20:
1290:
1514:
processing plant. These hydrocarbons include ethane, propane, butanes, and hydrocarbons with five or more carbon atoms – referred to as pentanes plus, naptha, or plant condensate. Plant condensate can also be blended with crude oil, which would change both the distribution and total volume of oil received by refineries.
1513:
A final point to consider involves the distinction between the very light grades of lease condensate (which are included in EIA's oil production data) and hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL) that are produced from the wellhead as gas but are converted to liquids when separated from methane at a natural gas
538:
Be dehydrated of water vapor sufficiently to prevent the formation of methane hydrates within the gas processing plant or subsequently within the sales gas transmission pipeline. A typical water content specification in the U.S. is that gas must contain no more than seven pounds of water per million
805:
The overhead product from the deethanizer is ethane and the bottoms are fed to the depropanizer. The overhead product from the depropanizer is propane and the bottoms are fed to the debutanizer. The overhead product from the debutanizer is a mixture of normal and iso-butane, and the bottoms product
1285:
O as well as requiring the gas to be commercially free from objectionable odours and materials, and dust or other solid or liquid matter, waxes, gums and gum forming constituents, which might damage or adversely affect operation of the buyers equipment. When an upset occurs on the treatment plant
124:
Natural-gas processing begins underground or at the well-head. In a crude oil well, natural gas processing begins as the fluid loses pressure and flows through the reservoir rocks until it reaches the well tubing. In other wells, processing begins at the wellhead which extracts the composition of
1251:
and, along with the recovered ethane, are the final NGL by-products from the gas processing plant. Currently, most cryogenic plants do not include fractionation for economic reasons, and the NGL stream is instead transported as a mixed product to standalone fractionation complexes located near
652:
and that gas is then processed in a tail gas treating unit (TGTU) to recover and recycle residual sulfur-containing compounds back into the Claus unit. Again, as shown in the flow diagram, there are a number of processes available for treating the Claus unit tail gas and for that purpose a WSA
624:
is the process that was historically used. However, due to a range of performance and environmental constraints of the amine process, a newer technology based on the use of polymeric membranes to separate the carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the natural gas stream has gained increasing
458:
temperature (below which some of the hydrocarbons in the gas might condense at pipeline pressure forming liquid slugs that could damage the pipeline.) Hydrocarbon dew-point adjustment reduces the concentration of heavy hydrocarbons so no condensation occurs during the ensuing transport in the
628:
The acid gases, if present, are removed by membrane or amine treating and can then be routed into a sulfur recovery unit which converts the hydrogen sulfide in the acid gas into either elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. Of the processes available for these conversions, the
1272:
The residue gas from the NGL recovery section is the final, purified sales gas which is pipelined to the end-user markets. Rules and agreements are made between buyer and seller regarding the quality of the gas. These usually specify the maximum allowable concentration of
166:. This gas could exist as a separate gas cap above the crude oil in the underground reservoir or could be dissolved in the crude oil, ultimately coming out of solution as the pressure is reduced during production. Condensate produced from oil wells is often referred to as
69:
dry natural gas for pipeline distribution and final use. Some of the substances which contaminate natural gas have economic value and are further processed or sold. Hydrocarbons that are liquid at ambient conditions: temperature and pressure (i.e.,
619:
The raw gas is then piped to a gas processing plant where the initial purification is usually the removal of acid gases (hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide). There are several processes available for that purpose as shown in the flow diagram, but
430:
transmission and distribution companies. Those quality standards vary from pipeline to pipeline and are usually a function of a pipeline system's design and the markets that it serves. In general, the standards specify that the natural gas:
558:
typically limit the content to no more than two or three percent. In the UK hydrogen sulfide is specified ≤5 mg/m and total sulfur as ≤50 mg/m, carbon dioxide as ≤2.0% (molar), and nitrogen as ≤5.0% (molar) for entry into the
113:. Natural gas production not associated with crude oil is classified as “non-associated.” In 2009, 89 percent of U.S. wellhead production of natural gas was non-associated. Non-associated gas wells producing a dry gas in terms of
583:
below is a generalized, typical configuration for the processing of raw natural gas from non-associated gas wells showing how raw natural gas is processed into sales gas piped to the end user markets. and various byproducts:
801:
The overhead product is mainly methane at 20 bar and -98 °C. This is heated and compressed to yield a sales gas at 20 bar and 40 °C. The bottom product is NGL at 20 barg which is fed to the deethanizer.
