Natural dye - Knowledge

1435: 1423: 2253:"fast" dye compounds (those that have the necessary molecular structure to form stable chemical bonds with mordants and fibres, and so provide good resistance to fading when washed, exposed to light, or subjected to normal rubbing/abrasion; these are found throughout the historic record), and there are "fugitive" compounds, which are not true dyes (those that fade and wash out quickly, as they lack the molecular structure to form stable bonds, or any bonds at all, to mordants and fibres). Mordanting can not fix fugitive sources to fibres. Fugitive sources include nearly all berries, red cabbage, beets, spinach, black beans, most flowers (though some important true dyes are flower derived) and many others. 1680: 526: 1248: 728: 2120: 3988: 640: 2156:, the red dye present in madder, was the first natural pigment to be duplicated synthetically, in 1869, leading to the collapse of the market for naturally grown madder. The development of new, strongly colored aniline dyes followed quickly: a range of reddish-purples, blues, violets, greens and reds became available by 1880. These dyes had great affinity for animal fibres such as wool and silk. Although some new colors tended to fade and wash out, others were identical to natural dyes, e.g., 220: 136:). Many other metal salt mordants were also used, but are seldom used now due to modern research evidence of their extreme toxicity either to human health, ecological health, or both. These include salts of metals such as chrome, copper, tin, lead, and others. In addition, a number of non-metal salt substances can be used to assist with the molecular bonding of natural dyes to natural fibres—either on their own, or in combination with metal salt mordants—including 20: 5364: 1447: 958: 1006:

color fixing mordant. The dried plums are steeped in water and mixed with the color pigment, causing the colorant to precipitate onto a piece of silk or any other desired material. The colorant at this stage has the consistency of fine, red mud. Color used as a dye can be diluted. 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb) of dried florets produces enough dye pigment to dye a small piece of fabric. The dye color is fixed in the fabric with a

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driven almost out of use by the commercial success of the anilines. Morris saw dyeing of wools, silks, and cottons as the necessary preliminary to the production of woven and printed fabrics of the highest excellence; and his period of incessant work at the dye-vat (1875–76) was followed by a period during which he was absorbed in the production of textiles (1877–78), and more especially in the revival of carpet- and

5374: 587: 1205:), also known as dyer's broom. Woolen cloth mordanted with alum and dyed yellow with dyer's greenweed was overdyed with woad and, later, indigo, to produce the once-famous Kendal green. This in turn fell out of fashion in the 18th century in favor of the brighter Saxon green, dyed with indigo and fustic. 1000:

is added to release the red colorant. The batch is then kneaded with one's hands and strained. Vinegar is then added to the solution, and the colorant is soaked up by using strips of linen. The strips of linen (now red) are then placed in a separate container and alkali obtained from the burnt ash of

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or "mordant dyes". By using different mordants, dyers can often obtain a variety of colors and shades from the same dye, as many mordants not only fix the natural dye compounds to the fibre, but can also modify the final dye color. Fibres or cloth may be pretreated with mordants (pre-mordant), or the

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The chemical analysis that would definitively identify the dyes used in ancient textiles has rarely been conducted, and even when a dye such as indigo blue is detected it is impossible to determine which of several indigo-bearing plants was used. Nevertheless, based on the colors of surviving textile

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in the mid-19th century triggered a long decline in the large-scale market for natural dyes. In the early 21st century, the market for natural dyes in the fashion industry is experiencing a resurgence. Western consumers have become more concerned about the health and environmental impact of synthetic

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period. In China, dyeing with plants, barks and insects has been traced back more than 5,000 years. The essential process of dyeing changed little over time. Typically, the dye material is put in a pot of water and heated to extract the dye compounds into solution with the water. Then the textiles to

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From the second millennium BC to the 19th century, a succession of rare and expensive natural dyestuffs came in and out of fashion in the ancient world and then in Europe. In many cases the cost of these dyes far exceeded the cost of the wools and silks they colored, and often only the finest grades

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is added once more to release the red absorbed by the linen. The solution obtained is then poured into a separate container. An extract made from plums that have been covered with soot and fumigated in a smoking pit for 24 hours, followed by a drying period of one month in the sun, is then used as a

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dye works mastering the processes of dyeing with plant materials and making experiments in the revival of old or discovery of new methods. One result of these experiments was to reinstate indigo dyeing as a practical industry and generally to renew the use of natural dyes like madder which had been

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preferred the rich, complex colors of natural dyes, since many natural dye sources contain more than one type of dye compound, unlike synthetic dyes which tend to rely on a single type of dye compound, creating a flatter visual effect. This helped ensure that the old European techniques for dyeing

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Some mordants and some dyestuffs produce strong odours, and the process of dyeing often depends on a good supply of fresh water, storage areas for bulky plant materials, vats which can be kept heated (often for days or weeks) along with the necessary fuel, and airy spaces to dry the dyed textiles.

