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resolutions on Puerto Rico were indispensable instruments." Castillo "called upon the United States
Government to assure the Puerto Rican people of their right to self-determination and human rights and immediately cease the persecution, arrests, and murders perpetrated against independence fighters. Vieques peace activists must be freed immediately, and the FBI's electronic surveillance and continued harassment of independence fighters must be stopped. The United States must also end its actions against basic human rights while fully implementing the United Nations resolution calling for a constituent assembly to begin decolonization." Castillo added that "Puerto Rico had its own national identity ... Since its 1898 invasion, the United States had tried to destroy the nationality of Puerto Rican people. It kept Puerto Rico in isolation, maintaining it as private corporation from which it earned billions a year ... exploitation had made foreigners richer and the Puerto Rican people poorer. The fact that Puerto Rico was the last territory in the world could not be hidden. Violation of rights there would cease only once it was a free and independent nation. The United States must provide compensation for what it had done to Puerto Rico's land and people."
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609:), which attempted to suppress the Nationalist Party and similar opposition. The Puerto Rican police arrested many Nationalist Party members under this law, some of whom were sentenced to lengthy prison terms. With a new political status pending for Puerto Rico as a Commonwealth, Albizu Campos ordered armed uprisings in several Puerto Rican towns to occur on October 30, 1950. In a related effort, two Nationalists also attempted to assassinate US President
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1139:, Senate president Rafael Martínez Nadal, and others. When Winship rose to speak, shots were fired at him, slaying police Colonel Luis Irizarry, who was seated next to the governor. The Nationalist Interim President M. Medina Ramírez repudiated the shooting and denied any involvement in it, but numerous Nationalists were arrested and convicted of participating in the shooting. Winship worked to repress the Nationalists.
1465:(The 5th Column) broke away from the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party due to not supporting the ideas and thoughts of Albizu Campos, as to a Puerto Rico relationship with Spain as its Mother country and their nationalistic love for Puerto Rico as their Motherland. The other reason for the splinter group was due to the violence that took place in the 1950s. This splinter group would later become known in 1968 as
1523:
1002:
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1318:. The police surrounded the house of the mother of Melitón Muñiz, the president of the Peñuelas Nationalist Party, that he was using as a distribution center for weapons for the Nationalist Revolt. Without warning, the police fired on the Nationalists and a firefight ensued, resulting in the death of two Nationalists and wounding of six police officers.
1537:
1083:) with Fulgencio Piñero, Emilio Belaval, Jose Davila Rice, Antonio Ayuyo Valdivieso, Manuel Diaz Garcia, and Franscisco M. Zeno, concluded that the events on March 21constituted a massacre. The report harshly criticized the repressive tactics and massive civil rights violations by the administration of Governor
1975:, Volume 71, Number 6. July 2009. National Council of Teachers of English. (Also appearing as "Colonial Research: A Preamble to a Case Study" in "Beyond the Archives: Research as a Lived Process", Gesa Kirsch and Liz Rohan, editors. Southern Illinois University Press.) Page 636. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
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in
Washington, D.C. The group opened fire with automatic pistols. Some 30 shots were fired (mostly by Cancel, according to his account), wounding five lawmakers. One of the congressmen, Representative Alvin Bentley from Michigan, was seriously wounded. On her arrest, Lebrón yelled "I did not come to
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and said that the
Nationalist Party "had appeared in the past to denounce colonialism in Puerto Rico and hoped the Special Committee would show its commitment to the island's struggle for self-determination, so that it could join the United Nations in its own right ... The Special Committee and its
744:
In 1914, the Puerto Rican House of
Delegates voted unanimously for independence from the United States. In 1917, the US Congress passed an act by which it granted citizenship to Puerto Rican residents. This was overwhelmingly opposed by the island's political leaders. Critics said the US was simply
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The point I am to make is that the
Governor himself through his military approach to things has helped keep Puerto Rico in an unnecessary state of turmoil. He seems to think that the political problem of Puerto Rico limits itself to a fight between himself and the Nationalists, that no holds are
939:
massacres. In these, government forces fired on unarmed civilians. After the Río
Piedras massacre, in December 1935, Albizu Campos announced that the Nationalist Party would withdraw from electoral participation while the United States kept control. Albizu Campos began to advocate direct, violent
914:
In 1924, Pedro Albizu Campos joined the party and was named vice-president. Alegría was named
Nationalist Party president in 1928 and held that position until 1930. By 1930, disagreements between Coll y Cuchi and Albizu Campos as to how the party should be run, led the former and his followers to
883:
The
Legislative Assembly appointed Alfonso Lastra Charriez as its emissary since he had French heritage and spoke the language fluently. Betances' remains arrived in San Juan on August 5, 1920. A funeral caravan organized by the Nationalist Association transferred the remains from San Juan to the
1394:, where Antonio Alicea, Jose Miguel Alicea, Francisco Campos (Albizu Campos's nephew), Osvaldo Perez Martinez and Ramon Pedrosa Rivera were arrested and accused of the murder of police corporal Aurelio Miranda during the revolt. Raul de Jesus was accused of violating the Insular Firearms Law.
