655:
530:
146:
40:
515:. Natron is white to colourless when pure, varying to gray or yellow with impurities. Natron deposits are sometimes found in saline lake beds which arose in arid environments. Throughout history natron has had many practical applications that continue today in the wide range of modern uses of its constituent mineral components.
1114:
are commonly formed. As the evaporation of a salt lake will occur over geological time spans, during which also part or all of the salt beds might redissolve and recrystallize, deposits of sodium carbonate can be composed of layers of all these minerals.
720:
The
Pyramid Texts describe how natron pellets were used as funerary offerings in the rites for the deceased pharaoh, "N". The ceremony required two kinds of natron, one sourced from northern (Lower) and one from southern (Upper) Egypt.
1093:
is present in solution (see reaction scheme above) – in which case the maximum temperature is increased to about 30 °C (86 °F). In most cases the mineral natron will form together with some amount of
690:
for wounds and minor cuts. Natron can be used to dry and preserve fish and meat. It was also an ancient household insecticide, and was used for making leather as well as a bleach for clothing.
904:
O), but is often used in industry to refer to the decahydrate only. Both the hepta- and the decahydrate effloresce (lose water) in dry air and are partially transformed into the monohydrate
709:), which creates a hostile environment for bacteria. In some cultures, natron was thought to enhance spiritual safety for both the living and the dead. Natron was added to
1069:
Pure deposits of sodium carbonate decahydrate are rare, due to the limited temperature stability of this compound and due to the fact that the absorption of
759:
To say four times: Thou hast purified thyself with natron, together with Horus (and) the
Followers of Horus. Five pellets of natron from Nekheb, Upper Egypt.
800:
in ceramic and glass-making by the Romans and others at least until AD 640. The mineral was also employed as a flux to solder precious metals together.
763:
Thou purifiest (thyself); Thot purifies (himself). One pellet of natron. Thou purifiest (thyself); the god purifies (himself). One pellet of natron.
961:
O. This recrystallization from decahydrate to monohydrate releases much crystal water in a mostly clear, colorless salt solution with little solid
1021:
minerals, i.e. crystallizing during the drying up of salt lakes rich in sodium carbonate. The sodium carbonate is usually formed by absorption of
931:
Sodium carbonate decahydrate is stable at room temperature but recrystallizes at only 32 °C (90 °F) to sodium carbonate heptahydrate, Na
1270:
761:
Thou purifiest (thyself); Horus purifies (himself). One pellet of natron. Thou purifiest (thyself); Set purifies (himself). One pellet of natron.
1005:) which is obtained by calcination (dry heating at temperatures of 150 to 200 °C) of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate monohydrate, or
808:
Most of natron's uses both in the home and by industry were gradually replaced with closely related sodium compounds and minerals. Natron's
606:
or Natron Valley in Egypt, from which natron was mined by the ancient
Egyptians for use in burial rites. The modern chemical symbol for
674:, and has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning product for both the home and body. Blended with oil, it was an early form of
1264:
816:(pure sodium carbonate), the mixture's chief compound ingredient, along with other chemicals. Soda ash also replaced natron in
1324:
697:
ceremonies in ancient Egypt because it absorbs water and behaves as a drying agent. Moreover, when exposed to moisture, the
646:). Niter was also an obsolete name for natron because in earlier times, both minerals used to be confused with each other.
654:
526:
has come to mean only the sodium carbonate decahydrate (hydrated soda ash) that makes up most of the historical salt.
123:
104:
717:, which allowed Egyptian artisans to paint elaborate artworks inside ancient tombs without staining them with soot.