459:
pipelines. In the UK the hydrocarbon dew point is defined as <-2 °C for entry into the NTS. The hydrocarbon dewpoint changes with the prevailing ambient temperature, the seasonal variation is:
719:
Adsorption process, using activated carbon or molecular sieves as the adsorbent. This process may have limited applicability because it is said to incur the loss of butanes and heavier hydrocarbons.
1342:
566:
by volume) primarily to avoid damaging equipment in the gas processing plant or the pipeline transmission system from mercury amalgamation and embrittlement of aluminum and other metals.
546:
Contain no more than trace amounts of components such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, mercaptans, and nitrogen. The most common specification for hydrogen sulfide content is 0.25
2013:
Muneeb Nawaz ‘Synthesis and Design of
Demethaniser Flowsheets for Low Temperature Separation Processes,' University of Manchester, unpublished PhD thesis, 2011, pp. 137, 138, 154
612:
Raw natural gas is commonly collected from a group of adjacent wells and is first processed in a separator vessels at that collection point for removal of free liquid water and
1651:
1256:. In case laying pipeline is not possible for geographical reason, or the distance between source and consumer exceed 3000 km, natural gas is then transported by ship as
1804:
199:
Coal seam wells: These wells typically produce raw natural gas from methane deposits in the pores of coal seams, often existing underground in a more concentrated state of
1712:
779:
and 37 °C. The feed is cooled to -22 °C, by exchange with the demethanizer overhead product and by a refrigeration system and is split into three streams:
744:
feedstock for liquid fuel blending. The recovered NGL stream is processed through a fractionation train consisting of up to five distillation towers in series: a
2107:
2132:
1752:
2160:
1629:
98:
1926:, Hydrocarbon Processing, pages 84–86, May 2002 (schematic flow diagrams and descriptions of the Nitrogen Rejection and Nitrogen Removal processes)
143:
natural gas, or any other gas mixture, containing significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide or similar acidic gases, is called
2050:
ElBadawy, K. M.; Teamah, M. A.; Shehata, A. I.; Hanfy, A. A. (2017). "Simulation of LPG Production from
Natural Gas using Fractionation Towers".
1313:
in Kansas and
Oklahoma in the United States contains concentrations of helium from 0.3% to 1.9%, which is separated out as a valuable byproduct.
1415:
764:. The fractionation train typically uses a cryogenic low temperature distillation process involving expansion of the recovered NGL through a
793:
the remaining vapor is chilled by the demethanizer overhead product and Joule-Thomson cooling (through a valve) and enters the column as
173:
Dry gas wells: These wells typically produce only raw natural gas that contains no condensate with little to no crude oil and are called
105:
and natural gas are often found together in the same reservoir. Natural gas produced in wells with crude oil is generally classified as
1820:
1672:
1446:
1999:, Hydrocarbon Processing, pages 83–84, May 2002 (schematic flow diagrams and descriptions of the NGL-Pro and NGL Recovery processes)
1648:
1799:
402:
117:
and water can send the dry gas directly to a pipeline or gas plant without undergoing any separation processIng allowing immediate
1907:
2122:
1851:
736:. Fractionation aims to produce useful products including natural gas suitable for piping to industrial and domestic consumers;
694:
Although not common, nitrogen is sometimes removed and rejected using one of the three processes indicated on the flow diagram:
1888:
Baker, R. W. "Future
Directions of Membrane Gas Separation Technology" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2002, volume 41, pages 1393-1411.
