818:, the Protection of Critical Infrastructure Bill, in Parliament with a more transparent system subject to Parliamentary oversight and without the existing wide discretionary ministerial powers open to abuse. Mthethwa subsequently presented the findings and recommendations of an advisory committee he appointed in May 2013 to Parliament, stating "The National Key Points Act has been criticized in the recent past for being based on old apartheid legislation. It also became clear to us that this Act needed to be revised for various reasons, key amongst these is the need to align it with the Constitution and other more recent legislations. In addition there has been criticism that the actual use of the Act to address infrastructure security is inappropriate." In March 2014, Mthethwa announced that the legislative review would be held over to the country's next administration following the
643:
At the end, the past perpetrators of oppression and the revolutionaries who come to power are indistinguishable. Yet, how quickly, brazenly and unapologetically the ruling party uses an act it would have despised and rejected before, and rightly so, to shield its embarrassment and do damage control. Using a past law that does not even have a veneer of transparency, accountability or constitutionality devalues our constitution. The strategic abuse of the
National Key Points Act is visibly and nakedly an abuse of office. It is regressive and objectionable. Only those who are morally bankrupt will use the old act as it is."
26:
832:
1067:"Proclamation by the President of the Republic of South Africa No. 21, 2004: Transfer of functions regarding the National Key Points Act, 1980 (Act No.102 of 1980) from the Minister of Defence to the Minister for Safety and Security in terms of section 97 of the Constitution 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996)"
877:
Following criticism in the media of the photo ban, the government released a clarifying statement that "Government has no problem with the media publishing pictures of
National Key Points, including President Jacob Zuma's Nkandla residence, as it is part of their daily line of duty. However, zooming
732:
The act furthermore restricts the disclosure of information regarding security measures implemented at
National Key Points and any incident that occurred at a National Key Point, defined as "any occurrence arising out of or relating to terroristic activities, sabotage, espionage or subversion". Such
662:
The SAPS Annual Report 2011/2012 and the SAPS Annual Report 2012/2013 states: "The
Government Security Regulator relates to National Key Points evaluated in compliance with the National Key Points Act. Strategic installations were audited in terms of the Minimum Physical Security Standard guidelines
642:
leader, former ANC member and former
Minister of Defence, described the act still in force unamended under an ANC government as "dastardly apartheid legislation". In November 2013 Lekota said in a Parliamentary debate about the act: "I am reminded about George Orwell's Animal Farm published in 1945.
626:
hearing on the role of business during apartheid in 1997 in which it characterises the act as "the privatisation of repression" and states: "The
National Key Points Act of 1980 created another network of collaboration between the apartheid security forces and the private sector." The act contributed
859:
journalist Mandy
Rossouw in December 2009. The site was declared a National Key Point by then Minister of Police Nathi Mthethwa in April 2010, and the act was invoked by government officials in an attempt to justify the expenditure, withhold information about it, and prevent anyone from taking or
873:
found that Zuma had unduly benefited from the R246 million the state had spent on the upgrades, criticised
Mthethwa and other government officials for maladministration and instructed Mthethwa to urgently institute a review of the act. Mthethwa's term of office as Minister of Police ended in May
777:
was
Minister for Safety and Security (later known as Minister of Police). The bill was opposed by labour and civic organisations as it represented few changes in the original legislation and was considered equally draconian and was not finalised. The draft bill made provision for privately owned
822:
in May. Following the election, Mthethwa was replaced as
Minister of Police by Nkosinathi Nhleko, who was appointed to President Jacob Zuma's cabinet in his second term of office. In a submission to Parliament on 14 August 2014 regarding his Nkandla homestead, Zuma said Nhleko must expedite the
2299:
704:
Designated areas and sites have been declared and in some cases the declaration does not cover the entire site, for example the declaration in respect of airports only applies to designated areas and not the entire
681:
National Key Points include diverse critical infrastructure sites such as airports, power stations, banks and sites in the munitions and petrochemical industries including oil refineries. The majority are not
733:
disclosure could constitute a criminal offence subject to penalties, but the public and journalists were unable to comply with the act as they did not know which sites have been declared National Key Points.
912:
659:
The SAPS Annual Report 2010/2011 states: "The Government Security Regulator provides for security regulations, evaluations and the administration of National Key Points and strategic installations."
