307:. Moreover, Shintoism has a number of deities, and until the Meiji Restoration, the emperors were just one of many Shinto gods, and usually not the most important. During the Meiji era, the government went out of its way to promote the imperial cult of emperor-worship as a way of ensuring that loyalty to the national government in Tokyo would outweigh regional loyalties. Moreover, the process of modernization in Meiji era Japan was intended to ensure that Japan adopted Western technology, science and models of social organization, not the values of the West; it was a fear of the government that the Japanese people might embrace Western values like democracy and individualism. This led the government to insist that all Japanese should hold the same values, with any heterodoxy viewed as a threat to the
38:
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696:). There is no government-sponsored ceremony. However, the "National Foundation Day Celebration Central Ceremony" sponsored by the "Japan's National Foundation Day Celebration" is held every year since 2020. There is also an ambassador's attendance. The "National Foundation Day Celebration" and the "Celebration Steering Committee" reorganized into "Japan's National Foundation Day Celebration" and hold their own ceremonies.
2097:
338:, and would willingly serve in the military. After conscription was introduced in 1873, a group of teenage rickshaw drivers and shop clerks were ordered to attend a lecture where they were informed that "Now that all men are samurai," they were to show "manly obedience" by enlisting in the Army at once, and many objected on the grounds that they did not come from samurai families.
324:, the merchants, the artisans and the peasants. The samurai were the dominant caste, but the aggressive militarism of the samurai was not embraced by the other castes, who could not legally own weapons. One of the Meiji era reforms was the introduction of conscription of all able-bodied men at age 18, to serve in either the Army or the Navy. This required the ideology of
659:
National
Foundation Day is a public holiday for the purpose of "recalling the founding of the nation and cultivating a mindset of love of the nation." It is a national holiday on which each Japanese person thinks about the efforts made by our forebears from ages past in bringing the country to where
465:
in the rural areas was due to the fact that the children of most peasants did not attend school or at least for very long, and it was only with the gradual establishment of a universal education system that the imperial cult caught on. Between the 1870s to the 1890s, all of the rural areas of Japan
531:
This holiday, based entirely on Shinto mythology, has been an occasion for propagandizing the divine origin and superiority of the
Japanese race. Due to its official recognition of historical absurdities, it has served as a stumbling block to honest research into the early history of the Japanese
420:
always being a rally where ordinary people would kowtow to a portrait of the emperor, which was followed up by the singing of the national anthem and patriotic speeches whose principal theme was always that Japan was a uniquely virtuous nation because of its rule by the god-emperors.
600:
conducted by the Public
Relations Office of the Prime Minister's Office at the request of the National Foundation Day Council, nearly half of the 8,700 respondents (47.4%) favored 11 February as the date of National Foundation Day, with the next most popular choices being 3 May
430:
was celebrated. When students graduated in Japan, the principal and the teachers would always give speeches to the graduating class on the theme that Japan was a special nation because its emperors were gods, and it was the duty of every student to serve the god-emperor.
389:, translated by one pre-war scholar as "Festival of the Accession of the First Emperor and the Foundation of the Empire". The national holiday was supported by those who believed that focusing national attention on the emperor would serve an unifying purpose, holding the
470:
finally started to serve its purpose as a holiday that united the entire
Japanese nation in loyalty to the emperor over the length and breadth of Japan. However, the government in Tokyo was as late as 1911 still chiding local officials in rural areas for including in
425:
provided the model for school ceremonies, albeit on a smaller scale, as classes always began in Japan with the students bowing to a portrait of the emperor, and school graduations and the opening of new schools were conducted in a manner very similar to how
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in 1966 (Shōwa 41), and was applied from 11 February 1967 (Shōwa 42). Article 2 of the Law
Concerning National Holidays (Holiday Law, Law No. 178, 20 July 1948 (国民の祝日に関する法律) ) stipulates that the purpose of National Foundation Day is to:
707:
of self-defense ships moored at bases and general ports. They hoist the flag of the JMSDF and/or signal flags on MSDF ships and held for expressing good wishes on
National Foundation Day. There are also illuminated ships after sunset.