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Special
Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process; Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader’s Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of Vieques (Issued on 13 June
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The Puerto Rican
Nationalist Party maintained that, as a matter of international law, the Treaty of Paris following the Spanish–American War could not have empowered the Spanish to "give" to the US what was no longer theirs. Under Albizu Campos's leadership during the years of the
810:. By 1940, in Honduras alone, the United Fruit Company owned 50 percent of all private land in the entire country. In Guatemala, the United Fruit Company owned 75 percent of all private land by 1942 – plus most of Guatemala's roads, power stations and phone lines, the only
1218:, sing patriotic songs, talk about independence, or fight for the liberation of the island, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both.
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of nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos. Soon thereafter, the Puerto Rican government arrested the leadership of the Nationalist party, including Pedro Albizu Campos. In two trials, they were convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United
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leave and return to the Union Party. Albizu Campos did not like what he considered to be Coll y Cuchí's attitude of fraternal solidarity with the enemy. On May 11, 1930, Pedro Albizu Campos was elected president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
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In the mid-1930s, there were disappointing electoral results and strong repression by the territorial police authorities. The party staged some protests that developed into celebrated incidents because of police overreaction: The October 1935
2524:
UN General Assembly. GA/COL/3138/Rev.1. 12 June 2006. UN Department of Public Information. News and Media Division. New York, New York. Special Committee on Decolonization. 8th & 9th Meetings (AM & PM). Retrieved 24 January 2014.
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of August 14, 1939. It is reported in the Cong. Rec., and various other publications elsewhere, that among those shot in their backs was a 7-year-old girl, Georgina Maldonado, who "was shot in the back while running to a nearby
3339:
1223:
Albizu Campos ordered Nationalist uprisings to take place on October 30, 1950 (they had originally been planned for 1952, when Commonwealth status was expected.) These involved a dozen or so skirmishes throughout the
1469:(The Taino Indian Movement of Puerto Rico) which was primarily made up of the children of the Puerto Rican Nationalists whom would come to establish the indigenous grassroots civil rights movement in Puerto Rico.
1409:. Santiago Díaz, who fought alone against the attackers for three hours, received five wounds, including one in the head. The battle was transmitted "live" via the radio airwaves to the public in general.
1052:) were arrayed against the marchers. They opened fire upon what a U.S. Congressman and others reported were unarmed and defenseless Cadets and bystanders alike, killing 19 and badly wounding over 200 more.
1367:. The hour-long shootout resulted in the death of four Nationalists: Domingo Hiraldo Resto, Carlos Hiraldo Resto, Manuel Torres Medina and Raimundo Díaz Pacheco. Three guards were also seriously wounded.
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1998:
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After Albizu Campos's death in 1965, the party dissolved into factions and members joined other parties, but some continue to follow the party's ideals in one form or another, often informally or
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in 1920. On September 17, 1922, these three political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Coll y Cuchi was elected president and José S. Alegría (father of
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Truman supported development of a constitution for Puerto Rico and the 1952 status referendum on it; 82% of the voters approved the constitution. The US Congress also approved the constitution.
