2422:, by Nove, Alexander. 1991. (P.176): "Nationalisation arouses no enthusiasm, in the minds of most socialists and anti-socialists. It would probably be agreed that hopes which reposed on nationalisation have been disappointed. Conservatives hold that this is due to defects inherent in nationalisation, that private enterprise based on private ownership is inherently superior. (Mrs Thatcher's government tried to ensure that this was so by preventing essential investments and ordering the nationalized industries to sell off their more successful undertakings.)...The original notion was that nationalization would achieve three objectives. One was to dispossess the big capitalists. The second was to divert the profits from private appropriation to the public purse. Thirdly, the nationalized sector would serve the public good rather than try to make private profits...To these objectives some (but not all) would add some sort of workers' control, the accountability of management to employees."
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Nationalization may produce other effects, such as reducing competition in the marketplace, which in turn reduces incentives to innovation and maintains high prices. In the short run, nationalization can provide a larger revenue stream for government but may cause that industry to falter depending on
2407:
At the heart of its vision has been social or common ownership of the means of production. Common ownership and democratic control of these was far more central to the thought of the early socialists than state control or nationalization, which developed later. Nationalization in itself has nothing
2013:
Although sometimes undertaken as part of a strategy to build socialism, more commonly nationalization was also undertaken and used to protect and develop industries perceived as being vital to a nation's competitiveness (such as aerospace and shipbuilding), or to protect jobs in certain industries.
2049:
According to research by Paasha
Mahdavi, leaders who consider nationalization face a dilemma: "nationalize and reap immediate gains while risking future prosperity, or maintain private operations, thereby passing on revenue windfalls but securing long-term fiscal streams." He argues that leaders
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particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a 'co-operative commonwealth' could not be the result of the 'general nationalization of all industries' unless there was a change in 'the character of the state'
2113:
Due to political risks that are involved when countries engage in international business, it is important to understand the expropriation risks and laws within each of the countries in which business is conducted in order to understand the risks as an investor in that country.
2768:'The latter term, indeed, certainly is not perfect. First, it mixes "nation" ("whole") with the state, i.e. the ruling class. Second, it has shade of national states epoch. We keep it because it is absolutely rooted, though there are no logical grounds for its existence.'
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Therein precisely lies the rub; for, so long as the propertied classes remain at the helm, nationalisation never abolishes exploitation but merely changes its form — in the French, American or Swiss republics no less than in monarchist
Central, and despotic Eastern,
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Nationalization can have positive and negative effects. In 2019 research based on studies from
Greenwich University found that the nationalization of key services such as water, bus, railways and broadband in the United Kingdom could save ÂŁ13bn every year.
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is in power. A re-nationalization process may also be called "reverse privatization". Nationalization has been used to refer to either direct state-ownership and management of an enterprise or to a government acquiring a large controlling share of a
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Studies have found that nationalization follows a cyclical trend. Nationalization rose in the 1960s and 1970s, followed by an increase in privatization in the 80s and 90s, followed again by an increase in nationalization in the 2000s and 2010s.
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is often a topic of political disagreement and makes frequent appearances in debates between political candidates. A 2020 poll shows that a majority (63%) of
Americans support a nationalized healthcare system.
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for gradually transitioning to socialism. In this context, the goals of nationalization were to dispossess large capitalists, redirect the profits of industry to the public purse, and establish some form of
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is the seizure of private property by a public agency for a purpose deemed to be in the public interest. It may also be used as a penalty for criminal proceedings. Expropriation differs from
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in that the property owner is not compensated for the seized property. Unlike eminent domain, expropriation may also refer to the taking of private property by a
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986:. Some nationalizations take place when a government seizes property acquired illegally. For example, in 1945 the French government seized the car-maker
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919:. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone
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in 1999, to internationally positive effect. Likewise, the Suez Canal was nationalized multiple times throughout history. In
Germany, the
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However, nationalization is not a specifically socialist strategy, and
Marxism's founders were skeptical of its value. As Engels put it:
2050:"nationalize extractive resources to extend the duration of their power" by using "this increased capital to secure political support."