328:("the way of the warrior") from people who historically had been encouraged to see war as the exclusive concern of the samurai. The imperial cult of emperor-worship was promoted both to ensure that everyone would be a part of the
1006:
According to legend, the first
Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with
365:. The date was 29 January 1873 of the Gregorian calendar, but later that year it was changed to 11 February, probably to avoid conflict with the celebrations of Lunar New Year. 11 February was also the day when the
553:
Even after the occupation ended, there was widespread opposition to reviving the holiday within Japan due to its association with militarism. However, there was also a movement to revive the holiday, in which the
240:, which states that Emperor Jimmu ascended to the throne on the first day of the first month. There is, however, no compelling historical evidence that the legendary Emperor Jimmu actually existed.
289:, people in Japan worshiped the emperors as living gods, but regional loyalties were just as strong as national loyalties, with most people feeling an equal or a stronger loyalty to the
313:. The American historian Carol Gluck noted that for the Japanese state in the Meiji era, "social conformity" was the highest value, with dissent considered a major threat to the
585:
included a separate opinion that the holiday should celebrate the land of Japan rather than glorify its people. Two new national holidays were established at the same time:
635:
393:
together with all
Japanese people united by their love of the god-emperor. Publicly linking his rule with the legendary first emperor, Jimmu, and thus the Sun Goddess
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regional loyalties were stronger than national loyalties, in the 1880s and 1890s, there was some confusion in the rural areas of Japan about just what precisely
1681:
1648:
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519:. In a 1948 memorandum, the chief of the occupation authorities' religious and cultural resources division, W. K. Bunce, recommended the abolition of
450:. Aizawa, the same deputy mayor who in 1897 who thought the holiday was Emperor Meiji's birthday, later become the mayor, in 1903 gave his first
1800:
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featured parades, athletic competitions, the public reading of poems, the handing out of sweets and buns to children, with the highlight of the
162:
on 11 February, celebrating the foundation of Japan, enforced by a specific
Cabinet Order set in 1966. 11 February is the accession date of the
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1966 Cabinet Order No. 376, Promulgation: December 9, 1966, Enforcement: December 9, 1966, The first application example is
February 11, 1967.
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declared himself the one, true ruler of Japan. The claim that the emperors of Japan were gods was based upon their supposed descent from
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and a desire to revive cultural traditions. As such people generally didn't overtly express nationalism or patriotism in public. As a
446:
was Emperor Meiji's birthday. It was not until about 1900 that everyone in the rural areas of Japan finally understood the meaning of
1306:
933:
Kokaze, Hidemasa (2011). "The Political Space of Meiji 22 (1889): The Promulgation of the Constitution and the Birth of the Nation".
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makes speeches and statements about the importance of National Foundation Day. For example, in 2018, former Prime Minister
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793:[Cabinet Order to set the date of National Foundation Day]. Wikisource.org. 12 May 2019. Archived from
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569:. Of the ten members of the council, seven voted to advise the prime minister to adopt the holiday; economist
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The holiday was re-established as National Foundation Day in 1966 following the creation by Prime Minister
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1774:"Flags of Japan-Self Defense Forces (JSDF) and the Full-Dressing Ship of the Maritime Self-Defense Force"
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resigned from the group prior to its final meeting without contributing a vote. In addition, agronomist
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believed the commemoration should be absorbed into New Year's Day to lessen financial impact, author
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region of central Japan. The first historical records did not appear until the 8th century, with the
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Main event: a party to celebrate the founding of Japan (inside the Association of Shinto Shrines).
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This day is to commemorate the founding of the country, regardless of the day it was founded. The
234:. On that day, the foundation of Japan by the legendary Emperor Jimmu was celebrated based on the
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was to unite the Japanese nation in loyalty to the god-emperor in Tokyo, not honor local gods.