678:
The Government Sector Security Council (GSSC) was launched by SAPS in 2006 to primarily coordinate, monitor and regulate security of certain National Key Points that are not privately owned.
2113:
863:
In addition to public expenditure on upgrades not related to security, Zuma did not safeguard his residence at his own cost in contravention of Mthethwa's declaration in terms of the act.
2711:
701:
Military facilities fall under the Defence Act, 2002 and prison facilities fall under the Correctional Service Act, 1998 and are therefore not required to be declared National Key Points.
2804:
2010:
534:
2291:
1628:
2079:
2425:
2043:
740:
and opposition parties in Parliament have expressed their concerns about the lack of transparency about National Key Points and the implications thereof, in particular:
1472:
1251:
1216:
2830:
1942:
2363:
1505:
2394:
800:
publicly criticised the act, saying "This Parliament does need to look at this anachronistic and problematic piece of legislation, it may well be unconstitutional."
2773:
2742:
1699:
1531:
2864:
2482:
3044:
1170:
211:
1980:
1044:
729:, which ordered the government to release the list. On 22 January 2015 the government abandoned its attempt to appeal the ruling, and the list was made public.
602:
was declared a National Key Point in 2010 amid controversy over public expenditure on upgrades to the property. As of 2013, the act is officially under review.
2935:
1804:
639:
2651:
2238:
686:. The list of sites declared as National Key Points was formerly not available to the public, but it was released in January 2015 pursuant to an order of the
651:
As of 2013, the administration of the act falls under the Government Security Regulator subprogramme of the Protection and Security Services programme of the
3270:
410:
2583:
1730:
1438:
1132:
1408:
527:
1902:
2617:
2332:
2207:
2177:
778:
National Key Points, publicly owned Strategic Installations and a temporary designation of Places of Importance for privately or publicly owned sites.
623:
486:
2147:
1668:
1317:
2521:
717:
The government formerly asserted that it was not obliged to publicly disclose the details of sites that have been declared National Key Points. The
690:. It was revealed that the list contained 204 entries; there are a further 248 state-owned strategic installations which do not fall under the act.
3137:
2459:
2105:
298:
3276:
755:
591:, to safeguard such sites owned by them at their own cost. The act, still in force and unamended since apartheid, came under the spotlight after
415:
2703:
1840:
520:
789:
stated that the act is outdated, referring to the Official Secrets Act of 1956 repealed in 1982, and contravenes the country's post-apartheid
3179:
475:
333:
2417:
3221:
3203:
2796:
368:
353:
1208:
3197:
3149:
3101:
2681:
2552:
1934:
348:
308:
263:
670:
assigned to SAPS "entails the administration, protection oversight and at times the physical protection of national key points" and the
2928:
2386:
725:
Parliamentary Opposition in 2013, to disclose a list of National Key Points citing security concerns. This refusal was appealed to the
2002:
1691:
773:
A new piece of legislation, the National Key Points Act and Strategic Installations Bill, was drafted in 2007 to replace the act when
3107:
628:
572:
268:
1635:
3065:
1162:
227:
1972:
1036:
3375:
3370:
3245:
2071:
1796:
808:
794:
744:
the use of the act to avoid government accountability on matters of public interest such as corruption and environmental hazards,
389:
3288:
3191:
3038:
2035:
761:
the lack of clarity on offences and penalties that may be imposed in terms of the act on the uninformed public and journalists.
425:
343:
205:
2260:
1066:
3282:
2921:
1464:
1243:
420:
2826:
1124:
849:
The act came under the spotlight during revelations about public expenditure on President Jacob Zuma's private residence at
2355:
1497:
887:
819:
671:
185:
1866:
1604:
1286:
994:
Chari, Sharad (2013). "Detritus in Durban: Polluted Environs and the Biopolitics of Refusal". In Stoler, Ann Laura (ed.).
3365:
3026:
2765:
2734:
1527:
718:
195:
770:
The act has been amended twice, during apartheid in 1984 and 1985, expanding the ministerial powers granted by the act.