1707:
1531:
1469:
1399:
435:
Be within a specific range of heating value (caloric value). For example, in the United States, it should be about 1035 ± 5%
616:. The condensate is usually then transported to an oil refinery and the water is treated and disposed of as wastewater.
1732:
417:, which can accumulate within piping and processing equipment; rendering piping and equipment radioactive over time.
790:
some of the vapour is routed through a turbo-expander and enters the demethanizer as the upper feed at -64 °C.
1865:
2197:
2142:
1309:. Natural gas may contain as much as 7% helium, and is the commercial source of the noble gas. For instance, the
1691:
2138:
1611:
1362:
772:. Some gas processing plants use lean oil absorption process rather than the cryogenic turbo-expander process.
125:
natural gas according to the type, depth, and location of the underground deposit and the geology of the area.
399:: minute amounts of mercury primarily in elemental form, but chlorides and other species are possibly present.
656:
The next step in the gas processing plant is to remove water vapor from the gas using either the regenerable
535:
Be free of particulate solids and liquid water to prevent erosion, corrosion or other damage to the pipeline.
1747:
1679:
by Bourke, M.J. and
Mazzoni, A.F., Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, Norman, Oklahoma, March 1989.
448:
2179:
Kohl, A., & Nielsen, R. (1997). Gas
Purification. 5TH Edition. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company
1626:
2192:
2176:
Haring, H.W. (2008). Industrial Gases
Processing. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag Gmbh & CO. KGaA
1709:
Natural Gas
Processing: The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market
2023:
Luyben, W. L. (2013). "Control of a Train of
Distillation Columns for the Separation of natural gas".
1503:
2202:
787:
valve reducing the pressure to 20 bar and enters the demethanizer as the lower feed at -44.7 °C.
669:
638:
1422:
784:
2151:, Website of the Gas Processors Association (GPA) headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States.
1555:
1306:
813:
The operating conditions of the vessels in the NGL fractionation train are typically as follows.
737:
706:
702:
2112:
657:
613:
588:
443:± 5% per cubic metre of gas at 1 atmosphere and 15.6 °C). In the United Kingdom the gross
303:
229:
114:
76:
62:
2116:
1768:
1261:
683:
Mercury is then removed by using adsorption processes (as shown in the flow diagram) such as
455:
1667:
1576:
1286:
buyers can usually refuse to accept the gas, lower the flow rate or re-negotiate the price.
1332:
769:
608:+ (which is the commonly used term for pentanes plus higher molecular weight hydrocarbons)
580:
436:
2128:
8:
677:
601:
540:
633:
is by far the most well known for recovering elemental sulfur, whereas the conventional
1327:
665:
661:
621:
427:
177:
gas. Condensate from dry gas is extracted at gas processing plants and is often called
1904:
1837:
426:
Raw natural gas must be purified to meet the quality standards specified by the major
219:
in
Australia). Coalbed gas has become an important source of energy in recent decades.
1968:
Manley, D. B. (1998). "Thermodynamically efficient distillation: NGL Fractionation".
1607:
1465:
1440:
1395:
1310:
563:
543:
of gas. In the UK this is defined as <-10 °C @ 85barg for entry into the NTS.
396:
775:
The gaseous feed to the NGL fractionation plant is typically compressed to about 60
2032:
1889:
1322:
684:
340:
129:
82:
50:
1538:
1511:, Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 29 May 2014, p. 7,
1911:
1808:
1756:
1736:
1716:
1695:
1676:
1655:
1633:
688:
634:
444:
209:
1636:
by Prof. Jon Steiner Gudmundsson, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
765:
710:
410:
332:
58:
43:
39:
1264:) and again converted into its gaseous state in the vicinity of the consumer.
2186:
1727:
653:
process is also very suitable since it can work autothermally on tail gases.
