443:
Protected Areas
Conservation, that would streamline the process for open communication between international agencies for the purpose of wilderness preservation. This committee was formed to gain insight on the benefits of wilderness preservation, establish open channels of communication between international agencies, and examine the cultural differences and similarities behind preservation efforts in each country. Within the U.S. system, all of the agencies responsible for wilderness preservation will work in cooperation with their international counterparts to determine the future of both the U.S. system and North American preservation efforts as a whole.
573:(1963, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1990): This Act established human health and welfare standards. It established Class I areas to be wilderness land greater than 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) and national parks that are greater than 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) that existed in 1977. This designation gives these areas special protection from the degradation of air quality by human-caused air pollution. This Act also requires states to develop and implement plans to reduce haze to natural levels by 2064 and calls for extensive monitoring of air quality related values (visibility, flora, fauna, soil, and water) across the nation.
210:, are responsible for the submission of new areas that fit the criteria to become wilderness to Congress. Congress then reviews these cases on a state by state basis and determines which areas and how much land in each area will become part of the WPS. There have been multiple occasions in which Congress designated more federal land than had been recommended by the nominating agency. Where as the Wilderness Act stipulated that a wilderness area must be "administered for the use and enjoyment of the American people in such a manner as will leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness", the
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20:
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659:(NLCS) includes over 886 federally recognized areas and more than 27 million acres (110,000 km) of land in the U.S. They aim to protect wilderness areas, as well as wild and scenic rivers, national monuments, and historic trails. It safeguards cultural sites and many Indian preserves of the western states. The mission of the NLCS is to "conserve, protect, and restore these nationally significant landscapes that are recognized for their outstanding cultural, ecological, and scientific values."
591:(1980): This Act specifically provided for the designation and conservation of public lands in Alaska. This added about 27 million acres (110,000 km) to the National Wilderness Preservation System along with several wild and scenic rivers. With this Act, Congress hoped to preserve the unaltered arctic areas as well as the tundra, boreal forests, and coastal rain forest ecosystems. It also helped to protect wildlife habitats for species who were dependent upon large undeveloped areas of land.
601:
561:: This Act, which was passed in 1964, classified and protected 54 wilderness areas (about 9.1 million acres) and established a system of adding new lands to the National Wilderness Preservation System. It also allowed jurisdiction over these wilderness areas by the Forest Service, National Park Service, or Fish and Wildlife Service. The Act also set up prohibitions on motorized and mechanized vehicles, timber harvest, and other means of development in these areas.
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567:(1970, 1975, 1982): This Act required federal agencies to consider and evaluate the environmental impacts of proposed actions. It also requires agencies to identify environmental impacts that are unavoidable and to evaluate all resources in the area before committing to a proposed action. This Act directs federal agencies to prepare and submit Environmental Impact Statements before development on public lands.
585:(1973, 1978, 1982)" This Act establishes a program to protect plants and animals that are being threatened with extinction. The Act recognizes certain plants and animals and establishes specific procedures for adding a species to the endangered list under a protective status. It also sets up programs with states across the U.S. as well as civil penalties for violation of this Act.
579:(1948, 1972, 1977, 1987): This Act aims at protecting healthy waters and restoring unhealthy ones. It establishes the structure of regulating pollutants that are discharged into water and for regulating quality standards of waters in the United States. It set up pollution control standards and made it illegal to dump pollutants into waters around the U.S. without a permit.
315:, and BLM lands; some units are managed by different agencies. Initially, the NWPS included 34 areas protecting 9.1 million acres (37,000 km) in the national forests. As of 2023, there are 806 areas in the NWPS, preserving 111,889,002 acres (45,279,873 ha). This is approximately 4.5% of the entire
434:, which measures just 6 acres (2.4 ha) total. The smallest area preserved in the system was formerly the Rocks and Islands Wilderness in Northern California at 5 acres (2.0 ha), but after a reassessment by the Bureau of Land Management in 2006 it was officially expanded to 19 acres (7.7 ha).