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finally acquired a school, which allowed everyone to be educated. It was only about 1910 that
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Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712)
536:
Although some other prewar religious holidays were retained in a secular form, such as the
500:
1450:
8:
2217:
1959:
Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century
550:
holiday was effectively abolished when Japan enacted a new national holiday law in 1948.
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designated the day as a national holiday as part of the modernization of Japan under the
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was meant to celebrate, with one deputy mayor of a small village in 1897 believing that
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244:(539–571) is the earliest generally agreed upon historical ruler of Japan. During the
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1607:""Message from Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the Occasion of National Foundation Day""
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speech at the local school, and in 1905 he organized a free banquet to go along with
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1381:"MEMORANDUM FOR THE CHIEF OF STAFF: Abolition of Certain Japanese National Holidays"
673:, celebrations for National Foundation Day are relatively moderate. During the post-
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it is today, and renews his or her hopes for the further development of the nation.
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Nourish a love for the country by commemorating the establishment of the country.
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The new holiday was introduced to help promote the imperial cult underpinning the
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On the day of the event, festivals such as the "kenkoku-sai" (建国祭) are held at (
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period and up to 2000, there were two opposing sentiments: a caution to prevent
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National Foundation Day was added as a national holiday by the revision of the
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This article is about the Japanese holiday. For the South Korean holiday, see
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1525:. National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)
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Coincidentally, 11 February 1889 is the day of the promulgation of the
1935:
685:, government offices, schools, banks, and many companies are closed.
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ceremonies to honor local Shinto gods, reminding them the purpose of
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272:
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The People's Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy, 1945–1995
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objected to governmental sponsorship of the holiday, and journalist
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The National Foundation Day Celebration Parade is held annually in
303:, let alone the emperor who reigned in the equally distant city of
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750:
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321:
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112:
43:
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Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697
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Participants: the parade section has circa 6,750 people and the
1523:
Japanese-English Bilingual Corpus of Knowledge's Kyoto Articles
1213:
Enigma of the Emperors: Sacred Subservience in Japanese History
492:
320:
Up to 1871, Japanese society was divided into four castes: the
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794:
2096:
1735:"日本の建国を祝う会に出席致しました。日本の皆様、心よりお祝いを申し上げます。また、末永いご繁栄を願っております🇯🇵"
717:
678:
565:
of an exploratory council that was chaired by civic reformer
304:
253:
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was the first central government of the unified state in the
76:
1776:. Ministry of Defense (Japan). 1 August 2021. Archived from
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and its reinforcement of the Japanese nobility based on the
434:
Reflecting the fact that for most Japanese people under the
300:
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was considered one of the four major holidays of Japan.
1979:
Emperor Hirohito and Shōwa Japan: A Political Biography
1887:
Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period
1732:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1577:
The Committee to Celebrate Japan's National Foundation
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1348:
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2021:
The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature
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Japan's Imperial House in the Postwar Era, 1945–2019
1136:
1134:
1132:
1112:
1056:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 30–32.
669:
In contrast with the events associated with earlier
1932:
Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science
1860:
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II
1360:
1345:
1097:
458:, which become an annual tradition in his village.
953:
625:National Foundation Day in a street of Tokyo, 2019
295:("lord") ruling their province as they did to the
1609:. Cabinet Public Relations Office. Archived from
1600:
1598:
2235:
1022:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower
875:
873:
871:
869:
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1930:Hutchinson, John; Smith, Anthony David (2000).
1929:
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1195:Conversion between Western and Chinese Calendar
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1733:ティムラズ・レジャバ駐日ジョージア臨時代理大使 (11 February 2020).
1573:"What is national foundation day? (建国記念の日とは)"
1299:
906:"Evolution of the Meiji State : Outline"
864:
609:of 1947) and 3 April (the anniversary of the
2018:
1801:"National Foundation Day Celebration Parade"
1768:
1766:
1764:
1684:. 機関紙連合通信社. 13 February 2020. Archived from
1273:
1083:. Harvard University Press. pp. 15–17.
991:Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds
724:Time: starts at 9:00 AM and ends at 2:00 PM.