214:
76:
1118:
The following list may include geographical sources of either natron or other hydrated sodium carbonate minerals:
1697:
352:
61:
83:
1081:
in solution. From such mixtures, the mineral natron (and also the historical one) will be formed only if the
385:
1707:
1702:
1677:
1422:
90:
1329:
224:
1214:
1682:
1366:
72:
1434:
1376:
1354:
204:
57:
50:
28:
1477:
1381:
277:
1472:
1410:
342:
332:
1692:
1520:
682:
while removing oil and grease. Undiluted, natron was a cleanser for the teeth and an early
663:
1662:
1017:
Geologically, the mineral natron as well as the historical natron are formed as transpiro-
8:
1687:
1405:
1393:
817:
375:
365:
1524:
1085:
temperature during evaporation is maximally about 20 °C (68 °F) – or the
997:. Most industrially produced sodium carbonate is soda ash (sodium carbonate anhydrate Na
851:
O), which is the main component in historical natron.Sodium carbonate decahydrate has a
529:
1538:
1417:
1292:
1232:
1099:
836:
Natron is also the mineralogical name for the compound sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na
825:
500:
322:
1542:
1462:
785:
593:
171:
151:
20:
97:
1528:
1337:
852:
789:
659:
589:
562:
543:
481:
477:
413:
395:
312:
178:
1102:), resulting in salt mixtures like the historical natron. Otherwise, the minerals
1259:
679:
670:
Historical natron was harvested directly as a salt mixture from dry lake beds in
555:
547:
508:
1629:
946:
O, then above 37–38 °C (99–100 °F) to sodium carbonate monohydrate, Na
1635:, Utterance 35. Translated by Samuel A. B. Mercer, 1952. Accessed 9 April 2020.
1254:
1245:
1237:
1154:
1136:
1070:
1022:
864:
797:
714:
603:
576:
569:
512:
234:
1208:
1671:
1482:
1344:
1107:
966:
962:
905:
856:
780:
671:
435:
302:
246:
765:
Thou also purifiest (thyself)—thou who art among them. One pellet of natron.
1606:
1400:
145:
1580:
1645:
1191:
1090:
1074:
821:
687:
639:
297:
Colourless to white, greyish, yellowish; colourless in transmitted light.
264:
24:
1533:
1508:
1556:
1370:
1349:
1142:
1086:
986:
982:
860:
710:
706:
519:
455:
255:
239:
820:. Some of its ancient household roles are also now filled by ordinary
1452:
1297:
1131:
1111:
1095:
1078:
1018:
970:
809:
698:
683:
615:
39:
1467:
1278:
1227:
1186:
1162:
813:
627:
496:
445:
1429:
1301:
1286:
1203:
994:
767:
Thy mouth is the mouth of a sucking calf on the day of his birth.
558:
1388:
1361:
1319:
1314:
1249:
990:
978:
607:
1487:
1457:
1222:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1149:
1103:
1082:
1026:
1006:
974:
694:
643:
1125:
1025:
from the atmosphere by a highly alkaline, sodium-rich lake
793:
778:
Natron is an ingredient for making a distinct color called
675:
155:
327:
On {001} distinct; on {010} imperfect; on {110} in traces.
831:
965:. The mineral natron is often found in association with
702:
867:, typically forming efflorescences and encrustations.
662:vase fabricated in part from natron, dating to the
630:is also a cognate to natron, it derives from Greek
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
769:Five pellets of natron of the North, Wadi Natrûn (
874:is commonly used to encompass the monohydrate (Na
753:That which the two harmonious gods (spit out) is
735:O N., thou shalt taste its taste in front of the
1669:
150:Natron deposits in the Era Kohor crater in the
1029:, according to the following reaction scheme:
533:Natron deposits, Trou au Natron, Tibesti, Chad
889:O), the decahydrate and the heptahydrate (Na
812:properties are now commercially supplied by
583:
926:
649:
307:crystalline, granular, and columnar crusts
144:
1532:
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1601:
1599:
1012:
653:
528:
1630:www.sacred-texts.com/egy/pyt/pyt05.htm
1573:
614:, is an abbreviation of that element's
1670:
832:Chemistry of hydrated sodium carbonate
733:opens thy mouth. One pellet of natron.