221:
provides criteria for lands being considered for wilderness designation. Though there are some exceptions, the following conditions must be present for an area to be included in the NWPS: (1) the land is under federal ownership and management, (2) the area consists of at least five thousand acres of
111:
on
September 3, 1964. The Wilderness Act mandated that the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service review all federal lands under their jurisdiction for wilderness areas to include in the NWPS. The first national forest wilderness areas were established by
75:
is defined as "an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain" and "an area of undeveloped
Federal land retaining its primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, which is protected and
641:
Established in 1940, this agency manages 150 million acres (610,000 km) of the
National Wildlife Refuge System, as well as thousands of small wetlands and other special land areas. Some of their contributions include protecting and conserving endangered species and their wildlife habitats
442:
On
November 7, 2009, an agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico entitled the "Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation for Wilderness Conservation" was made. This agreement created a new entity, the North American Intergovernmental Committee on Cooperation for Wilderness and
257:
policy. This policy sets guidelines for using the wilderness responsibly and leaving the area as it was before usage. These guidelines include: Packing all trash out of the wilderness, using a stove as opposed to a fire, camping at least 200 feet (61 m) from trails or water sources, staying on
478:
In late 2011, a full wilderness review was requested of the Arctic Refuge
Coastal Plain in Alaska. One of the major qualifications for this area to be considered as a possible wilderness area was its diverse wildlife population, many of which are on the endangered species list. In this potential
1351:(Fulcrum Publishing, 2004). Wilderness area by agency from www.wilderness.net. For consistency, all data used for percentage calculation are from Federal Land Management Agencies: Background on Land and Resource Management (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, RL30867, February 2001)
148:
was signed into law; designation of wilderness areas on BLM lands began in 1978. Over 200 wilderness areas have been created within Bureau of Land
Management administered lands since then, consisting of approximately 8.71 million acres (3,520,000 ha) in September 2015.
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governments also designate wilderness areas under their own authority and local laws. These are not federal areas, and the exact nature of protection may differ from federal laws. Some U.S. states have created wilderness preservation programs modeled on the NWPS.
535:: This Act declares public lands free and open for mineral exploration and occupancy. Procedures for mining claims and operations are established in this act as well as management of wilderness areas that contain minerals and other natural resources.
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land, (3) human influence is "substantially unnoticeable," (4) there are opportunities for solitude and recreation, and (5) the area possesses "ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, or historical value."
527:
Thousands of laws and policies have helped shape and manage the
National Wilderness Preservation System in the United States. The following Acts of Congress either directly affect the wilderness system or help influence wilderness management:
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During the 1950s and 1960s, as the
American transportation system was on the rise, concern for clean air and water quality began to grow. A conservation movement began to take place with the intent of establishing designated wilderness areas.
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As of August 2008, 704 separate wilderness areas, encompassing 107,514,938 acres (43,509,752 ha), had become part of the
National Wilderness Preservation System. On March 30, 2009, President Barack Obama signed into law the
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in the U.S., and 157 of them are represented in the system. With 60% of all ecosystems somewhat protected by the NWPS, much of the wildlife in the U.S. also has an area in which to exist without significant human interaction.
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Established in 1916, this agency helps protect more than 400 national park units. They also aid local tribes and governments, as well as non-profit organizations and businesses, by preserving local history and revitalizing
296:: limited use of motorized vehicles and construction of cabins and aquaculture are permitted. These exemptions were allowed due to the large amount of wilderness in Alaska and the concerns of subsistence users, including
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on December 2, 1980. A smaller spike in 1984 came with the passage of many bills establishing national forest wilderness areas identified by the Forest Service's Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE) process. The
47:
designated for preservation in their natural condition. Activity on formally designated wilderness areas is coordinated by the National Wilderness Preservation System. Wilderness areas are managed by four federal
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Most U.S. wilderness areas are in national forests, but the largest amount of wilderness land is administered by the National Park Service. The largest contiguous wilderness complex in the United States is the
654:
Established in 1812 as the General Land Office and later combined with the Grazing Service to become the Bureau of Land Management in 1946, this agency manages 247 million acres of public land. This agency's
549:: These Acts help protect and manage heritage resources on federal lands. They also aid in conserving valuable public and natural areas in order to protect objects of historic and scientific interest.
555:: This Act was established in 1916 by the National Park Service and was enacted to conserve the scenery, wildlife, and both natural and historic objects for the enjoyment of the American Public.
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marked trails, and keeping group size small. When closely observed, the Leave No Trace ethos ensures that wilderness areas remain untainted by human interaction. In general, the law prohibits
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became the first National Wildlife Refuge with formally designated wilderness in 1968. Wilderness areas in national parks followed, beginning with the designation of wilderness in part of
157:. The legislation designated an additional 2 million acres (810,000 ha) in nine states as wilderness, representing the largest expansion of wilderness lands since 1994. The
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are the top five states for wilderness, containing almost 80 percent of the acreage in the system. Wilderness totals in most eastern states are modest, with the exceptions of
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319:, though only about 2.7% of the 48 contiguous states. However, most of that acreage is located in a handful of states. The states with the highest number of wildernesses are
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Established in 1905, this agency manages public lands in national forests or grasslands, which encompasses about 193 million acres (780,000 km) of land.
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have been designated, totaling 111,889,002 acres (45,279,873 ha; 452,798.73 km; 174,826.566 sq mi), which comprise about 4.5% of the
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of 1975, which added 16 national forest areas to the NWPS, allowed for the inclusion of areas that had been severely modified by human interference.