372:In its original form, the holiday was named
1784:
1604:
353:in 1873. The holiday was proclaimed on the
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2072:
1567:
1565:
1283:. American School in Japan. Archived from
928:
926:
345:. This coincided with the switch from the
36:
1962:. Columbia University Press. p. 80.
1915:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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785:
783:
727:Route: 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) from
226:The origin of National Foundation Day is
1907:
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2019:Rimmer, Thomas; Gessel, Van C. (2005).
1832:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
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16:National holiday in Japan (11 February)
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780:
2067:
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1995:
1976:
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1710:. 宗教新聞. 18 March 2021. Archived from
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96:Celebrates the founding of the nation
1682:"政府主催の奉祝式典を要望／日本の建国を祝う会／憲法改正への訴え相次ぐ"
987:
822:[About "national holiday"].
332:and to ensure that all men embraced
1825:
1335:
616:
367:Constitution of the Empire of Japan
13:
2048:. Harvard University Asia Center.
1807:. 11 February 2019. Archived from
1655:. 17 November 1987. Archived from
1579:. 11 February 2019. Archived from
1519:"National Foundation Day (建国記念の日)"
1440:
1411:
895:
887:. 11 February 2021. Archived from
542:holiday in November (which became
495:which is the traditional Japanese
14:
2270:
847:"Japan's National Foundation Day"
701:Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
527:'s chief of staff, writing that:
215:Kigensetsu celebration, pre-1940.
2095:
1649:"衆議院議員滝沢幸助君提出國史と國語に關する質問に対する答弁書"
1605:Abe, Shinzo (11 February 2018).
851:education.nationalgeographic.org
1998:Leaders and Leadership in Japan
1913:Shinto and the State, 1868–1988
1726:
1700:
1641:
1537:
1511:
1469:
1428:(in Japanese). 11 February 2019
1385:Contemporary Religions in Japan
1372:
1230:
1200:
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1080:China and Japan: Facing History
1043:
664:
491:, the nationalistic version of
21:National Foundation Day (Korea)
981:
839:
812:
611:Seventeen-Article Constitution
1:
1281:"Japanese Holiday Traditions"
994:. Prentice Hall. p. 78.
556:Association of Shinto Shrines
357:of 1872, on the accession of
219:
910:National Diet Library. Japan
774:
753:section around 6,000 people.
655:made an official statement:
511:was abolished following the
7:
1632:Hutchinson & Smith 2000
1182:Spring, 1st month, 1st day.
1168:The Japan Society of the UK
757:
374:
150:
56:
10:
2275:
2042:Ruoff, Kenneth J. (2001).
1891:Princeton University Press
1865:W. W. Norton & Company
1477:"皇室と神社本庁の関係 皇位継承問題で歴史の岐路に"
1237:Ruoff, Kenneth J. (2021).
1050:Smits, Gregory J. (1991).
1019:Henshall, Kenneth (2012).
711:
629:
487:Given its reliance on the
206:
46:is carried during a parade
18:
2213:
2148:Constitution Memorial Day
2108:
2025:Columbia University Press
1457:(in Japanese). 8 May 2021
1451:"屈指の「祝日大国」日本、ちゃんと休めていますか"
729:Jingu Gaien Ginkgo Avenue
605:, the anniversary of the
603:Constitution Memorial Day
383:
277:government of Meiji Japan
144:
128:
118:
100:
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82:
72:
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35:
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2254:Public holidays in Japan
2185:Respect for the Aged Day
2102:Public holidays in Japan
1422:"【主張】建国記念の日 国家の存続喜び祝う日に"
587:Respect for the Aged Day
461:The slow penetration of
369:was proclaimed in 1889.
2128:National Foundation Day
1977:Lange, Stephen (1992).
1549:survey.gov-online.go.jp
1077:Vogel, Ezra F. (2019).
