Barbados
2364:Americas
2355:Zimbabwe
2340:Tanzania
2230:Ethiopia
2220:DR Congo
2200:Cameroon
2185:Botswana
1970:June 16,
1930:June 13,
1774:6 August
1717:Archived
1709:Wikidata
1685:Archived
1677:Wikidata
1644:Wikidata
1612:Wikidata
1588:Archived
1580:Wikidata
1540:Wikidata
1508:Wikidata
1400:El Mundo
1317:Wikidata
1261:See also
1051:Chavismo
1045:allies.
1021:Analysis
627:Passport
268:Abortion
2872:Oceania
2858:Ukraine
2813:Moldova
2783:Ireland
2778:Iceland
2773:Hungary
2763:Georgia
2753:Finland
2748:Estonia
2738:Croatia
2723:Belgium
2718:Belarus
2713:Armenia
2708:Albania
2637:Myanmar
2542:Bahrain
2511:Uruguay
2466:Jamaica
2441:Ecuador
2401:Bolivia
2345:Tunisia
2320:Senegal
2315:Nigeria
2305:Namibia
2270:Liberia
2265:Lesotho
2215:Comoros
2195:Burundi
2067:Infobae
1427:Infobae
1375:Reuters
1214:updated
829:scholar
793:removed
778:sources
744:History
714:Spanish
408:Regions
332:Cabinet
130:Caracas
41:updated
2853:Turkey
2848:Sweden
2838:Russia
2828:Poland
2823:Norway
2798:Latvia
2793:Kosovo
2768:Greece
2758:France
2743:Cyprus
2696:Europe
2687:Turkey
2677:Taiwan
2607:Jordan
2602:Israel
2552:Bhutan
2486:Panama
2476:Mexico
2456:Guyana
2411:Canada
2406:Brazil
2396:Belize
2350:Uganda
2285:Malawi
2245:Guinea
2235:Gambia
2175:Angola
2168:Africa
1812:
1802:
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1711:
1679:
1646:
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1582:
1574:
1542:
1510:
1454:. 1936
1319:
1255:Guaidó
1148:London
1043:UNASUR
1013:; and
983:; and
943:; and
896:; and
831:
824:
817:
810:
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413:States
273:Labour
92:Formed
2899:Palau
2889:Nauru
2843:Spain
2808:Malta
2788:Italy
2642:Nepal
2581:Iran
2572:India
2461:Haiti
2416:Chile
2310:Niger
2275:Libya
2260:Kenya
2240:Ghana
2225:Egypt
2180:Benin
1878:(PDF)
1477:(PDF)
1452:(PDF)
1011:]
977:]
966:]
952:]
937:]
919:]
905:]
836:JSTOR
822:books
140:Motto
3553:2023
3548:2020
3543:2017
3538:2009
3533:2007
3528:2004
3523:2000
3508:1957
3492:2017
3487:1999
3482:1961
3477:1952
3472:1946
3467:1936
3462:1931
3457:1928
3452:1925
3447:1922
3442:1914
3437:1909
3432:1904
3427:1901
3422:1893
3417:1891
3412:1881
3407:1874
3402:1864
3397:1858
3392:1857
3387:1830
3382:1821
3377:1819
3372:1811
3356:2021
3351:2018
3346:2017
3341:2013
3333:1948
3315:2021
3310:2017
3305:2012
3300:2008
3295:2004
3290:2000
3285:1998
3280:1995
3275:1992
3270:1989
3252:2025
3247:2020
3242:2015
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3227:2000
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3217:1993
3212:1988
3207:1983
3202:1978
3197:1973
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3187:1963
3182:1958
3177:1947
3172:1941
3167:1936
3162:1931
3157:1929
3152:1922
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3009:1993
3004:1988
2999:1983
2994:1978
2989:1973
2984:1968
2979:1963
2974:1958
2969:1947
2884:Fiji
2597:Iraq
2525:Asia
2496:Peru
2384:DINE
2100:2023
2031:2023
1972:2020
1932:2020
1842:2018
1810:OCLC
1800:ISBN
1776:2015
1739:ISBN
1572:ISSN
1484:2011
1460:2011
1055:PSUV
808:news
776:any
774:cite
708:The
599:list
564:2017
559:2009
547:2018
542:2017
530:2021
525:2017
513:2017
508:1999
496:2020
491:2015
478:2024
472:2018
307:list
95:1999
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2379:CNE
1950:CNN
872:).
787:by
724:of
263:Law
228:Law
70:CNE
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