642:
630:
215:
2165:
709:. This process can be modified to also recover helium, if desired (see also
1337:
729:
576:
547:
352:
184:
Condensate wells: These wells typically produce raw natural gas along with
554:
S per 100 cubic feet of gas, or approximately 4 ppm. Specifications for CO
716:
Absorption process, using lean oil or a special solvent as the absorbent.
390:
360:
255:
118:
31:
19:
1866:"Liquid / Gas Separation Technology - Oil & Gas | Pall Corporation"
776:
673:
200:
136:; natural gas that contains elevated hydrogen sulfide levels is called
2036:
1893:
728:
The NGL fractionation process treats offgas from the separators at an
625:
acceptance. Membranes are attractive since no reagents are consumed.
2070:
1688:
1460:
Kidnay, Arthur J.; Parrish, William R.; McCartney, Daniel G. (2019).
1343:
List of natural gas and oil production accidents in the United States
1253:
1248:
698:
562:
Maintain mercury at less than detectable limits (approximately 0.001
440:
348:
322:
287:
110:
102:
2052:
International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research
1952:
1289:
741:
733:
393:
and liquid water. Also dissolved salts and dissolved gases (acids).
375:
328:
159:
145:
138:
94:
1840:. United States Energy Information Administration. April 20, 2012.
162:: Natural gas that comes from crude oil wells is typically called
2157:(Publisher: College of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran.)
1489:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. p. 25.
299:
263:
235:
193:
93:
Raw natural gas comes primarily from three types of wells: crude
71:
1940:
Market-Driven Evolution of Gas Processing Technologies for NGLs
645:. Smaller quantities of acid gas may be disposed of by flaring.
570:
203:
onto the surface of the coal itself. Such gas is referred to as
1982:
1938:
1302:
794:
732:
or the overhead fraction from a crude distillation column in a
593:
414:
383:
275:
243:
575:
There are a variety of ways in which to configure the various
1244:
978:
A typical composition of the feed and product is as follows.
406:
35:
2115:(an extensive and detailed course text by Dr. A.H. Younger,
1852:"Guide to Understanding Natural Gas and Natural Gas Liquids"
2154:
1801:
Benefits of integrating NGL extraction and LNG liquefaction
1505:
U.S. Crude Oil Production Forecast- Analysis of Crude Types
648:
The residual gas from the Claus process is commonly called
2094:, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 820, p.285-290.
2049:
1363:"PHMSA: Stakeholder Communications - NG Processing Plants"
1252:
refineries or chemical plants that use the components for
30:
is a range of industrial processes designed to purify raw
1257:
447:
must be in the range 37.0 – 44.5 MJ/m for entry into the
439:
per cubic foot of gas at 1 atmosphere and 60 °F (41
2148:
2125:, Website of the Natural Gas Supply Association (NGSA).
2090:
Dwight E. Ward and Arthur P. Pierce (1973) "Helium" in
1669:
Desulfurization of and Mercury Removal From Natural Gas
16:
Industrial processes designed to purify raw natural gas
1601:
1459:
1392:
Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis, Second Edition
258:
molecules. It often also contains varying amounts of:
1838:"What are natural gas liquids and how are they used?"
1462:
Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, Third Edition
1247:
process unit to convert undesirable mercaptans into
676:
using a solid adsorbent. Other newer processes like
185:
109:
as the gas had been associated with or dissolved in
1771:
Feed-Gas Treatment Design for the Pearl GTL Project
1485:Agency, United States Central Intelligence (1977).
23:
A natural-gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Austria
1394:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 71.
223:
192:gas. Such raw natural gas is often referred to as
2108:Simulate natural gas processing using Aspen HYSYS
1934:
1932:
152:
2184:
2113:Natural Gas Processing Principles and Technology
1987:Advanced Extraction Technology Inc. website page
1955:Advanced Extraction Technology Inc. website page
1943:Advanced Extraction Technology Inc. website page
1749:From Purification to Liquefaction Gas Processing
641:) are the most used technologies for recovering
421:
234:Raw natural gas typically consists primarily of
1644:
1642:
1239:The recovered streams of propane, butanes and C
310:and can be processed into finished by-products.