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without schools. Rather than making these requested infrastructure and education investments, Allen's budget raided the Puerto Rican treasury. His administration re-directed tax revenues to
864:. Under Coll y Cuchí's presidency, the party convinced the Puerto Rican Legislative Assembly to approve an Act that would permit the transfer of the remains of the Puerto Rican patriot,
860:, felt that the Union Party was not doing enough for the cause of Puerto Rican independence. Coll y Cuchí and some followers left to form the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico in
830:
771:, which were entirely owned by Domino Sugar Company and U.S. banking interests. These bank syndicates also owned the entire coastal railroad, and the San Juan international seaport.
845:(Ponce Nationalist Association). Among its founders were Guillermo Salazar, Rafael Matos Bernier, J. A. González, and Julio César Fernández. These men also founded the newspaper
1065:. The march had been organized to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873, and to protest the incarceration by the
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A government investigation into the incident drew few conclusions. A second, independent investigation ordered by the US Commission for Civil Rights (May 5, 1937) led by
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On July 25, 1938, the municipality of Ponce organized celebrations to commemorate the American landing in 1898. This included a military parade and speeches by Governor
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ensued in the building, and one partisan fell to his death from a second floor interior balcony. The protest was condemned by the legislators Rafael Martínez Nadal and
686:. Though Allen had a business background, his financial administration of Puerto Rico was strikingly unsound. He ignored the appropriation requests of the Puerto Rican
2754:
1029:
On February 23, 1936, in San Juan, two Nationalists assassinated the Insular Police Chief and ex-U.S. Marine officer, E. Francis Riggs. The Nationalist perpetrators,
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1026:. This and other events led the party to announce on December 12, 1935, a boycott of all elections held while Puerto Rico remained part of the United States.
586:. Under the leadership of Albizu Campos, the party abandoned the electoral process in favor of direct armed conflict as means to gain independence from the
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1639:
249:
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1037:, were arrested, transported to police headquarters, and killed within hours without trial. No policeman was ever tried or indicted for their deaths.
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The origins of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party date to 1917, when a group of Union Party members in Ponce, dissatisfied with the attitude of the
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barred in that fight and that everybody else should keep out. As a matter of fact he has played the Nationalist game and they have played his.
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1164:, judge of the Federal Court in Puerto Rico. On May 12, 1939, Winship was summarily removed from his post as Governor by President Roosevelt.
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In 2013 the Puerto Rico Nationalist Party made a public demonstration of their pro-Independence commitment by protesting a speech from the
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Opponents to the colonial government argued that the profits generated by this arrangement were one-sided, enormous for the United States.
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interests. In 1901, Allen resigned as governor and installed himself as president of the largest sugar-refining company in the world, the
1009:. Police open fire on unarmed marchers and bystanders on Palm Sunday. The 19 dead included a 7-year-old girl, who was shot in the back.
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Many of these unarmed people were shot in the back while trying to run away – including a 7-year old girl, who died as a result. An
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2174:"Photos of police shooting with rifles (from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders) at bystanders running away"
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1405:. Believing that a group of Nationalists were inside the shop, they opened fire. The only person in the shop was Campos barber
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Luis Muñoz Marín, By A. W. Maldonado, Pg. 86, Publisher: La Editorial, Universidad de Puerto Rico, (December 1, 2006),
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in San Juan to protest a legislative proposal to establish the current Puerto Rican flag as the official flag of the
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Nationalist Party partisans were involved in a variety of dramatic and violent confrontations between 1930 and 1950:
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The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was formed as a direct response to the American colonial government. In 1919,
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By the 1920s, two other pro-independence organizations had formed on the Island: the Nationalist Youth and the
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is an autonomous organ of the party that recognizes, and is recognized by, the National Junta in Puerto Rico.
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574:-appointed governor, led to the assassination of two government officials, the attempted assassination of a
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In the 1930s, intimidation, repression and persecution of Party members by the government, then headed by a
3624:
3614:
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2025:"Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission, 70p, np, May 22, 1937"
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1044:. At the last moment, the permit was withdrawn, and the Insular Police (a force "somewhat resembling the
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1343:, a police station and post office were burned. The town was held by the Nationalists for three days.
