National Treasure (Japan)

435:. While the main criteria were "artistic superiority" and "value as historical evidence and wealth of historical associations", the age of the piece was an additional factor. Designated artworks could be from any of the following categories: painting, sculpture, calligraphy, books, and handicrafts. Swords were added later. The law limited protection to items held at religious institutions, while articles in private ownership remained unprotected. Funds designated for the restoration of works of art and structures were increased from 20,000 yen to 150,000 yen, and fines were set for the destruction of cultural properties. Owners were required to register designated objects with newly created museums, which were granted first option of purchase in case of sale. Initially, 44 temple and shrine buildings and 155 relics were designated under the new law, including the 2323: 1987: 624: 888: 2422: 786: 2288: 2434: 703: 2319:

permit, and the agency is to be notified 30 days in advance when repairs are conducted.(§ 43). If requested, owners must supply information, and report to the commissioner of the Agency for Cultural Affairs, regarding the condition of the property (§ 54). If a National Treasure is damaged, the commissioner has the authority to order the owner or custodian to repair the property; if the owner is non-compliant, the commissioner may carry out repairs. If a National Treasure is to be sold, the government retains the first option to buy the item (§ 46). Transfers of National Treasures are generally restrictive, and export is prohibited.

948: 240: 2091: 2362: 400:, the law established (in 20 articles) government funding for the preservation of buildings and the restoration of artworks. The law applied to architecture and pieces of art relating to an architectural structure, with the proviso that historic uniqueness and exceptional quality were to be established (article 2). Applications for financial support were to be made to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (article 1), and the responsibility for restoration or preservation lay in the hands of local officials (article 3). Restoration works were financed directly from the national coffers (article 3). 1820: 1427: 515: 1674: 73: 80: 1330: 1774: 66: 46: 1864: 53: 1207: 852: 1043: 2228: 877:

and eminent views on and knowledge of culture." The council may seek support from an investigative commission and eventually prepares a report to the Agency for Cultural Affairs. If they support the nomination, the property is placed on the registration list of cultural properties, the owner is informed of the outcome, and an announcement is made in the official gazette. The designation policy is deliberately restrained, keeping the number of designated properties low. In this respect the

39: 1615: 366: 5741: 316:. Based on recommendations from the universities, the decree ordered prefectures, temples, and shrines to compile lists of important buildings and art. However, these efforts proved to be ineffective in the face of radical westernisation. In 1880, the government allotted funds for the preservation of ancient shrines and temples. By 1894, 539 shrines and temples had received government funded subsidies to conduct repairs and reconstruction. The five-storied 665:, which was drafted on May 30, 1950, and went into effect on August 29 of that year. The new law combined the laws of 1919, 1929, and 1933. The scope of the previous protection laws was expanded to cover "intangible cultural properties" such as performing and applied arts, "folk cultural properties", and "buried cultural properties". Before the enactment of this law, only intangible cultural properties of especially high 192:

Treasures include restrictions on alterations, transfer, and export, as well as financial support in the form of grants and tax reduction. The Agency for Cultural Affairs provides owners with advice on restoration, administration, and public display of the properties. These efforts are supplemented by laws that protect the built environment of designated structures and the necessary techniques for restoration of works.

289:, Buddhist buildings and artwork were destroyed. In 1871, the government confiscated temple lands, considered symbolic of the ruling elite. Properties belonging to the feudal lords were expropriated, historic castles and residences were destroyed, and an estimated 18,000 temples were closed. During the same period, Japanese cultural heritage was impacted by the rise of industrialization and 2354:. The Imperial Household Agency considers that Imperial properties have sufficient protection, and do not require additional protection provided by the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. The government satisfies scientific and public interest in cultural properties by a system of documentation, and through the operation of museums and centres for cultural research. 2373:

protection, or transmission of cultural properties. A custodian can be named for a National Treasure (usually a local governing body) if the following circumstances exist: the owner cannot be located, the property is damaged, adequate protection of the property has not been provided, or public access to the property has not been allowed.

1646:. There are 63 items or sets of items in this category, ranging from letters and diaries to records. One National Treasure is a linen map, and another is an inscription on stone. However, all other objects in the category were created with a writing brush on paper and in many cases present important examples of early 2654:

The starting date of designated "crafts", "writings", and "sculptures" is connected to the introduction of Buddhism to Japan in 552. A proportion of the oldest designated National Treasures of these categories were directly imported from mainland China and Korea. After the Kamakura period, the art of

594:

was passed on April 1, 1933. It provided a simplified designation procedure with temporary protection, including protections against exportations. About 8,000 objects were protected under the law, including temples, shrines, and residential buildings. By 1939, nine categories of properties consisting

482:

At the beginning of the 20th century, modernization transformed the Japanese landscape and posed a threat to historic and natural monuments. Societies of prominent men such as the "Imperial Ancient Sites Survey Society" or the "Society for the Investigation and Preservation of Historic Sites and Aged

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About 89% of structural National Treasures are religious in nature. Residences account for 8% of designated buildings; the remaining are castles and miscellaneous structures. More than 90% are wooden buildings, and about 13% of designated buildings are in private ownership. Of "fine arts and crafts"

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from ancient to modern times, with the earliest archaeological National Treasures dating back 6,500 years, and the Akasaka Palace dating from the early 20th century. Items from any one of the categories of National Treasures may not represent the entire interval of time, but rather a shorter period

871:

Important cultural properties that show truly exceptional workmanship, a particularly high value for world cultural history, or an exceptional value to scholarship can be designated as "National Treasures". In order to achieve the designation, the owner of an important cultural property contacts or

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was passed and went into effect on July 1 of that year. The law replaced the 1897 laws and extended protection for National Treasures held by public and private institutions and private individuals in an effort to prevent the export or removal of cultural properties. The focus of protection was not

506:

By 1929, about 1,100 properties had been designated under the 1897 "Ancient Shrines and Temples Preservation Law". Most were religious buildings dating from the 7th to early 17th century. Approximately 500 buildings were extensively restored, with 90% of the funding provided by the national budget.

2357:

Protection measures are not limited to the responsibilities of ownership. Apart from the prestige gained through the designation, owners are entitled to advantages such as local tax exemption, including fixed assets tax, special property tax, and city planning tax, as well as reduction of national

876:

for information regarding the registration. In the latter case, the agency always asks the owner for consent beforehand, even though not required by law. The agency then contacts the Council for Cultural Affairs, which consists of five members appointed by the minister of education for their "wide

570:

gate in 1930 saw improved standards for preservation. An architect supervised the reconstruction works on-site. Extensive restoration reports became the norm, including plans, results of surveys, historical sources, and documentation of the work done. During the 1930s, about 70–75% of restoration

129:). A Tangible Cultural Property is considered to be of historic or artistic value, classified either as "buildings and structures" or as "fine arts and crafts". Each National Treasure must show outstanding workmanship, a high value for world cultural history, or exceptional value for scholarship. 2751:

This applies primarily to works of the modern period such as houses, public structures, bridges, dikes, fences, and towers threatened by land development and cultural shifts. Registration is a means of preventing the demolition of such structures without requiring an evaluation of their cultural

2376:

The government provides grants for repairs, maintenance, and the installation of fire prevention facilities and other disaster prevention systems. Subsidies are available to municipalities for purchasing land or cultural property structures. Designated properties generally increase in value. The

681:

A system for tangible cultural properties was established with two gradings: Important Cultural Property and National Treasure. The minister of education designates important cultural properties as National Treasures if they are of "particularly high value from the standpoint of world culture or

2397:

of Japan publishes the list of National Treasures and other designated Japanese cultural artefacts at the Database of National Cultural Properties. As of March 22, 2024, there are 912 National Treasures in the arts and crafts category, and 231 in the buildings and structures category. The total

2318:

The owners or managers of a National Treasure are responsible for the administration and restoration of the work. Should the property be lost, destroyed, damaged, altered, moved, or ownership be transferred, they must advise the Agency for Cultural affairs. Alterations to the property require a

818:

were registered under this system. Compared to Important Cultural Properties and National Treasures, the registration of Cultural Property entails fewer responsibilities for the owner. Since the end of the 20th century, the Agency for Cultural Affairs has focused on designating structures built

2372:

The Agency for Cultural Affairs provides owners or custodians with advice and guidance on matters of administration, restoration, and the public display of National Treasures. The agency promotes local activities aimed at the protection of cultural properties, such as activities for the study,

809:

for items in significant need of preservation and use. Initially limited to buildings, the newly established level of importance functioned as a waiting list for nominated Important Cultural Properties and as an extension for National Treasures. A large number of mainly industrial and historic

648:

of Hōryū-ji, one of the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world and the first to be protected under the "Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law", caught fire on January 26, 1949, valuable seventh-century wall paintings were damaged. The incident accelerated the reorganization of

698:

National Treasures have been designated according to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties starting from June 9, 1951. This law, which is still in force, has since been supplemented with amendments and additional laws that reorganized the system for protection and preservation and

352:

between 1888 and 1897 was designed to evaluate and catalogue 210,000 objects of artistic or historic merit. The end of the 19th century was a period of political change in Japan as cultural values moved from the enthusiastic adoption of western ideas to a newly discovered interest in Japanese

2341:

If subsidies were granted to the property, the commissioner has the authority to recommend or order public access or a loan to a museum for a limited period.(§ 51). The requirement that private owners must allow access or cede rights to the property has been considered a reason that the

2314:

To guarantee the preservation and utilization of designated National Treasures, a set of measures was laid down in the "Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties" of 1950. These direct measures are supplemented by indirect efforts aimed at protecting the built environment (in the case of

191:

Japan has a comprehensive network of legislation for protecting, preserving, and classifying its cultural patrimony. The regard for physical and intangible properties and their protection is typical of Japanese preservation and restoration practices. Methods of protecting designated National

