273:), having dropped the word "Amalgamated", the union continued to experience financial difficulties and low membership. From the summer of 1910 the union worked to promote a national seamen's strike to combat the Shipping Federation. This finally took place in the summer of 1911. The union's control over the movement was incomplete. In many ports rank and file strike committees and activists played a more important organisational role than the union itself, and the union's long-standing programme was over-shadowed by demands for wage increases. Nonetheless, the strike greatly increased both the funds and the membership of the union, allowing it to emerge once again as a significant force. Following the strike-wave, the union gained official recognition from many shipowners.
1117:
496:. However, after the death of Havelock Wilson in 1929, the NUS quickly began to pursue a more mainstream policy and became reconciled with the rest of the trade union movement. It adopted the title 'National Union of Seamen' in 1926. The term failed to recognise that women were also members; some seawomen had earlier organized in an unsuccessful Guild of Stewardesses.
543:. That belatedly brought the NUS into line with the general practices of the trade union movement. More importantly, it brought greater connection to the union. Seafarers could be away from home for months or years and so "a union man" on board, not far off in the Clapham headquarters, enhanced solidarity.
252:
and other important centres in 1891–1893. These episodes depleted its funds and led to a large fall in membership. The union also became involved in a large number of expensive legal cases. Although partly due to the actions of shipowners, the difficulties experienced by the union in this period have
595:
The NUS re-affiliated to the Labour Party in 1931, and sponsored unsuccessful candidates at several general elections; generally in safe
Conservative seats, hoping to later sponsor a candidate in a winnable constituency. By 1960, it enjoyed a close relationship with the party and, unusually, every
499:
By 1932, the Seamen's
Minority Movement was 1,000-strong (less than a hundredth of the maritime workforce). Attempts were made among SMM black activists to combat the notorious postwar racism. Race riots had occurred in seaports such as South Shields, Liverpool and Cardiff. Also, the union itself
287:
Contemporaries often regarded the NSFU as a militant organisation because of the strikes in which it had involved itself in the late 1880s and in 1911. Yet from its inception the union expressed a belief in the possibility of industrial harmony, and announced itself in favour of establishing
202:
551:
On 16 May 1966, the NUS launched its first national strike since 1911. The strike aimed to secure higher wages and to reduce the working week from 56 to 40 hours. It was widely supported by union members and caused great disruption to shipping, especially in
488:. Criticism of the NSFU became increasingly widespread with its apparent role in the 1925 Special Restriction (Coloured Alien Seamen) Order, which is seen as the first path-breaking attempt to expel non-British-born people; its failure to observe the
421:, the union began collaborating closely with the Admiralty and shipowners in support of the war effort. From 1916, Havelock Wilson emerged as one of the most vehement supporters of the war in the labour movement, ostensibly because of
456:
In 1922, the arrangements were extended by the establishment of the "PC5 system", which was intended to allow the
Shipping Federation and the union to exercise joint control over access to employment in the shipping industry.
460:
In 1921, the
National Maritime Board imposed wage reductions, which were supported by the NSFU. The acceptance of cuts in pay provoked considerable resistance from ordinary seafarers and from the rival organisations: the
485:
40:
236:
and other major ports. By 1889, it had 45 branches and a nominal membership of 80,000. But from 1890, it began to face determined resistance from shipowners, who formed an association, the
157:
528:
there were widespread calls for reform of the NUS. Many members felt that the union was too closely associated with the employers and that it had failed to defend its members' interests.
505:
481:
500:
felt a duty to support its white
British-born members first during times of high unemployment. Key SMM figures in the 1920s and 1930s included Barbados-born, London-based
253:
also been attributed to its officials' taste for litigation and their inadequate handling of union finances. In 1893, the NASFU went into voluntary liquidation to avoid
350:
469:. Other sections of the trade union and labour movement were also strongly critical of the NSFU's detrimental collusion with employers. That was especially the
190:
50:
512:
Movement widened the SMM's links and brought international attention to the NUS's failure to back the largest black and minority ethnic workforce in
Britain.