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2021:, nationalization was supported by social democratic and democratic socialist parties throughout Western Europe, such as the British
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2344:"A majority in Berlin's election just voted to strip 240,000 rentals from major landlords and fight the city's housing crisis"
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1023:. Historically, states have carried out nationalizations for various different purposes under a wide variety of different
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A re-nationalization occurs when state-owned assets are privatized and later nationalized again, often when a different
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basis. By contrast, nationalization does not necessarily imply social ownership and the restructuring of the
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nationalize 2 : to invest control or ownership of in the national government
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The
Corporate Governance of Banks – a concise discussion of concepts and evidence
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Nationalization has had varying levels of support throughout history. After the
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entity authorized by a government to take property in certain situations.
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Power grab: political survival through extractive resource nationalization
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Alistair, Mason; Pyper, Hugh (21 December 2000). Hastings, Adrian (ed.).
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Avoiding
Expropriation and Managing Political Risk in Emerging Market
2525:"Nationalisation of public services could save ÂŁ13billion every year"
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was nationalized in 2008 with positive revenue and net income since.
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as a precursor to the establishment of a socialist economic system.
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2748:, Vintage Books, A division of Random House, Inc., New York, 1999,
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Chang, Roberto; Hevia, Constantino; Loayza, Norman (March 2018).
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2143:. The term is also used to describe nationalization campaigns by
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2363:"Germany: Berlin locals vote to expropriate real estate giants"
2086:"Expropriation" redirects here. For the 1974 Chilean film, see
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1997:
Nationalization was one of the major mechanisms advocated by
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27:
Transfer of privately owned assets to the national government
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952:
2325:"Renault descendants demand payout for state confiscation"
982:
in that the government retains control of nationalized
923:. Industries often subject to nationalization include
2131:
The term appears as "expropriation of expropriators (
2070:by the Panamanian Government, which came under the
1011:Economists distinguish between nationalization and
2377:
2170:Letter from Engels to Max Oppenheim, 24 March 1891
895:) is the process of transforming privately owned
3750:
2669:
1006:voted to expropriate over 240,000 housing units
899:into public assets by bringing them under the
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2420:The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited
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2063:the motivations of the nationalizing party.
1978:
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2766:Economy of transition period, Chapter Seven
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2862:
2672:"Privatization and Nationalization Cycles"
2323:Chrisafis, Angelique (December 14, 2011).
1985:
1971:
970:Nationalization may occur with or without
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858:
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2380:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought
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2066:Nationalization was employed towards the
2510:"Nationalization | economic policy"
978:. Nationalization is distinguished from
3631:International Trade Union Confederation
2459:
1811:International Trade Union Confederation
14:
3751:
3636:International Union of Socialist Youth
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2723:A People's Tragedy: Russian Revolution
2622:"Lagebericht und Jahresabschluss 2021"
1816:International Union of Socialist Youth
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2025:. In the United States, potentially
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2384:. Oxford University Press. p.
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2218:List of nationalizations by country
1841:Network of Social Democracy in Asia
32:List of nationalizations by country
24:
2820:Time for Permanent Nationalization
25:
3790:
2930:Internationalist–defencist schism
2774:
2450:
2361:Berry, Alex (26 September 2021).
2223:List of privatizations by country
2126:
1102:Internationalist–defencist schism
965:commanding heights of the economy
911:. Nationalization contrasts with
846:Business and economics portal
2995:
2810:The importance of public banking
2342:Winck, Ben (27 September 2021).
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2967:Reformist–revolutionary dispute
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2303:"Definition of NATIONALIZATION"
2233:Nationalization of oil supplies
1139:Reformist–revolutionary dispute
2502:
2466:. Cambridge University Press.
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13:
1:
3221:Socialism of the 21st century
2822:by economist Fred Moseley in
2432:Jones, Bradley (2020-09-29).
2289:
1401:Socialism of the 21st century
741:Commons-based peer production
461:Socialism of the 21st century
3641:Party of European Socialists
3099:Negative and positive rights
2837:Davies, Albert Emil (1922).