677:

The regulations implementing the law specified three broad categories of properties: tangible/intangible cultural properties and "historic sites, places of scenic beauty, and natural monuments". Tangible cultural properties were defined as objects of "high artistic or historic value" or

1699:

includes some of the oldest cultural properties, with 50 designated National Treasures. Many of the National Treasures in this category consist of large sets of objects originally buried as part of graves or as offering for temple foundations, and subsequently excavated from tombs,

819:

between 1868 and 1930 and those in underrepresented regions. The insufficient supply of raw materials and tools necessary for restoration works was recognized by the agency. In 1999, protective authority was transferred to prefectures and designated cities. As a result of the 2011

551:, residences, and more recently built religious buildings. Many of these structures had been transferred from feudal to private ownership following the Meiji restoration. Some of the first residential buildings to be designated National Treasures were the Yoshimura residence in 863:

Cultural products with a tangible form that possess high historic, artistic, and academic value for Japan are listed in a three-tier system. Properties in need of preservation and use are catalogued as "Registered Cultural Properties". Important objects are designated as

2546: 1286:, the buildings or shrines were faithfully rebuilt at regular intervals, adhering to the original design. In this manner, ancient styles have been replicated through the centuries to the present day. The oldest designated extant shrine structure is the main hall at 2614: 1787:

Swords are included in the crafts category, and either the sword itself or a sword mounting is designated as a National Treasure. Currently 110 swords and 12 sword mountings are National Treasures. The oldest designated properties date to the seventh century

2643:) and some of the world's oldest pottery, discovered at sites in northern Japan, have been designated as the second oldest National Treasures in the "archaeological materials" category. Some of the earliest items in this category are objects discovered in 2612: 2512:

Fine arts and crafts National Treasures are distributed in a similar fashion, with fewer in remote areas, and a higher concentration in the Kansai region. The seven prefectures of the region harbor 499, or 56%, of all arts and crafts National Treasures.

669:

of extinction had been protected. Even by international standards, a broad spectrum of properties was covered by the 1950 law. The law was the basis for the establishment of the Committee for the Protection of Cultural Properties, a precursor of today's

678:

archaeological materials (or other historic material) of "high scholarly value". Designated buildings were required to be outstanding in design or building technique, have a high historic or scholarly value, or be typical of a movement or area.

2615: 1013:, from the late 16th to the first half of the 17th century. Built of wood and plaster on a stone foundation, the castles were military fortifications as well as political, cultural, and economic centers. They also served as residences for the 6046: 2402:

category, more than 30% of National Treasures are written materials such as documents, letters, or books. Swords, paintings, sculptures, and non-sword craft items each account for about 15% of National Treasures in this category.

4454: 674:. It allowed the selection of the most important cultural properties; set restrictions on the alteration, repair and export of cultural properties; and provided measures for the preservation and utilization of such properties. 2610: 2549: 2611: 1567:) tile roof composed of flat broad concave tiles and semi-cylindrical convex tiles that cover the seams. The 19.4 m × 15.6 m (64 ft × 51 ft) structure is built of high-quality woods such as 932:. Each main category is divided into subcategories. The 231 structural cultural properties are separated into eight categories, and the 912 fine arts and crafts cultural properties are separated into seven categories. 2609: 2548: 2547: 2550: 2613: 773:

This step was necessary because of the lack of skilled craftsmen resulting from industrialization. The techniques to be protected included the mounting of paintings and calligraphy on scrolls; the repair of

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of 8,282 items (paintings, sculptures, architecture, documents, books, calligraphy, swords, crafts, and archaeological resources) had been designated as National Treasures and were forbidden to be exported.

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budget allocated by the Agency for Cultural Affairs in fiscal 2009 for the "Facilitation of Preservation Projects for National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties" amounted to 12,013 million

900:

The Agency for Cultural Affairs designates tangible cultural properties as National Treasures in thirteen categories based on type. The agency generally distinguishes between "buildings and structures"

396:(law number 49) was enacted; it was the first systematic law for the preservation of Japanese historic art and architecture. Formulated under the guidance of architectural historian and architect 1827:

The crafts category includes pottery from Japan, China and Korea; metalworks such as mirrors and temple bells; Buddhist ritual items and others; lacquerware such as boxes, furniture, harnesses, and

1726:

that reflect early Japanese civilization. Other items listed include bronze mirrors and bells, jewellery, ancient swords, and knives. The most recent object, a hexagonal stone column, dates to the

559:(1944). The designation "National Treasure" was applied to objects of art and to historical buildings. The new law required permits to be obtained for future alterations of designated properties. 769:

The second significant change of 1975 was that the government began to extend protection not only to tangible or intangible properties for their direct historic or artistic value but also to the

470:

was restored beginning in 1906 and finishing in 1913. In 1914, the administration of cultural properties was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Education (today

578:. In an effort to prevent art objects not yet designated National Treasures from being exported because of the economic crisis, the Law Regarding the Preservation of Important Works of Fine Arts 471: 3958: 3371: 2140:, consists of a group of stone sculptures. The statues vary in size from just 10 cm (3.9 in) to 13 m (43 ft) and 15 m (49 ft) for the Great Buddhas of 1123:, Japan's oldest modern model silk reeling factory was designated as the only National Treasure in the category of "structures related to industry transportation and public works" 2517:, which has only two National Treasure buildings, has an exceptionally high number of cultural properties in this category. Of the 217 properties located in Tokyo, 88 are at the 4635: 5714: 5692: 5609: 2217: 1906:. Within this set are 1,166 documents or records, including construction plans or registers of funeral items; 85 are craft items including articles of clothing and furniture. 1667: 126: 403:

A second law was passed on December 15, 1897, that provided supplementary provisions to designate works of art in the possession of temples or shrines as "National Treasures"

5697: 2213: 5903: 4606: 766:, areas in which a large number of National Treasures exist. In 1975, the law was extended to include groups of historic buildings not necessarily located in capitals. 1593:, the Tamaudun consists of two stone-walled enclosures and three tomb compartments that in compliance with tradition temporarily held the remains of Ryūkyūan royalty. 2655:

Japanese sculpture, which had been mainly religious in nature, deteriorated. Consequently, there are no National Treasure sculptures from after the Kamakura period.

887: 206:

alone has about one in five National Treasures. Fine arts and crafts properties are generally owned privately or are in museums, including national museums such as

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number of arts and crafts items, as well as the total number of structures, is actually higher because related objects are sometimes grouped under a common name.

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many of the designated buildings were camouflaged, and water tanks and fire walls were installed for protection. Nonetheless, 206 designated buildings, including

5709: 1608: 5305:. Butterworth-Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology, Conservation and Museology Series (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 2617: 2552: 1097:, which was built in 1909. Fourteen National Treasures, dating from between 1485 and 1657, are listed in the historical residences category. Ten are located in 5877: 5777: 5703: 2221: 5967: 5194:

Edwards, Walter (2005). "Japanese Archaeology and Cultural Properties Management: Prewar Ideology and Postwar Legacies". In Robertson, Jennifer Ellen (ed.).

2024:. The 166 National Treasures in the category include Buddhist themes, landscapes, portraits, and court scenes. Various base materials have been used: 92 are 3501: 2008:

Japanese and Chinese paintings from the 8th-century Classical Nara period to the early modern 19th-century Edo period are listed in the category "paintings"

1599:

is an 84 m (276 ft) long arch bridge and aqueduct built in 1854 used for irrigation and representing the highest level of technology at the time.

5725: 5719: 1813: 1767: 1382:. Presently 158 National Treasures have been designated in this category, including two of the oldest wooden structures in the world—from the 6th century, 4544: 4423: 4275: 2752:

value. Protection measures are moderate and include notification, guidance, and suggestions. As of April 1, 2009, there are 7,407 registered structures.

1147:) structural National Treasure. The designated property includes several buildings such as the silk reeling mill and the East and West cocoon warehouses. 699:

extended its scope to a larger variety of cultural properties. Some of these changes indirectly affected the protection of designated National Treasures.

686:. Some have been designated as new National Treasures since June 9, 1951. Following a decision by the National Diet, properties to be nominated as a 487:

for conservation measures. Eventually these efforts resulted in the 1919 Historical Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments Preservation Law

5962: 5898: 2628:

reflect the beginning of human habitation in Japan and have been designated as the oldest National Treasures in the "archaeological materials" category.

5602: 4482: 1586:. The façade of the church faces Nishizaka hill, the place of their execution. It is a gothic structure and the oldest extant wooden church in Japan. 4513: 5893: 5687: 5637: 5074: 4965: 2084: 1902:

between the 15th and 19th century. The designated items date to the second Shō Dynasty (between the 16th and 19th century), and are located in the

1036: 5946: 6178: 5682: 1980: 4309: 1394:, the largest wooden building in the world. The structures cover more than 1,000 years of Japanese Buddhist architecture, from the 6th century ( 4575: 1836: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5595: 3966: 2875: 1561:

in 1701, the Auditorium of the Shizutani school, an educational institute for commoners, is a single-story building. It has a hip-and-gable (

1323: 1200: 941: 1933:; a portrait of Hasekura in prayer following his conversion in Madrid; 19 religious paintings; pictures of saints; ceremonial items such as 3382: 4044: 2489:(22). Together they comprise 149 or 66% of all structural National Treasures in Japan. Three sites have 92 structural National Treasures: 1855:. The treasures were dedicated to the enshrined deity of the respective shrine. They comprise garments, household items, and other items. 4751: 2801:

A gilt bronze harness from the Saitobaru kofun in Miyazaki prefecture has been designated as National Treasure. It is now located at the

226:

museums, and private museums. Religious items are often housed in temples and Shinto shrines or in an adjacent museum or treasure house.