3360:
3355:
3333:
3227:
3089:
2984:
2856:
2490:
722:
622:
of black South Africans. The ANC, which has been the country's ruling party since 1994, made a submission to a special
481:
460:
373:
253:
190:
150:
3327:
3173:
3161:
3095:
3077:
1769:
1376:
1005:
965:
568:
454:
328:
318:
258:
243:
1553:
3209:
2643:
2230:
358:
3239:
3119:
3032:
3020:
2978:
611:
383:
278:
200:
180:
145:
1722:
1339:
3233:
3155:
2575:
1430:
737:
378:
313:
1577:
1400:
878:
into safety and security features of National Key Points is a challenge as it compromises national security."
1894:
2609:
2324:
2199:
2169:
3167:
790:
655:(SAPS). The role of the Government Security Regulator is described in various official sources as follows:
652:
588:
492:
323:
2139:
1660:
1309:
3315:
3310:
3113:
2513:
893:
449:
445:
273:
53:
Act to provide for National Key Points and the safeguarding thereof and for matters connected therewith.
2451:
708:
There are no restrictions under the act that prevent people from gathering next to National Key Points.
631:
and "the integration of state and private sector security companies with a uniform security strategy".
584:
556:
73:
33:
866:
In her final report on security upgrades to Zuma's Nkandla homestead published on 19 March 2014,
3185:
3143:
835:
615:
592:
338:
303:
1832:
619:
3294:
2966:
815:
563:
that provides for the declaration and protection of sites of national strategic importance against
430:
134:
3131:
726:
687:
667:
293:
3321:
3008:
3002:
170:
165:
2673:
2544:
957:
2990:
2944:
1761:
831:
807:
announced plans to table a redrafted bill in Parliament early in 2014. In November 2013 then
155:
120:
3071:
3014:
233:
175:
25:
8:
3300:
3264:
3215:
2996:
2908:
850:
842:
599:
435:
404:
363:
160:
2913:
736:
Critics including academics, environmentalists, the media, the Right2Know Campaign, the
855:
782:
2903:
1765:
1754:
1372:
1001:
961:
950:
751:
552:
3125:
2881:
2268:
1078:
867:
811:
288:
3083:
1366:
995:
870:
774:
683:
248:
1274:
952:
Freedom, State Security, and the Rule of Law: Dilemmas of the Apartheid Society
804:
694:
635:
580:
571:(previously known as the Minister for Safety and Security) since 2004 and the
3349:
2972:
2292:"The National Key Points Act: not just unconstitutional, but totally invalid"
1895:"Minister Mthethwa announces a review process of the National Key Points Act"
797:
786:
140:
560:
1343:
2855:
Bhardwaj, Vinayak; Hunter, Murray; Mthembu, Bongani (16 November 2012).
666:
According to the South African Defence Review 2013, the safeguarding of
2106:"Apartheid-era National Key Points Act here to stay, say ANC ministers"
838:
595:
44:
2261:"Draft National Key Points Act and Strategic Installations Bill, 2007"
618:(ANC) to the United States Lindiwe Mabuza said the act contributed to
1368:
Security Beyond the State: Private Security in International Politics
576:
564:
2704:"Zuma must pay back 'reasonable' portion of Nkandla upgrade costs"
2960:
2356:"Cronin says 'problematic' Nkandla Act could be unconstitutional"
721:
refused the requests of the Right2Know Campaign in 2012, and the
1340:"ANC Submission to Special TRC Hearing on The Role of Business"
2200:"Overview – National Key Points Amendment Act, No. 47 of 1985"
2170:"Overview – National Key Points Amendment Act, No. 44 of 1984"
913:"National Key Points Act, 1980, as amended in 1984 and 1985"
693:
An advisory committee appointed by then Minister of Police
2827:"Government clarifies JCPS ministers' comments on Nkandla"
2735:"10 things worth knowing about Madonsela's Nkandla report"
2943:
1867:"National key points: The list you weren't meant to see"
1865:
de Wet, Phillip; Benjamin, Chantelle (22 January 2015).
2797:"Ministers, not Zuma, will take the flak over Nkandla"
2483:"Nkandla: Jacob Zuma's 5-point response to Parliament"
2072:"Publishing pictures of Nkandla compound 'is illegal'"
1605:"South African Police Service Annual Report 2012/2013"
1578:"South African Police Service Annual Report 2011/2012"
1554:"South African Police Service Annual Report 2010/2011"
1275:"Gray, ANC representatives debate on divestment issue"
2854:
2766:"Nkandla report: Zuma unduly benefited from upgrades"
1760:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p.
