51:
492:
398:
community hearings, there were 468 family members and survivors of violence and, overall, 2,380 people participated. There were "147 private, or in-camera, sessions" where more than "270 family members and survivors shared their stories." There were 819 people whose creative artistic expressions "became part of the
National Inquiry's Legacy Archive". The Inquiry also indicates that "84 Expert Witnesses, Elders and Knowledge Keepers, front-line workers, and officials provided testimony in nine Institutional and Expert and Knowledge Keeper Hearings."
450:"Deaths and disappearances of Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA people are marked by indifference. Specifically, prejudice, stereotypes, and inaccurate beliefs and attitudes about Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA persons negatively influence police investigations, and therefore death and disappearances are investigated and treated differently from other cases."
372:"Throughout this report, and as witnesses shared, we convey truths about state actions and inactions rooted in colonialism and colonial ideologies, built on the presumption of superiority, and utilized to maintain power and control over the land and the people by oppression and, in many cases, by eliminating them."
2172:
606:
and who considered colonization intrinsically genocidal. Lemkin had explained that genocide does not exclusively mean the "immediate destruction of a nation", but signifies "a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with
255:
It is clear to me that I am unable to perform my duties as a commissioner with the process designed in its current structure ... I believe this opportunity to engage community on the place and treatment of
Indigenous women is extremely important and necessary. It is time for Canada to face this
459:
The final report issued 231 "Calls for
Justice" to end violence against Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA people. The report stated that these recommendations were legal imperatives under international human rights law. The calls were directed variously at governments, institutions, industry,
273:
On
November 1, 2017, the inquiry published its interim report, titled "Our Women and Girls are Sacred". In October 2018, the Inquiry announced the last of its public hearing dates, following which the commissioners would write a final report and submit recommendations to the Canadian government by
646:
to support the creation of an independent probe into the MMIWG allegation of
Canadian 'genocide' since Canada had previously supported "probes of atrocities in other countries" such as Nicaragua in 2018. On June 4, in Vancouver, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said that, "Earlier this morning, the
397:
In preparation for the final report and to fulfill their mandate, the
Commission held numerous gatherings and 24 hearings across Canada, collected statements from 750 people, held institutional visits in 8 correctional facilities, led four Guided Dialogues, and held 8 validation meetings. In 15
535:
Section 15 calls for participation from all
Canadians. Within the eight subsections, it establishes that these are actions that are taken by citizens and not the state. This includes places such as the home, the workplace, and the classroom. Some of the actions listed in Section 15 that can be
563:,' associated with the resource extraction industry are implicated in higher rates of violence against Indigenous women at the camps and in the neighbouring communities." The report also found that Indigenous women did not have equitable access to the economic benefits of resource extraction.
620:
as "narrow" and based on the
Holocaust. According to the inquiry, "colonial genocide does not conform with popular notions of genocide as a determinate, quantifiable event" and concluded that "these policies fluctuated in time and space, and in different incarnations, are still ongoing."
250:
Throughout 2017, a number of key staffers left the inquiry. For instance, executive director Michèle Moreau announced in June that she would leave her position at the end of July. Marilyn
Poitras resigned as a commissioner in July as well, saying in her resignation letter to the Prime
409:
Families who gave testimonies to the
National Inquiry expressed overwhelming concern that police investigations were "flawed" and that police services "had failed in their duty to properly investigate the crimes committed against them or their loved ones." In response, the
385:
The final report, entitled "Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls", which consists of volumes 1a and 1b, was released on June 3, 2019. In Volume 1a, Chief Commissioner of the Inquiry
198:
From December 2015 through February 2016, the government held pre-inquiry meetings with a variety of people including families, front-line workers, representatives of the provinces and Indigenous organizations, in order to determine how to structure the inquiry.