4098: 3832: 5770: 4225: 1971:, and include 787 maps and drawings, 569 documents and records, 398 letters, 528 books, and 63 utensils such as surveying instruments. 5464:. Stanford Studies in the Civilizations of Eastern Asia. Vol. 1 (Illustrated ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 3565: 6056: 4073: 2574:

in Japan is even older than that of temples. However, because of the tradition of rebuilding shrines at regular intervals, known as

1188: 6208: 4878: 2770:

The three stacked elements symbolise the continuity in time of cultural property protection: the past, the present, and the future.

2411: 1504:

The North Noh stage, dating to 1581, is the oldest extant structure of its kind, consisting of a stage, a side stage for the chorus

2108:

Sculptures of Buddhist and Shintō deities, or of priests venerated as founders of temples, are listed in the category "sculptures"

357:, and the first books on architectural history were published, stimulated by the newly compiled inventories of buildings and art. 4158: 3062: 1831:; textiles; armor; and other objects. These items date from classical to early modern Japan —and are housed in Buddhist temples, 164:

and textiles; and archaeological and historical artifacts. The items span the period of ancient to early modern Japan before the

6227: 4365: 3456: 710:

In the 1960s, the spectrum of protected buildings was expanded to include early examples of western architecture. In 1966, the

4643: 6260: 5763: 5559: 5530: 5444: 5331: 5184: 4793: 4755: 4614: 2454:

have few designated properties, and most prefectures may only have a couple of National Treasure structures. Two prefectures—

118: 5549: 5263:. Case Studies in Early Societies. Vol. 4 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. 5200:. Blackwell Companions to Social and Cultural Anthropology (illustrated ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 36–49. 4013: 1929:, the designated set of items consists of 47 objects: a Roman citizenship document dating from November 1615; a portrait of 6250: 5872: 5858: 5744: 4664: 4340: 2188:

each have a single National Treasure in the sculpture category; one National Treasure that consists of four sculptures of

293:. As a result, Buddhist and Shinto institutions became impoverished. Temples decayed, and valuable objects were exported. 5839: 4168: 865: 802: 683: 19:

For the highest, fundamentally traditionally rather than statutorily defined, subset of Japanese national treasures, see

4196: 3776: 6255: 5823: 5818: 5799: 5242:. Rutgers series on the public life of the arts (illustrated ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 2351: 682:

outstanding treasures for the Japanese people." All previously designated National Treasures were initially demoted to

5922: 5509: 5490: 5469: 5421: 5392: 5369: 5310: 5289: 5268: 5247: 5226: 5205: 5159: 5134: 4803: 4407: 1937:; a cross and medals; 25 items of harnesses and clothing such as priests' garments; an Indonesian and Benjamin Tenze 881: 419:. The new law also provided for pieces of religious architecture to be designated as a "Specially Protected Building" 3927: 3311: 1891: 6192: 6051: 3687: 24: 1005:, has five National Treasures; the other castles each have one. The designated structures represent the apogee of 6159: 6143: 6138: 6124: 3505: 2779:

These supplemental measures were added as amendments to the 1950 "Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties".

3896: 3280: 4554: 4433: 4285: 1986: 466: 5525:. Architecture and Interior Design (illustrated, revised ed.). Tokyo; Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle Publishing. 5120: 4128: 344:

are examples of buildings that underwent repairs during this period. A survey conducted in association with

5520: 5411: 5321: 4492: 824: 300:

issued a decree to protect Japanese antiquities called the Plan for the Preservation of Ancient Artifacts

6030: 4889: 4523: 3840: 3697: 3572: 3467: 3378: 2871: 2394: 2385:, including the former contingent, were allocated 62,219 million yen, or 61.0% of the total budget. 1903: 1677: 1575: 873: 820: 671: 122: 5082: 4969: 3835:[Designation of National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties in the structure category] 2597:

in 1576, which marked a change in style and function of castles. Castle construction ended in 1620; the

2245:

transcriptions, poetry, historical books, and specialist books are designated in the category "writings"

503:, protecting and cataloguing such properties in the same manner as temples, shrines, and pieces of art. 6105: 6089: 6075: 4138: 4108: 1574:Ōura Church was established in 1864 by the French priest Bernard Petitjean of Fier to commemorate the 5941: 5936: 5786: 4941: 4319: 2664: 2559: 2343: 137: 20: 5578: 4585: 2446:

The geographical distribution of National Treasures in Japan is highly uneven. Remote areas such as

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is similar to that of Japan. In the 21st century, up to nine properties were designated every year.

785: 5342: 1311: 702: 370: 3185: 3063:"The Machizukuri bottom-up approach to conservation of historic communities: lessons for Thailand" 2890: 2542:, and coinciding with the time in which the specific artistry or type of architecture flourished. 1909:

The second set comprises paintings, documents, ceremonial tools, harnesses, and items of clothing

1840: 1650:. The oldest item dates from the late 7th century and the most recent from the 19th century (late 615:, designated a National Treasure in 1938, was destroyed by a fire in 1945 as a result of the war. 5176: 2738: 2700:

704 items suffered damage. Since some of them have multiple designations, the total count is 714.

2181: 1925:, Hasekura traveled via Mexico City and Madrid to Rome before returning to Japan. Located in the 1835:, and museums. Also included in this category are sacred treasures that worshippers presented to 1265:. Presently there are 42 National Treasures in this category, dating from the 12th century (late 223: 5075:"Special Exhibition – The Legacy of Fujiwara no Michinaga: Courtly Splendor and Pure Land Faith" 2421: 827:

including five National Treasure buildings suffered damage. The affected National Treasures are

4052: 2275:. Most were made with a writing brush on paper and in many cases present important examples of 2193: 1852: 832: 649:

cultural property protection and gave rise to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties

611: 484: 448:

The laws of 1897 are the foundation for today's preservation law. When they were enacted, only

4759: 4281: 4280:[Education Hokkaidō issue 374 activity report, National Treasure dogū] (in Japanese). 1730:, 1361. Most of the materials (31) are located in museums, with six National Treasures in the 1027:-era secondary donjon called the Northwest Small Tower, which is located at Matsumoto Castle. 6047:

List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments

5350: 5078: 4945: 4462: 2534: 2518: 2075:

with 51, and more than half of the Tokyo paintings are located in the Tokyo National Museum.

2060: 2056: 1731: 1366:, belfries, corridors, and other halls or structures are designated in the category "temples" 1089:, which date to before 1867. Presently, the only modern residential National Treasure is the 211: 207: 4248: 3987: 1727: 5455: 4550: 4429: 3576: 3128: 2625: 2459: 2173: 2064: 1713: 775: 219: 215: 4428:[Cultural Properties of Hiroshima Prefecture — nashijikirimon raden koshigatana]. 4077: 2589:, the oldest designated shrine structures date to the late 12th century. The archetypical 2433: 2124:. There are 141 National Treasure sculptures or groups of sculptures from the 7th-century 859:'s 45-article rules and regulations, a National Treasure in the category ancient documents 836: 8: 4727: 4133:[Designation of structural National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties] 4103:[Designation of structural National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties] 2455: 2287: 2197: 2165: 2137: 1895: 1709: 1002: 687: 5125:. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies (illustrated ed.). London; New York: 4893: 4200: 2474: 2439:

Distribution of building and structural National Treasures over the prefectures of Japan

2002: 1758:

includes 254 National Treasures, of which 122 are swords and 132 are other craft items.

460:, and four other European nations had similar legislation. As a result of the new laws, 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5986: 5381: 4519: 4488: 2598: 2164:

are the locations with the most entries, with 18 and 18 designations respectively. The

2145: 2048: 1926: 1910: 1867: 1844: 719: 260: 23:. For the informal term of Preservers of Important Intangible Cultural Properties, see 5500:

Yoshida, Kanehiko; Hiroshi Tsukishima; Harumichi Ishizuka; Masayuki Tsukimoto (2001).

4172: 3077: 2562:

National Treasures cover the time from the late 7th century—about 150 years after the

2132:. Most (109) sculptures are wooden, twelve entries in the list are bronze, eleven are 1418:

has the largest number of designated National Treasure buildings, with 18 structures.

5555: 5526: 5505: 5486: 5465: 5440: 5417: 5398: 5388: 5365: 5327: 5306: 5285: 5264: 5243: 5222: 5201: 5180: 5155: 5130: 4799: 4639: 4403: 4375: 4315: 4240: 3806: 3801: 3136: 2563: 1184: 1164: 1160: 1144: 1120: 1102: 548: 264: 185: 177: 72: 5653: 3471: 2502: 345: 4236: 3073: 2761:

It is usually difficult to obtain consent from state properties and private firms.

2669: 2539: 2514: 2494: 2486: 2478: 2272: 2264: 2263:. The 235 items or sets of items are National Treasures that date predominantly to 2235: 2153: 1968: 1819: 1797: 1627: 1466: 1431: 1411: 1303: 1295: 978: 951: 715: 603: 575: 349: 331: 269: 247:

Japanese cultural properties were originally in the ownership of Buddhist temples,

199: 4371: 1874:

Three National Treasure sets are catalogued in the category "historical materials"

1596: 1498: 1114: 1001:, and connecting galleries. Himeji Castle, the most visited castle in Japan and a 5582: 5480: 5459: 5359: 5300: 5279: 5258: 5237: 5216: 5195: 5170: 5145: 4397: 4023: 4019: 3504:. Tokyo: Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties. Archived from 2648: 2590: 2482: 2366: 2149: 2129: 1793: 1568: 1462: 1407: 1299: 1253: 1247: 1212: 1167:

was designated in 2019 as the only National Treasure in the category of "schools"

1006: 751: 544: 522:

became a National Treasure under the National Treasures Preservation Law of 1929.