638:a producer of something, in this case
1596:
1549:
1509:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
1506:
1089:of the lake is so high, that little
476:is a naturally occurring mixture of
62:adding citations to reliable sources
33:
686:. The mineral was mixed into early
626:. The name of the chemical element
13:
19:For the compositing software, see
14:
1719:
1656:
828:, natron's other key ingredient.
803:
507:) along with small quantities of
282:a = 12.75 Å, b = 9 Å, c = 12.6 Å
38:
503:(also called baking soda, NaHCO
450:Measured: 71° , Calculated: 80°
49:needs additional citations for
1638:
1623:
1500:
741:That which Horus spits out is
739:chapels. One pellet of natron.
23:. For the lake in Africa, see
1:
1493:
1215:Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County
1073:usually produces mixtures of
859:of 1. It crystallizes in the
747:That which Set spits out is
693:The mineral was used during
537:
7:
1446:
10:
1724:
642:, which was produced from
390:Transparent to translucent
18:
1211:, (Great Hungarian Plain)
872:hydrated sodium carbonate
792:. It was used along with
622:, which was derived from
588:). This derives from the
584:
464:
454:
444:
434:
412:
404:
394:
384:
374:
364:
351:
341:
331:
321:
311:
301:
293:
288:
276:
263:
245:
233:
223:
213:
203:
177:
167:
162:
143:
138:
1217:(Great Hungarian Plain)
927:As a source of soda ash
757:. One pellet of natron.
751:. One pellet of natron.
745:. One pellet of natron.
650:Importance in antiquity
29:Natron (disambiguation)
1513:Mineralogical Magazine
1478:Sodium sesquicarbonate
855:of 1.42 to 1.47 and a
776:
667:
534:
1698:Alchemical substances
1663:Etymology of "natron"
1607:"Natron Mineral Data"
1473:Soda (disambiguation)
1013:Geological occurrence
723:
657:
532:
215:Strunz classification
1646:"Trona Mineral Data"
1141:Era Kohor crater on
701:in natron increases
664:New Kingdom of Egypt
58:improve this article
1708:Industrial minerals
1703:Monoclinic minerals
1534:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
1525:2021MinM...85..291W
1507:Warr, L.N. (2021).
225:Dana classification
1678:Carbonate minerals
1371:Soda Lake District
1330:Mont-Saint-Hilaire
1233:Province of Naples
1209:Bács-Kiskun County
1100:sodium bicarbonate
826:sodium bicarbonate
784:, and also as the
668:
535:
501:sodium bicarbonate
405:Optical properties
1632:The Pyramid Texts
1581:"Natron Handbook"
1463:Potassium nitrate
666:(c. 1450–1350 BC)
561:derived from the
499:) and around 17%
471:
470:
259:
172:Carbonate mineral
152:Tibesti Mountains
134:
133:
126:
108:
27:. For other, see
21:Natron (software)
16:Carbonate mineral
1715:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1504:
1367:Churchill County
1338:British Columbia
1293:St Just District
853:specific gravity
790:Egyptian faience
590:Ancient Egyptian
587:
586:
478:sodium carbonate
460:Soluble in water
414:Refractive index
396:Specific gravity
357:
253:
251:Prismatic (2/m)
184:
183:(repeating unit)
148:
136:
135:
129:
122:
118:
115:
109:
107:
66:
42:
34:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1683:Sodium minerals
1668:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1557:"Natron Mindat"
1555:
1554:
1550:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1449:
1423:Okanogan County
1377:Humboldt County
1325:Rouville County
1260:Lovozero Massif
1157:(Natron Valley)
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1015:
1004:
1000:
960:
953:
949:
945:
938:
934:
929:
922:
915:
911:
903:
896:
892:
888:
881:
877:
850:
843:
839:
834:
806:
775:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
652:
540:
509:sodium chloride
506:
494:
489:
485:
429:
425:
421:
355:
283:
252:
198:
194:
190:
182:
181:
158:
130:
119:
113:
110:
67:
65:
55:
43:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1657:External links
1655:
1652:
1651:
1637:
1622:
1611:webmineral.com
1595:
1572:
1548:
1519:(3): 291–320.