2452:"Zuma's Cabinet: Nene for Gordhan, Nathi for Nathi"
663:
at national and provincial government departments."
2857:"Security law: State wields apartheid's big stick"
2418:"Infrastructure bill 'to prevent another Nkandla'"
1753:
1629:"Summary of the South African Defence Review 2013"
1401:"Key Points Act should be abolished, not reviewed"
1364:
949:
747:the use of the act to protect corporate interests,
487:Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act
2882:"Briefing Paper 320: The National Key Points Act"
1209:"'Next administration to look at key points act'"
1123:Gould, Chandré; Flanagan, Louise (12 June 2013).
3347:
2003:"EDITORIAL: A government with something to hide"
1465:"Parliament to oversee Key Points Act in secret"
1458:
1456:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1118:
1116:
3271:Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act
2140:"Nkandla: Mischief at ministry of make-believe"
1365:Abrahamsen, Rita; Williams, Michael C. (2011).
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
411:Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act
2387:"'National Key Points Act a repressive relic'"
1864:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1037:"Apartheid-era act used to 'justify' spending"
1000:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 142.
2929:
2641:
1889:
1887:
1453:
1231:
1122:
579:to secretly arrange protection primarily for
528:
1756:The Militarization of South African Politics
1720:
1093:
646:
103:National Key Points Amendment Act 47 of 1985
101:National Key Points Amendment Act 44 of 1984
3246:Coloured Persons Representative Council Act
2445:
2443:
1819:
1721:Raubenheimer, Christel (28 November 2006).
1492:
1490:
1371:. Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
510:the existing legislation named was amended.
390:Coloured Persons Representative Council Act
3138:Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act
2936:
2922:
2732:
2637:
2635:
2480:
2319:
2317:
2099:
2097:
2065:
2063:
2061:
1935:"What's the point of National Key Points?"
1884:
1833:"Nkandlagate: Apartheid law protects Zuma"
1634:. Defence Review Committee. Archived from
1431:"Editorial: Cronin's spanner in the works"
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
845:was declared a National Key Point in 2010.
535:
521:
299:Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act
24:
3334:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act
3277:Prohibition of Political Interference Act
3228:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act
2829:(Press release). GCIS. 22 November 2013.
2610:"Nkandla report rips into Zuma's Cabinet"
2576:"Mandy Rossouw: A life worth celebrating"
2036:"EDITORIAL: Why the secrecy bill must go"
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1860:
1858:
1790:
1788:
1599:
1597:
1244:"Mthethwa: Key points act to be reviewed"
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
860:publishing photographs of the homestead.
575:before that. The act was designed during
461:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act
416:Prohibition of Political Interference Act
374:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act
2642:van der Merwe, Jeanne (5 October 2012).
2603:
2601:
2449:
2440:
2353:
2133:
2131:
1973:"Secrecy fears grow about port security"
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1901:(Press release). SAPS. 8 November 2013.
1692:"State to get tougher on security firms"
1498:"Key points must stay secret – ministry"
1487:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1163:"Lots more national key points declared"
1160:
830:
803:On 30 May 2013, then Minister of Police
605:
3180:Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act
2884:. Catholic Parliamentary Liaison Office
2879:
2794:
2632:
2511:
2354:Makinana, Andisiwe (21 February 2013).
2314:
2228:
2103:
2094:
2069:
2058:
1462:
1342:. ANC. 20 November 1997. Archived from
1310:"ANC no fan of National Key Points Act"
1147:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
997:Imperial Debris: On Ruins and Ruination
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
947:
334:Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act
3348:
3222:Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act
3204:Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act
3039:Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act
2573:
2415:
2384:
2289:
2137:
1970:
1957:
1855:
1830:
1797:"Minister backs secrecy on key points"
1794:
1785:
1751:
1689:
1661:"Government security council launched"
1594:
1307:
1206:
1135:from the original on 20 September 2013
1125:"The trouble with national key points"
1077:(26164). 26 March 2004. Archived from
930:
583:owned strategic sites. It enables the
369:Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act
354:Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act
206:Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act
3198:Extension of University Education Act
3150:Reservation of Separate Amenities Act
3102:Separate Representation of Voters Act
2945:Apartheid legislation in South Africa
2917:
2763:
2607:
2598:
2542:
2481:du Plessis, Carien (14 August 2014).
2385:Fokazi, Sipokazi (22 February 2013).