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Cellulose fibres have a lower affinity for natural dyes than do protein fibres. The most common method for preparing cellulose fibres is to use a tannin first (tannins have high affinity for both protein and cellulose fibres), then use an aluminum salt. The most common method for preparing protein

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and oak galls, calf's blood, sheep's dung, oil, soda, alum, and a solution of tin". Turkey red was developed in India and spread to Turkey. Greek workers familiar with the methods of its production were brought to France in 1747, and Dutch and English spies soon discovered the secret. A sanitized

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While historically, dyers possessed sophisticated knowledge of natural sources of true dye compounds, nowadays the internet contains a lot of inaccurate information about sources—predominantly foods—that are not supported by the historic record or by modern science. In natural dyeing, there are

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by indigenous producers, cochineal became Mexico's second most valued export after silver. Cochineal produces purplish colors alone and brilliant scarlets when mordanted with tin; thus cochineal, which produced a stronger dye and could thus be used in smaller quantities, replaced kermes dyes in

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made substantial contributions to refining the dyeing process, making particular progress on setting standards on dyeing sheep wool and many other textiles. His contributions to refining the dyeing process and his theories on color brought much praise by the well known poet and artist

1790: 1072:), also called mignonette or dyer's rocket before the Iron Age, but it was an important dye of the ancient Mediterranean and Europe and is indigenous to England. Two brilliant yellow dyes of commercial importance in Europe from the 18th century are derived from trees of the 2231:

In America, synthetic dyes became popular among a wide range of Native American textile artists; however, natural dyes remained in use, as many textile collectors prefer natural dyes over synthetics. Today, dyeing with natural materials is often practiced as an adjunct to

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When kermes-dyed textiles achieved prominence around the mid-11th century, the dyestuff was called "grain" in all Western European languages because the desiccated eggs resemble fine grains of wheat or sand. Textiles dyed with kermes were described as

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Ecological consciousness has prompted a renewed interest in natural-dye techniques. The European Union, for example, has encouraged Indonesian batik cloth producers to switch to natural dyes to improve their export market in Europe.

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coast, and heaps of crushed murex shells have been discovered at a number of locations along the eastern Mediterranean dated to the mid-2nd millennium BC. The classical dye known as Phoenician Red was also derived from murex snails.

2087:), a dyewood native to Mexico and Central America. Although logwood was poorly received at first, producing a blue inferior to that of woad and indigo, it was discovered to produce a fast black in combination with a 1289:

is believed to be the oldest center of indigo dyeing in the Old World. It was a primary supplier of indigo dye to Europe as early as the Greco-Roman era. The association of India with indigo is reflected in the

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fibres like cotton and linen, and that would be more colorfast on wool and silk than the early anilines. Chrome or mordant dyes produced a muted but very fast color range for woollens. These were followed by

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If plants that yield yellow dyes are common, plants that yield green dyes are rare. Both woad and indigo have been used since ancient times in combination with yellow dyes to produce shades of green.

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Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials, but scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural invertebrate dyes

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may be used during or after dying to protect fibre structure, shift pH to achieve different color results, or for any number of other desirably outcomes. Metal-salt accumulating plants (including

622:) are also used. Iron mordants "sadden" colors, while alum and tin mordants brighten colors. Iron, chrome and tin mordants contribute to fabric deterioration, referred to as "dye rot". Additional 1839:). Murex dye was greatly prized in antiquity because it did not fade, but instead became brighter and more intense with weathering and sunlight. Murex dyeing may have been developed first by the 152:. Plants that bio-accumulate aluminum have also been used. Some mordants, and some dyes themselves, produce strong odors, and large-scale dyeworks were often isolated in their own districts. 2188:

for cotton were introduced in the mid-1950s. These petroleum based, synthetic dyes are used both in commercial textile production and in craft dyeing and have widely replaced natural dyes.

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cochineal began to be exported to Spain, and by the seventeenth century it was a commodity traded as far away as India. During the colonial period the production of cochineal (in Spanish,

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in favor of dark blues, greens, and most important of all, black. The origins of the trend for somber colors are elusive, but are generally attributed to the growing influence of

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and similar colors were produced by dyeing wool with woad or indigo in the fleece and then piece-dyeing the woven cloth with red dyes, either the common madder or the luxury dyes

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artists to produce a deep brown approaching black. Today black walnut is primarily used to dye baskets but has been used in the past for fabrics and deerhide. Juniper,

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fragments and the evidence of actual dyestuffs found in archaeological sites, reds, blues, and yellows from plant sources were in common use by the late Bronze Age and

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version of Turkey red was being produced in Manchester by 1784, and roller-printed dress cottons with a Turkey red ground were fashionable in England by the 1820s.

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dyes—which require the use of toxic fossil fuel byproducts for their production—in manufacturing and there is a growing demand for products that use natural dyes.

456:, followed by evidence of blues and then yellows, with green appearing somewhat later. The earliest surviving evidence of textile dyeing was found at the large 3061:

Munro, John H. "The Anti-Red Shift – To the Dark Side: Colour Changes in Flemish Luxury Woollens, 1300–1500". In Netherton and Owens-Crocker (2007), pp. 56–57.

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Producing fast black in the Middle Ages was a complicated process involving multiple dyeings with woad or indigo followed by mordanting, but at the dawn of

4281: 2091:(copperas) mordant. Despite changing fashions in color, logwood was the most widely used dye by the 19th century, providing the sober blacks of formal and 1975:. Woollens were frequently dyed in the fleece with woad and then piece-dyed in kermes, producing a wide range colors from blacks and grays through browns, 2103:

Synthetic dyes, which could be quickly produced in large quantities, quickly superseded natural dyes for the commercial textile production enabled by the

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which has been grown in Northern Europe over 2,000 years, although from the 18th century it was mostly replaced by superior Indian indigo imported by the

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for animal fibres (from 1875) and the synthesis of indigo in Germany in 1880. The work on indigo led to the development of a new class of dyes called

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Because of their different molecular structure, cellulose and protein fibres require different mordant treatments to prepare them for natural dyes.

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fibres is to use alum. However, the historic record contains many hundreds of different mordanting methods for both protein and cellulose fibres.