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Soon afterward, two Nationalist partisans, among them Raimundo Díaz Pacheco, attempted to assassinate
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2313:"Strategy as Politics"; by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: Universidad de Puerto Rico; pg. 178;
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In 2006 and in representation of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, Jose Castillo spoke before the
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loans, built roads at double the costs of preceding administrations, and left 85% of the school-age
653:
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997:; and endorsed by others, including the future leader of the statehood party, Manuel García Méndez.
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culminated in the Utuado Massacre by the local police, in which five Nationalists were executed.
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617:, but the attempt failed. The last major armed event by the Nationalists occurred in 1954 at the
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Newsreel scenes in Spanish and in English of the attack on the U.S. Capitol led by Lolita Lebrón
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1971:. Washington State University, Program in American Studies. Common Reading Assignment. Also in
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resulted in the deaths of 4 Nationalist partisans and one policeman. The event is known as the
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Antonio R. Gómez. El Nuevo Dia. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. July 25, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
1938:
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supported all these economic exploits, and provided military "persuasion" whenever necessary.
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2354:"La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
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at the time, wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt which in part read as follows:
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The first American governor of Puerto Rico resigned to become Puerto Rico's first sugar baron
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Antonio R. Gómez. El Nuevo Dia. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
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The first battle of the Nationalist uprisings occurred in the early hours of October 29, in
1040:
On March 21, 1937, the Nationalist Party organized a peaceful march in the southern city of
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interested in increasing the size of its conscription pool to get soldiers for World War I.
470:
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601:), had gained an overwhelming number of seats in the legislature and, in 1948, it passed
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Newsreel scenes in English of the assassination attempt on U.S. President Harry S Truman
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acumen improved considerably when he returned to the U.S., and resumed his own personal
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Solidarity across the Americas: The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and Anti-imperialism
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Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Editor. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Professional Editions. 2018. p.15.
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By 1930, over 40 percent of all the arable land in Puerto Rico had been converted into
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on November 1, 1950, in an effort to call international attention to issues related to
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On November 18, 1955, a non-violent splinter group of nationalists calling themselves
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Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
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which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements on the
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652:(Charter of Autonomy). This Charter of Autonomy was signed by Spanish Prime Minister
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Its last president was Antonio "Toñito" Cruz Colón until his death in October 2014.
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for U.S. businessmen, railroad subsidies for U.S.-owned sugar plantations, and high
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3389:
3340:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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1962:
Victor Villanueva, "Colonial Memory and the Crime of Rhetoric: Pedro Albizu Campos"
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American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Truman—And the Shoot-Out That Stopped It
1940:
The Imprisonment of Men and Women Fighting Colonialism, 1898 – 1958: 1930 – 1940.
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as its president brought a radical change to the organization and its tactics.
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2095:"The "police riot" shot at the demonstrators as well as the crowd standing by"
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of the typical U.S. state" and which answered to the U.S.-appointed governor
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1189:, approved the bill that day. This bill, which resembled the anti-communist
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Don Luis Sanchez Frasquieri, President of the Ponce Rotary Club at the time
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Breviario sobre la Historia de Ponce y sus Principales Lugares de Interes.
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Various other shootouts took place throughout island – including those at
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2341:
1901:
Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Rafael J. Torres Torres and Carlos Aneiro Perez.
1750:"Nationalism in a Colonized Nation: The Nationlist Party and Puerto Rico"
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1174:
549:
99:
1776:
El Turismo Cultural en Ponce durante el Plan Ponce en Marcha, 1900–2000.
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2344:. Berkeley, CA: Cheverote Productions. 2003. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
1254:
You may listen to one of the speeches made in Spanish by Albizu Campos
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699:
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1485:. It also has somewhat of a "chapter" in New York City. The New York
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Although less active, the Nationalist Party continues to exist as an
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and view a portion of the Albizu Documentary Trailer made in English
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779:
714:
691:
829:
3377:
2223:"Report of the ACLU as echoed by U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio"
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Memorias: Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe
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889:
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On October 31, police officers and National Guardsmen surrounded
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report declared it a massacre and it has since been known as the
1001:
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738:
648:, Puerto Rico finally received its sovereignty in 1898 through a
952:
In the 1930s, the party founded the official youth organization
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1952:
Rovira, "Remember the 1950 Uprising of October 30: Puerto Rico"
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625:
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748:
571:
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Historia de los Partidos Politicos Puertorriqueños 1898–1956
2431:"Puerto Rico?s October Revolution - New York Latino Journal"
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San Juan, Puerto Rico: Model Offset Printing. 1991. Page 63.