649:Prime Minister of Japan
299:who ruled from distant
160:public holiday in Japan
139:National Foundation Day
31:National Foundation Day
2205:Labor Thanksgiving Day
2133:The Emperor's Birthday
1379:Bunce, W. K. (1966) .
988:Hoye, Timothy (1999).
825:Cabinet Office (Japan)
764:Japanese imperial year
662:
645:
626:
544:Labor Thanksgiving Day
534:
216:
1981:. London: Routledge.
1243:. BRILL. p. 25.
1193:Yuk Tung Liu (2018).
657:
641:
624:
607:Constitution of Japan
589:on September 15, and
558:played a major role.
529:
214:
2244:February observances
2190:Autumnal Equinox Day
2169:Okinawa Memorial Day
1811:on 14 December 2020.
1216:. BRILL. p. 9.
731:(Namiki-dori) ->
501:Japanese nationalism
186:which is written in
2218:Golden Week (Japan)
1996:Neary, Ian (1996).
1745:on 12 February 2020
1708:"建国記念の日奉祝中央式典／神社本庁"
1583:on 14 February 2019
1287:on 24 November 2005
230:in the traditional
151:Kenkoku Kinen no Hi
57:Kenkoku Kinen no Hi
2138:Vernal Equinox Day
1991:. (cloth) (paper).
1925:. (cloth) (paper).
1877:. (cloth) (paper).
1849:. (cloth) (paper).
1819:General references
1714:on 10 October 2021
1659:on 24 January 2021
1029:. pp. 15–16.
1027:Palgrave Macmillan
797:on 18 January 2017
791:"建国記念の日となる日を定める政令"
636:Public Holiday Law
627:
539:Niiname-no-Matsuri
513:surrender of Japan
483:Postwar transition
351:Gregorian calendar
347:lunisolar calendar
232:lunisolar calendar
217:
201:Meiji Constitution
180:Gregorian calendar
2231:
2230:
2123:Coming of Age Day
2117:Japanese New Year
2055:978-0-674-01088-8
2034:978-0-231-13804-8
2011:978-1-873410-41-7
1988:978-0-415-03203-2
1969:978-0-231-11441-7
1945:978-0-415-20109-4
1922:978-0-691-07348-4
1900:978-0-691-05449-0
1874:978-0-393-04686-1
1846:978-0-06-019314-0
1780:on 5 August 2021.
1741:). Archived from
1613:on 30 August 2020
1250:978-1-68417-616-8
1208:Shillony, Ben-Ami
1158:Aston, William G.
1036:978-0-230-34662-8
720:on 11 February.
679:ultra-nationalism
596:In a 1966 public
575:Seiichi Funahashi
525:Douglas MacArthur
361:according to the
281:Meiji Restoration
192:and chapter 3 of
178:, converted into
136:
135:
2266:
2259:Remembrance days
2100:
2099:
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2015:
1992:
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1688:on 11 April 2021
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1545:"建国記念の日に関する世論調査"
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1313:. Archived from
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921:
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891:on 1 March 2021.
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843:
837:
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832:
816:
810:
809:
804:
802:
787:
694:Buddhist temples
617:Current practice
388:
386:
385:
379:
168:Emperor of Japan
157:
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73:Observed by
68:
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28:
27:
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2209:
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2062:
2056:
2035:
2012:
2002:RoutledgeCurzon
1989:
1970:
1946:
1923:
1909:Hardacre, Helen
1901:
1875:
1847:
1827:Bix, Herbert P.
1821:
1816:
1799:
1798:
1785:
1772:
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1373:
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1334:
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1320:
1318:
1317:on 19 June 2006
1307:"Emperor JINMU"
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1262:
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1235:
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1048:
1044:
1037:
1017:
1013:
1002:
986:
982:
970:
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958:
954:
941:(23): 119–141.
931:
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903:
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632:
619:
593:on October 10.