235:
Community hearings were the first part of the inquiry's "truth-gathering process" taking place from May 31, 2017, to April 8, 2018, in 15 locations across Canada. Evidence was taken from 50 witnesses during the first hearings over three days in May 2017 at
212:
An interim report was expected from the Inquiry in November 2017. The initial conclusion date for the inquiry was set as December 31, 2018; however, on June 5, 2018, the federal government announced the extension of the National Inquiry by six months.
558:
Chapter seven of The Final Report found that, "There is substantial evidence of a serious problem demonstrated in the correlation between resource extraction and violence against Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA people. Work camps, or
17:
1656:
525:
The immediate adoption of Canadian Human Rights Tribunal 2017 CHRT 14 to implement Jordan's Principle by federal, provincial and territorial governments in regards to all First Nations, Métis, and Inuit
2186:
502:
Sections 12.5 to 12.10 of the "Call for Social Workers and Those Implicated in Child Welfare" introduce the themes of financial support, welfare services, access to their culture, and advocacy.
209:
In February 2017, the National Family Advisory Circle, which included family members of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls from across Canada, was formed to help guide the inquiry.
522:
Final report states that within one year, advocacy and accountability need to be addressed for Indigenous children and youth. Recommend that each jurisdiction appoint a Child and Youth Advocate
658:, saying, "I believe that the tragedy that has happened to this vulnerable section of our society is its own thing. I don't believe it falls into the category, to the definition of genocide."
572:"The truths shared in these National Inquiry hearings tell the story – or, more accurately, thousands of stories – of acts of genocide against Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA people."
509:
Child welfare services will ensure a family member or close friend will care for Indigenous children. The new caregivers then receive financial support equal to the amount of a foster family.
2461:
2313:
1792:
1649:
515:
Provincial and territorial governments urged to put a halt to the culturally based targeted practice of taking away Indigenous children from mothers/families by the state via
952:
647:
national inquiry formally presented their final report, in which they found that the tragic violence that Indigenous women and girls have experienced amounts to genocide."
438:"Virtually no information was found with respect to either the numbers or causes of missing and murdered Métis and Inuit women and girls and Indigenous 2SLGBTQQIA persons."
1642:
1865:
506:
Provide financial support of resources and specialized care provided by the government to family or community members of missing children and murdered Indigenous women
1006:
418:) was established to review "police and other related institutional files." There were two FDRP teams: one for Quebec and one for the rest of Canada. The second team
2376:
479:
Educate the general public and those within social services about Anti-Racism and Anti-Sexism and implement social movements based on confronting stereotypes
422:
28 police forces, issued 30 subpoenas, reviewed 35 reports, and obtained and analyzed 174 files consisting of 136,834 documents representing 593,921 pages.
224:
After a pre-formal public hearing (meant as a "truth-gathering" advisory meeting) in April 2017, complaints by observers began to arise about the inquiry's
187:
The inquiry was established as independent from the Government of Canada, and five commissioners were appointed to oversee the independent inquiry process:
1860:
1303:
2SLGBTQIA+ refers to "Two-Spirited, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, Asexual & Aromantic, Intersex, and beyond (2SLGBTQIA+) Community".
1243:
444:"There is a lack of communication to families and Indigenous communities by police services and a lack of trust of the police by Indigenous communities."
2318:
2435:
1381:
206:
53.8 million, the government announced $ 16.17 million over four years to create family information liaison units in each province and territory.
2139:
1855:
50:
1423:
2144:
1991:
1731:
1316:
1196:
1736:
738:
2456:
2008:
1266:
512:
All levels of government must ensure that Indigenous children have access to culture and language programs that align with their cultures
202:
The mandate and projected length of time of the inquiry were published on August 3, 2016. In addition to the inquiry's estimated cost of
624:
A supplemental report of the "Canadian genocide of Indigenous Peoples according to the legal definition of 'genocide,' was announced in
435:
The "often-cited statistic that Indigenous men are responsible for 70% of murders of Indigenous women and girls is not factually based."
612:
432:
The 2014 and 2015 RCMP reports on MMIWG identified "narrow and incomplete causes of homicides of Indigenous women and girls in Canada."