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was a Nationalist attempt to enter the Governor's mansion,
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807:
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when four party members shot and wounded five Congressmen.
1570:(Left to right) Nationalists Carmen María Pérez González,
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After four hundred years of colonial domination under the
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passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the
977:
On April 6, 1932, Nationalist partisans marched into the
1420:
unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate U.S. President
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towards the "granting" of U.S. citizenship, formed the
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Pres. Roosevelt wielding his big stick in the Caribbean
2596:
2556:"Fallece líder nacionalista Antonio Toñito Cruz Colón"
1214:) of 1948, the Gag Law made it illegal to display the
1177:. The Senate, which at the time was controlled by the
678:
When the war ended, U.S. President McKinley appointed
1374:
Hipólito Miranda Díaz, killed in the Arecibo incident
943:
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1601:
1014:
On October 24, 1935, a confrontation with police at
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at WayBack Machine on 2013-11-04 (4 November 2013).
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pub. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012; pp. 146–150
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
1237:
El Imparcial headline: "Aviation (US) bombs Utuado"
1201:) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
250:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2728:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2198:, Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives.
1821:pp. 60–61; Signet Books/New American Library, 1965
1494:United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization
1169:On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the
985:. Nationalists preferred the flag used during the
966:(Daughters of Freedom), the women's branch of the
774:This was not limited to Puerto Rico. By 1930 the
593:By the late 1940s, a more US-friendly party, the
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1869:
1867:
778:Company owned over one million acres of land in
729:company. In effect, Charles Allen leveraged his
710:for U.S. bureaucrats in the island government.
664:claimed ownership of the island as part of the
2171:
1892:pub. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012; p. 174
1656:
1228:
899:. The Independence Association was founded by
3405:
2617:
1864:
1458:kill anyone, I came to die for Puerto Rico!"
660:. Despite this, just a few months later, the
517:
2457:"Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico-FBI files"
2373:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
2250:Latino Americans and political participation
1986:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
1859:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
1832:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
2542:Protesta interrumpe mensaje del gobernador.
1844:
1842:
1840:
1796:Protesta interrumpe mensaje del gobernador.
3743:
3585:Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico y Completo
3412:
3398:
2624:
2610:
524:
510:
270:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
212:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
142:
3497:Hostosian National Independence Movement
2718:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1837:
1369:
1320:
1232:
1000:
874:
828:
752:
725:. This company was later renamed as the
635:
3725:Political party strength in Puerto Rico
3704:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2698:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
1819:Luis Munoz Marin: Poet in the Fortress,
897:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
888:, where his ashes were interred by his
3781:
3361:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
3305:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2755:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
2597:New York Junta of the PNPR (bilingual)
2407:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza.
2274:
2241:
2207:The entire speech is contained in the
1205:, signed it into law on June 10, 1948.
3799:Political parties established in 1922
3650:Unificación Puertorriqueña Tripartita
3605:Partido Unión Republicana Progresista
3393:
3330:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
2605:
1747:
1120:You may watch newsreel scenes of the
814:seaport, and every mile of railroad.
763:Latin America-United States relations
631:
2638:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
2579:. San Juan: Librería Campos, (1959).
2449:
2388:. Topuertorico.org. January 13, 1941
1802:
1467:El Movimiento Indio Taino de Boriken
3630:Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party
1908:
1748:Power, Margaret (May–August 2013).