567:Tsûsai Sugawara
497:ethnic religion
485:
412:The holiday of
380:
224:
209:
154:
141:
105:Family reunions
60:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2229:
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2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2162:Tango no sekku
2158:Children's Day
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2113:New Year's Day
2109:
2106:
2105:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2039:
2033:
2016:
2010:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1950:
1944:
1927:
1921:
1905:
1899:
1879:
1873:
1851:
1845:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1805:real Japan on'
1783:
1760:
1725:
1699:
1670:
1640:
1624:
1594:
1561:
1536:
1510:
1494:
1468:
1439:
1410:
1391:(2): 154–165.
1371:
1359:
1344:
1328:
1311:Hiragana Times
1298:
1272:
1256:
1249:
1229:
1222:
1199:
1186:
1176:
1149:
1128:
1126:, p. 248.
1111:
1096:
1089:
1069:
1062:
1042:
1035:
1011:
1000:
980:
964:
952:
922:
894:
885:Tajima Express
863:
838:
811:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
766:
759:
756:
755:
754:
747:
744:
725:
713:
710:
690:Shinto shrines
683:public holiday
666:
663:
631:
628:
618:
615:
484:
481:
355:Lunar New Year
242:Emperor Kinmei
228:New Year's Day
223:
218:
208:
205:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
120:
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115:
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53:
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41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2271:
2260:
2257:
2255:
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2250:
2249:National days
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2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2089:
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2077:
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2070:
2069:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:Keene, Donald
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1889:. Princeton:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1862:
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1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1837:HarperCollins
1834:
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1828:
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1703:
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1633:
1628:
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1601:
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1568:
1566:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1483:(in Japanese)
1482:
1478:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1369:, p. 87.
1368:
1363:
1357:, p. 86.
1356:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1286:
1282:
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1252:
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1225:
1223:9789004213999
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1203:
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1183:
1179:
1177:9780524053478
1173:
1169:
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1159:
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1142:
1137:
1135:
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1125:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1109:, p. 38.
1108:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1090:9780674240766
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1063:9780889209978
1059:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1001:9780132712897
997:
993:
992:
984:
977:
973:
968:
962:, p. 80.
961:
956:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
927:
911:
907:
901:
899:
890:
886:
882:
881:"今日は「建国記念の日」"
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
852:
848:
842:
827:
826:
821:
820:"「国民の祝日」について"
815:
808:
796:
792:
786:
784:
779:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
752:
748:
745:
742:
738:
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726:
723:
722:
721:
719:
709:
706:
705:full dressing
702:
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453:
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441:
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432:
429:
424:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
399:Emperor Meiji
396:
392:
378:
377:
370:
368:
364:
360:
359:Emperor Jimmu
356:
352:
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344:
339:
337:
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318:
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306:
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204:
202:
198:
196:
191:
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185:
181:
177:
173:
172:Emperor Jimmu
169:
165:
161:
158:is an annual
152:
140:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
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91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
58:
54:
52:Official name
50:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2180:Mountain Day
2153:Greenery Day
2127:
2044:
2023:. New York:
2020:
1997:
1978:
1958:
1931:
1912:
1886:
1883:Gluck, Carol
1863:. New York:
1858:
1835:. New York:
1830:
1809:the original
1804:
1778:the original
1753:– via
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:the original
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1652:
1643:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1576:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1522:
1513:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1454:
1430:. Retrieved
1425:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1362:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:the original
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1275:
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1239:
1232:
1212:
1202:
1189:
1181:
1162:
1152:
1079:
1072:
1052:
1045:
1021:
1014:
1005:
990:
983:
967:
955:
938:
935:Japan Review
934:
913:. Retrieved
909:
889:the original
884:
854:. Retrieved
850:
841:
829:. Retrieved
823:
814:
806:
799:. Retrieved
795:the original
769:National Day
715:
698:
687:
670:
668:
665:Celebrations
658:
646:
642:
633:
598:opinion poll
595:
560:
552:
547:
537:
535:
530:
520:
517:World War II
508:
489:State Shinto
486:
476:
472:
467:
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460:
455:
451:
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342:
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333:
329:
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308:
290:
284:
283:. Under the
270:
263:
257:
246:Kofun period
235:
225:
220:
193:
187:
176:Kashihara-gū
138:
137:
101:Celebrations
93:Significance
25:
2223:Silver Week
2200:Culture Day
1855:Dower, John
1634:, pp.