1342:
2222:
2149:
1726:
1850:
2287:
1718:
1229:
429:
There is no "reliable estimate of the numbers of missing and murdered Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA persons in Canada."
1877:
1966:
1951:
832:
716:
145:
and colonial ideologies." It also concluded that the crisis constituted an ongoing "race, identity and gender-based genocide."
247:
asked the federal government to reset the inquiry, revisit its mandate, and extend its timeline to allow more data gathering.
1907:
1362:
1178:
1135:
128:
2084:
640:
1493:
390:
said that the high level of violence directed at FNIM women and girls is "caused by state actions and inactions rooted in
1897:
1752:
1354:
1168:
Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
1125:
Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
1087:
1060:
578:
Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
378:
Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
896:
2412:
1946:
1872:
1747:
1622:
1592:
586:
1981:
1936:
447:"There continues to be a lack of communication with and coordination between the police and other service agencies."
2210:
2032:
1634:
1584:
851:
2277:
2227:
1369:
In a footnote, he added that genocide could equally be termed 'ethnocide', with the Greek ethno meaning 'nation'.
636:
1167:
1124:
2347:
1797:
169:
980:
1961:
1931:
1681:
2003:
1666:
138:
2292:
683:
803:
134:
The study included reviews of law enforcement documents as well as community hearings and testimonies.
1971:
1550:
924:
1784:
1522:
491:
401:
The final report was altered without public notification after CBC identified certain factual errors.
2121:
2042:
1034:
244:
1611:
Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History
1416:
2333:
2267:
2116:
2037:
1690:
616:
which encompasses "not only acts of commission, but 'omission' as well." The inquiry described the
441:"Indigenous communities, particularly in remote areas, are under-prioritized and under-resourced."
2340:
2015:
1890:
1885:
353:
229:
173:
1035:"MMIWG loses another key staffer as families slam 'colonial' inquiry process, demand hard reset"
746:
2405:
1976:
1956:
1941:
1769:
1397:
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress
708:
585:
The National Inquiry commissioners said in the report and publicly that the MMIWG crisis is "a
549:
Allowing for Indigenous girls and women to generate their individual self-determined solutions.
323:
1230:
http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/missing-murdered-indigenous-women-inquiry-statistics-1.5176756
2297:
2079:
1807:
1267:"National inquiry calls murders and disappearances of Indigenous women a 'Canadian genocide'"
1467:
221:
Statements for the inquiry were gathered from across Canada from May 2017 to December 2018.
2054:
1924:
264:, the inquiry's director of community relations, stepped down, and on October 8 that year,
96:
59:, speaking on missing and murdered Indigenous women in front of Parliament in Ottawa, 2016.
8:
2262:
2089:
617:
543:
Acknowledging and celebrating Indigenous peoples' history, cultures, pride, and diversity
357:
463:
Section 2 ("Calls for Justice for All Governments: Culture") calls upon governments to:
2272:
1404:
1011:
953:"Executive director of murdered and missing Indigenous women and girls inquiry resigns"
261:
225:
192:
137:
The final report of the inquiry concluded that the high level of violence directed at
2430:
2398:
2232:
2111:
2025:
1774:
1696:
1618:
1588:
1375:
1358:
1174:
1131:
981:"Missing and murdered inquiry to forge ahead despite resignation of key commissioner"
643:
546:
Reading and understanding the final report itself and acknowledge the land lived upon
237:
43:
l’Enquête nationale sur les femmes et les filles autochtones disparues et assassinées
1664:
871:"Inside the meltdown of Canada's inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women"
540:
Speaking out against violence against Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA people
2254:
2020:
1919:
1350:
593:, said there is an ongoing "deliberate, race, identity and gender-based genocide."
327:
2354:
2094:
2047:
1812:
1762:
1551:"Andrew Scheer rejects use of 'genocide' in reference to Indigenous women, girls"
270:
reported that the Inquiry's lead lawyer and research director had also resigned.