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records madder growing near Rome. Madder was a dye of commercial importance in Europe, being cultivated in the Netherlands and France to dye the

2500: 1407:, which is identical to the natural material and environmentally friendlier as its production did not require hundreds of square kilometers of 986:). A bath solution of cold water is first prepared, to which is added the collected flowers. Steeping in cold water releases a yellow pigment ( 2054:

During the course of the 15th century, the civic records show brilliant reds falling out of fashion for civic and high-status garments in the

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and other mountains of Asia and Japan. Munjeet was an important dye for the Asian cotton industry and is still used by craft dyers in Nepal.

990:) which, after straining, is discarded. After pressing and drying once again the red petals, the petals are re-hydrated again, at which time 432:

Colors in the "ruddy" range of reds, browns, and oranges are the first attested colors in a number of ancient textile sites ranging from the

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that can form a stable molecular coordination complex with both natural dyes and natural fibres. Historically, the most common mordants were

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Soft olive greens are also achieved when textiles dyed yellow are treated with an iron mordant. The dull green cloth common to the Iron Age

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for an extended period, often measured in days or even weeks, stirring occasionally until the color has evenly transferred to the textiles.

2481: 483:), were found. Polychrome or multicolored fabrics seem to have been developed in the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE. Textiles with a "red-brown 125: 2829: 5378: 2667: 1751:

for a complete rainbow palette. Swedish and American mycologists, building upon Rice's research, have discovered sources for true blues (

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mordant may be incorporated in the dyebath (meta-mordant, or co-mordant), or the mordanting may be done after dyeing (post-mordant).

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Always a medievalist at heart, Morris loathed the colors produced by the fashionable aniline dyes. He spent much of his time at his

2081:, a new and superior method of dyeing black dye reached Europe via Spanish conquests in the New World. The new method used logwood ( 4274: 2184:, which could not be colored with any existing dyes. Today disperse dyes are the only effective means of coloring many synthetics. 1383:

in the 17th century and used extensively in America until native stands of indigo were discovered in Florida and the Carolinas. In

2397:"Natural Dye Extraction From Teak Leves (Tectona Grandis) Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Method for Dyeing on Cotton Fabric" 2240:

and weaving. It remains a living craft in many traditional cultures of North America, Africa, Asia, and the Scottish Highlands.

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Turkey red was a strong, very fast red dye for cotton obtained from madder root via a complicated multistep process involving "

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genus of plants, which grows in semi-tropical regions, also bioaccumulates aluminum, and is still popular with natural dyers.

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Tyrian purple retained its place as the premium dye of Europe until it was replaced "in status and desirability" by the rich

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Dyes that create reds and yellows can also yield oranges. Navajo dyers create orange dyes from one-seeded juniper,

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around the world, and were already used as sources of good red dye in prehistory. Madder has been identified on

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region). The dye is of ancient origin; jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse,

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pioneered research into using various mushrooms for natural dyes. Starting in the late 1960s, she discovered

1492: 1114: 3478: 687:, or tied in various ways to prevent even penetration of the dye when the cloth is piece-dyed. The Chinese 3107:

Munro, John H. "Medieval Woollens: Textiles, Technology, and Organisation". In Jenkins (2003), pp. 214–15.

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dyers. Natural dyeing techniques are also preserved by artisans in traditional cultures around the world.

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Navajo textile artist Nonabah Gorman Bryan developed a two-step process for creating green dye. First the

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produce a wide range of greens, oranges, yellows, reds, browns, and bright pinks and purples. The lichen

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After mordanting, the essential process of dyeing requires soaking the material containing the dye (the

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The types of natural dyes currently popular with craft dyers and the global fashion industry include:

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Bien, Hans-Samuel; Stawitz, Josef; Wunderlich, Klaus (2000). "Anthraquinone Dyes and Intermediates".

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Murex dyes were fabulously expensive – one snail yields but a single drop of dye – and the

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culture shows traces of iron, and was possibly colored by boiling yellow-dyed cloth in an iron pot.

630:) were also commonly used as mordants in parts of Europe, but are now endangered in many areas. The 4243: 4191: 2394: 2201: 2108: 1987:

kermes scarlet was "by far the most esteemed, most regal" color for luxury woollen textiles in the

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Natural alum (aluminum sulfate) has been the most common metallic salt mordant for millennia (see

4898: 4446: 1446: 1348: 829: 731: 2107:, and unlike natural dyes, were suitable for the synthetic fibres that followed. Artists of the 5324: 4781: 2837: 1798: 911: 864:). In Malaysia and Laos, a red to purple dye is produced from the root of the Indian mulberry ( 163:

became highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as

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be dyed are added to the pot, and held at heat until the desired color is achieved. Textile

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in the 15th century collected tribute in the form of bags of cochineal dye. Soon after the

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techniques to control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. In China, Japan, India,

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A dye-works with baskets of dyestuffs, skeins of dyed yarn, and heated vats for dyeing, in

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took up the art of dyeing as an adjunct to his manufacturing business, the design firm of

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skins, and a number of weedy flowering plants. Limited evidence suggests the use of weld (

974:, dyers have mastered the technique of producing a bright red to orange-red dye (known as 8: 4648: 4618: 4608: 2078: 1840: 1759: 1395: 1180: 1030: 950: 945: 671:, patterned silk and cotton fabrics were produced using techniques in which the cloth is 378: 101: 2755:"Traditional knowledge of rural Japan: "ubai", carbonized plum for color fixing mordant" 2176:

in 1901 that produced a wide range of fast colors for cellulosic fibers such as cotton.