2800:Resources in other libraries
2575:. 2006-11-06. Archived from
2153:collectivization in the USSR
1821:Party of European Socialists
1269:Negative and positive rights
7:
2629:Bundesdruckerei Gruppe GMBH
2553:Corporate Finance Institute
2190:
2044:publicly listed corporation
10:
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2523:Ellis, Mark (2019-11-24).
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3656:Young European Socialists
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2795:Resources in your library
2688:10.1017/S1365100516000195
2646:. Routledge. p. 251.
2179:also criticised the term
2117:
2095:Alienation (property law)
1836:Young European Socialists
235:Socialist-oriented market
3054:Environmental protection
2644:Encyclopedia of the City
2460:Mahdavi, Paasha (2021).
2203:Constitutional economics
2027:nationalizing healthcare
2008:workers' self-management
1219:Environmental protection
3651:Socialist International
3126:Revolutionary socialism
2846:Encyclopædia Britannica
2840:"Nationalization"
2828:, January/February 2009
2253:Railway nationalization
1831:Socialist International
1296:Revolutionary socialism
990:because its owners had
980:property redistribution
3211:Evolutionary socialism
2676:Macroeconomic Dynamics
2183:, preferring the term
2174:
2072:Panama Canal Authority
1391:Evolutionary socialism
972:financial compensation
963:(sometimes called the
3146:Social market economy
3084:Left-wing nationalism
2910:Frankfurt Declaration
2642:Caves, R. W. (2004).
2472:10.1017/9781108781350
2309:. 13 September 2024.
2160:
1316:Social market economy
1254:Left-wing nationalism
1082:Frankfurt Declaration
1001:. In September 2021,
3646:Progressive Alliance
3201:Democratic socialism
2905:Age of Enlightenment
2812:, article on Indian
2746:Property and Freedom
1958:Socialism portal
1930:Economics portal
1826:Progressive Alliance
1381:Democratic socialism
1077:Age of Enlightenment
771:Newly industrialized
514:Collective ownership
375:Vertical archipelago
3501:Liebknecht (father)
2977:Revolutions of 1848
2825:Dollars & Sense
2438:Pew Research Center
2198:Compulsory purchase
1944:Politics portal
1686:Liebknecht (father)
1343:Structural violence
1234:Institutional abuse
1149:Revolutions of 1848
999:occupiers of France
994:with the 1940–1944
905:national government
756:Inclusive Democracy
3715:Types of socialism
3704:The Internationale
3136:Social corporatism
2987:Welfare capitalism
2602:www.britannica.com
2598:"Britannica Money"
2168:Friedrich Engels,
2141:October Revolution
1909:Types of socialism
1898:The Internationale
1306:Social corporatism
1159:Welfare capitalism
925:telecommunications
694:Material balancing
176:Buddhist economics
3746:
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3216:Liberal socialism
3206:Ethical socialism
2982:Utopian socialism
2920:Godesberg Program
2915:French Revolution
2781:Library resources
2660:. Lexology. p. 1.
2549:"Nationalization"
2365:. Deutsche Welle.
2088:The Expropriation
2054:Economic analysis
1995:
1994:
1396:Liberal socialism
1386:Ethical socialism
1154:Utopian socialism
1092:Godesberg Program
1087:French Revolution
1035:Political support
1025:political systems
921:renationalization
882:
881:
392:By regional model
186:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
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3779:Social democracy
3769:Economic systems
3738:Socialism portal
3728:Economics portal
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3506:Liebknecht (son)
3271:Batlle y Ordóñez
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1021:economic system
953:postal services
917:demutualization
893:British English
889:nationalisation
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791:Post-capitalist
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2775:External links
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2682:(2): 331–361.
2662:
2656:Flynn, Chris.
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2149:dekulakization
2137:Marxist theory
2133:ruling classes
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2743:Richard Pipes
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2731:0-7126-7327-X
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2719:Orlando Figes
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2631:. 2023-02-27.