302:. All of these are collectively referred to as
2161:Increasing Efficiency of Gas Processing Plants
1929:
1532:"Mercury Removal from Natural Gas and Liquids"
579:used in the treatment of raw natural gas. The
2025:Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research
1689:Using Gas Geochemistry to Assess Mercury Risk
1498:
1496:
668:, deliquescent chloride desiccants, and or a
571:Description of a natural-gas processing plant
2068:
1639:
768:followed by distillation in a demethanizing
1604:A guide to North Sea oil and gas technology
464:Seasonal variation of hydrocarbon dewpoint
188:with little to no crude oil and are called
1577:"Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996"
1493:
1464:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 165.
723:
1606:. London: Heyden & Son. p. 133.
313:Liquid hydrocarbons (also referred to as
34:by removing contaminants such as solids,
1305:content, the helium may be recovered by
1288:
403:Naturally occurring radioactive material
18:
1914:(includes a flow diagram of a PSA unit)
1526:
1524:
1522:
1389:
2185:
2117:University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
2022:
1967:
1484:
1445:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2009:
2007:
2005:
1963:
1961:
454:Be delivered at or above a specified
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1519:
1385:
1383:
128:Natural gas when relatively free of
1953:AET Process Nitrogen Rejection Unit
1234:
740:(Propane and Butane) for sale; and
13:
2170:
2002:
1958:
1296:
982:Stream composition, % volume
783:condensed liquid passes through a
14:
2214:
2101:
1562:
1380:
1984:Cryogenic Turbo-Expander Process
817:NGL column operating conditions
672:(PSA) unit which is regenerable
413:may contain dissolved traces of
405:(NORM): natural gas may contain
2143:US Department of Transportation
2092:United States Mineral Resources
2084:
2062:
2043:
2016:
1990:
1976:
1970:Latin American Applied Research
1946:
1917:
1898:
1882:
1858:
1844:
1830:
1813:
1793:
1761:
1741:
1721:
1701:
1682:
1661:
1620:
1602:Institute of Petroleum (1978).
1595:
664:(TEG), commonly referred to as
224:Contaminants in raw natural gas
1548:
1478:
1453:
1408:
1355:
262:Heavier gaseous hydrocarbons:
153:Types of raw-natural-gas wells
1:
2139:Natural Gas Processing Plants
1348:
898:Overhead product temperature
604:(NGL): propane, butanes and C
422:Natural gas quality standards
254:), the shortest and lightest
449:National Transmission System
7:
1821:"MSDS: Natural gas liquids"
1316:
1301:If the gas has significant
1267:
917:Bottom product temperature
10:
2219:
2149:Gas Processors Association
2133:US EPA's AP-42 publication
1627:Dehydration of Natural Gas
1390:Speight, James G. (2015).
1243:+ may be "sweetened" in a
878:Column operating pressure
472:30 °F (–1.1 °C)
227:
2073:. University of Sheffield
1658:(includes a flow diagram)
1537:. UOP LLC. Archived from
1108:
1092:
738:liquefied petroleum gases
705:), using low temperature
670:Pressure Swing Adsorption
639:Wet sulfuric acid process
531:The natural gas should:
481:45 °F (7.2 °C)
478:40 °F (4.4 °C)
475:35 °F (1.7 °C)
2071:"Helium: the essentials"
1854:. STI Group. 2014-02-19.
680:may also be considered.
484:50 °F (10 °C)
107:associated-dissolved gas
74:and heavier) are called
1307:fractional distillation
724:NGL fractionation train
703:Nitrogen Rejection Unit
80:(sometimes also called
57:S), mercury and higher
2198:Natural gas technology
2155:Gas Processing Journal
2129:Natural Gas Processing
2123:Processing Natural Gas
1293:
940:Methane (natural gas)
614:natural gas condensate
589:Natural-gas condensate
230:Natural-gas condensate
77:natural-gas condensate
28:Natural-gas processing
24:
2069:Winter, Mark (2008).