282: 133: 4668: 2636: 2427:

Distribution of arts and crafts National Treasures over the prefectures of Japan

1960: 1723: 815: 747: 239: 169: 5755: 4344: 4048: 3811: 2361: 2036: 2025: 1998: 1899: 1619: 1494: 1490: 1470: 1329: 1287: 1217: 1140: 1090: 1010: 998: 982: 790: 723: 607: 397: 290: 278: 173: 161: 5587: 4857: 2201: 1474: 1426: 1047: 65: 6244: 5402: 4610: 4581: 4244: 4204: 3933: 3902: 3780: 3317: 3286: 3140: 2602: 2594: 2571: 2498: 2466: 2326: 2185: 2157: 2098: 2044: 1964: 1963:. The designated objects are in custody of the Inō Tadataka Memorial Hall in 1922: 1918: 1848: 1832: 1801: 1415: 1403: 1383: 1307: 1294:). About half of the designated structures are located in three prefectures: 1262: 1156: 990: 986: 974: 763: 759: 739: 666: 637: 519: 442: 341: 248: 195: 181: 141: 45: 6160:

List of Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings

514: 2802: 2788:

For important cultural properties, the commissioner's authority is only to

2688: 2632: 2530: 2347: 2346:

have not been designated as a National Treasure, with the exception of the

2330: 2322: 2125: 2094: 2090: 1957: 1789: 1395: 1291: 1266: 1070: 794: 599: 508: 256: 165: 79: 2593:

are a product of a period of 50 years that began with the construction of

2161: 731: 571:

costs came from the national budget, which increased even during the war.

297: 4667:[Inō Tadataka Memorial Hall]. Inō Tadataka Museum. Archived from 3937: 3321: 2644: 2334: 2307: 2276: 2052: 1930: 1705: 1647: 1579: 947: 878: 755: 743: 202:

from ancient times to the 19th century, has the most National Treasures;

157: 149: 3993: 3701: 2043:); and three are albums. They are located in museums, Buddhist temples, 1673: 1590: 1402:). About three quarters of the designated properties are located in the 1387: 1338: 693: 563: 461: 374: 2567: 2506: 2177: 2156:. With few exceptions, the sculptures are located in Buddhist temples. 2141: 2102: 1949: 1651: 1558: 1399: 1270: 840: 811: 727: 354: 1453:

that do not fall into any of the other categories. They are the North

104: 101: 5151: 5126: 4858:"Five artworks of imperial heritage to earn national treasure status" 3906: 3566:"Damages to Cultural Properties in "the Great East Japan Earthquake"" 3290: 2055:). A large proportion of items are housed in the national museums of 2029: 1953: 1942: 1486: 1053:

Residential architecture includes two categories: "modern residences"

828: 52: 6139:

Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings

2470: 2227: 2067:. The greatest number of National Treasure paintings are located in 1914: 1654:). Approximately half of the entries in the category are located in 1358: 1352: 1015: 793:

is the only National Treasure in the category of modern residences (

628: 437: 336: 326: 38: 6177: 5239:

Who Owns the Past?: Pultural Policy, Cultural Property, and the Law

2447: 1781: 1583: 1482: 1478: 1346: 973:

includes nine designated National Treasures located at five sites (

640:, two of the world's oldest wooden structures, dating to around 700 321: 274: 132:

Approximately 20% of the National Treasures are structures such as

2242: 2033: 1994: 1773: 623: 5416:(illustrated ed.). Tokyo, New York: Kodansha International. 2605:

in 1615 and subsequently prohibited the building of new castles.

2133: 1863: 1828: 1563: 1206: 1024: 1020: 856: 449: 380:

On June 5, 1897, the Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law

252: 153: 5221:(illustrated ed.). Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. 3502:"Policy and System of Urban / Territorial Conservation in Japan" 2640: 1718: 1344:

Structures associated with Buddhist temples such as main halls (

851: 618: 172:

and 19th-century documents and writings. The designation of the

5654:

structures related to industry, transportation and public works

4343:[Fusai-ji]. Tachikawa Bureau of Tourism. Archived from 3962: 3192: 2886: 2451: 2189: 2040: 1990: 1934: 1777: 1363: 1241: 1115:

Structures related to industry, transportation and public works

994: 633: 457: 453: 365: 360: 317: 286: 152:; sculptures of wood, bronze, lacquer or stone; crafts such as 5439:]. 山溪カラー名鑑 (in Japanese) (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Yama-Kei. 4798:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 81–85. 2608: 2545: 2497:

and the seat of the imperial court for more than 1,000 years;

2315:

architecture), or techniques necessary for restoration works.

2218:

List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Japanese books)

1668:

List of National Treasures of Japan (archaeological materials)

1614: 1042: 127:

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

2490: 2291:

The Protection of Cultural Properties logo in the shape of a

2268: 2214:

List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Chinese books)

2169: 2072: 2068: 1701: 1655: 1458: 1107: 1098: 1094: 735: 556: 552: 203: 145: 5904:

List of Living National Treasures of Japan (performing arts)

4942:"Frequently asked questions about the Tokyo National Museum" 4749: 3381:, Cultural Properties Department. March 2017. Archived from 2639:, from about 14,000 BC to 300 BC. Clay figurines ( 1630:

documents are designated in the category "ancient documents"

606:, were destroyed from May to August 1945. The ninth-century 353:

heritage. Japanese architectural history began to appear on

2529:

The designated items provide an overview of the history of

1938: 1139:. Established in 1872 by the government, this is—after the 6144:

Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings

5551:

Architecture éternelle du Japon – De l'histoire aux mythes

5284:(illustrated ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 234: 168:, including pieces of the world's oldest pottery from the 5575: 5431:

Ogawa, Kouzou; Seki, Nobuko; Yamazaki, Takayuki (2009).

4886:

Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan ― Fiscal 2010

4609:[Materials of the Shō family — Kings of Ryūkyū]. 4370:[Hidaka Cultural Properties, National Treasure]. 3464:

Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan ― Fiscal 2009

2883:

Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan ― Fiscal 2009

2378: 1454: 779: 2282: 1800:. The designated items are located in Buddhist temples, 5361:

Nationalisms of Japan: Managing and Mystifying Identity

4402:. Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International. p. 13. 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 2870: 1609:

List of National Treasures of Japan (ancient documents)

771:

techniques for the conservation of cultural properties.

706:

Lacquer toiletry case with cart wheels in stream design

144:, or residences. The other 80% are paintings; scrolls; 5878:

Preservers of Important Intangible Cultural Properties

4549:[Old sacred treasures of Itsukushima Shrine]. 3545: 3543: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2473:

each have more than ten National Treasure structures:

2222:

List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: others)

285:

and anti-Buddhist movements propagating the return to

5968:

List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties

4638:[Materials of the Keichō Embassy to Europe]. 4076:. Nagasaki Tourism Internet Committee. Archived from 3457:"Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Properties" 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 694:

Recent developments in cultural properties protection

5218:

Hozon: Architectural and Urban Conservation in Japan

5215:

Enders, Siegfried R. C. T.; Gutschow, Niels (1998).

4968:(in Japanese). Tōkamachi City Museum. Archived from 4791: 3779:. Cabinet Office Government of Japan. Archived from 3560: 3558: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 2631:

The first indications of stable living patterns and

2624:

Stone tools dated to 13,000–28,000 BC from the

2047:, private collections, a university, and two tombs ( 1814:

List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: others)

1768:

List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: swords)

1183:. The institution was established shortly after the 6123: 5963:

List of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties

5899:

List of Living National Treasures of Japan (crafts)

5172:

Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan

3540: 3519: 3206: 3060: 1030: 5857: 5380: 3754: 2907: 2709:Cracked walls and pillars, some broken sculptures. 2148:. Seventy-seven of the 141 entries are located in 1913:brought back from his 1613 to 1620 trade mission ( 5430: 4824: 4779: 4700: 4688: 4314:[Gasshō dogū – Hachinohe] (in Japanese). 3555: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3097: 2718:Slightly broken walls, lacquering and sculptures. 2085:List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures) 1890:. One set consists of 1,251 items related to the 1406:, with 60 National Treasure temple structures in 801:The two-tier system of "National Treasures" and " 690:are required to be protected under the 1950 law. 6242: 5894:List of Important Intangible Cultural Properties 5798: 5785: 3771: 3769: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 2995: 2993: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 1037:List of National Treasures of Japan (residences) 483:Trees" lobbied and achieved a resolution in the 6179:Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties 5617: 5554:(illustrated ed.). Dijon: Editions Faton. 5111: 5019: 4233:The University of Tokyo Library System Bulletin 3404: 3402: 2575: 2292: 2254: 2117: 2017: 1981:List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings) 1883: 1751: 1692: 1639: 1545: 1529: 1513: 1446: 1375: 1232: 1223:National Treasures in the category of "shrines" 1176: 1132: 1082: 1062: 966: 925: 909: 805:" was supplemented in 1996 with a new level of 658: 587: 535: 526:In 1929 the National Treasures Preservation Law 496: 428: 412: 389: 309: 110: 6226: 5478: 5214: 5031: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 3748: 3721: 3613: 3611: 3598: 3596: 3549: 3534: 3255: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3094: 3056: 3054: 3052: 2952: 2691:, shrines had been receiving funds since 1874. 2582: 2383:Enhancements of Cultural Properties Protection 2299: 2248: 2111: 2011: 1877: 1745: 1686: 1633: 1539: 1523: 1507: 1440: 1369: 1278: 1226: 1170: 1126: 1076: 1056: 960: 919: 903: 652: 589:jūyō bijutsuhin tōno hozon ni kan suru hōritsu 581: 543:only for old religious buildings but also for 529: 490: 477: 422: 406: 383: 303: 99: 5942:Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties 5771: 5660: 5603: 5343:"History and Typology of Shrine Architecture" 4732:[Buddhism index] (in Japanese). janis 4191: 4189: 3932:[Five-storied Pagoda] (in Japanese). 3766: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2963: 2961: 2834: 2358:taxes applied to the transfer of properties. 2136:, seven are made of clay, and one entry, the 2097:, the principal image in the Phoenix Hall of 1536:, and a passageway to enter or exit the stage 1324:List of National Treasures of Japan (temples) 1201:List of National Treasures of Japan (shrines) 942:List of National Treasures of Japan (castles) 778:and wooden sculptures; and the production of 714:was passed. It was restricted to the ancient 619:Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties 511:often employed new materials and techniques. 16:Most precious of Tangible Cultural Properties 5947:Registered Tangible Folk Cultural Properties 5921: 5453: 4989: 4916: 4873: 4871: 3732: 3730: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3399: 3372:"Cultural Properties for Future Generations" 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3126: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2566:in the mid-6th century—to the 19th century ( 2405: 2381:or 11.8% of the total budget of the agency. 1712:. The oldest items are stone tools from the 1023:. The oldest structure in the category is a 993:) and comprises eighteen structures such as 712:Law for the Preservation of Ancient Capitals 574:In the early 1930s, Japan suffered from the 361:Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law 5937:Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties 5409: 5378: 5175:(illustrated, revised ed.). New York: 5102: 5025: 4830: 3992:[Great Buddha Hall] (in Japanese). 3872: 3854: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3608: 3593: 3153: 3049: 1661: 1421: 1009:construction, and date from the end of the 5778: 5764: 5610: 5596: 5518: 5001: 4928: 4186: 3878: 3005: 2973: 2958: 2241:Written materials of various type such as 1290:, which dates from the 12th century (late 6057:Lists of Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan 5677: 5485:. Fortress 5. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 5479:Turnbull, Stephen; Dennis, Peter (2003). 5383:The Arts of Japan: An Illustrated History 5364:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. 5298: 5143: 5118: 5037: 5013: 4995: 4879:"Foundations for Cultural Administration" 4868: 4399:The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords 4018:[North Noh stage] (in Japanese). 3866: 3760: 3727: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3414: 3335: 3105: 3043: 2999: 2857: 2851: 2350:and more recently five artworks from the 1792:). However, 86 of the items are from the 1437:There are five "miscellaneous structures" 6209:List of Selected Conservation Techniques 5873:Important Intangible Cultural Properties 5387:(illustrated ed.). C.E. Tuttle Co. 5197:A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan 4395: 4304: 4302: 4270: 4268: 3694:Database of National Cultural Properties 3623: 2412:National Treasures of Japan (statistics) 2360: 2321: 2286: 2226: 2089: 1985: 1862: 1823:Buddhist ritual gong with peacock relief 1818: 1772: 1672: 1613: 1425: 1328: 1261:), and other structures associated with 1205: 1041: 946: 850: 846: 784: 701: 622: 513: 371:scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Humans 364: 238: 6074: 5824:Registered Tangible Cultural Properties 5504:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Tōkyōdō Shuppan. 5499: 5357: 5319: 5302:A History of Architectural Conservation 5277: 5193: 3860: 3408: 3267: 3061:Issarathumnoon, Wimonrart (2003–2004). 3018: 2967: 2828: 1858: 1796:, with the most recent object from the 1683:The category "archaeological materials" 281:") triggered by the official policy of 235:Background and early protection efforts 88:Some of the National Treasures of Japan 6243: 5547: 5519:Young, David; Young, Michiko (2007) . 5340: 5235: 4843: 4568: 3884: 3617: 3602: 3499: 3488: 3172: 3127:Mackay-Smith, Alexander (2000-04-29). 2984: 498:shiseki meishō enrenkinenbutsu hozonhō 121:, as determined and designated by the 6225: 6176: 6122: 6106:List of Important Cultural Landscapes 6073: 5984: 5920: 5856: 5797: 5759: 5591: 5410:Nishi, Kazuo; Hozumi, Kazuo (1996) . 4855: 4299: 4265: 4167:and its vicinity] (in Japanese). 3901:[Golden Hall] (in Japanese). 2462:—do not have any National Treasures. 2283:Preservation and utilization measures 5256: 5168: 5061: 5049: 4750:James M. Goodwin; Janet R. Goodwin. 4518:[Long sword] (in Japanese). 3736: 3186:"Advisory Body Evaluation Himeji-jo" 2675: 2509:, capital of Japan from 710 to 784. 2342:properties under supervision of the 1804:, museums, and private collections. 1602: 5840:Lists of National Treasures (Japan) 5147:Architecture and Authority in Japan 5144:Coaldrake, William Howard (2002) . 5122:Architecture and Authority in Japan 4203:tourist association. Archived from 4169:National Museum of Japanese History 2885:. Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for 2083:For a more comprehensive list, see 1979:For a more comprehensive list, see 1812:For a more comprehensive list, see 1766:For a more comprehensive list, see 1666:For a more comprehensive list, see 1607:For a more comprehensive list, see 1322:For a more comprehensive list, see 1199:For a more comprehensive list, see 1155:One of Japan's oldest schools, the 1035:For a more comprehensive list, see 940:For a more comprehensive list, see 831:(Main Hall and Priest's Quarters), 259:ended abruptly in 1867–68 when the 13: 5541: 5119:Coaldrake, William Howard (1996). 2352:Museum of the Imperial Collections 2212:For more comprehensive lists, see 1073:onward and "historical residences" 886: 782:masks, costumes, and instruments. 555:(1937) and the Ogawa residence in 14: 6272: 5569: 4714:Ise Jingu and Treasures of Shinto 4045:"History of the Shizutani School" 3129:"Mission to preserve and protect" 2564:introduction of Buddhism to Japan 1780:with a gold inlay inscription by 1273:). According to the tradition of 283:separation of Shinto and Buddhism 6193:Selected Conservation Techniques 6052:Lists of Historic Sites of Japan 5740: 5739: 5522:The Art of Japanese Architecture 5096: 4580:[Old sacred treasures]. 4487:[Quiver] (in Japanese). 4455:"Writing box with eight bridges" 4199:[Stone in Nasu County]. 2432: 2420: 1111:, and guest or reception halls. 1031:Modern and historical residences 117:is the most precious of Japan's 78: 71: 64: 60: 51: 44: 37: 33: 25:Living National Treasure (Japan) 6125:Groups of Traditional Buildings 6006:Special Places of Scenic Beauty 5548:Cluzel, Jean-Sébastien (2008). 5067: 5055: 5043: 5007: 4983: 4966:"National Treasure designation" 4958: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4849: 4825:Ogawa, Seki & Yamazaki 2009 4818: 4785: 4780:Ogawa, Seki & Yamazaki 2009 4773: 4743: 4720: 4706: 4701:Ogawa, Seki & Yamazaki 2009 4694: 4689:Ogawa, Seki & Yamazaki 2009 4682: 4657: 4628: 4599: 4537: 4506: 4475: 4447: 4416: 4389: 4358: 4333: 4282:Hokkaido Prefectural Government 4277:教育ほっかいどう第374号－活動レポート－国宝「土偶」について 4218: 4151: 4121: 4091: 4066: 4037: 4006: 3980: 3951: 3920: 3889: 3825: 3794: 3742: 3715: 3304: 3273: 3261: 3178: 2795: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2745: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2681: 2039:or paintings on sliding doors ( 1465:, the auditorium of the former 5859:Intangible Cultural Properties 5413:What Is Japanese Architecture? 4716:. Tokyo National Museum. 2009. 2876:"Intangible Cultural Heritage" 2822: 2310:found in Japanese architecture 1952:items related to the Japanese 1948:A third set consists of 2,345 1: 6090:Important Cultural Landscapes 5985: 5819:Important Cultural Properties 5576:Tokyo National Museum eKokuho 4792:Christine Guth Kanda (1985). 3802:"All about Tomioka Silk Mill" 2811: 2388: 2078: 1898:, who ruled over most of the 1807: 1716:and flame-shaped pottery and 1314:has five National Treasures. 