946:
914:
882:
850:
793:
761:
1533:
1528:
448:
as a governing body for the merchant marine. The union's involvement in it allowed it to negotiate directly with shipowners over wages and conditions.
425:'s conduct of the war at sea, especially the alleged targeting of non-combatant vessels. In 1917 the Union provoked controversy by refusing to convey
699:
667:
1208:
Laura Tabili, "The
Construction of Racial Difference in Twentieth-Century Britain: The Special Restriction (Coloured Alien Seamen) Order, 1925",
635:
1553:
161:
492:
in 1926; and its support of a "non-political" Miners' Union in
Nottinghamshire. In September 1928, the Union was officially expelled from the
1543:
1498:
532:, building on the earlier Minority Movement, were established in many ports, and unofficial strikes took place in 1947, 1955 and 1960. A
567:
The political importance of the strike was enormous: the disruption of trade had an adverse effect on the United
Kingdom's (precarious)
377:
1548:
470:
477:, intended as a viable alternative to the NSFU. Further wage reductions were made in 1923, and 1925, which again outraged members.
571:, provoked a run on the pound and threatened to undermine the government's attempts to keep wage increases below 3.5%. The Labour
820:
729:
1503:
474:
466:
1538:
323:
20:
1523:
1481:
788:
845:
580:
24:
1221:
Christian Høgsbjerg, "Mariner, renegade and castaway: Chris
Braithwaite, seamen's organiser and Pan-Africanist",
583:
to bring down his administration. On 23 May, a week after the outbreak of the strike, the Government declared a
1403:
1161:
240:, to co-ordinate their strike-breaking and anti-union activity. The union fought and lost defensive actions in
675:
358:
221:
became its president. It quickly spread to other ports and had become genuinely national by the end of 1888.
539:
A degree of reform was conceded in 1962, with the decision to allow a system of workplace representation by
186:
1077:
1040:
462:
281:
1130:
1028:
1022:
438:
597:
210:
941:
909:
877:
756:
724:
694:
662:
630:
1122:
445:
153:
1508:
489:
473:, which helped to merge the rival organisations referred to above into a new organisation, the
1010:
493:
145:
284:. At a national level, however, the NSFU was able to maintain and increase its supremacy.
8:
568:
237:
584:
405:
Wilson was primarily sponsored by the Liberal Party, while Bell described himself as a
293:
241:
1477:
1399:
1363:
1347:
1328:
1312:
1296:
1282:"List of Parliamentary Labour candidates and election results, February 23rd, 1950".
1157:
998:
501:
297:
149:
288:
conciliation procedures. The leadership of the union was not greatly influenced by '
587:, but emergency powers were not used. The strike finally came to an end on 1 July.
430:
426:
406:
1227:, October–December 2011, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 36–57, doi: 10.1177/0306396811414114.
300:
until 1919. Indeed, at the 1918 general election, it sponsored three candidates:
1065:
1059:
986:
385:
218:
127:
119:
196:
39:
1223:
1192:
1102:
1016:
1004:
992:
643:
579:, was strongly critical of the strike, alleging that it had been taken over by
572:
331:
182:
123:
91:
1267:"List of Endorsed Labour Candidates and Election Results, November 14, 1935".
504:(Chris Jones). His connections with many antiracist initiatives including the
1517:
1046:
954:
922:
890:
858:
801:
769:
737:
601:
576:
540:
135:
292:'. Its founder and president, J. Havelock Wilson, served several terms as a
1034:
525:
276:
In 1911/1912 the growth of the NSFU was checked by a breakaway movement in
1469:
561:
521:
509:
418:
277:
178:
600:. In 1970, it finally secured its first sponsored Member of Parliament,
1465:
1092:
254:
1494:
1446:
The Strike and the Split – The NSFU and BSU in Southampton, 1911–1913
1435:
Power in trade unions: a study of their organization in Great Britain
1178:
The Strike and the Split – The NSFU and BSU in Southampton, 1911–1913
557:
434:
289:
233:
185:
from the late 1880s to 1990. In 1990, the union amalgamated with the
1380:"Parliamentary Labour candidates and election results, 3 May 1979".