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basket weavers have a complex formula for yellow that employs a dock plant (most likely

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Ancient large-scale dye-works tended to be located on the outskirts of populated areas.

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of military uniforms until the market collapsed following the development of synthetic

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by dyeing wool with woad and then overdyeing it yellow with weld or dyer's greenweed (

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were important trade goods in the economies of Asia, Africa and Europe. Dyes such as

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Kusumawati, Nita; Budi Santoso, Agus; Sianita, Maria Monica; Muslim, Supari (2017).

1699:. In recent times, lichen dyes have been an important part of the dye traditions of 5339: 5329: 5314: 4940: 4761: 4577: 4547: 4527: 4483: 4361: 4175: 4150: 3255: 2886: 2408: 2375: 2220:-weaving as fine arts. Morris & Co. also provided naturally dyed silks for the 2124: 1952: 1868: 1860: 1656: 1363: 1188: 802: 750: 611: 603: 330: 203:

treasure fleets, and the dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to America.

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Qadariyah, Lailatul; Mahfud, Mahfud; Sulistiawati, Endah; Swastika, Prima (2018).

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International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology

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Scientists continued to search for new synthetic dyes that would be effective on

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In temperate climates including Europe, indigo was obtained primarily from woad (

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The first synthetic dyes were discovered in the mid-19th century, starting with

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dye in 1869. Madder was also used to dye the "hunting pinks" of Great Britain.

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Across Asia and Africa and the Americas, patterned fabrics were produced using

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The Colourful Past: Origins, Chemistry and Identification of Natural Dyestuffs

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In Search of Forgotten Colours - Sachio Yoshioka and the Art of Natural Dyeing

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or royal purple, a purple-red dye which is extracted from several genera of

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Yellow dyes are "about as numerous as red ones", and can be extracted from

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process is dated to the 10th century; other traditional techniques include

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sp.) to create lavender and purple dyes. Purples can also be derived from

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Beni Red (safflower; carthamus tinctorius) / June 2018, minutes 5:22–9:45

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Rogers, Penelope Walton, "Dyes and Dyeing". In Jenkins (2003), pp. 25–29.

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A variety of plants produce red (or reddish) dyes, including a number of

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Dyeing wool cloth, 1482, from British Library Royal MS 15.E.iii, f. 269.

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and printing with natural dyestuffs were preserved for use by home and

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20,000 Years of Fashion: the History of Costume and Personal Adornment

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By Native Hands: Woven Treasures from the Lauren Rogers Museum of Art

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is an ancient brown dye from the wood of acacia trees, particularly

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Fabric of Society: a Century of People and their Clothes 1770–1870

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Synthetic Dyeing: for Spinners, Weavers, Knitters and Embroiderers

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was found along the Mediterranean Sea and was used by the ancient

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fibres: wool, angora, mohair, cashmere, silk, soy, leather, suede

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wools. The trend spread in the next century: the Low Countries,

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in North America used lichen to dye corn husk bags a sea green.

132:(potassium aluminum sulfate—a metal salt of aluminum) and iron ( 5300: 5262: 5247: 5210: 5168: 5163: 5063: 4818: 4722: 4391: 4351: 4095: 3897: 3885: 3866: 2063: 1976: 1909:. Kermes is extracted from the dried unlaid eggs of the insect 1844: 1732: 1728: 1688: 1668: 1541: 1506: 1467: 1372: 1276: 1103: 991: 779: 680: 660: 553: 453: 441: 137: 88: 1183:

England was especially known for its green dyes. The dyers of

586: 556:, will give good color when used alone; these dyes are called 5230: 5105: 5025: 5010: 4957: 4707: 4666: 4458: 4336: 4311: 4212: 4145: 4125: 3880: 2113: 2059: 2022: 1964: 1806: 1700: 1635: 1611: 1581: 1487: 1286: 1063: 1035: 971: 920: 840: 817: 808: 783: 696: 575: 469: 445: 360: 318: 200: 149: 97: 75: 59: 39: 24: 1789: 5237: 5205: 4450: 3890: 1898: 1440:

A traditional brass container used to dye cloth in quantity

1393:. Other indigo-bearing dye plants include dyer's knotweed ( 875: 743: 488: 480: 402: 384: 144:, "pseudo-tannins", such as plant-derived oxalic acid, and 129: 105: 71: 67: 55: 116:

to bind the dye to the textile fibres. Mordants (from

5045: 4750: 4306: 4004: 3835: 1920: 1855:

imposed a strict monopoly on their use from the reign of

1478:. Madder could also produce purples when used with alum. 858:

In tropical Asia, a red dye is obtained from sappanwood (

684: 602:, mordant and dye recipes start at recipe #84), but tin ( 263: 207: 35: 3830: 3516:

Natural Dyes: Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science

3416:

The section on William Morris incorporates text from the

1323:

and related species, known under common names including

796:, sappanwood, various galium species, and dyer's madder 223:

Oaxaca artisan Fidel Cruz Lazo dying yarn for rug making

3423:

supplemental volume 3 (1901), a publication now in the

2479: 3973: 3964: 3945: 3911: 3895: 3703:

Netherton, Robin; Owen-Crocker, Gale R., eds. (2007).

2830:"12 Plant Navajo Dye Chart, Craftperson: Maggie Begay" 2620: 2618: 1935:. Similar dyes are extracted from the related insects 1634:). They also produce a cool gray dye with blue flower 1403:. The cultivation of indigo was swiftly displaced by 305:

or Black Walnut hulls (brown, black, source of tannin)

214: 3702: 2180:

were introduced in 1923 to color the new textiles of

1139:) for yellow. Navajo artists create yellow dyes from 3360:

Furry, Margaret S.; Viemont, Bess M. (August 1934).