1292:
1262:liquefied natural gas
469:Hydrocarbon dewpoint
456:hydrocarbon dew point
22:
1367:primis.phmsa.dot.gov
1333:Petroleum extraction
963:(Depropanizer feed)
960:Natural gas liquids
810:+ gasoline mixture.
770:fractionating column
983:
966:(Debutanizer feed)
818:
602:Natural gas liquids
541:standard cubic feet
465:
315:casinghead gasoline
304:Natural Gas Liquids
2193:Chemical processes
1997:Gas Processes 2002
1924:Gas Processes 2002
1910:2011-01-01 at the
1807:2013-06-26 at the
1755:2010-01-15 at the
1735:2010-12-01 at the
1715:2011-03-04 at the
1698:, OilTracers, 2006
1694:2015-08-28 at the
1675:2008-03-03 at the
1654:2009-09-12 at the
1649:Glycol Dehydration
1632:2007-02-24 at the
1556:"Radium in Piping"
1328:Natural gas prices
1294:
981:
816:
666:glycol dehydration
662:triethylene glycol
581:block flow diagram
463:
186:natural gas liquid
25:
2037:10.1021/ie400869v
2031:: 5710741–10753.
1894:10.1021/ie0108088
1826:. ConocoPhillips.
1729:Example Gas Plant
1581:legislation.co.uk
1471:978-0-429-87715-5
1401:978-1-118-36926-5
1311:Hugoton Gas Field
1232:
1231:
976:
975:
937:Overhead product
858:Feed temperature
529:
528:
97:, gas wells, and
2210:
2203:Gas technologies
2095:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1905:Molecular Sieves
1902:
1896:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1765:
1759:
1745:
1739:
1725:
1719:
1705:
1699:
1686:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1646:
1637:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1421:. Archived from
1420:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1359:
1323:Liquid carryover
1235:Sweetening Units
984:
980:
836:Butane Splitter
819:
815:
689:molecular sieves
685:activated carbon
466:
462:
341:hydrogen sulfide
319:natural gasoline
179:plant condensate
168:lease condensate
130:hydrogen sulfide
99:condensate wells
83:natural gasoline
67:pipeline quality
51:hydrogen sulfide
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2171:Further reading
2104:
2099:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1912:Wayback Machine
1903:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1809:Wayback Machine
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1757:Wayback Machine
1746:
1742:
1737:Wayback Machine
1726:
1722:
1717:Wayback Machine
1706:
1702:
1696:Wayback Machine
1687:
1683:
1677:Wayback Machine
1666:
1662:
1656:Wayback Machine
1647:
1640:
1634:Wayback Machine
1625:
1621:
1614:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1458:
1454:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:"Archived copy"
1414:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1388:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1319:
1299:
1297:Helium recovery
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1242:
1237:
957:Bottom product
809:
797:at -96 °C.
762:butane splitter
726:
687:or regenerable
635:Contact process
607:
573:
557:
553:
445:calorific value
424:
381:
370:
366:
358:
346:
338:
297:
293:
285:
281:
273:
269:
253:
249:
241:
232:
226:
210:coalbed methane
155:
56:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2136:
2126:
2120:
2110:
2103:
2102:External links
2100:
2097:
2096:
2083:
2061:
2042:
2015:
2001:
1989:
1975:
1957:
1945:
1928:
1916:
1897:
1881:
1857:
1843:
1829:
1812:
1792:
1760:
1740:
1720:
1700:
1681:
1660:
1638:
1619:
1612:
1594:
1561:
1547:
1544:on 2011-01-01.