260:
224:
In 1888 and 1889 the union fought a number of successful strikes in
1445:
1097:
131:
1382:
Report of the Seventy-Eighth Annual Conference of the Labour Party
201:
1368:
Report of the Seventy-Third Annual Conference of the Labour Party
1352:
Report of the Seventy-Third Annual Conference of the Labour Party
422:
249:
245:
225:
77:
1301:
Report of the Fifty-Eighth Annual Conference of the Labour Party
1333:
Report of the Sixty-Ninth Annual Conference of the Labour Party
1317:
Report of the Sixty-Fifth Annual Conference of the Labour Party
553:
229:
1116:
1088:
Prominent figures who have held positions in the NUS include:
197:
National Amalgamated Sailors' and Firemen's Union (1887–1893)
480:
Militant resistance to the NSFU was expressed through the
444:
A further development in 1917 was the formation of the
1453:
The Seamen – a history of the National Union of Seamen
191:
National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers
51:
National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers
1112:
280:
and Glasgow which led to the formation of the rival
1269:
Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party
409:candidate. Cathery ran in the name of the union.
382:
296:MP, and the union itself did not affiliate to the
825:
640:
328:
261:National Sailors' and Firemen's Union (1894–1926)
215:National Amalgamated Sailors' and Firemen's Union
1515:
951:
919:
887:
855:
798:
766:
734:
704:
596:one of its local branches was affiliated to its
672:
355:
1197:British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–49
441:to discuss the possibility of a peace policy.
437:, which had been convened in the wake of the
1499:Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
1284:Report of the Conference of the Labour Party
1254:Trade Unions and the Labour Party since 1945
1083:
515:
1343:
1341:
1534:Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
1460:Historical Directory of Trade Unions:Vol 3
604:, who became a prominent national figure.
38:
1529:1887 establishments in the United Kingdom
1236:
1151:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1357:
1338:
1251:
433:to a conference of socialist parties in
200:
16:Former trade union of the United Kingdom
1241:. Oxford: Malthouse Press. p. 135.
1188:
1186:
1156:. London: Pluto Press. pp. 50–54.
1147:
1145:
1516:
1256:. Liverpool: George Allen & Unwin.
1237:Marsh, Arthur; Ryan, Victoria (1989).
979:
471:National Transport Workers' Federation
1554:Water transport in the United Kingdom
1412:
1388:
1373:
1322:
1306:
1290:
267:National Sailors' and Firemen's Union
1504:BBC – Report on 1966 seamen's strike
1275:
1260:
1183:
1170:
1142:
536:was established in the latter year.
486:Transport Workers' Minority Movement
1544:Trade unions disestablished in 1990
590:
524:made the union stronger. After the
21:National Union of Seamen of America
13:
1458:Arthur Marsh & Victoria Ryan,
1451:Arthur Marsh & Victoria Ryan,
451:
209:The Seamen's Union was founded in
14:
1565:
1488:
1474:The Making of the Labour Movement
1152:Eaton, Jack; Gill, Colin (1981).
534:National Seamen's Reform Movement
475:Amalgamated Marine Workers' Union
467:National Union of Ship's Stewards
1549:Trade unions established in 1887
1115:
25:National Union of Seamen (Ghana)
19:For similarly named unions, see
1398:. BBC Data Publications. 1983.