203:
90:
38:
1708:
1740:
1614:
1523:"Organization of American States wants to probe MMIWG allegation of 'genocide'"
597:
499:
A number of the "Calls for Justice" relate specifically to children and youth.
181:
177:
56:
2450:
2384:
2368:
2247:
2106:
2099:
1757:
1606:
1602:
1222:
MMIWG final report quietly altered after CBC inquired about errors | CBC news
651:
590:
387:
188:
1197:
Inquiry says Canadians must 'unlearn some learned behaviors' in final report
341:
Institutional Hearings (Government Services; Police Policies and Practices)
2326:
1802:
957:
870:
836:
632:
2391:
1845:
1554:
1527:
1471:
852:"Missing and murdered inquiry wraps emotional 1st hearings in Whitehorse"
516:
391:
180:
upheld their campaign promise and announced the initiation of a national
152:. By the time the report was published, the crisis was also being called
142:
1343:"Raphaël Lemkin: Genocide, cultural violence, and community destruction"
2282:
1702:
1244:"We fact-checked a viral claim about who's killing MMIWG. It was wrong"
777:
709:"National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls"
676:"National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls"
1007:"MMIW commissioner Marilyn Poitras resigns in another blow to inquiry"
566:
473:
Make funds available to support the restoration of Indigenous cultures
2237:
1317:"At MMIW report's heart, a contradiction that's impossible to ignore"
1091:
680:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
482:
Support the increase in representation of Indigenous Peoples in media
476:
Create educational opportunities that incorporate Indigenous language
125:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
33:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
18:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
141:
women and girls is "caused by state actions and inactions rooted in
2361:
1065:
1038:
984:
929:
901:
897:"4th staffer leaves MMIWG inquiry commission amid calls for reform"
855:
602:
560:
419:
266:
2187:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
610:
The MMIWG inquiry used a broader definition of genocide from the
150:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW)
2074:
148:
At the beginning of the inquiry, the proceedings were called the
127:
was a Canadian public inquiry from 2016 to 2019 that studied the
519:
and putting them in the welfare system due to Eurocentric values
2180:
804:"MMIWG chief commissioner still has 'hope' despite rocky start"
467:
Acknowledge Indigenous Peoples' inherent right to their culture
833:"Canada's MMIW inquiry is falling apart before it even begins"
675:
228:, its composition and administration, and a perceived lack of
1355:
10.4324/9781351267083-3/raphaël-lemkin-douglas-irvin-erickson
2157:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
425:
The most significant findings identified by the FDRP were:
1347:
Cultural Violence and the Destruction of Human Communities
404:
1088:"National MMIWG Inquiry sets dates for final submissions"
2462:
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls movement
1494:"Final Report | MMIWG | Supplementary Report – Genocide"
1461:
1459:
1457:
73:
83 experts, knowledge-keepers, and officials (testimony)
1235:
925:"Tanya Kappo resigns from MMIWG national inquiry staff"
195:, Qajaq Robinson, Marilyn Poitras, and Brian Eyolfson.
154:
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG)
1454:
1188:
311:
Knowledge Keeper and Expert Hearing (Indigenous Law)
1308:
1291:
1258:
470:
Recognize Indigenous languages as official languages
2377:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child
1581:
Designed to Kill: The Case Against Weapons Research
1442:
1430:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
2436:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
607:the aim of annihilating the groups themselves."
2448:
1145:
1106:
628:by the National Inquiry because of its gravity.
158:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Relatives (MMIR)
1514:
553:
1340:
1284:
366:
70:1,484 family members and survivors (testimony)
1650:
1468:"Why 'genocide' was used in the MMIWG report"
703:
701:
216:
1380:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
1292:"Nova Scotia Rainbow Action Project (NSRAP)"
76:819 other individuals (artistic expressions)
2314:Portrayals of the residential school system
1388:
596:The MMIWG inquiry report cited the work of
530:
1657:
1643:
830:
698:
613:Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act
49:
868:
567:Canadian "genocide of Indigenous Peoples"
2004:Violence against Wetʼsuwetʼen protesters
1520:
1241:
1004:
894:
849:
618:traditional legal definition of genocide
490:
1422:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1264:
1194:
1058:
869:MacDonald, Nancy (September 13, 2017).