1518:
1492:
1477:
1470:
1452:
1407:
1400:
1379:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1298:
1295:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
974:
973:
972:Normal Butane
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
855:
854:
852:
850:
848:
845:
842:
841:Feed pressure
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
807:
799:
798:
791:
788:
766:turbo-expander
725:
722:
721:
720:
717:
714:
711:industrial gas
622:amine treating
610:
609:
605:
599:
596:
591:
577:unit processes
572:
569:
568:
567:
560:
555:
551:
544:
536:
527:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
490:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
461:
460:
452:
423:
420:
419:
418:
411:produced water
400:
394:
387:
379:
372:
368:
364:
356:
344:
336:
333:carbon dioxide
326:
311:
295:
291:
283:
279:
271:
267:
251:
247:
239:
225:
222:
221:
220:
197:
190:non-associated
182:
175:non-associated
171:
164:associated gas
154:
151:
61:hydrocarbons (
59:molecular mass
54:
45:
40:carbon dioxide
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:(part of the
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1428:on 2016-03-05
1424:
1417:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1291:
1287:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
985:
979:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
955:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
905:
903:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
887:10-16.2 barg
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
853:
851:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
830:Depropanizer
829:
826:
824:Demethanizer
823:
821:
820:
814:
811:
803:
796:
792:
789:
786:
785:Joule-Thomson
782:
781:
780:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:depropanizer,
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
718:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
646:
644:
643:sulfuric acid
640:
637:and the WSA (
636:
632:
631:Claus process
626:
623:
617:
615:
603:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
578:
565:
561:
549:
545:
542:
537:
534:
533:
532:
525:
521:
519:
515:
513:
509:
507:
503:
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:
432:
429:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
377:
374:Other gases:
373:
362:
354:
350:
342:
334:
330:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
289:
277:
276:normal butane
265:
261:
260:
259:
257:
245:
237:
231:
218:
217:
216:coal seam gas
212:
211:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:
150:
149:
147:
142:
140:
135:
131:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
84:
79:
78:
73:
68:
65:) to produce
64:
60:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2091:
2086:
2075:. Retrieved
2064:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2018:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1978:
1969:
1948:
1939:
1923:
1919:
1900:
1884:
1873:. Retrieved
1870:www.pall.com
1869:
1860:
1846:
1832:
1815:
1800:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:
1770:
1763:
1748:
1743:
1728:
1723:
1708:
1703:
1684:
1668:
1663:
1622:
1603:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1580:
1550:
1539:the original
1512:
1504:
1486:
1480:
1461:
1455:
1430:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1410:
1391:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1338:Oil refinery
1300:
1271:
1238:
1205:
977:
929:118 °C
926:125 °C
890:3.8-17 barg
870:125 °C
833:Debutanizer
827:Deethanizer
812:
804:
800:
774:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:demethanizer
745:
730:oil terminal
727:
707:distillation
693:
682:
655:
649:
647:
627:
618:
611:
574:
530:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
496:
493:
425:
353:methanethiol
318:
314:
307:
233:
214:
208:
204:
189:
178:
174:
167:
163:
144:
137:
133:
127:
123:
106:
92:
87:
81:
75:
66:
27:
26:
1487:Natural Gas
1128:Isopentane
932:67 °C
923:37 °C
920:12 °C
912:49 °C
909:59 °C
906:50 °C
893:4.9-7 barg
884:26-30 barg
873:59 °C
867:37 °C
864:25 °C
861:37 °C
758:debutanizer
750:deethanizer
391:water vapor
361:ethanethiol
256:hydrocarbon
205:coalbed gas
32:natural gas
2187:Categories
2077:2008-07-14
1875:2023-04-22
1613:0855013168
1432:2014-09-21
1349:References
1249:disulfides
1186:n-Heptane
1147:n-Pentane
1082:Isobutane
1002:Isobutane
987:Component
952:Isobutane
674:adsorption
660:in liquid
658:absorption
518:September
409:, and the
349:mercaptans
329:Acid gases
228:See also:
201:adsorption
132:is called
115:condensate
88:condensate
86:or simply
63:condensate
1254:feedstock
1167:n-Hexane
1106:n-Butane
1008:Gasoline
1005:n-Butane
969:Gasoline
701:process (
699:Cryogenic
678:membranes
506:November
497:February
492:December
323:crude oil
321:) and/or
288:isobutane
160:oil wells
134:sweet gas
111:crude oil
103:Crude oil
95:oil wells
2145:website)
1908:Archived
1805:Archived
1753:Archived
1733:Archived
1713:Archived
1692:Archived
1673:Archived
1652:Archived
1630:Archived
1441:cite web
1317:See also
1268:Products
1058:Propane
1013:Methane
999:Propane
946:Propane
881:20 barg
847:30 barg
844:60 barg
742:gasoline
734:refinery
650:tail gas
512:October
494:January
428:pipeline
376:nitrogen
359:SH) and
351:such as
300:pentanes
146:acid gas
139:sour gas
1785:9 April
1780:spe.org
1587:13 June
1372:9 April
1281:S and H
1035:Ethane
996:Ethane
949:Butane
943:Ethane
524:August
489:Months
397:Mercury
389:Water:
347:S) and
264:propane
236:methane
194:wet gas
72:pentane
1610:
1583:. 1996
1468:
1398:
1303:helium
1200:13.45
1162:23.52
1142:33.13
1070:90.18
1044:95.14
901:-98°C
806:is a C
795:reflux
760:and a
598:Ethane
594:Sulfur
504:April
500:March
451:(NTS).
415:radium
384:helium
382:) and
298:) and
244:ethane
242:) and
158:Crude
1824:(PDF)
1776:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1535:(PDF)
1509:(PDF)
1426:(PDF)
1419:(PDF)
1245:Merox
1206:Total
1181:26.9
1120:95.0
1112:14.8
1096:96.0
1064:26.0
1047:7.32
1041:37.0
1022:1.36
1016:89.4
990:Feed
548:grain
522:July
516:June
407:radon
386:(He).
36:water
2058:(7).
1787:2018
1608:ISBN
1589:2020
1466:ISBN
1447:link
1396:ISBN
1374:2018
1228:100
1225:100
1222:100
1219:100
1216:100
1213:100
1210:100
1189:2.0
1170:4.0
1159:0.5
1150:3.5
1131:5.0
1123:3.0
1117:2.0
1109:2.2
1099:4.5
1093:2.5
1088:7.2
1085:1.3
1073:2.0
1067:3.5
1061:2.2
1038:4.9
1019:0.5
993:NGL
777:barg
752:, a
748:, a
559:NTS.
510:May
371:SH).
290:(i-C
278:(n-C
2141:(a
2033:doi
1890:doi
1277:, H
1258:LNG
564:ppb
437:BTU
355:(CH
339:),
335:(CO
317:or
308:NGL
306:or
286:),
274:),
238:(CH
207:or
119:use
90:).
49:),
2189::
2119:).
2054:.
2029:52
2027:.
2004:^
1960:^
1931:^
1868:.
1778:.
1641:^
1579:.
1564:^
1521:^
1495:^
1443:}}
1439:{{
1382:^
1365:.
1273:CO
756:a
713:).
691:.
441:MJ
378:(N
363:(C
343:(H
331::
296:10
284:10
266:(C
246:(C
121:.
101:.
53:(H
44:CO
38:,
2135:)
2080:.
2056:6
2039:.
2035::
1972:.
1892::
1878:.
1789:.
1773:"
1769:"
1616:.
1591:.
1558:.
1474:.
1449:)
1435:.
1404:.
1376:.
1283:2
1279:2
1275:2
1260:(
1241:5
808:5
606:5
556:2
552:2
550:H
380:2
369:5
367:H
365:2
357:3
345:2
337:2
325:.
294:H
292:4
282:H
280:4
272:8
270:H
268:3
252:6
250:H
248:2
240:4
213:(
196:.
181:.
170:.
148:.
141:;
55:2
46:2
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