2128:
2070:Hartley, Wyndham (22 November 2013).
2030:
2028:
1932:
1917:
1475:from the original on 11 November 2013
1463:Hartley, Wyndham (11 November 2013).
1398:
1272:
1185:
1034:
993:
765:
614:in 1990, chief representative of the
587:to compel private owners, as well as
508:No new legislation introduced, rather
349:Extension of University Education Act
309:Reservation of Separate Amenities Act
264:Separate Representation of Voters Act
2733:du Plessis, Carien (19 March 2014).
2555:from the original on 22 January 2014
2416:Merten, Marianne (7 November 2013).
2104:Hartley, Wyndham (8 November 2013).
2013:from the original on 5 February 2013
1831:de Wet, Phillip (30 November 2012).
1021:
974:
888:Protection of State Information Bill
826:
3108:Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act
2654:from the original on 7 October 2012
2644:"Zuma doesn't own Nkandla compound"
1690:Hosken, Graeme (28 November 2006).
1308:Hawker, Dianne (26 November 2013).
624:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
269:Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act
13:
3066:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
2985:Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act
2867:from the original on 21 March 2014
2848:
2807:from the original on 27 March 2014
2795:Marrian, Natasha (27 March 2014).
2776:from the original on 21 March 2014
2714:from the original on 31 March 2014
2620:from the original on 21 March 2014
2586:from the original on 16 March 2013
2512:Rossouw, Mandy (4 December 2009).
2150:from the original on 28 March 2014
2025:
1843:from the original on 7 August 2013
1807:from the original on 15 April 2013
1702:from the original on 16 March 2013
1528:"Protection and Security Services"
1207:Merten, Marianne (13 March 2014).
1035:Gould, Chandré (8 February 2013).
228:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
151:Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act
14:
3387:
2897:
2833:from the original on 10 June 2014
2745:from the original on 23 June 2014
2684:from the original on 27 July 2013
2674:"R200m splurge on Zuma homestead"
2428:from the original on 12 June 2014
2397:from the original on 1 April 2014
2290:de Vos, Pierre (9 October 2012).
2241:from the original on 11 June 2014
2229:Misbach, Waghied (24 July 2007).
2210:from the original on 12 June 2014
2180:from the original on 12 June 2014
2138:de Wet, Phillip (20 March 2014).
2116:from the original on 14 July 2014
1905:from the original on 11 June 2014
1733:from the original on 11 June 2014
1671:from the original on 10 June 2014
1508:from the original on 18 June 2013
1411:from the original on 11 June 2014
1289:from the original on 13 July 2014
1254:from the original on 24 June 2013
1173:from the original on 14 July 2014
1161:Flanagan, Louise (1 March 2013).
1047:from the original on 14 July 2014
3289:Bantu Homelands Constitution Act
3192:Bantu Investment Corporation Act
2904:Right2Know – National Key Points
2574:Tabane, Rapule (15 March 2013).
2543:Roper, Chris (4 December 2013).
2524:from the original on 3 June 2014
2462:from the original on 27 May 2014
2450:Letsoalo, Matuma (25 May 2014).
2335:from the original on 30 May 2014
2082:from the original on 31 May 2014
2046:from the original on 6 June 2014
1983:from the original on 8 June 2014
1945:from the original on 30 May 2014
1795:Ndenze, Babalo (11 March 2013).
1534:from the original on 3 June 2013
1441:from the original on 5 June 2013
1320:from the original on 30 May 2014
1219:from the original on 6 June 2014
426:Bantu Homelands Constitution Act
344:Bantu Investment Corporation Act
3283:Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act
2979:Natal Legislative Assembly Bill
2819:
2788:
2757:
2726:
2696:
2666:
2567:
2536:
2505:
2474:
2409:
2378:
2366:from the original on 8 May 2013
2347:
2302:from the original on 3 May 2014
2283:
2253:
2222:
2192:
2162:
1995:
1971:Naidoo, Amelia (17 July 2006).
1899:Civilian Secretariat for Police
1745:
1723:"SA steps up national security"
1714:
1683:
1653:
1621:
1570:
1546:
1520:
1423:
1392:
1358:
1332:
1301:
1266:
750:the use of the act to restrict
612:disinvestment from South Africa
421:Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act
146:Natal Legislative Assembly Bill
3376:Infrastructure in South Africa
3371:Apartheid laws in South Africa
2764:Evans, Sarah (19 March 2014).