1363:, in order to attack then-governor
563:. The Party's selection in 1930 of
559:. Its primary goal is to work for
546:Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico
275:1954 United States Capitol shooting
29:Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico
13:
3595:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
2569:
2307:
1999:"Law Library Microform Consortium"
1438:together with fellow Nationalists
944:Nationalist Party during 1930–1950
843:"Asociación Nacionalista de Ponce"
555:founded on September 17, 1922, in
14:
3815:
3590:Partido Reformista Puertorriqueño
2590:
1592:commanding the Nationalist Cadets
825:Founding of the Nationalist Party
3794:Political history of Puerto Rico
3789:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
3763:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3575:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
3421:Political parties in Puerto Rico
2632:
2121:"US Congressman Vito Macartonio"
1618:
1604:
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1549:
1535:
1521:
1514:
1472:
1297:
1285:
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1249:
1115:
1099:
749:United States "Manifest Destiny"
538:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
206:
26:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
3455:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2708:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2548:
2534:
2512:
2473:
2423:
2400:
2378:
2365:
2347:
2323:
2225:. Cheverote.com. Archived from
2215:
2188:
2165:
2149:. Cheverote.com. Archived from
2139:
2123:. Cheverote.com. Archived from
2113:
2087:
2069:
2043:
2017:
1991:
1978:
1955:
1946:
1932:
1895:
1882:
1861:, pp. 65–82; Random House, 1972
1834:, pp. 70–76; Random House, 1972
1645:Puerto Rican Independence Party
923:, the party became the largest
723:American Sugar Refining Company
3502:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
3244:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2876:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
2713:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2413:. Page 7. Publicaciones RENÉ.
1851:
1824:
1811:
1788:
1768:
1741:
1729:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
615:Puerto Rico's political status
491:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1:
3697:Other political organizations
3580:Partido Estadista Republicano
3570:Partido del Pueblo Trabajador
3435:Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana
3265:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
3179:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2939:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2791:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1848:Ribes Tovar et al., p.122–144
1808:Ribes Tovar et al., p.106–109
1774:Reinaldo E. Gonzalez Blanco.
1735:
1455:U.S. House of Representatives
737:over the entire Puerto Rican
471:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3625:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
3615:Puerto Rican Communist Party
3560:Movimiento Unión Soberanista
3518:Movimiento Unión Soberanista
3325:Truman assassination attempt
2703:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
2286:. Simon and Schuster. 2005.
1890:The Fish That Ate the Whale;
1877:The Fish That Ate the Whale;
1650:Truman assassination attempt
1339:, led by Nationalist leader
1210:Officially known as Law 53 (
974:served as secretary general.
16:Puerto Rican political party
7:
3645:Unconditional Spanish Party
3315:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2924:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
2582:Power, Margaret M. (2023).
1657:Notable members of the PNPR
1597:
1355:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1229:Nationalist Revolts of 1950
1179:Partido Popular Democrático
619:US House of Representatives
595:Partido Popular Democrático
260:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
3820:
3804:Secessionist organizations
3709:Popular Socialist Movement
3620:Puerto Rican Renewal Party
3512:Socialist Workers Movement
2693:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2176:. Latinamericanstudies.org
2097:. Llmc.com. Archived from
2053:. Llmc.com. Archived from
2027:. Llmc.com. Archived from
2001:. Llmc.com. Archived from
1943:Retrieved 18 October 2012.
1325:The 296th Regiment of the
903:, Eugenio Font Suárez and
858:Union Party of Puerto Rico
839:Union Party of Puerto Rico
760:
561:Puerto Rico's independence
3738:
3717:
3696:
3668:
3527:
3484:
3463:
3427:
3369:
3348:
3257:
3047:
3019:María de Lourdes Santiago
3014:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2889:
2856:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2763:
2736:
2685:
2644:
2504:Cite uses generic title (
2337:January 12, 2012, at the
2203:January 12, 2012, at the
2081:January 12, 2012, at the
1424:, who was staying at the
1296:
1284:
1272:
1267:
1248:
1243:
1114:
1098:
1093:
1016:University of Puerto Rico
150:
141:
136:
128:
118:
94:Puerto Rican independence
83:
73:
63:
53:
45:
35:
23:
3600:Partido Republicano Puro