1321:21 November
1291:21 November
915:4 September
856:11 February
831:11 February
741:Meiji Jingu
733:Aoyama-dori
583:Azuma Okuda
571:Genichi Abe
563:Eisaku Satō
523:to General
363:Nihon Shoki
265:Nihon Shoki
248:(300–538),
237:Nihon Shoki
195:Nihon Shoki
123:11 February
2238:Categories
2195:Sports Day
2175:Marine Day
2014:. (cloth).
2000:. London:
1934:. London:
1903:. (cloth).
1749:10 October
1718:10 October
1692:10 October
1663:10 October
1587:10 October
1554:18 January
1529:4 February
1504:, p.
1502:Lange 1992
1481:NEWSポストセブン
1367:Gluck 1985
1355:Gluck 1985
1338:, p.
1266:, p.
1264:Ruoff 2001
1166:. London:
1143:, p.
1141:Gluck 1985
1124:Gluck 1985
1107:Gluck 1985
1025:. London:
974:, p.
972:Ruoff 2001
960:Keene 1999
737:Omotesandō
671:Kigensetsu
653:Shinzo Abe
591:Sports Day
579:Sōichi Ōya
548:Kigensetsu
521:Kigensetsu
515:following
509:Kigensetsu
505:militarism
477:Kigensetsu
473:Kigensetsu
468:Kigensetsu
463:Kigensetsu
456:Kigensetsu
452:Kigensetsu
448:Kigensetsu
444:Kigensetsu
440:Kigensetsu
428:Kigensetsu
423:Kigensetsu
418:Kigensetsu
414:Kigensetsu
407:Kigensetsu
376:Kigensetsu
221:Kigensetsu
2143:Shōwa Day
1936:Routledge
1636:1889–1880
1617:30 August
1487:3 January
1461:3 January
1455:読売新聞オンライン
1432:3 January
1397:0010-7557
801:8 October
775:Citations
613:of 604).
403:Amaterasu
395:Amaterasu
273:Meiji era
164:legendary
129:Frequency
1956:(1999).
1911:(1989).
1885:(1985).
1857:(2000).
1829:(2000).
1405:30232991
1336:Bix 2000
1210:(2021).
1160:(1896).
947:41304926
758:See also
113:concerts
1755:Twitter
751:Mikoshi
712:Parades
630:Meaning
546:), the
532:people.
391:kokutai
349:to the
343:kokutai
335:Bushido
330:kokutai
326:Bushido
322:samurai
315:kokutai
310:kokutai
271:In the
207:History
109:parades
44:mikoshi
2052:
2031:
2008:
1985:
1966:
1942:
1919:
1897:
1871:
1843:
1426:産経ニュース
1403:
1395:
1247:
1220:
1174:
1087:
1060:
1033:
1007:Kimmei
998:
945:
739:->
735:->
493:Shinto
436:bakufu
297:shōgun
292:daimyō
286:bakufu
275:, the
259:Kojiki
250:Yamato
189:Kojiki
184:660 BC
166:first
145:建国記念の日
132:Annual
87:Public
64:建国記念の日
1739:Tweet
1401:JSTOR
943:JSTOR
718:Tokyo
305:Kyoto
254:Kinai
77:Japan
2050:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1751:2021
1720:2021
1694:2021
1665:2021
1619:2020
1589:2021
1556:2023
1531:2021
1489:2023
1463:2023
1434:2023
1393:ISSN
1323:2005
1293:2005
1245:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1031:ISBN
996:ISBN
917:2020
858:2024
833:2021
803:2020
703:has
699:The
692:and
503:and
262:and
119:Date
83:Type
1653:衆議院
1506:172
1340:384
976:160
675:war
384:紀元節
301:Edo
182:of
174:at
2240::
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2004:.
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