405:Forensic Document Review Project (FDRP)
14:
2449:
1394:
1314:
1061:"MMIWG inquiry losing 2 more staffers"
1032:
978:
950:
922:
801:
743:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
717:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
322:Knowledge Keeper and Expert Hearings (
1638:
1601:
1578:
1465:
1448:
1436:
1130:(Report). Vol. 1a. p. 728.
650:On June 9, Conservative Party Leader
589:." Moreover, the chief commissioner,
486:
129:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
2085:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
1665:Violence and discrimination against
1173:(Report). Vol. 1b. p. 65.
826:
824:
778:"Timeline of Key Milestones | MMIWG"
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
454:
2145:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1753:First Nations nutrition experiments
1334:
1059:Grabish, Austin (October 8, 2017).
1033:Harris, Kathleen (August 8, 2017).
24:
2457:Canadian commissions and inquiries
2413:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
1195:Martens, Kathleen (June 3, 2019).
1005:Galloway, Gloria (July 11, 2017).
979:Harris, Kathleen (July 11, 2017).
895:Sterritt, Angela (June 15, 2017).
802:Tasker, John Paul (May 19, 2017).
745:. October 11, 2016. Archived from
686:from the original on March 1, 2023
536:carried out by Canadians include:
495:Participants at a MMIW event, 2013
27:Public Inquiry in Canada 2016-2019
25:
2473:
2174:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
1548:
1521:Connolly, Amanda (June 8, 2019).
1491:
831:Hutchinson, Brian (May 8, 2017).
821:
761:
668:
600:(1900–1959), who coined the term
2033:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
1341:Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2020),
412:Forensic Document Review Project
278:Inquiry Truth-Gathering Process
109:September 1, 2016 – June 3, 2019
2228:British Columbia Treaty Process
1542:
1485:
1265:Barrera, Jorge (May 31, 2019).
1242:McIntosh, Emma (June 7, 2019).
1215:
1080:
1052:
1026:
998:
972:
951:Talaga, Tanya (June 30, 2017).
944:
916:
637:Organization of American States
923:Porter, Jody (June 14, 2017).
888:
862:
850:Fontaine, Tim (June 1, 2017).
843:
795:
731:
170:2015 Canadian federal election
13:
1:
1466:Abedi, Maham (June 4, 2019).
1315:Ivison, John (June 4, 2019).
661:
654:attacked the use of the word
352:Hearings (Colonial Violence;
297:May 31, 2017 – April 8, 2018
1667:Indigenous peoples in Canada
1232:(Accessed: 18 January 2024).
554:Resource Extraction and MMIW
356:, Family and Child Welfare;
7:
2288:Old-growth logging protests
367:Final report (June 3, 2019)
256:relationship and repair it.
163:
10:
2478:
2055:Judge David William Ramsay
1572:
626:Reclaiming Power and Place
394:and colonial ideologies."
217:Data gathering (2017-2018)
55:Prime Minister of Canada,
2426:
2306:
2246:
2209:
2200:
2176:for trafficking of minors
2165:
2130:
2067:
2043:Saskatoon freezing deaths
1990:
1906:
1834:
1825:
1783:
1727:Residential school system
1717:
1680:
1673:
739:"About the commissioners"
245:Assembly of First Nations
113:
105:
82:
64:
48:
37:
32:
2117:Walking With Our Sisters
2038:Killing of Chantel Moore
1932:Winnipeg serial killings
1691:Gradual Civilization Act
1395:Lemkin, Raphael (1944).