3565:Partido Acción Cristiana
3445:Popular Democratic Party
2851:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2821:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2811:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
2371:Manuel Maldonado-Denis;
1984:Manuel Maldonado-Denis;
1967:August 24, 2012, at the
1857:Manuel Maldonado-Denis;
1830:Manuel Maldonado-Denis;
1506:Alejandro García Padilla
578:in Puerto Rico, and the
3730:Politics of Puerto Rico
3555:Liberal Reformist Party
3335:Cerro Maravilla murders
3280:Levantamiento de Ciales
3239:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3159:Tomás López de Victoria
3144:Andres Figueroa Cordero
3134:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2954:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2816:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2806:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2801:Eugenio María de Hostos
2771:Ramón Emeterio Betances
2686:Political organizations
2359:March 27, 2012, at the
2147:"Over 200 were wounded"
1724:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1679:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1502:Governor of Puerto Rico
1448:Andrés Figueroa Cordero
955:Cadetes de la República
879:Don Pedro Albizu Campos
866:Ramón Emeterio Betances
684:governor of Puerto Rico
436:Andres Figueroa Cordero
431:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
398:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
353:Tomás López de Victoria
192:Part of a series on the
172:Notable past presidents
155:Politics of Puerto Rico
3683:Alianza Puertorriqueña
3660:Working People's Party
3234:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
3129:Isabel Freire de Matos
3119:Juan Antonio Corretjer
3069:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2899:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2826:José Gualberto Padilla
2764:19th century activists
2744:Cadets of the Republic
2737:Militant organizations
2481:"WebCite query result"
2386:"Puerto Rican History"
2331:Five Years of Tyranny.
1719:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1684:Isabel Freire de Matos
1674:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1375:
1332:
1238:
1166:
1156:
1010:
880:
834:
758:
733:of Puerto Rico into a
690:, refused to make any
682:as the first civilian
654:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
641:
545:
446:Isabel Freire de Matos
421:Margot Arce de Vázquez
393:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
333:Juan Antonio Corretjer
236:Cadets of the Republic
68:Cadets of the Republic
3464:National affiliations
3440:New Progressive Party
3194:Helen Rodríguez Trías
3174:Francisco Matos Paoli
3139:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
3099:Rafael Cancel Miranda
3034:Carlos Alberto Torres
2934:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2890:20th and 21st century
2831:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2645:Indigenous resistance
2196:Five Years of Tyranny
1694:Francisco Matos Paoli
1590:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1440:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1412:On November 1, 1950,
1373:
1324:
1236:
1158:
1151:
1145:University of Chicago
1004:
960:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
925:independence movement
878:
832:
756:
680:Charles Herbert Allen
639:
557:San Juan, Puerto Rico
481:Helen Rodríguez Trías
363:Francisco Matos Paoli
343:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
313:Rafael Cancel Miranda
58:San Juan, Puerto Rico
3655:Union of Puerto Rico
3285:Río Piedras massacre
2989:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2969:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2904:Félix Benítez Rexach
2749:Boricua Popular Army
2411:Pedro Aponte Vázquez
2375:; Random House, 1972
2209:Congressional Record
2172:Antonio de la Cova.
2101:on December 14, 2010
2057:on December 14, 2010
2031:on December 14, 2010
2005:on December 14, 2010
1988:, Random House, 1972
1817:Thomas Aitken, Jr.;
1428:in Washington, D.C.
1077:Arthur Garfield Hays
1024:Río Piedras massacre
964:Hijas de la Libertad
735:controlling interest
670:Spanish–American War
668:which concluded the
656:and ratified by the
496:Félix Benítez Rexach
415:Notable nationalists
226:Río Piedras massacre
119:Regional affiliation
79:Daughters of Freedom
3356:Grito de Lares flag
3249:Olga Viscal Garriga
3224:Clemente Soto Vélez
3214:Vidal Santiago Díaz
3124:José Ferrer Canales
3059:Pedro Albizu Campos
3009:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2994:Antonio S. Pedreira
2979:Luis Lloréns Torres
2974:Edwin Irizarry Mora
2846:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2562:. October 17, 2014.
2485:www.webcitation.org
2229:on January 12, 2012
2153:on January 12, 2012
2127:on January 12, 2012
1714:Clemente Soto Vélez
1572:Olga Viscal Garriga
1557:Olga Viscal Garriga
1529:Pedro Albizu Campos
1407:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1328:U.S. National Guard
1171:Puerto Rican Senate
1143:, a student at the
872:, to Puerto Rico.