1245:
1230:
1215:
1202:
506:Colonial Seamen's Organisation
412:
1:
1495:Catalogue of the NUS archives
1136:
1052:
974:
351:Kingston upon Hull South West
181:of merchant seafarers in the
187:National Union of Railwaymen
7:
1108:
484:(founded 1924) part of the
10:
1570:
1210:Journal of British Studies
1131:Eastcote, Northamptonshire
546:
482:Seamen's Minority Movement
265:Relaunched in 1894 as the
76:Maritime House, Old Town,
18:
1252:Harrison, Martin (1960).
1212:33 (January 1994): 54–98.
1154:The Trade Union Directory
1084:Other prominent officials
846:1974 Oct general election
789:1974 Feb general election
787:
598:Constituency Labour Party
516:Postwar growth of dissent
141:
113:
101:
83:
72:
64:
56:
46:
37:
1524:National Union of Seamen
530:Rank and File Committees
463:British Seafarers' Union
282:British Seafarers' Union
171:National Union of Seamen
33:National Union of Seamen
1539:Seafarers' trade unions
1123:Organized labour portal
947:Kingston upon Hull East
915:Kingston upon Hull East
883:Kingston upon Hull East
851:Kingston upon Hull East
794:Kingston upon Hull East
762:Kingston upon Hull East
446:National Maritime Board
1433:Victor Leonard Allen,
1396:General Election Guide
417:After the outbreak of
206:
1011:William Robert Spence
942:1987 general election
910:1983 general election
878:1979 general election
757:1970 general election
725:1966 general election
695:1959 general election
663:1950 general election
631:1935 general election
494:Trades Union Congress
204:
1476:(Nottingham, 1994),
700:Liverpool West Derby
668:Portsmouth Langstone
177:) was the principal
1199:, pp. 97, 138, 158.
980:General Secretaries
569:balance of payments
238:Shipping Federation
34:
1509:The Marine Society
1462:(Aldershot, 1987).
636:Birmingham Yardley
585:state of emergency
439:Russian Revolution
217:. Its founder, J.
207:
32:
999:William J. Davies
972:
971:
520:The NUS's almost-
502:Chris Braithwaite
403:
402:
167:
166:
1561:
1438:
1431:
1410:
1409:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1384:: 406–431. 1979.
1377:
1371:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1286:: 179–198. 1950.
1279:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1213:
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1181:
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1168:
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1149:
1125:
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1119:
959:
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957:
927:
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895:
894:
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863:
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861:
831:
830:
829:
806:
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804:
774:
773:
772:
742:
741:
740:
710:
709:
708:
680:
679:
678:
648:
647:
646:
607:
606:
591:Election results
526:Second World War
431:Ramsay MacDonald
427:Arthur Henderson
407:Coalition Labour
390:
389:
388:
363:
362:
361:
336:
335:
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303:
302:
94:
47:Merged into
42:
35:
31:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1514:
1513:
1491:
1455:(Oxford, 1989).
1441:
1432:
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1191:
1184:
1175:
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1164:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1086:
1066:Havelock Wilson
1060:Samuel Plimsoll
1055:
987:Havelock Wilson
982:
977:
953:
952:
921:
920:
889:
888:
857:
856:
827:
826:
800:
799:
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767:
736:
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706:
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674:
673:
642:
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593:
549:
518:
454:
452:Interwar period
415:
386:Havelock Wilson
384:
383:
357:
356:
330:
329:
263:
219:Havelock Wilson
213:in 1887 as the
205:Havelock Wilson
199:
128:Samuel Plimsoll
120:Havelock Wilson
116:
108:
104:
97:
90:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1551:
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1526:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:, held at the
1490:
1489:External links
1487:
1486:
1485:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1411:
1404:
1387:
1372:
1370:, pp. 391–411.
1356:
1354:, pp. 371–390.
1337:
1335:, pp. 289–312.
1321:
1319:, pp. 308–330.
1305:
1303:, pp. 179–201.