895: 866:Important Cultural Properties 803:Important Cultural Properties 684:Important Cultural Properties 6261:Cultural Properties of Japan 5800:Tangible Cultural Properties 5787:Cultural Properties of Japan 5341:Kuroda, Ryūji (2005-06-02). 5281:Japan's Golden Age: Momoyama 5112:General and cited references 4856:Jingu, Momoko (2021-07-30). 4642:. 2004-02-20. Archived from 4613:. 2004-02-20. Archived from 3700:. 2008-11-01. Archived from 3575:. 2011-07-29. Archived from 2816: 2271:from the 6th century to the 1974: 1917:Embassy) to Europe. Sent by 1398:) to the 19th century (late 1269:) to the 19th century (late 1187:and relocated to the extant 807:Registered Cultural Property 119:Tangible Cultural Properties 7: 6251:National Treasures of Japan 5619:National Treasures of Japan 4892:. 2003–2004. Archived from 4890:Agency for Cultural Affairs 3965:. June 1997. Archived from 3841:Agency for Cultural Affairs 3698:Agency for Cultural Affairs 3573:Agency for Cultural Affairs 3468:Agency for Cultural Affairs 3379:Agency for Cultural Affairs 2872:Agency for Cultural Affairs 2658: 2576: 2395:Agency for Cultural Affairs 2293: 2255: 2207: 2118: 2018: 1904:Naha City Museum of History 1884: 1752: 1693: 1678:Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror 1640: 1546: 1530: 1514: 1447: 1376: 1233: 1177: 1133: 1083: 1063: 967: 926: 916:and "fine arts and crafts" 910: 874:Agency for Cultural Affairs 821:Great East Japan earthquake 672:Agency for Cultural Affairs 659: 588: 536: 497: 478:Extension of the protection 429: 413: 390: 310: 123:Agency for Cultural Affairs 111: 10: 6277: 6228:Buried Cultural Properties 5994:Designations/Registrations 5930:Designations/Registrations 5807:Designations/Registrations 5482:Japanese Castles 1540–1640 5461:A History of Japan to 1334 5379:Münsterberg, Hugo (1957). 5358:McVeigh, Brian J. (2004). 5299:Jokilehto, Jukka (2002) . 5278:Hickman, Money L. (2002). 5236:Gibbon, Kate Fitz (2005). 5169:Deal, William E. (2007) . 4484:沃懸地杏葉螺鈿平やなぐいかまくら GreenNet 4139:Agency of Cultural Affairs 4109:Agency of Cultural Affairs 3749:Turnbull & Dennis 2003 3722:Turnbull & Dennis 2003 3550:Enders & Gutschow 1998 3535:Enders & Gutschow 1998 3256:Enders & Gutschow 1998 3135:. Tokyo: Japan Times Ltd. 2953:Enders & Gutschow 1998 2409: 2365:Collection of 36 poems by 2211: 2082: 1978: 1811: 1765: 1665: 1606: 1321: 1317: 1306:, all of which are in the 1251:), gates, offering halls ( 1198: 1194: 1150: 1034: 939: 935: 229: 18: 6256:Cultural history of Japan 6221: 6201: 6185: 6172: 6152: 6131: 6118: 6098: 6082: 6069: 6039: 6011:Special Natural Monuments 5993: 5980: 5955: 5929: 5916: 5886: 5865: 5852: 5832: 5806: 5793: 5735: 5670: 5625: 5456:Sansom, Sir George Bailey 4239:library. September 2003. 2665:Imperial Regalia of Japan 2583: 2406:Geographical distribution 2344:Imperial Household Agency 2300: 2249: 2112: 2028:; 40 are hand scrolls or 2012: 1878: 1761: 1746: 1737: 1687: 1634: 1540: 1524: 1508: 1441: 1430:Auditorium of the former 1370: 1279: 1227: 1171: 1143:—the second modern (post- 1127: 1101:. The structures include 1077: 1057: 961: 920: 904: 810:residences from the late 653: 582: 530: 491: 430:tokubetsu hogo kenzōbutsu 423: 407: 384: 304: 184:added three modern, post- 100: 21:Imperial Regalia of Japan 5923:Folk Cultural Properties 5715:Archaeological materials 5626:Buildings and structures 5432: 5326:. New York: Read Books. 5320:Kishida, Hideto (2008). 4990:Sansom & Sansom 1958 4917:Sansom & Sansom 1958 4756:University of California 4728: 4576: 4545: 4514: 4483: 4424: 4396:Nagayama, Kōkan (1998). 4366: 4310: 4276: 4163:[Map of Nukata-dera 4159: 4129: 4099: 4014: 3988: 3928: 3897: 3688: 3312: 3281: 2465:Four prefectures in the 2267:and the Imperial era of 2152:while another 42 are in 2101:and only extant work by 1722:clay figurines from the 1662:Archaeological materials 1582:on February 5, 1597, at 1422:Miscellaneous structures 507:Restorations during the 6021:Places of Scenic Beauty 5177:Oxford University Press 5026:Nishi & Hozumi 1996 4515:沃懸地杏葉螺鈿太刀かまくら GreenNet 3873:Nishi & Hozumi 1996 2182:Yoshino Mikumari Shrine 1520:, a place for musicians 1257:), purification halls ( 839:and the Buddha Hall of 311:koki kyūbutsu hozonkata 125:(a special body of the 6001:Special Historic Sites 5704:other written material 5347:Encyclopedia of Shinto 5260:Ancient Jomon of Japan 5002:Young & Young 2007 4929:Young & Young 2007 4318:. 2009. Archived from 4284:. 2006. Archived from 4074:"Oura Catholic Church" 3833:"国宝・重要文化財（建造物）の指定について" 3500:Nobuko, Inaba (1998). 3470:. 2009. Archived from 2889:(ACCU). Archived from 2538:of time determined by 2524: 2369: 2338: 2311: 2238: 2194:Kumano Hayatama Taisha 2105: 2005: 1871: 1853:Kumano Hayatama Taisha 1824: 1784: 1680: 1623: 1589:Built in 1501 by King 1571:, cedar, and camphor. 1434: 1341: 1220: 1050: 957:The category "castles" 954: 892: 860: 798: 707: 641: 523: 377: 251:, and aristocratic or 244: 188:, National Treasures. 160:carvings; metalworks; 5351:Kokugakuin University 5323:Japanese Architecture 5079:Kyoto National Museum 4946:Tokyo National Museum 4463:Tokyo National Museum 3070:The Nippon Foundation 2727:Slightly broken wall. 2519:Tokyo National Museum 2410:Further information: 2364: 2325: 2290: 2230: 2093: 1989: 1866: 1841:Tsurugaoka Hachimangū 1822: 1776: 1742:The category "crafts" 1732:Tokyo National Museum 1676: 1617: 1557:Built during the mid- 1473:, the Roman Catholic 1429: 1332: 1209: 1045: 950: 891:Designation Procedure 890: 854: 847:Designation procedure 788: 705: 626: 517: 368: 267:. During the ensuing 242: 6031:Registered Monuments 5678:Historical materials 5671:Fine arts and crafts 5257:Habu, Junko (2004). 5150:. London; New York: 4551:Hiroshima Prefecture 4430:Hiroshima Prefecture 4130:国宝・重要文化財（建造物）の指定について 4100:国宝・重要文化財（建造物）の指定について 3777:"State Guest Houses" 3477:on November 10, 2007 3072:. Urban Design Lab, 2687:Under the policy of 2626:Japanese paleolithic 2174:Nara National Museum 2128:to the 13th-century 1859:Historical materials 1710:archaeological sites 1576:26 Christian martyrs 1239:include main halls ( 1119:In 2014, the former 872:is contacted by the 263:was replaced by the 6076:Cultural Landscapes 4425:広島県の文化財 – 梨子地桐文螺鈿腰刀 2333:Triad is a work of 2198:Usuki Stone Buddhas 2192:gods is located at 2166:Okura Museum of Art 2138:Usuki Stone Buddhas 1628:Japanese historical 1333:Great Buddha Hall ( 1134:sangyō kōtsū doboku 1046:Ninomaru Palace at 1003:World Heritage Site 825:cultural properties 688:World Heritage Site 562:The restoration of 180:in 2014 and of the 5814:National Treasures 5581:2019-05-01 at the 4703:, pp. 482–485 3763:, pp. 105–106 2599:Tokugawa shogunate 2577:Shikinen sengū-sai 2570:). The history of 2568:early modern Japan 2370: 2339: 2312: 2239: 2106: 2049:Takamatsuzuka Tomb 2006: 1993:(thunder god) and 1927:Sendai City Museum 1911:Hasekura Tsunenaga 1872: 1868:Hasekura Tsunenaga 1845:Itsukushima Shrine 1825: 1785: 1728:Nanboku-chō period 1714:paleolithic period 1681: 1624: 1435: 1342: 1275:Shikinen sengū-sai 1221: 1191:building in 1876. 1051: 1019:, his family, and 955: 893: 861: 799: 708: 642: 524: 378: 261:Tokugawa shogunate 245: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6217: 6216: 6168: 6167: 6114: 6113: 6065: 6064: 6026:Natural Monuments 5976: 5975: 5912: 5911: 5848: 5847: 5753: 5752: 5710:Ancient documents 5561:978-2-87844-107-9 5532:978-0-8048-3838-2 5446:978-4-635-09031-5 5349:(β1.3 ed.). 5333:978-1-4437-7281-5 5186:978-0-19-533126-4 4862:The Asahi Shimbun 4640:Miyagi Prefecture 3959:"Nomination File" 3807:Tomioka Silk Mill 2676:Explanatory notes 2540:historical events 1603:Ancient documents 1185:Meiji Restoration 1165:Nagano Prefecture 1121:Tomioka Silk Mill 882:protective system 837:Shiramizu Amidadō 833:Ōsaki Hachiman-gū 632:and five-storied 612:Tōdaiji Fujumonkō 265:Meiji Restoration 186:Meiji Restoration 178:Tomioka Silk Mill 95:National Treasure 86: 85: 59: 58: 6268: 6223: 6222: 6174: 6173: 6120: 6119: 6071: 6070: 5982: 5981: 5918: 5917: 5854: 5853: 5795: 5794: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5661:other structures 5612: 5605: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5565: 5536: 5515: 5496: 5475: 5454:Sansom, George; 5450: 5427: 5406: 5386: 5375: 5354: 5337: 5316: 5295: 5274: 5253: 5232: 5211: 5190: 5165: 5140: 5106: 5103:Münsterberg 1957 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5081:. Archived from 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4883: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4758:. Archived from 4752:"The Usuki Site" 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4584:. Archived from 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4553:. Archived from 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4522:. Archived from 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4491:. Archived from 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4432:. Archived from 4420: 4414: 4413: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4374:. Archived from 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4253: 4247:. Archived from 4237:Tokyo University 4230: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4171:. Archived from 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4051:. Archived from 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4022:. Archived from 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3936:. Archived from 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3905:. Archived from 3893: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3838: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3684: 3621: 3615: 3606: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3581: 3570: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3532: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3497: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3461: 3453: 3412: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3377:. Tokyo, Japan: 3376: 3368: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3320:. Archived from 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3289:. Archived from 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3124: 3109: 3103: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3076:. Archived from 3074:Tokyo University 