565:Pedro Albizu Campos
461:José Ferrer Canales
403:Olga Viscal Garriga
383:Clemente Soto Vélez
378:Vidal Santiago Díaz
293:Pedro Albizu Campos
287:Nationalist leaders
182:Pedro Albizu Campos
3275:Intentona de Yauco
3229:Griselio Torresola
3184:Ruth Mary Reynolds
3079:Casimiro Berenguer
3029:Alejandrina Torres
2984:Oscar López Rivera
2949:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2866:Fernando Fernandez
2861:Manuel Zeno Gandía
2437:on August 26, 2009
2253:. ABC-CLIO. 2004.
1664:Casimiro Berenguer
1635:Intentona de Yauco
1612:Puerto Rico portal
1576:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1434:On March 1, 1954,
1414:Griselio Torresola
1376:
1333:
1239:
1185:) and presided by
1011:
983:insular government
911:) vice-president.
881:
856:, a member of the
835:
759:
694:, agricultural or
688:House of Delegates
650:Carta de Autonomía
642:
632:Historical context
388:Griselio Torresola
368:Ruth Mary Reynolds
303:Casimiro Berenguer
220:Events and revolts
49:September 17, 1922
3776:
3775:
3450:Proyecto Dignidad
3387:
3386:
3299:Ley de la Mordaza
3189:Germán Rieckehoff
3104:José Coll y Cuchí
3051:Nationalist Party
2964:Leopoldo Figueroa
2914:Americo Boschetti
2419:978-1-931702-01-0
1928:978-0-8477-0158-2
1784:978-1-64131-139-7
1543:José Coll y Cuchí
1463:La Quinta Columna
1308:
1307:
1263:
1262:
1216:Puerto Rican flag
1195:Ley de la Mordaza
1132:
1131:
1079:(a member of the
995:Santiago Iglesias
905:Leopoldo Figueroa
854:José Coll y Cuchí
833:Jose Coll y Cuchi
769:sugar plantations
603:Ley de la Mordaza
534:
533:
476:Germán Rieckehoff
318:José Coll y Cuchí
243:Ley de la Mordaza
200:Nationalist Party
187:
186:
177:José Coll y Cuchí
160:Political parties
123:Foro de São Paulo
64:Paramilitary wing
3811:
3766:
3765:
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3635:Republican Union
3535:Autonomist Party
3476:Republican Party
3471:Democratic Party
3414:
3407:
3400:
3391:
3390:
2841:Juan Ríus Rivera
2776:Mariana Bracetti
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2575:Pagán, Bolívar.
2564:
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2500:
2492:
2491:on May 24, 2024.
2487:. Archived from
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1626:Biography portal
1623:
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1401:a barbershop in
1365:Luis Muñoz Marín
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1187:Luis Muñoz Marín
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979:Capitol building
927:in Puerto Rico.
921:Great Depression
704:no-bid contracts
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105:Anti-imperialism
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3758:Politics portal
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3640:Socialist Party
3528:Defunct parties
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3507:Socialist Front
3492:Communist Party
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3320:Utuado Uprising
3310:Jayuya Uprising
3253:
3094:Nemesio Canales
3084:Julia de Burgos
3074:Elías Beauchamp
3064:José S. Alegría
3050:
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3004:Miguel Poventud
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2786:Roberto Cofresí
2781:Mathias Brugman
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2723:Socialist Front
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2570:Further reading
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1422:Harry S. Truman
1348:Utuado Uprising
1337:Jayuya Uprising
1298:
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1268:External videos
1250:
1231:
1203:Jesús T. Piñero
1157:
1137:Blanton Winship
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1100:
1094:External videos
1085:Blanton Winship
1067:U.S. government
1050:Blanton Winship
1035:Elías Beauchamp
972:Julia de Burgos
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909:Ricardo Alegría
901:José S. Alegría
847:El Nacionalista
827:
819:U.S. government
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666:Treaty of Paris
634:
628:, to this day.
611:Harry S. Truman
584:Ponce massacres
553:political party
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426:Elías Beauchamp
416:
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338:Julia de Burgos
298:José S. Alegría
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255:Jayuya Uprising
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2751:(Macheteros)
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2227:the original
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