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607:Mutualization
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300:Decentralized
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257:Social credit
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225:Participatory
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136:Social market
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131:Protectionist
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111:Laissez-faire
109:
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49:
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44:
40:
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36:
33:
19:
3093:
3079:Labor rights
2962:Nordic model
2935:Keynesianism
2844:
2823:
2785:
2765:
2761:
2745:
2738:
2722:
2714:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2643:
2637:
2628:
2616:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:the original
2567:
2556:. Retrieved
2552:
2543:
2532:. Retrieved
2528:
2518:
2504:
2493:. Retrieved
2462:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2399:. Retrieved
2379:
2371:
2356:
2347:
2337:
2329:The Guardian
2328:
2318:
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2306:
2297:
2278:State sector
2208:Confiscation
2184:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2068:Panama Canal
2065:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2032:
2023:Labour Party
2016:
2012:
1996:
1949:
1935:
1921:
1263:
1249:Labor rights
1134:Nordic model
1107:Keynesianism
1010:
992:collaborated
969:
933:fossil fuels
920:
888:
884:
883:
711:Peer-to-peer
706:Self-managed
641:Coordination
611:
577:Deregulation
262:Distributist
116:Mercantilist
35:
3173:Tripartisme
3168:Trade union
3074:Land reform
2955:Revisionist
2756:, page 214.
2185:statisation
1348:Trade union
1244:Land reform
1127:Revisionist
816:Traditional
766:Manorialism
761:Information
735:Other types
721:Open access
684:Cybernetics
426:Anglo-Saxon
411:Singaporean
370:Underground
365:Subsistence
270:Corporatist
245:Syndicalist
205:Communalist
91:Associative
85:By ideology
58:Major types
3753:Categories
3606:Woodsworth
3431:Hilferding
3291:Betancourt
3281:Ben-Gurion
3156:Capitalism
3131:Secularism
3064:Gradualism
3059:Fair trade
3027:Industrial
2697:10986/4227
2607:2024-09-15
2583:2024-09-15
2558:2021-09-29
2534:2020-01-06
2495:2020-03-12
2443:2024-09-15
2401:8 December
2290:References
2147:, such as
2093:See also:
1606:Hilferding
1471:Betancourt
1461:Ben-Gurion
1353:Tripartism
1326:Capitalism
1301:Secularism
1229:Gradualism
1224:Fair trade
1197:Industrial
821:Transition
781:Plantation
689:Indicative
551:Transition
401:East Asian
172:Religious
148:Democratic
121:Neoliberal
106:Democratic
96:Capitalist
64:Capitalism
30:See also:
3774:Ownership
3710:Socialism
3698:Communism
3665:By region
3611:Zhordania
3551:Plekhanov
3516:MacDonald
3511:Luxemburg
3406:Gaitskell
3366:Daszyński
3326:Callaghan
3286:Bernstein
3226:Third Way
3161:Socialism
3119:Socialism
3109:Reformism
3044:Dirigisme
3017:Democracy
2972:Socialism
2706:1365-1005
2490:243736481
2331:. London.
2187:instead.
1999:reformist
1904:Socialism
1892:Communism
1853:By region
1791:Zhordania
1731:Plekhanov
1701:MacDonald
1696:Luxemburg
1581:Gaitskell
1541:Daszyński
1506:Callaghan
1466:Bernstein
1406:Third Way
1331:Socialism
1289:Socialism
1279:Reformism
1209:Dirigisme
1187:Democracy
1144:Socialism
1017:socialist
1003:Berliners
915:and with
786:Plutonomy
667:Regulated
496:Voluntary
422:European
275:Feudalism
220:Mutualist
210:Communist
200:Socialist
181:Christian
101:Corporate
74:Communism
69:Socialism
3576:Stauning
3496:LĂ©vesque
3481:Lassalle
3461:Kerensky
3451:Katayama
3416:González
3351:Crosland
3331:Cárdenas
3316:Branting
3246:Ambedkar
3193:Variants
3022:Economic
3005:Concepts
2950:Orthodox
2925:Humanism
2725:, 1996,
2191:See also
2166:—
1761:Stauning
1681:LĂ©vesque
1666:Lassalle
1646:Kerensky
1636:Katayama
1626:Jumblatt
1591:González
1526:Crosland
1511:Cárdenas
1496:Branting
1426:Ambedkar
1375:Variants
1192:Economic
1171:Concepts
1122:Orthodox
1097:Humanism
1044:a series
1042:Part of
984:property
945:iron ore
941:airlines
937:railways
674:Planning
325:Informal
310:Dirigist
163:Georgist
158:Feminist
43:a series
41:Part of
3691:Related
3677:Germany
3672:Austria
3596:Whitlam
3586:Den Uyl
3566:Sanders
3561:Russell
3531:Morales
3521:Mandela
3456:Kautsky
3441:Jenkins
3421:Goulart
3376:Douglas
3266:Awolowo
3251:Allende
3178:Welfare
3037:Marxist
2945:Marxism
2896:History
2283:Statism
2163:Europe.