3067: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3022: 3016: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2880: 2868: 2855: 2849: 2832: 2826: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2685: 2670:Tourism in Japan 2591:Japanese castles 2588: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2505:around 600; and 2495:capital of Japan 2487:Shiga Prefecture 2436: 2424: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2273:Muromachi period 2262: 2261: 2258: 2256:shoseki, tenseki 2252: 2251: 2236:Ono no Michikaze 2154:Kyoto Prefecture 2123: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2023: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2003:Tawaraya Sōtatsu 1889: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1829:portable shrines 1798:Muromachi period 1757: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1698: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1645: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1467:Shizutani School 1452: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1432:Shizutani School 1412:Kyoto Prefecture 1381: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1238: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1138: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1088: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1059: 979:Matsumoto Castle 972: 970: 964: 963: 952:Matsumoto Castle 931: 929: 927:bijutsu kōgeihin 923: 922: 915: 913: 907: 906: 664: 662: 656: 655: 604:Hiroshima Castle 593: 591: 585: 584: 583:重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律 576:Great Depression 541: 539: 533: 532: 502: 500: 494: 493: 434: 432: 426: 425: 418: 416: 410: 409: 395: 393: 387: 386: 350:Ernest Fenollosa 315: 313: 307: 306: 270:haibutsu kishaku 200:Japan's capitals 198:, the region of 138:Buddhist temples 116: 114: 108: 107: 82: 75: 68: 61: 55: 48: 41: 34: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6230: 6213: 6197: 6181: 6164: 6148: 6127: 6110: 6094: 6078: 6061: 6035: 5989: 5972: 5951: 5925: 5908: 5882: 5861: 5844: 5828: 5802: 5789: 5784: 5754: 5749: 5731: 5666: 5621: 5616: 5583:Wayback Machine 5572: 5562: 5544: 5542:Further reading 5539: 5533: 5512: 5493: 5472: 5447: 5437:Buddhist Images 5434: 5424: 5395: 5372: 5334: 5313: 5292: 5271: 5250: 5229: 5208: 5187: 5162: 5137: 5114: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5086: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4975: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4748: 4744: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4649: 4647: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4589: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4465: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4439: 4437: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4394: 4390: 4381: 4379: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4350: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4323: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4208: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4143: 4141: 4137:(in Japanese). 4134: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4111: 4107:(in Japanese). 4104: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4029: 4027: 4020:Nishi Hongan-ji 4016: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3998: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3941: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3839:(in Japanese). 3836: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3705: 3696:(in Japanese). 3690: 3686: 3685: 3624: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3594: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3415: 3407: 3400: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3316:(in Japanese). 3314: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3294: 3285:(in Japanese). 3283: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3125: 3112: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3065: 3059: 3050: 3042: 3025: 3017: 3006: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2974: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2908: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2878: 2869: 2858: 2850: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2661: 2649:Kamakura period 2618: 2616: 2580: 2553: 2551: 2527: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2414: 2408: 2391: 2367:Emperor Go-Nara 2297: 2285: 2265:classical Japan 2259: 2246: 2225: 2210: 2150:Nara Prefecture 2130:Kamakura period 2109: 2088: 2081: 2037:folding screens 2026:hanging scrolls 2009: 1984: 1977: 1894:, the kings of 1875: 1861: 1817: 1810: 1794:Kamakura period 1771: 1764: 1743: 1740: 1684: 1671: 1664: 1631: 1622:with handprints 1612: 1605: 1550: 1537: 1521: 1505: 1463:Nishi Hongan-ji 1438: 1424: 1408:Nara Prefecture 1367: 1327: 1320: 1276: 1224: 1204: 1197: 1168: 1153: 1124: 1117: 1074: 1054: 1040: 1033: 1007:Japanese castle 958: 945: 938: 917: 901: 898: 849: 696: 660:bunkazai hogohō 650: 621: 579: 537:kokuhō hozonhō 527: 488: 480: 420: 404: 391:koshaji hozonhō 381: 363: 301: 237: 232: 97: 91: 90: 89: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6274: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6016:Historic Sites 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5693:Japanese books 5690: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5571: 5570:External links 5568: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5516: 5510: 5502:Kuntengo Jiten 5497: 5491: 5476: 5470: 5451: 5445: 5428: 5422: 5407: 5393: 5376: 5370: 5355: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5296: 5290: 5275: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5233: 5227: 5212: 5206: 5191: 5185: 5166: 5160: 5141: 5135: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5095: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5038:Coaldrake 1996 5030: 5018: 5014:Coaldrake 1996 5006: 4994: 4982: 4957: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4867: 4848: 4829: 4827:, pp. 199 4817: 4804: 4784: 4772: 4742: 4719: 4705: 4693: 4691:, pp. 471 4681: 4656: 4627: 4598: 4567: 4536: 4505: 4474: 4446: 4415: 4408: 4388: 4357: 4332: 4311:合掌土偶について – 八戸市 4298: 4264: 4217: 4185: 4150: 4120: 4090: 4065: 4036: 4005: 3979: 3950: 3919: 3888: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3824: 3793: 3765: 3761:Coaldrake 1996 3753: 3741: 3726: 3714: 3622: 3607: 3592: 3554: 3539: 3518: 3487: 3413: 3398: 3334: 3303: 3272: 3260: 3205: 3177: 3152: 3110: 3106:Coaldrake 2002 3093: 3048: 3044:Coaldrake 2002 3023: 3004: 3000:Jokilehto 2002 2989: 2972: 2957: 2906: 2856: 2852:Jokilehto 2002 2833: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2794: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2744: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2622: 2621: 2607: 2601:destroyed the 2572:Shinto shrines 2557: 2556: 2544: 2526: 2523: 2503:Prince Shōtoku 2438: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2407: 2404: 2390: 2387: 2284: 2281: 2234:attributed to 2209: 2206: 2080: 2077: 2045:Shinto shrines 1999:folding screen 1976: 1973: 1921:, Lord of the 1900:Ryukyu Islands 1885:rekishi shiryō 1860: 1857: 1833:Shinto shrines 1809: 1806: 1802:Shinto shrines 1763: 1760: 1739: 1736: 1663: 1660: 1620:Emperor Go-Uda 1604: 1601: 1495:Shuri, Okinawa 1491:Ryukyu Kingdom 1423: 1420: 1319: 1316: 1312:Nikkō Tōshō-gū 1288:Ujigami Shrine 1263:Shinto shrines 1245:), oratories ( 1218:Ujigami Shrine 1210:Worship hall ( 1196: 1193: 1152: 1149: 1141:Akasaka Palace 1116: 1113: 1091:Akasaka Palace 1032: 1029: 1011:Sengoku period 983:Inuyama Castle 937: 934: 897: 894: 848: 845: 791:Akasaka Palace 695: 692: 620: 617: 485:House of Peers 479: 476: 362: 359: 346:Okakura Kakuzō 291:westernization 249:Shinto shrines 243:Okakura Kakuzō 236: 233: 231: 228: 174:Akasaka Palace 142:Shinto shrines 87: 84: 83: 76: 69: 57: 56: 49: 42: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6273: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5746: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5698:Chinese books 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 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5124: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5105:, p. 117 5104: 5099: 5085:on 2007-11-29 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5040:, p. 106 5039: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5016:, p. 104 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4972:on 2011-07-21 4971: 4967: 4961: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4899:on 2011-04-09 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4846:, p. 334 4845: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4826: 4821: 4807: 4805:0-674-80650-6 4801: 4797: 4796: 4788: 4782:, p. 595 4781: 4776: 4762:on 2008-12-03 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4671:on 2010-12-08 4670: 4666: 4660: 4646:on 2011-05-12 4645: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4617:on 2011-10-06 4616: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4588:on 2009-07-21 4587: 4583: 4582:Kasuga Taisha 4579: 4571: 4557:on 2011-07-19 4556: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4526:on 2011-07-22 4525: 4521: 4520:Kamakura city 4517: 4509: 4495:on 2011-07-22 4494: 4490: 4489:Kamakura city 4486: 4478: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4436:on 2009-11-28 4435: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4411: 4409:4-7700-2071-6 4405: 4401: 4400: 4392: 4378:on 2011-07-19 4377: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4347:on 2007-12-08 4346: 4342: 4336: 4322:on 2018-03-26 4321: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4303: 4288:on 2008-05-05 4287: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4269: 4254:on 2011-06-05 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4207:on 2011-06-13 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4175:on 2009-02-12 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4140: 4132: 4124: 4110: 4102: 4094: 4080:on 2013-05-10 4079: 4075: 4069: 4055:on 2012-02-21 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4026:on 2009-04-06 4025: 4021: 4017: 4009: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3969:on 2012-10-25 3968: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3940:on 2010-01-11 3939: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3909:on 