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created the first draft of the Wilderness Act in 1956. It took nine years and 65 rewrites before the Wilderness Act was finally passed in 1964. The
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Wilderness areas are subject to specific management restrictions; human activities are limited to non-motorized recreation (such as
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may designate an area as wilderness under the provisions of the Wilderness Act of 1964. Multiple agencies, including the
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One of the major goals of the Wilderness Preservation System is to provide undeveloped habitats for threatened or
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was not required to review its lands for inclusion in the NWPS until after October 21, 1976, when the
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470:. Many of the species found in the United States are represented in wilderness areas. There are 261 basic
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of 2019 added another 1.3 million acres (530,000 ha) in 43 new and expanded wilderness areas.
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The National Wilderness Preservation System: Area Administered by each Federal Agency (September 2014)
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253:, and other non-invasive activities. During these activities, patrons are asked to abide by the
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A dramatic spike in acreage added to the wilderness system in 1980 was due in large part to the
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The Wilderness Act protects exceptionally undisturbed natural areas and scenery, such as in the
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A special exemption to the rule against mechanized equipment is made for wilderness areas in
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971:"National Park Service: Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (Chapter 4)"
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at 12,743,329 acres (5,157,042 ha). The largest wilderness area outside Alaska is the
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458:, like this newt in the Cohutta Wilderness of North Georgia, are among the many types of
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1241:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Considers Wilderness for Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain"
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contains many of the largest areas protected under the act. In terms of total acres,
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The Enduring Wilderness: Protecting jalsdladslasjkladsjklads the Wilderness Act
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is a major consideration for addition into the wilderness preservation system.
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call this one area home for at least part of the year. This vast assortment of
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management category Ia (strict nature preserves) or Ib (wilderness areas).
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in southeastern California. The smallest area protected by the WPS is the
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104:(Public Law 88-577), which established the NWPS, was signed into law by
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339:. However, when measured in acres the list changes dramatically, as
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John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act
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1363:"California Public Resources Code - PRC § 5093.31 - FindLaw"
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1098:
Hoover, Katie; Johnson, Sandra L. (January 17, 2018).
1044:"HR 146: Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009"
76:managed so as to preserve its natural conditions".
946:"U.S. National Wilderness Preservation System Map"
282:in the Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas fall into
1218:. The WILD Foundation. 2009-11-07. Archived from
1066:"Senate Passes a Sweeping Land Conservation Bill"
1557:
1107:. Washington, DC: Congressional Resrach Service
604:Share of area managed by each agency as of 2012
589:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
547:Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979
371:. Wilderness areas exist in every state except
133:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
752:List of U.S. state and tribal wilderness areas
146:Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976
1413:
1097:
1023:"The National Wilderness Preservation System"
996:"Millions of Acres Win Wilderness Protection"
792:List of wilderness areas of the United States
171:List of wilderness areas of the United States
1429:Federal protected areas in the United States
1325:. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from
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1216:"North American Cooperation on Wilderness"
543:National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
155:Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009
16:Protection of wilderness areas in the U.S.
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770:California Wilderness Preservation System
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1138:. The Wilderness Society. Archived from
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599:
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437:
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1290:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
737:109,511,038 acres (44,317,545 ha)
33:National Wilderness Preservation System
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1064:Davenport, Coral (February 12, 2019).
893:"Wilderness Connect For Practitioners"
766:Maryland Wildlands Preservation System
700:36,165,620 acres (14,635,710 ha)
687:43,932,843 acres (17,778,991 ha)
657:National Landscape Conservation System
1566:Wilderness areas of the United States
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1401:
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713:20,702,488 acres (8,378,000 ha)
118:Craters of the Moon National Monument
1571:Protected areas of the United States
1247:. Audubon Society. 19 November 2015.
726:8,710,087 acres (3,524,847 ha)
642:and enforcing federal wildlife laws.
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522:
229:Wilderness boundary marker in Idaho
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1101:Wilderness: Issues and Legislation
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807:Bob Marshall (wilderness activist)
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1304:. U.S. Forest Service. 2012-01-12
1259:"Overview of Key Wilderness Laws"
921:"Environmental Timeline Overview"
565:National Environmental Policy Act
553:National Park Service Organic Act
127:Acres of wilderness added by year
1284:"Summary of the Clean Water Act"
1261:. Wilderness.net. Archived from
1160:. Wilderness.net. Archived from
948:. Wilderness.net. Archived from
923:. Wilderness.net. Archived from
416:Gates of the Arctic Wildernesses
39:) of the United States protects
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1154:"Recreation Use of Wilderness"
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787:IUCN protected area categories
709:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
635:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
303:Wilderness areas are parts of
85:land area of the United States
62:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
1323:"National Conservation Lands"
818:
114:The Great Swamp in New Jersey
1158:Wilderness Management Issues
837:"The Wilderness Act of 1964"
212:Eastern Wilderness Areas Act
190:lands in the United States,
112:the Wilderness Act itself.