1813:

of fabrics were considered worthy of the best dyes.

2615: 2498: 1859:(AD 225–235) that was maintained by the succeeding 643:

Using natural dyes to color the yarn of Tasar silk.

3477:Bryan, Nonabah Gorman & Young, Stella (2002). 2482:"Relation to the Technical Operations of the Dyer" 2273:. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1955:or Saint John's blood) of Eastern Europe, and the 1261:Blue colorants around the world were derived from 961:A diagram of the life cycle of a Polish Cochineal. 104:or weaving ("dyed in the wool"), after spinning (" 3581:Eco Colour: Botanical Dyes For Beautiful Textiles 3336:"Indonesia told to produce more 'green' products" 1414: 234:fibres: cotton, linen, hemp, ramie, bamboo, rayon 142:oak galls and a range of other plants/plant parts 5392: 3761: 3463:(Expanded ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams. 3125: 2268: 1983:. By the 14th and early 15th century, brilliant 1821:The premier luxury dye of the ancient world was 1711:, and among native peoples of the southwest and 1317:, blue to indigo colors were also obtained from 766:, pre-1804. All natural dyes. Collection of the 411:or Staghorn Sumac tree (brown, source of tannin) 369:peel (green, brown, dark brown, purple, crimson) 3643: 3480:Navajo Natives Dyes: Their Preparation and Use. 2041:) grew rapidly. Produced almost exclusively in 1867:. The dye was used for imperial manuscripts on 1387:, indigo dye is extracted from some species of 4289: 3605: 3252:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3228:Boucher & Deslandres (1987), pp. 219, 244. 3165:(2). Grand Canyon River Guides. Archived from 3071: 3069: 3067: 2796: 1265:-bearing plants, primarily those in the genus 381:fruit (yellow, green, black, source of tannin) 4275: 3851: 3648:. Abegg-Stiftung and Archetype Publications. 3281: 3279: 3236: 3234: 2046:general use in Europe from the 17th century. 1797:clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at 3685:Textile Manufactures in Early Modern England 3494: 3359: 2909: 2907: 2871: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2608: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2463: 2461: 1885:, also associated with the imperial family. 1843:of East Crete or the West Semites along the 3780: 3152: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3064: 2884: 2668:"Philippine Natural Dyes: A Short Overview" 2433: 2431: 2049: 1214:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau 4282: 4268: 4197:Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands 3858: 3844: 3831:Cochineal Master's Thesis-History and Uses 3762:Thompson, Frances; Thompson, Tony (1987). 3334:Faizal, Elly Burhaini (October 29, 2011). 3285:Thompson & Thompson (1987), pp. 11–12. 3276: 3231: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3057: 3055: 3053: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2548: 2247: 2098: 1683:White wool yarn dyed with "orchella weeds" 1566:, ashes provide brown and yellow dyes for 1499:Choctaw artists traditionally used maple ( 1251:Traditional natural dyeing (Korean blue – 927:artists from Texas and Louisiana used the 468:, where traces of red dyes, possible from 16:Dye extracted from plant or animal sources 3665:The Cambridge History of Western Textiles 3324:Gillow & Sentance (1999), pp. 118–19. 3078: 2966: 2904: 2866: 2852: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2603: 2591: 2582: 2579:Gillow & Sentence (1999), pp. 122–36. 2524: 2475: 2473: 2458: 2412: 2379: 2191: 1871:, often with text in silver or gold, and 1769:provides a yellow dye, and fungi such as 1496:) has been used to produce a purple dye. 1167:produce pale, yellow-cream colored dyes. 806:. Madder and related plants of the genus 3740: 3681: 3096: 3041:"Miriam C. Rice and Mushrooms for Color" 3026:Beebee, Dorothy M. (November 30, 2010). 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2428: 2336: 2311: 2287: 2118: 2062:and possibly the importation of Spanish 1788: 1678: 1246: 956: 749: 726: 638: 585: 524: 218: 18: 3662: 3624: 3559: 3495:Cannon, John; Cannon, Margaret (2002). 3208: 3199: 3050: 2943: 2488:. Translated by Eastlake, Charles Lock. 1781:are used in dyeing textiles and paper. 1088:), native to eastern North America and 980:) from the dried florets of safflower ( 574:used to "fix" the color in the textile 5393: 3606:Gillow, John; Sentance, Bryan (1999). 3532: 3513: 3432: 3333: 3240:Thompson & Thompson (1987), p. 10. 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2699: 2685: 2665: 2654: 2470: 1888: 1482:also gave purple shades with vitriol ( 251: 74:—and other biological sources such as 4263: 3839: 3721: 3578: 3535:The Dyer's Handbook Memoirs On Dyeing 3374: 3146: 2815: 2633:Tozer & Levitt (1983), pp. 29–30. 2440: 1428:A traditional dyer from Jaipur, India 1346:, the important blue dyes were Añil ( 296: 5373: 3826:International Mushroom Dye Institute 3381:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 2672:HABI: The Philippine Textile Council 2035:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 1991:, England, France, Spain and Italy. 3781:Tozer, Jane; Levitt, Sarah (1983). 3119: 2931:Cannon & Cannon (2002), p. 110. 