1498:
1497:
1495:
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1490:
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1465:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:Natrona County
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:Mineral County
1379:
1374:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1311:North America
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1257:
1255:Khibiny Massif
1246:Kola Peninsula
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:Somma-Vesuvius
1235:
1230:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:Showa Province
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:Wadi El Natrun
1147:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1137:Trou au Natron
1134:
1071:carbon dioxide
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1023:carbon dioxide
1014:
1011:
1002:
998:
958:
951:
947:
943:
936:
932:
928:
925:
920:
913:
909:
901:
894:
890:
886:
879:
875:
865:crystal system
848:
841:
837:
833:
830:
805:
804:Decline in use
802:
724:
715:smokeless fuel
651:
648:
604:Wadi El Natrun
539:
536:
513:sodium sulfate
504:
492:
487:
483:
469:
468:
466:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:
448:
442:
441:
438:
432:
431:
427:
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401:
398:
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388:
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372:
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368:
362:
361:
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349:
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335:
329:
328:
325:
319:
318:
315:
309:
308:
305:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
289:Identification
286:
285:
280:
274:
273:
267:
261:
260:
249:
243:
242:
237:
235:Crystal system
231:
230:
227:
221:
220:
217:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
160:
159:
149:
141:
140:
132:
131:
46:
44:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1720:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1582:
1576:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Thermonatrite
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:United States
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1271:Kedykverpakhk
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:thermonatrite
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:thermonatrite
964:
963:thermonatrite
956:
941:
924:
918:
907:
906:thermonatrite
899:
884:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
857:Mohs hardness
854:
846:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
781:Egyptian blue
774:
772:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
728:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:mummification
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:softens water
677:
673:
672:ancient Egypt
665:
661:
656:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
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591:
581:
578:
574:
571:
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560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
531:
527:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
502:
498:
495:O, a kind of
490:
480:decahydrate (
479:
475:
467:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
447:
443:
439:
437:
436:Birefringence
433:
417:
415:
411:
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403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
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310:
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303:Crystal habit
300:
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247:Crystal class
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128:
125:
117:
106:
103:
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96:
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89:
85:
82:
78:
75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
53:
52:
47:This article
45:
41:
36:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:
1587:. Retrieved
1575:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1401:Pennsylvania
1117:
1068:
1016:
954:
939:
930:
916:
897:
882:
871:
869:
844:
835:
818:glass-making
807:
779:
777:
770:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
726:
725:
719:
692:
669:
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
599:
594:
579:
572:
565:
551:
541:
523:
517:
473:
472:
269:
120:
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
56:Please help
51:verification
48:
1693:Antiseptics
1394:Lake County
1355:Inyo County
1248:, northern
1192:Lake Natron
1091:bicarbonate
1075:bicarbonate
824:, which is
822:baking soda
688:antiseptics
640:Nitric acid
408:Biaxial (−)
386:Diaphaneity
284:β = 115.85°
265:Space group
229:15.01.02.01
114:August 2022
25:Lake Natron
1688:Desiccants
1672:Categories
1616:2022-11-26
1589:2022-11-28
1566:2022-11-28
1561:mindat.org
1494:References
1418:Washington
1350:California
1143:Emi Koussi
1130:shores of
1087:alkalinity
987:gaylussite
983:mirabilite
861:monoclinic
713:to make a
711:castor oil
707:alkalinity
602:refers to
520:mineralogy
518:In modern
465:References
456:Solubility
353:Mohs scale
337:Conchoidal
256:H-M symbol
240:Monoclinic
205:IMA symbol
84:newspapers
1543:235729616
1453:Nahcolite
1336:Interior
1298:Botallack
1132:Lake Chad
1112:nahcolite
1096:nahcolite
1079:carbonate
1019:evaporite
971:nahcolite
870:The term
863:-domatic
810:detergent
699:carbonate
684:mouthwash
616:Neo-Latin
538:Etymology
522:the term
440:δ = 0.035
426:= 1.425 n
422:= 1.405 n
278:Unit cell
1468:Shortite
1447:See also
1300: –
1279:Umbozero
1273:Mountain
1267:Mountain
1228:Campania
1187:Tanzania
1163:Ethiopia
814:soda ash
705:(raises
628:Nitrogen
568:through
497:soda ash
446:2V angle
370:Vitreous
356:hardness
343:Tenacity
333:Fracture
323:Cleavage
317:on {001}
313:Twinning
168:Category
73:"Natron"
1521:Bibcode
1430:Wyoming
1411:Natrona
1302:Pendeen
1287:England
1265:Alluaiv
1240:Complex
1204:Hungary
1200:Europe
1122:Africa
1040:→ NaHCO
995:calcite
737:sḥ-ntr-
660:faience
620:natrium
573:natrium
563:Spanish
559:cognate
544:English
430:= 1.440
360:1 – 1.5
347:Brittle
219:5.CB.10
179:Formula
163:General
98:scholar
1541:
1389:Oregon
1362:Nevada
1320:Quebec
1315:Canada
1250:Russia
1050:+ NaOH
993:, and
991:gypsum
979:halite
771:št-p.t
636:-gen (
632:nitron
624:natron
608:sodium
600:Natron
585:νίτρον
580:nitron
566:natrón
556:French
552:natron
548:German
524:natron
474:Natron
376:Streak
366:Lustre
294:Colour
254:(same
139:Natron
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
1584:(PDF)
1539:S2CID
1488:Trona
1458:Niter
1406:Karns
1289:, UK
1223:Italy
1180:Bilma
1175:Niger
1150:Egypt
1104:trona
1083:brine
1060:3(aq)
1048:3(aq)
1046:NaHCO
1042:3(aq)
1027:brine
1007:trona
975:trona
678:. It
644:niter
618:name
592:word
577:Greek
570:Latin
554:is a
550:word
400:1.478
380:White
105:JSTOR
91:books
1304:Area
1281:Mine
1126:Chad
1110:and
1077:and
1054:→ Na
1052:(aq)
1036:+ CO
1034:(aq)
1032:NaOH
798:lime
796:and
794:sand
786:flux
755:smin
749:smin
743:smin
731:smin
727:Smin
676:soap
634:and
595:nṯrj
575:and
546:and
542:The
511:and
491:·10H
195:·10H
156:Chad
77:news
1529:doi
1106:or
1062:+ H
923:O.
847:10H
788:in
272:2/m
60:by
1674::
1609:.
1598:^
1559:.
1537:.
1527:.
1517:85
1515:.
1511:.
1058:CO
1009:.
1001:CO
989:,
985:,
981:,
977:,
973:,
969:,
950:CO
942:7H
935:CO
912:CO
908:Na
900:7H
893:CO
878:CO
840:CO
773:)
729:,
703:pH
658:A
612:Na
610:,
598:.
486:CO
482:Na
209:Nt
191:CO
187:Na
154:,
1648:.
1619:.
1592:.
1569:.
1545:.
1531::
1523::
1373:)
1369:(
1098:(
1066:O
1064:2
1056:2
1038:2
1003:3
999:2
959:2
957:H
955:·
952:3
948:2
944:2
940:·
937:3
933:2
921:2
919:H
917:·
914:3
910:2
902:2
898:·
895:3
891:2
887:2
885:H
883:·
880:3
876:2
849:2
845:·
842:3
838:2
582:(
505:3
493:2
488:3
484:2
428:γ
424:β
420:α
418:n
270:P
258:)
199:O
197:2
193:3
189:2
127:)
121:(
116:)
112:(
102:·
95:·
88:·
81:·
54:.
31:.
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