2608:Evans, Sarah (19 March 2014).
2265:South Africa Government Online
1933:Davis, Rebecca (23 May 2013).
1059:
905:
738:Institute for Security Studies
610:In an apartheid-era debate on
1:
3027:Representation of Natives Act
2514:"Zuma's R65m Nkandla splurge"
1273:Mehta, Prabhat (4 May 1990).
899:
627:to significant growth in the
549:National Key Points Act, 1980
476:Negotiations to end Apartheid
196:Representation of Natives Act
19:National Key Points Act, 1980
3090:Suppression of Communism Act
2880:Pothier, Mike (April 2013).
2231:"'Draconian' law is slammed"
956:. Cape Town: Juta. pp.
948:Mathews, Anthony S. (1986).
697:in May 2013 clarified that:
653:South African Police Service
620:institutionalised oppression
551:(Act No. 102 of 1980) is an
254:Suppression of Communism Act
191:Franchise Laws Amendment Act
7:
3328:Black Local Authorities Act
3311:List of National Key Points
3174:Industrial Conciliation Act
3162:Group Areas Development Act
3096:Native Building Workers Act
3078:Population Registration Act
2325:"Picture govt wants to ban"
1752:Grundy, Kenneth W. (1986).
1399:Winks, Ben (28 June 2013).
894:List of National Key Points
881:
455:Black Local Authorities Act
446:List of National Key Points
329:Industrial Conciliation Act
319:Group Areas Development Act
259:Native Building Workers Act
244:Population Registration Act
224:Malan to Verwoerd (1948–66)
186:Women's Enfranchisement Act
10:
3392:
3366:Censorship in South Africa
3210:Unlawful Organizations Act
2545:"The day we broke Nkandla"
793:. In February 2013 Deputy
712:
401:Vorster to Botha (1966–90)
359:Unlawful Organizations Act
74:Parliament of South Africa
34:Parliament of South Africa
3361:South African legislation
3356:1980 in South African law
3255:
3240:General Law Amendment Act
3120:Native Laws Amendment Act
3054:
3033:Native Trust and Land Act
3021:Native Administration Act
3009:Natives (Urban Areas) Act
2951:
647:Administration of the act
629:private security industry
616:African National Congress
384:General Law Amendment Act
279:Native Laws Amendment Act
201:Native Trust and Land Act
181:Native Administration Act
171:Natives (Urban Areas) Act
107:
100:
95:
87:
79:
69:
61:
39:
32:
23:
18:
3234:Urban Bantu Councils Act
3156:Natives Resettlement Act
3072:Immorality Amendment Act
2967:Franchise and Ballot Act
809:Leader of the Opposition
795:Minister of Public Works
674:plays a supportive role.
589:state-owned corporations
379:Urban Bantu Councils Act
314:Natives Resettlement Act
234:Immorality Amendment Act
135:Franchise and Ballot Act
131:Precursors (before 1948)
3307:National Key Points Act
3045:Asiatic Land Tenure Act
2710:. SAPA. 19 March 2014.
1504:. SAPA. 11 March 2013.
727:Johannesburg High Court
688:Johannesburg High Court
668:critical infrastructure
567:, as determined by the
441:National Key Points Act
212:Asiatic Land Tenure Act
3168:Riotous Assemblies Act
846:
324:Riotous Assemblies Act
121:Apartheid legislation
3316:Internal Security Act
3114:Bantu Authorities Act
2680:. 29 September 2012.
1250:. SAPA. 30 May 2013.
834:
820:2014 general election
816:private member's bill
752:freedom of expression
672:Department of Defence
606:Apartheid legislation
472:Abolishment (1990–96)
450:Internal Security Act
274:Bantu Authorities Act
2331:. 22 November 2013.
1667:. 27 November 2006.
1437:. 22 February 2013.
917:Laws of South Africa
823:legislative review.
719:Department of Police
482:Interim Constitution
3144:Bantu Education Act
2997:Mines and Works Act
2861:Mail & Guardian
2770:Mail & Guardian
2614:Mail & Guardian
2580:Mail & Guardian
2549:Mail & Guardian
2518:Mail & Guardian
2456:Mail & Guardian
2360:Mail & Guardian
2144:Mail & Guardian
2009:. 1 February 2013.