2010-01-11 3908: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3842: 3834: 3828: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3783:on 2010-02-21 3782: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3739:, p. 315 3738: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3718: 3704:on 2005-12-28 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3689:国指定文化財データベース 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3620:, p. 335 3619: 3614: 3612: 3605:, p. 333 3604: 3599: 3597: 3582:on 2011-08-13 3578: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3508:on 2009-10-05 3507: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3411:, p. 171 3410: 3405: 3403: 3388:on 2017-12-16 3384: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3324:on 2010-01-11 3323: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3293:on 2010-01-11 3292: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3270:, p. 135 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3175:, p. 332 3174: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3108:, p. 249 3107: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3083:on 2011-07-22 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3046:, p. 248 3045: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3002:, p. 279 3001: 2996: 2994: 2987:, p. 331 2986: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2896:on 2011-05-24 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2854:, p. 280 2853: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2748: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2620: 2619: 2606: 2604: 2603:Toyotomi clan 2600: 2596: 2595:Azuchi Castle 2592: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2501:, founded by 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:Kansai region 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2435: 2423: 2413: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2295: 2289: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2244: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:Yoshino, Nara 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2071:with 51, and 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:Sendai Domain 1920: 1919:Date Masamune 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1869: 1865: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1849:Kasuga-taisha 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1759: 1754: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1629: 1621: 1618:Testament of 1616: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1597:Tsūjun Bridge 1594: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1548: 1532: 1516: 1502: 1500: 1499:Tsūjun Bridge 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1433: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1414:. The temple 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404:Kansai region 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1308:Kansai region 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1189:western-style 1186: 1179: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:Kaichi School 1148: 1146: 1142: 1135: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1072: 1065: 1049: 1044: 1038: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991:Matsue Castle 988: 987:Hikone Castle 984: 980: 976: 975:Himeji Castle 969: 953: 949: 943: 933: 928: 912: 889: 885: 883: 880: 875: 869: 867: 858: 853: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 813: 808: 804: 796: 792: 787: 783: 781: 777: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 742:(present day 741: 740:Asuka, Yamato 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 704: 700: 691: 689: 685: 679: 675: 673: 668: 667:value at risk 661: 647: 639: 635: 631: 630: 625: 616: 614: 613: 609: 608:Buddhist text 605: 601: 596: 590: 577: 572: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 538: 521: 520:Himeji Castle 516: 512: 510: 504: 499: 486: 475: 473: 469: 468: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 439: 431: 415: 401: 399: 392: 376: 372: 369:First of the 367: 358: 356: 351: 347: 343: 342:Kiyomizu-dera 339: 338: 333: 329: 328: 323: 319: 312: 299: 296:In 1871, the 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 241: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 187: 183: 182:Kaichi School 179: 176:in 2009, the 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 128: 124: 120: 113: 106: 103: 96: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 62: 54: 50: 47: 43: 40: 36: 35: 30: 26: 22: 6186:Designations 6132:Designations 6083:Designations 5866:Designations 5813: 5726:other crafts 5724: 5702: 5659: 5652: 5618: 5550: 5521: 5501: 5481: 5460: 5436: 5412: 5382: 5360: 5346: 5322: 5301: 5280: 5259: 5238: 5217: 5196: 5171: 5146: 5121: 5098: 5087:. Retrieved 5083:the original 5069: 5064:, p. 83 5057: 5052:, p. 27 5045: 5033: 5028:, p. 93 5021: 5009: 5004:, p. 50 4997: 4992:, p. 49 4985: 4974:. Retrieved 4970:the original 4960: 4949:. Retrieved 4936: 4931:, p. 44 4924: 4919:, p. 82 4912: 4901:. Retrieved 4894:the original 4885: 4861: 4851: 4820: 4809:. Retrieved 4794: 4787: 4775: 4764:. Retrieved 4760:the original 4745: 4734:. Retrieved 4722: 4713: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4673:. Retrieved 4669:the original 4659: 4648:. Retrieved 4644:the original 4636:"慶長遣欧使節関係資料" 4630: 4619:. Retrieved 4615:the original 4607:"琉球国王尚家関係資料" 4601: 4590:. Retrieved 4586:the original 4570: 4559:. Retrieved 4555:the original 4539: 4528:. Retrieved 4524:the original 4508: 4497:. Retrieved 4493:the original 4477: 4466:. Retrieved 4458: 4449: 4438:. Retrieved 4434:the original 4418: 4398: 4391: 4380:. Retrieved 4376:the original 4360: 4349:. Retrieved 4345:the original 4335: 4324:. Retrieved 4320:the original 4290:. Retrieved 4286:the original 4256:. 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Retrieved 3291:the original 3275: 3268:Yoshida 2001 3263: 3258:, p. 13 3197:. Retrieved 3195:. 1992-10-01 3180: 3144:. Retrieved 3132: 3085:. Retrieved 3078:the original 3069: 3021:, p. 39 3019:Edwards 2005 2970:, p. 38 2968:Edwards 2005 2955:, p. 12 2898:. Retrieved 2891:the original 2882: 2831:, p. 15 2829:Hickman 2002 2824: 2803:Gotoh Museum 2797: 2789: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2747: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2689:State Shinto 2683: 2653: 2645:sutra mounds 2637:Jōmon period 2635:date to the 2633:civilization 2630: 2623: 2558: 2535:architecture 2531:Japanese art 2528: 2511: 2464: 2445: 2400: 2392: 2382: 2375: 2371: 2356: 2340: 2317: 2313: 2306:, a type of 2240: 2231: 2126:Asuka period 2107: 2095:Amida Nyorai 2007: 1961:Inō Tadataka 1958:cartographer 1947: 1908: 1873: 1837:Asuka Shrine 1826: 1790:Asuka period 1786: 1741: 1724:Jōmon period 1717: 1706:sutra mounds 1682: 1625: 1595: 1588: 1578:executed by 1573: 1562: 1556: 1503: 1436: 1396:Asuka period 1391: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1334: 1292:Heian period 1274: 1267:Heian period 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1222: 1211: 1154: 1118: 1106: 1071:Meiji period 1052: 1014: 999:watch towers 956: 899: 879:South Korean 870: 862: 816:Shōwa period 806: 800: 795:Meiji period 770: 768: 748:Fujiwara-kyō 711: 709: 697: 680: 676: 645: 643: 627: 610: 600:World War II 597: 573: 567: 561: 525: 509:Meiji period 505: 492:史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法 481: 465: 447: 436: 402: 379: 335: 325: 295: 277:and destroy 268: 257:Feudal Japan 246: 194: 190: 170:Jōmon period 166:Meiji period 131: 94: 92: 29: 4844:Gibbon 2005 3885:Kuroda 2005 3618:Gibbon 2005 3603:Gibbon 2005 3173:Gibbon 2005 3133:Japan Times 2985:Gibbon 2005 2469:of central 2335:Tori Busshi 2308:entablature 2277:calligraphy 2053:Kitora Tomb 1997:(wind god) 1931:Pope Paul V 1708:, or other 1648:calligraphy 1580:crucifixion 1547:hashigakari 1475:Ōura Church 1392:Daibutsuden 1335:Daibutsuden 1048:Nijō Castle 797:and later). 776:lacquerware 744:Asuka, Nara 467:Daibutsuden 332:Tōshōdai-ji 220:prefectural 158:lacquerware 150:calligraphy 148:; works of 6245:Categories 5688:Sculptures 5638:Residences 5089:2009-05-15 4976:2009-05-15 4951:2011-05-08 4903:2010-11-04 4811:2009-06-13 4766:2009-06-16 4736:2009-06-14 4675:2010-07-02 4650:2009-12-12 4621:2009-12-12 4592:2009-09-10 4561:2009-09-10 4530:2009-05-22 4499:2009-05-22 4468:2009-08-27 4440:2009-09-29 4382:2009-06-04 4351:2009-05-14 4326:2009-11-30 4292:2009-05-13 4258:2010-01-03 4211:2010-11-04 4179:2009-05-11 4144:2023-07-01 4114:2018-10-19 4084:2009-11-14 4059:2009-11-14 4049:Bizen city 4030:2009-11-14 3999:2009-11-23 3973:2009-11-23 3944:2009-11-23 3913:2009-11-23 3847:2019-10-19 3818:2015-09-08 3787:2009-12-01 3708:2009-12-15 3586:2011-08-29 3512:2009-11-30 3481:2010-05-24 3392:2017-12-17 3328:2009-11-23 3297:2009-11-23 3199:2009-12-16 3146:2009-12-02 3087:2010-05-24 2900:2010-05-24 2812:References 2485:(64), and 2389:Statistics 2331:Shakyamuni 2232:Akihagi-jō 2200:belong to 2196:; and the 2079:Sculptures 1950:Edo period 1892:Shō family 1808:Non-swords 1694:kōkoshiryō 1652:Edo period 1559:Edo period 1497:, and the 1410:and 31 in 1400:Edo period 1310:of Japan. 1271:Edo period 911:kenzōbutsu 896:Categories 841:Seihaku-ji 334:, and the 279:Shākyamuni 273:("abolish 255:families. 5987:Monuments 5683:Paintings 5403:484789120 5152:Routledge 5127:Routledge 5062:Habu 2004 5050:Habu 2004 4665:"伊能忠敬記念館" 4611:Naha city 4367:日高村文化財国宝 4316:Hachinohe 4245:0495-7873 4160:額田寺伽藍並条里図 3737:Deal 2007 3141:0447-5763 2817:Citations 2805:in Tokyo. 2790:recommend 2647:from the 2460:Tokushima 2162:Kōfuku-ji 2032:; 24 are 2030:emakimono 1975:Paintings 1943:Ceylonese 1870:in prayer 1626:Valuable 1487:mausoleum 1457:stage in 1448:sono hoka 1259:haraedono 1161:Matsumoto 1103:teahouses 1069:from the 1021:retainers 829:Zuigan-ji 752:Kashihara 732:Heian-kyō 724:Heijō-kyō 644:When the 568:Nandaimon 549:teahouses 518:In 1931, 398:Itō Chūta 373:owned by 355:curricula 298:Daijō-kan 218:, public 5745:Category 5579:Archived 5458:(1958). 4577:本宮御料古神宝類 4546:厳島神社古神宝類 3994:Tōdai-ji 3934:Hōryū-ji 3903:Hōryū-ji 3318:Hōryū-ji 3287:Hōryū-ji 2792:repairs. 2659:See also 2499:Hōryū-ji 2456:Miyazaki 2448:Hokkaido 2327:Hōryū-ji 2208:Writings 2180:and the 2158:Hōryū-ji 2146:Kamakura 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