2722: 1784: 1594: 1003:Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum 997:Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum 722: 215:Dyes in use in the fashion industry 50:. The majority of natural dyes are 13: 3986: 3814:Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2651:Cannon & Cannon (2002), p. 80. 2642:Cannon & Cannon (2002), p. 76. 2200:artist and founding figure of the 1735:in the Netherlands), and crottle. 541:), and bringing the solution to a 14: 5417: 3819: 2302:Kerridge (1988), pp. 15, 16, 135. 2131: 1610:create black from mineral yellow 1279:species in Asia was true indigo ( 773: 768:University of Pennsylvania Museum 5372: 5363: 5362: 3644:Hofenk de Graaf, Judith (2004). 3419:Dictionary of National Biography 3295:Dictionary of National Biography 3039:Beebee, Dorothy M. (Fall 2008). 3008:Bryan & Young (2002), p. 61. 2744:Bryan & Young (2002), p. 62. 2666:Palasi, Kat (22 February 2022). 2480:Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (1840). 1829:, primarily the spiny dye-murex 1445: 1433: 1421: 199:) were brought to Europe by the 23:Naturally dyed skeins made with 3688:. Manchester University Press. 3564:. Lauren Rogers Museum of Art. 3499:(2nd ed.). A&C Black. 3368: 3353: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3288: 3243: 3222: 3190: 3181: 3110: 3087: 3033: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2957: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2878: 2812:Bryan & Young (2002), p. 6. 2806: 2769: 2757:. Satoyama Library. 28 May 2018 2747: 2738: 2735:Bryan & Young (2002), p. 5. 2713: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2573: 2542: 2533: 2530:Barber (1991), pp. 235–36, 239. 2515: 2492: 2449: 2021:is derived. It was used by the 1905:centers of Italy, colored with 1816: 1129:) provide a rich yellow color. 1092:from the dyer's mulberry tree ( 919:basketweavers additionally use 27:root, Colonial Williamsburg, VA 3707:. Vol. 3. Boydell Press. 3705:Medieval Clothing and Textiles 3667:. Cambridge University Press. 3560:Chancey, Jill R., ed. (2005). 3437:. Princeton University Press. 3187:Schoeser (2007), pp. 121, 248. 3155:"The bug that changed history" 2972:Goodwin (1982), pp. 11, 70–76. 2414:10.1051/matecconf/201815605004 2388: 2355: 2330: 2305: 2296: 2269:Bechtold, Thomas, ed. (2023). 2262: 1655:, black dye was obtained from 1415:Examples of dyeing with indigo 1: 3410: 3362:Home dyeing with natural dyes 2990:Goodwin (1982), pp. 107, 112. 2834:Bair's Indian Trading Company 2341:. Rockport. pp. 125–26. 2271:Handbook of Natural Colorants 2127:textile, William Morris, 1873 1959:-producing insects of India, 1897:reds and scarlets of the new 1493:Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum 1115:Southeastern Woodlands tribes 786:, alkanet or dyer's bugloss ( 3663:Jenkins, David, ed. (2003). 3583:. Loveland, CO: Interweave. 3030:. Retrieved January 9, 2011. 2981:Kerridge (1988), pp. 166–67. 2455:Barber (1991), pp. 227, 237. 1294:word for the dye, which was 1187:, a great cloth town in the 1117:in the Americas, butternut ( 965: 874:, red dye was obtained from 514: 7: 3974: 3965: 3946: 3912: 3896: 3802: 3153:Behan, Jeff (Spring 1995). 2501:"Jeremias Friedrich Gülich" 1540:, used in India for dyeing 994:made from the burnt ash of 906:spp.), among other plants. 10: 5422: 5406:Non-timber forest products 4291:Non-timber forest products 3865: 3533:Cardon, Dominique (2016). 3518:. Archetype Publications. 3514:Cardon, Dominique (2007). 3159:Boatman's Quarterly Review 3084:Barber (1991), pp. 230–31. 3047:Retrieved January 9, 2011. 3017:Goodwin (1982), pp. 87–92. 2875:Goodwin (1982), pp. 60–63. 2776:Victoria and Albert Museum 2612:Goodwin (1982), pp. 64–65. 2539:Goodwin (1982), pp. 32–34. 2521:Goodwin (1982), pp. 29–31. 2509:Goethe's Theory of Colours 2486:Goethe's Theory of Colours 2467:Barber (1991), pp. 228–29. 2437:Barber (1991), pp. 223–25. 1667:) leaves, as well as from 1614:mixed with pitch from the 1523:) (with an acid mordant). 1509:, and from the berries of 1457: 1377:British East India Company 1367:), an indigenous plant of 1271:, which are native to the 1240: 1041: 1013: 847:Munjeet or Indian madder ( 764:Lewis and Clark Expedition 600:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis 518: 509:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 427: 206:The discovery of man-made 38:or colorants derived from 5358: 5293: 5156: 5044: 4956: 4741: 4657: 4558: 4445: 4332: 4297: 4236: 4205: 4184: 4063: 3997: 3984: 3873: 3747:. Yale University Press. 3433:Barber, E. J. W. (1991). 2797: 2499:Goethe, Johann Wolfgang. 2381:10.18517/ijaseit.7.3.1014 2316:. Rockport. p. 125. 2084:Haematoxylum campechianum 1674: 1526: 1452:Hands stained with indigo 1275:. The primary commercial 1223:yarn is dyed yellow with 1170: 1143:, brown onion skins, and 1126:Xanthorhiza simplicissima 940:A delicate rose color in 504:Jeremias Friedrich Gülich 196:Haematoxylum campechianum 4244:Glossary of dyeing terms 4064:Traditional textile dyes 3375:PAINE, CLIFFORD (1960). 3315:Goodwin (1982), pp. 7–8. 3306:Parry (1983), pp. 36–46. 3297:(1901), "William Morris" 3260:10.1002/14356007.a02_355 3219:Munro (2007), pp. 87–93. 