641:Foreign Affairs Minister
531:A Call for all Canadians
2293:Trans Mountain pipeline
2016:Gustafsen Lake standoff
1357:(inactive 2024-06-22),
635:, secretary-general of
354:Criminal Justice System
349:September–October 2018
2268:Caledonia land dispute
2122:Women's Memorial March
1882:Healthcare inequality
1770:High Arctic relocation
1492:Z, Lara (2019-05-29).
1142:CP32-163/2-1-2019E-PDF
583:
496:
383:
258:
191:(chief commissioner),
42:
1967:Jean Virginia Sampare
1952:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
570:
494:
370:
253:
184:on December 8, 2015.
176:under Prime Minister
2348:Missing and Murdered
1908:Missing and Murdered
1748:Forced sterilization
1579:Forge, John (2012).
713:Government of Canada
97:Government of Canada
2263:Burnt Church Crisis
2090:Moose Hide campaign
1962:Helen Betty Osborne
1861:Criminal sentencing
1835:Structural violence
1682:Settler colonialism
1246:. National Observer
719:. November 27, 2015
460:and all Canadians.
358:Sexual Exploitation
300:Community Hearings
279:
260:On August 8, 2017,
2273:Clayoquot protests
1866:Mass incarceration
1839:and discrimination
1501:www.mmiwg-ffada.ca
1185:CP32-163/2-2-2019E
1094:. October 10, 2018
1012:The Globe and Mail
782:www.mmiwg-ffada.ca
497:
487:Children and Youth
277:
262:Waneek Horn-Miller
243:In July 2017, the
226:terms of reference
174:Liberal Government
117:www.mmiwg-ffada.ca
2444:
2443:
2431:Indigenous rights
2422:
2421:
2278:Keystone Pipeline
2233:Yukon Land Claims
2196:
2195:
2112:Sisters in Spirit
2063:
2062:
1947:Pamela Holopainen
1821:
1820:
1775:RCMP dog killings
1697:Numbered Treaties
1399:. Washington, DC.
1364:978-1-351-26708-3
1180:978-0-660-30489-2
1137:978-0-660-29274-8
749:on August 6, 2016
644:Chrystia Freeland
631:On June 3, 2019,
587:Canadian genocide
455:Calls for Justice
364:
363:
238:Whitehorse, Yukon
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
2469:
2379:
2341:Highway of Tears
2298:Unistʼotʼen Camp
2255:Water protection
2253:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2128:
2127:
2021:Ipperwash Crisis
1995:
1992:Police brutality
1982:Lisa Marie Young
1972:Loretta Saunders
1937:Immaculate Basil
1920:Highway of Tears
1912:Indigenous Women
1911:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1813:Indian hospitals
1709:Role of the RCMP
1678:
1677:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1636:
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1628:
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1233:
1228:. Available at:
1219:
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1210:
1208:
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1186:
1184:
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1143:
1141:
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1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
976:
970:
969:
967:
965:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
892:
886:
885:
883:
881:
866:
860:
859:
847:
841:
840:
828:
819:
818:
816:
814:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
774:
759:
758:
756:
754:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
705:
696:
695:
693:
691:
672:
581:
381:
280:
276:
274:April 30, 2019.
89:Total: $ 53.8 m
53:
30:
29:
21:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2418:
2375:
2355:The Pass System
2302:
2251:
2248:Land protection
2242:
2223:Specific claims
2212:
2202:
2192:
2161:
2132:
2126:
2095:REDress Project
2059:
2048:Neil Stonechild
1993:
1986:
1925:list of victims
1909:
1902:
1873:Food insecurity
1836:
1827:
1817:
1779:
1763:Kimelman Report
1713:
1669:
1663:
1632:
1625:
1595:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1146:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
977:
973:
963:
961:
949:
945:
935:
933:
921:
917:
907:
905:
893:
889:
879:
877:
867:
863:
848:
844:
829:
822:
812:
810:
800:
796:
787:
785:
776:
775:
762:
752:
750:
737:
736:
732:
722:
720:
707:
706:
699:
689:
687:
674:
673:
669:
664:
582:
576:
569:
556:
533:
489:
457:
407:
382:
376:
369:
219:
193:Michèle Audette
166:
101:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2181:Project E-Pana
2178:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1998:
1996:and misconduct
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1898:Long-term DWAs
1895:
1894:
1893:
1891:Joyce Echaquan
1888:
1886:Brian Sinclair
1880:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1856:Climate change
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1741:Chanie Wenjack
1734:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1624:978-1571814104
1623:
1615:Berghahn Books
1607:Moses, A. Dirk
1603:Moses, A. Dirk
1599:
1594:978-9400757356
1593:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1549:Breen, Kerri.