1289:
1274:
1259:
1244:
1229:
1224:Race and Class
1214:
1201:
1193:F. W. S. Craig
1182:
1169:
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1140:
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1103:Manny Shinwell
1100:
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1072:Post abolished
1068:
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1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1017:Charles Jarman
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1005:Edmund Cathery
1001:
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993:Edmund Cathery
989:
981:
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828:Malcolm Bailey
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644:Charles Jarman
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623:
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573:Prime Minister
548:
545:
517:
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490:general strike
453:
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183:United Kingdom
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124:Manny Shinwell
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1271:: 8–23. 1935.
1270:
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1047:Sam McCluskie
1044:
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955:John Prescott
950:
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923:John Prescott
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891:John Prescott
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802:John Prescott
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771:
770:John Prescott
765:
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739:
738:John Prescott
733:
731:
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707:Aubrey Paxton
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602:John Prescott
599:
588:
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582:
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577:Harold Wilson
574:
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555:
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541:shop stewards
537:
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531:
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378:South Shields
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294:Liberal Party
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137:
136:John Prescott
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
112:
109:45,654 (1980)
107:65,000 (1889)
106:
100:
93:
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79:
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71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
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30:
26:
22:
1473:
1459:
1452:
1434:
1395:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1364:Labour Party
1359:
1351:
1348:Labour Party
1332:
1329:Labour Party
1324:
1316:
1313:Labour Party
1308:
1300:
1297:Labour Party
1292:
1283:
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1238:
1232:
1222:
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1204:
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1177:
1172:
1153:
1087:
1071:
1035:Bill Hogarth
676:Percy Knight
613:Constituency
594:
566:
550:
538:
533:
529:
519:
498:
479:
459:
455:
443:
416:
404:
359:John R. Bell
306:Constituency
298:Labour Party
286:
275:
270:
266:
264:
223:
214:
208:
189:to form the
174:
170:
168:
142:Affiliations
73:Headquarters
29:
1470:Tony Topham
1444:WB Jones, "
562:Southampton
522:closed shop
510:Pan-African
419:World War I
413:World War I
278:Southampton
179:trade union
1518:Categories
1466:Ken Coates
1405:094635815X
1239:The Seamen
1176:WB Jones,
1163:0861043502
1137:References
1093:Joe Cotter
1078:Jim Slater
1053:Presidents
1041:Jim Slater
975:Leadership
821:New Forest
622:Percentage
581:Communists
315:Percentage
255:bankruptcy
211:Sunderland
115:Key people
1437:, p. 277.
1029:Jim Scott
1023:Tom Yates
730:Southport
625:Position
616:Candidate
558:Liverpool
435:Stockholm
318:Position
309:Candidate
290:socialism
234:Liverpool
103:Members
65:Dissolved
1109:See also
1098:Tom Mann
610:Election
508:and the
465:and the
132:Tom Mann
84:Location
547:Strikes
423:Germany
250:Cardiff
246:Bristol
226:Glasgow
193:(RMT).
78:Clapham
57:Founded
1480:
1468:&
1402:
1160:
1076:1986:
1070:1929:
1064:1894:
1058:1887:
1045:1986:
1039:1974:
1033:1962:
1027:1961:
1021:1948:
1015:1942:
1009:1928:
1003:1927:
997:1926:
991:1894:
985:1887:
962:27,287
930:23,615
898:39,411
866:34,190
834:12,737
809:41,300
777:36,859
745:12,798
713:19,386
683:17,691
651:18,879
554:London
393:19,514
324:Bootle
230:Seaham
150:Labour
619:Votes
366:5,005
339:7,235
312:Votes
1478:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1158:ISBN
965:56.3
933:49.9
901:62.5
869:62.4
837:20.4
812:70.0
780:71.4
748:29.2
716:46.0
686:35.4
654:42.3
560:and
429:and
396:75.2
369:30.9
342:37.0
271:NSFU
242:Hull
169:The
158:BSJC
68:1990
60:1887
23:and
175:NUS
162:ITF
154:NMB
146:TUC
1520::
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