2108:private
2039:faction
1886:Related
1864:Germany
1859:Austria
1781:Whitlam
1771:Den Uyl
1751:Sanders
1746:Sánchez
1741:Russell
1706:Mandela
1641:Kautsky
1621:Jenkins
1596:Goulart
1551:Douglas
1446:Awolowo
1431:Allende
1358:Welfare
1117:Marxism
1070:History
988:Renault
716:Sharing
679:In kind
627:Marxist
519:Commons
486:Private
475:Sectors
446:Rhenish
416:Keralan
406:Chinese
380:Virtual
360:Sharing
350:Planned
340:Natural
305:Digital
193:Islamic
153:Fascist
141:Welfare
3601:Wilson
3581:Thomas
3571:Savage
3536:Myrdal
3486:Layton
3466:KĂ©thly
3446:Junmai
3436:Jaurès
3426:Hardie
3411:Gandhi
3401:Fraser
3396:Engels
3391:Ecevit
3361:Curtin
3356:Corbyn
3336:Chávez
3311:Brandt
3296:Bhutto
3261:Attlee
3256:Ardern
3237:People
2783:about
2752:
2729:
2704:
2529:mirror
2488:
2478:
2392:
2135:)" in
2118:Trends
1786:Wilson
1766:Thomas
1756:Savage
1716:Myrdal
1671:Layton
1651:KĂ©thly
1631:Junmai
1616:Jaurès
1601:Hardie
1586:Gandhi
1576:Fraser
1571:Engels
1566:Ecevit
1536:Curtin
1531:Corbyn
1491:Brandt
1476:Bhutto
1441:Attlee
1436:Ardern
1419:People
976:owners
959:, and
897:assets
776:Palace
652:Market
647:Barter
491:Public
451:Soviet
436:Nordic
431:German
397:Asian
330:Market
3556:Prodi
3546:Palme
3541:Nehru
3491:Lenin
3476:Lagos
3386:Ebert
3381:Drees
3346:Craxi
3341:Clark
3321:Brown
3306:Blanc
3301:Blair
3276:Bebel
2816:banks
2625:(PDF)
2486:S2CID
1736:Prodi
1726:Palme
1721:Nehru
1676:Lenin
1661:Lagos
1611:İnönü
1561:Ebert
1556:Drees
1521:Craxi
1516:Clark
1501:Brown
1486:Blanc
1481:Blair
1456:Bebel
961:water
957:banks
949:media
909:state
903:of a
826:World
811:Token
701:Price
441:Dutch
335:Mixed
240:State
168:Green
3591:Webb
3526:Marx
3471:Kirk
3371:Debs
3114:Left
2750:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2702:ISSN
2476:ISBN
2403:2019
2390:ISBN
2151:and
1776:Webb
1711:Marx
1656:Kirk
1546:Debs
1284:Left
1027:and
996:Nazi
662:Open
657:Free
345:Open
320:Gift
315:Dual
2692:hdl
2684:doi
2468:doi
2386:677
2037:or
907:or
891:in
3755::
2843:.
2721:,
2700:.
2690:.
2680:22
2678:.
2674:.
2627:.
2600:.
2551:.
2527:.
2484:.
2474:.
2452:^
2436:.
2405:.
2388:.
2346:.
2327:.
2305:.
2155:.
2046:.
1046:on
1031:.
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951:,
947:,
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935:,
931:,
927:,
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2708:.
2694::
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2446:.
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