3205:Munro (2007), pp. 76–77. 3075:Schoeser (2007), p. 118. 2256: 2202:Arts and Crafts movement 2109:Arts and Crafts Movement 2050:The rise of formal black 1738: 1645:Phoradendron juniperinum 1490:, purple root/gromwell ( 1466:Europe, purple, violet, 1236: 578:. These dyes are called 548:Some dyestuffs, such as 521:Glossary of dyeing terms 405:leaf (crimson to maroon) 363:root (red, pink, orange) 3766:. David & Charles. 3741:Schoeser, Mary (2007). 3724:William Morris Textiles 3682:Kerridge, Eric (1988). 3254:. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2954:Chancey (2005), p. 173. 2248:Contemporary reskilling 2099:Decline and rediscovery 1401:Lonchocarpus cyanescens 1349:Indigofera suffruticosa 1080:from the inner bark of 754:Reverse side of loomed 732:The Hunt of the Unicorn 345:leaves (blue to purple) 84:have found evidence of 5305:(Iberian agroforestry) 4543:Pacific mountain onion 3991: 3809:African textile dyeing 3787:. Laura Ashley Press. 3625:Goodwin, Jill (1982). 3128:"Time line of fabrics" 3126:Threads In Tyme, LTD. 3116:Goodwin (1982), p. 56. 3093:Barber (1991), p. 231. 2999:Goodwin (1982), p. 60. 2963:Goodwin (1982), p. 70. 2940:Barber (1991), p. 228. 2922:Chancey (2005), p. 47. 2913:Goodwin (1982), p. 63. 2863:Barber (1991), p. 233. 2719:Chancey (2005), p. 66. 2710:Chancey (2005), p. 51. 2696:Chancey (2005), p. 37. 2624:Goodwin (1982), p. 65. 2600:Barber (1991), p. 232. 2588:Barber (1991), p. 239. 2337:Calderin, Jay (2009). 2312:Calderin, Jay (2009). 2293:Goodwin (1982), p. 11. 2192:Technique preservation 2128: 1949:Porphyrophora polonica 1809: 1799:Basilica of San Vitale 1684: 1379:. Woad was carried to 1258: 1195:cloth associated with 962: 912:Sanguinaria canadensis 909:Puccoon or bloodroot ( 770: 747: 644: 595: 530: 327:hulls (peach to brown) 224: 28: 5325:Indian forest produce 4796:Hydnocarpus wightiana 3990: 3931:Reactive dye printing 3722:Parry, Linda (1983). 3579:Flint, India (2008). 3497:Dye Plants and Dyeing 3196:Barber (1982), p. 55. 3028:"Mushrooms for Color" 2196:At the same time the 2122: 2105:Industrial Revolution 1937:Porphyrophora hamelii 1792: 1778:Pisolithus tinctorius 1772:Phaeolus schweinitzii 1766:Hypholoma fasciculare 1713:Intermontane Plateaus 1682: 1638:and a warm gray from 1606:sp.) for a grey dye. 1570:, as do the hulls of 1517:states and mulberry ( 1250: 960: 944:comes from fermented 753: 730: 663:, and other parts of 642: 589: 528: 519:Further information: 339:root (bronze, yellow) 321:(dark mustard yellow) 311:or Cutch tree (brown) 282:(purple, indigo blue) 222: 124: 'to bite') are 22: 4568:Bare-toothed russula 3483:Dover Publications. 3435:Prehistoric Textiles 2561:on December 21, 2012 2138:William Henry Perkin 1919:found on species of 1917:Kermococcus vermilio 1835:(currently known as 1757:) and mossy greens ( 1743:The American artist 1721:Scottish lichen dyes 1563:Juniperus monosperma 1352:) and Natal indigo ( 1320:Indigofera tinctoria 1282:Indigofera tinctoria 1254:Persicaria tinctoria 1230:Artemisia tridentata 1113:basketweaving among 1021:Juniperus monosperma 983:Carthamus tinctorius 937:L.) to produce red. 893:Sesbania grandiflora 760:Upper Missouri tribe 734:Tapestry, dyed with 620:potassium dichromate 502:In the 18th century 487:and an ochre-yellow 276:insect (red, violet) 5179:musical instruments 4437:Woodland strawberry 3134:on October 28, 2005 3045:Turkey Red Journal. 2778:, Sachio Yoshioka, 2079:Early Modern period 1889:Crimson and scarlet 1760:Hydnellum geogenium 1396:Polygonum tinctorum 1123:) and yellow root ( 1031:Thelesperma gracile 951:Opuntia polyacantha 946:prickly pear cactus 851:) is native to the 812:are native to many 252:Animal-derived dyes 100:may be dyed before 91:dating back to the 54:from plant sources— 4071:Armenian cochineal 3992: 3457:Deslandres, Yvonne 2511:] (in German). 2339:Form, Fit, Fashion 2314:Form, Fit, Fashion 2129: 1999:Dactylopius coccus 1941:Armenian cochineal 1879:born in the purple 1810: 1793:Byzantine Emperor 1754:Sarcodon squamosus 1685: 1626:three-leaved sumac 1513:from the northern 1355:Indigofera arrecta 1259: 1150:Parthenium incanum 963: 880:Morinda citrifolia 771: 758:collected from an 748: 645: 596: 531: 351:seed pods (yellow) 297:Plant-derived dyes 225: 29: 5388: 5387: 4257: 4256: 3754:978-0-300-11741-7 3714:978-1-84383-291-1 3695:978-0-7190-2632-4 3525:978-1-904982-00-5 3506:978-0-7136-6374-7 3489:978-0-486-42105-6 3453:Boucher, François 3387:(5046): 426–441. 2348:978-1-59253-541-5 2323:978-1-59253-541-5 2182:cellulose acetate 2125:discharge-printed 2056:Duchy of Burgundy 1973:dyed in the grain 1865:Early Middle Ages 1857:Alexander Severus 1837:Bolinus brandaris 1693:Rocella tinctoria 1640:Juniper mistletoe 1602:dyers use maple ( 1202:Genista tinctoria 1095:Maclura tinctoria 1082:Eastern Black Oak 867:Morinda tinctoria 789:Alkanna tinctoria 604:stannous chloride 337:Himalayan rhubarb 108:-dyed") or after 5413: 5376: 5375: 5366: 5365: 5340:Resin extraction 5330:Mushroom hunting 5306: 5052: / etc. 4906: 4799: 4634:Saffron milk cap 4624:Parasol mushroom 4464:Fiddlehead ferns 4284: 4277: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4151:Polish cochineal 3979: 3970: 3951: 3917: 3901: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3798: 3777: 3758: 3737: 3726:. Viking Press. 