7:
1445:Estuarine Research Reserves
774:
249:, horseback riding, etc.),
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533:General Mining Act of 1872
507:, and over 200 species of
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90:
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1000:CQ Almanac Online Edition
722:Bureau of Land Management
648:Bureau of Land Management
428:Pelican Island Wilderness
204:Fish and Wildlife Service
196:Bureau of Land Management
142:Bureau of Land Management
66:Bureau of Land Management
1485:Outstanding Natural Area
1465:Lakeshores and seashores
746:State-level counterparts
1380:"Wilderness Areas Maps"
868:"Wilderness Fast Facts"
539:Antiquities Act of 1906
479:wilderness area alone,
424:Death Valley Wilderness
403:Red Mountain Wilderness
180:High Schells Wilderness
1540:Wilderness Study Areas
1530:Wild and Scenic Rivers
1510:Research Natural Areas
677:designated wilderness
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583:Endangered Species Act
463:
462:protected by the NWPS.
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230:
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137:President Jimmy Carter
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102:Wilderness Act of 1964
28:
25:Ansel Adams Wilderness
1183:"Resource Management"
1136:"What is Wilderness?"
901:University of Montana
802:Wilderness study area
782:Conservation movement
683:National Park Service
610:National Park Service
603:
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447:Wildlife preservation
438:International efforts
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200:National Park Service
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135:, signed into law by
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54:National Park Service
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1288:Laws and Regulations
274:vehicles (including
81:806 wilderness areas
1193:on 29 December 2011
797:Natural environment
696:U.S. Forest Service
665:
623:U.S. Forest Service
280:grandfather clauses
251:scientific research
208:U.S. Forest Service
58:U.S. Forest Service
1470:Marine Sanctuaries
1440:Conservation Areas
1070:The New York Times
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468:endangered species
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1480:Natural Landmarks
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596:Managing agencies
523:Laws and policies
120:in Idaho in 1970.
109:Lyndon B. Johnson
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1545:Wildlife Refuges
1535:Wilderness Areas
1505:Recreation Areas
1460:Historical parks
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812:Howard Zahniser
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756:Some state and
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577:Clean Water Act
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509:migratory birds
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98:Howard Zahniser
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1373:External links
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1187:Wilderness.net
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305:national parks
298:Alaska Natives
287:protected area
255:Leave No Trace
219:Wilderness Act
169:Main article:
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1520:Scenic Areas
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79:As of 2023,
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1347:Table from
675:Agency land
493:polar bears
373:Connecticut
235:backpacking
1560:Categories
1455:Grasslands
1389:15 January
1333:2013-08-09
1308:2013-08-09
1302:"About Us"
1269:2012-03-09
1226:2013-08-09
1197:7 December
1168:2012-04-16
1111:27 January
1050:2009-04-08
1029:2008-08-19
1005:2019-08-19
981:2013-12-24
956:2005-12-03
931:2012-03-09
906:2021-04-18
877:August 19,
846:2012-03-06
819:References
545:, and the
472:ecosystems
456:Amphibians
361:Washington
349:California
321:California
272:mechanized
206:, and the
73:wilderness
64:, and the
1500:Preserves
1475:Monuments
1083:March 14,
1078:0362-4331
369:Minnesota
268:motorized
106:President
71:The term
41:federally
1495:Parkways
775:See also
501:muskoxen
405:, Nevada
389:Maryland
377:Delaware
276:bicycles
192:Congress
182:, Nevada
43:managed
1450:Forests
897:umt.edu
669:Agency
505:caribou
432:Florida
365:Florida
353:Arizona
325:Arizona
260:logging
247:fishing
243:hunting
239:camping
188:federal
91:History
1515:Rivers
1245:Alaska
1076:
758:tribal
734:Total
489:wolves
481:whales
420:Alaska
412:Noatak
391:, and
385:Kansas
359:, and
345:Alaska
341:Alaska
337:Oregon
335:, and
333:Alaska
329:Nevada
294:Alaska
264:mining
202:, the
198:, the
60:, the
56:, the
1490:Parks
1105:(PDF)
517:fauna
513:flora
485:seals
460:fauna
357:Idaho
1391:2024
1199:2011
1113:2018
1085:2019
1074:ISSN
879:2019
716:22%
703:18%
690:56%
515:and
414:and
381:Iowa
367:and
284:IUCN
217:The
37:NWPS
31:The
729:2%
418:in
270:or
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