1871:Mail & Guardian
1837:Mail & Guardian
1665:Mail & Guardian
1641:on 10 February 2014
1435:Mail & Guardian
1405:Mail & Guardian
856:Mail & Guardian
853:, first exposed by
723:Democratic Alliance
573:Minister of Defence
304:Bantu Education Act
161:Mines and Works Act
65:Act No. 102 of 1980
3295:Aliens Control Act
1346:on 2 November 2013
1071:Government Gazette
847:
783:constitutional law
766:Legislative review
754:entrenched in the
569:Minister of Police
431:Aliens Control Act
3343:
3342:
3132:Public Safety Act
2493:on 16 August 2014
843:Nkandla homestead
827:Nkandla homestead
634:In February 2013
600:Nkandla homestead
545:
544:
511:
294:Public Safety Act
285:
240:
115:
114:
3383:
3322:Intimidation Act
3003:Natives Land Act
2991:South Africa Act
2938:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2489:. Archived from
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2267:. Archived from
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1930:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1828:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1204:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1158:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1120:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1032:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
991:
972:
971:
955:
945:
928:
927:
925:
923:
909:
868:Public Protector
812:Lindiwe Mazibuko
537:
530:
523:
512:
507:
281:
236:
166:Natives Land Act
156:South Africa Act
117:
116:
80:Assented to
28:
16:
15:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3257:
3251:
3084:Group Areas Act
3058:
3056:
3050:
2953:
2947:
2942:
2909:Text of the Act
2900:
2887:
2885:
2870:
2868:
2851:
2849:Further reading
2846:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2271:on 12 July 2014
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2136:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1969:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1205:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1159:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1121:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1033:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1008:
992:
975:
968:
946:
931:
921:
919:
911:
910:
906:
902:
884:
871:Thuli Madonsela
829:
775:Charles Nqakula
768:
715:
649:
608:
541:
509:
506:
498:
497:
496:
490:
485:
479:
473:
465:
464:
458:
453:
448:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
402:
394:
393:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
249:Group Areas Act
247:
242:
231:
225:
217:
216:
215:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
138:
132:
123:in South Africa
122:
102:
70:Enacted by
57:
54:
49:
48:
12:
11:
5:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3186:Immorality Act
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3015:Immorality Act
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2898:External links
2896:
2895:
2894:
2877:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2818:
2787:
2756:
2725:
2695:
2665:
2631:
2597:
2566:
2535:
2504:
2473:
2439:
2408:
2377:
2346:
2313:
2296:Daily Maverick
2282:
2252:
2221:
2191:
2161:
2127:
2093:
2057:
2042:. 6 May 2013.
2024:
1994:
1956:
1939:Daily Maverick
1916:
1883:
1854:
1818:
1784:
1770:
1744:
1713:
1682:
1652:
1620:
1593:
1569:
1545:
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1422:
1391:
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1357:
1331:
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1230:
1184:
1146:
1092:
1058:
1020:
1006:
973:
966:
929:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
891:
890:(Secrecy Bill)
883:
880:
828:
825:
805:Nathi Mthethwa
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
756:Bill of Rights
748:
745:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
702:
695:Nathi Mthethwa
676:
675:
664:
660:
648:
645:
636:Mosiuoa Lekota
607:
604:
543:
542:
540:
539:
532:
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517:
514:
513:
500:
499:
474:
471:
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467:
466:
403:
400:
399:
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395:
339:Immorality Act
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
176:Immorality Act
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
113:
112:
105:
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9:
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3:
2:
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3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3301:Indemnity Act
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:Terrorism Act
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:Post-Verwoerd
3254:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:Indemnity Act
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
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3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:Pass Laws Act
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
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3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2973:Glen Grey Act
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:(before 1948)
2950:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2883:
2878:
2866:
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2828:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2775:
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2760:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2699:
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2675:
2669:
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2645:
2638:
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2611:
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2585:
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2550:
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2523:
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2256:
2240:
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2209:
2205:
2201:
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2100:
2098:
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2077:
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2066:
2064:
2062:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
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1900:
1896:
1890:
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1773:
1771:9781850430193
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1378:9781139493123
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1107:
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1103:
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1099:
1097:
1081:on 2014-06-06
1080:
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1025:
1009:
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