1541:
1513:
1484:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1387:
1363:
1333:
1307:
1283:
1257:
1234:
1214:
1187:
1179:
1144:
1136:
1105:
1079:
1051:
1025:
997:
971:
943:
915:
887:
861:
842:
820:
794:
760:
730:
697:
666:
665:
663:
660:
598:Raphael Lemkin
574:
568:
565:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
544:
541:
532:
529:
528:
527:
523:
520:
513:
510:
507:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
406:
403:
374:
368:
365:
362:
361:
350:
347:
343:
342:
339:
338:May–June 2018
336:
332:
331:
320:
319:May–June 2018
317:
313:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
284:
218:
215:
182:public inquiry
178:Justin Trudeau
165:
162:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
100:
99:
93:
86:
84:
80:
79:
78:
77:
74:
71:
66:
62:
61:
57:Justin Trudeau
54:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2474:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2385:Rustic Oracle
2382:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:Quiet Killing
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:and inquiries
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Red handprint
2105:
2101:
2100:Red Dress Day
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Amber Tuccaro
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Tina Fontaine
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Child poverty
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Indian agents
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:Sixties Scoop
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1451:, p. 27.
1450:
1445:
1439:, p. 77.
1438:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1406:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:, Routledge,
1348:
1344:
1337:
1322:
1321:National Post
1318:
1311:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1001:
986:
982:
975:
960:
959:
954:
947:
932:
931:
926:
919:
904:
903:
898:
891:
876:
872:
865:
857:
853:
846:
838:
834:
827:
825:
809:
805:
798:
783:
779:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
748:
744:
740:
734:
718:
714:
710:
704:
702:
685:
681:
677:
671:
667:
659:
657:
653:
652:Andrew Scheer
648:
645:
642:
639:(OAS), asked
638:
634:
629:
627:
622:
619:
615:
614:
608:
605:
604:
599:
594:
592:
591:Marion Buller
588:
579:
573:
564:
562:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
537:
524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
493:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
421:
417:
413:
402:
399:
395:
393:
389:
388:Marion Buller
379:
373:
359:
355:
351:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
334:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
315:
314:
310:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
281:
275:
271:
269:
268:
263:
257:
252:
248:
246:
241:
239:
233:
231:
227:
222:
214:
210:
207:
205:
200:
196:
194:
190:
189:Marion Buller
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
161:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
135:
132:
130:
126:
116:
112:
108:
104:
98:
94:
92:
88:
87:
85:
81:
75:
72:
69:
68:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2334:Foster Child
2332:
2327:Finding Dawn
2325:
2185:
2173:
2156:
2080:History wars
1957:Serena McKay
1846:Birth alerts
1803:Potlatch ban
1739: /
1701:
1689:
1631:
1610:
1580:
1558:. Retrieved
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1526:
1516:
1505:. Retrieved
1500:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:
1396:
1390:
1368:
1346:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1302:
1295:. Retrieved
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1237:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1200:
1190:
1096:. Retrieved
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1064:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1010:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
974:
962:. Retrieved
958:Toronto Star
956:
946:
934:. Retrieved
928:
918:
906:. Retrieved
900:
890:
878:. Retrieved
874:
864:
845:
811:. Retrieved
807:
797:
786:. Retrieved
784:. 2019-02-10
781:
753:February 10,
751:. Retrieved
747:the original
742:
733:
721:. Retrieved
712:
688:. Retrieved
679:
670:
655:
649:
633:Luis Almagro
630:
625:
623:
611:
609:
601:
595:
584:
577:
571:
557:
534:
517:birth alerts
501:
498:
462:
458:
424:
415:
411:
408:
400:
396:
384:
377:
371:
324:Human Rights
308:August 2017
272:
265:
259:
254:
249:
242:
234:
230:transparency
223:
220:
211:
208:
201:
197:
186:
167:
157:
153:
149:
147:
136:
133:
124:
122:
65:Participants
2392:Secret Path
2215:land claims
2131:Commissions
1878:Foster care
1798:Pass system
1793:Stereotypes
1555:Global News
1528:Global News
1503:. p. 9
1472:Global News
1413:|work=
1098:October 24,
880:October 18,
875:Macleans.ca
813:October 18,
392:colonialism
143:colonialism
2451:Categories
2399:This River
2283:Oka Crisis
2211:Indigenous
1732:gravesites
1703:Indian Act
1674:Background
1507:2024-01-18
1449:Moses 2004
1437:Forge 2012
1072:October 8,
788:2021-02-01
662:References
420:subpoenaed
168:After the
2238:Land Back
2068:Responses
1415:ignored (
1405:cite book
1201:APTN News
1092:APTN News
1044:August 8,
837:Maclean's
561:man camps
526:children.
251:Minister:
131:crisis.
95:Funding:
2362:Pig Girl
1826:Specific
1719:Genocide
1605:(2004).
1585:Springer
1560:June 10,
1376:citation
1271:CBC News
1203:(Report)
1066:CBC News
1039:CBC News
1018:July 11,
990:July 11,
985:CBC News
964:July 11,
936:July 11,
930:CBC News
908:July 11,
902:CBC News
856:CBS News
808:CBC News
690:April 1,
684:Archived
656:genocide
603:genocide
575:—
375:—
267:CBC News
164:Planning
106:Duration
2201:Related
2150:Holiday
2075:AmINext
2026:Inquiry
1609:(ed.).
1573:Sources
1534:June 8,
1477:June 8,
1326:June 7,
1297:June 5,
1276:June 5,
1250:June 8,
1226:CBCnews
1224:(2019)
1207:June 5,
723:May 19,
580:, p. 50
380:, p. 54
286:Period
114:Website
2203:topics
1828:issues
1785:Racism
1621:
1591:
1361:
1177:
1134:
328:Racism
289:Focus
172:, the
83:Budget
39:French
2406:Taken
2307:Media
2252:
2213:
2166:Legal
2140:IRSSA
1994:
1910:
1837:
1497:(PDF)
1171:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
283:Part
2319:list
2009:2020
1737:list
1619:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1562:2019
1536:2019
1479:2019
1424:link
1417:help
1382:link
1359:ISBN
1328:2019
1299:2019
1278:2019
1252:2019
1209:2019
1175:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1100:2018
1074:2017
1046:2017
1020:2017
992:2017
966:2017
938:2017
910:2017
882:2017
815:2017
755:2017
725:2016
692:2023
416:FDRP
204:CA$
156:and
139:FNIM
123:The
2250:and
1351:doi
330:),
316:2b
305:2a
91:CAD
2453::
1617:.
1613:.
1587:.
1583:.
1553:.
1525:.
1499:.
1470:.
1456:^
1409::
1407:}}
1403:{{
1378:}}
1374:{{
1367:,
1345:,
1319:.
1301:.
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1147:^
1108:^
1090:.
1063:.
1037:.
1009:.
983:.
955:.
927:.
899:.
873:.
854:.
835:.
823:^
806:.
780:.
763:^
741:.
715:.
711:.
700:^
682:.
678:.
360:)
346:4
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