3718: 3699: 3678: 3659: 3640: 3621: 3602: 3575: 3556: 3529: 3510: 3474: 3448: 3405: 3404: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3340:The Jakarta Post 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3130:. Archived from 3123: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3062: 3059: 3048: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2887:"Reseda luteola" 2885:Roth, Harold A. 2882: 2876: 2873: 2864: 2861: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2836:. Archived from 2826: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2799: 2782: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2697: 2694: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2663: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2613: 2610: 2601: 2598: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2557:. Archived from 2549:Driessen, Kris. 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2477: 2468: 2465: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2266: 2209:Morris & Co. 2123:Indigo-dyed and 1953:Polish cochineal 1933:Bouches-du-Rhône 1923:(especially the 1869:purple parchment 1861:Byzantine Empire 1785:Luxury dyestuffs 1595:Grays and blacks 1486:) or potash. In 1449: 1437: 1425: 1405:synthetic indigo 1364:Isatis tinctoria 1189:high Middle Ages 1141:small snake-weed 1086:Quercus velutina 849:Rubia cordifolia 803:Rubia cordifolia 723:Common dyestuffs 563:substantive dyes 170:Isatis tinctoria 5421: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5354: 5304: 5289: 5280:Vegetable ivory 5152: 5040: 4952: 4900: 4793: 4755: 4737: 4671: 4653: 4619:Oyster mushroom 4609:Meadow mushroom 4554: 4538:Twincrest onion 4441: 4345: 4328: 4299:Animal products 4293: 4288: 4258: 4253: 4232: 4201: 4180: 4059: 3993: 3982: 3869: 3864: 3822: 3805: 3795: 3774: 3755: 3734: 3715: 3696: 3675: 3656: 3637: 3627:A Dyer's Manual 3618: 3591: 3572: 3545: 3526: 3507: 3471: 3445: 3413: 3408: 3373: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3169:on 21 June 2006 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3065: 3060: 3051: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2840:on July 7, 2011 2828: 2827: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2794: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2700: 2695: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2505:Zur Farbenlehre 2497: 2493: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2393: 2389: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2194: 2134: 2101: 2089:ferrous sulfate 2052: 2013:from which the 1979:, purples, and 1912:Kermes vermilio 1891: 1874:porphyrogenitos 1832:Murex brandaris 1819: 1787: 1741: 1731:in England and 1677: 1597: 1529: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1441: 1438: 1429: 1426: 1417: 1298:(ινδικόν). The 1245: 1239: 1191:, produced the 1173: 1120:Juglans cinerea 1044: 1016: 968: 861:Biancaea sappan 826:Pliny the Elder 820:in the tomb of 814:temperate zones 798:Rubia tinctorum 776: 725: 612:ferrous sulfate 523: 517: 430: 299: 254: 217: 134:ferrous sulfate 17: 12: 11: 5: 5419: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5370: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5345:Rubber tapping 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311:Forest farming 5308: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4947:Vateria indica 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903:Shorea robusta 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4593:Honey mushroom 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4476: 4474:Mahuwa flowers 4471: 4466: 4461: 4455: 4453: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4192:Use of saffron 4188: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3821: 3820:External links 3818: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3759: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3719: 3713: 3700: 3694: 3679: 3673: 3660: 3654: 3641: 3635: 3622: 3616: 3608:World Textiles 3603: 3589: 3576: 3570: 3557: 3543: 3530: 3524: 3511: 3505: 3492: 3475: 3469: 3449: 3443: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3367: 3352: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3268: 3242: 3230: 3221: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3145: 3118: 3109: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3063: 3049: 3032: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2903: 2877: 2865: 2851: 2814: 2805: 2768: 2746: 2737: 2721: 2712: 2698: 2684: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2491: 2469: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2427: 2401:MATEC Web Conf 2387: 2354: 2347: 2329: 2322: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2279: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2226:art needlework 2205:William Morris 2198:Pre-Raphaelite 2193: 2190: 2133: 2132:Synthetic dyes 2130: 2100: 2097: 2051: 2048: 1961:Southeast Asia 1890: 1887: 1818: 1815: 1786: 1783: 1745:Miriam C. Rice 1740: 1737: 1676: 1673: 1631:Rhus trilobata 1608:Navajo weavers 1596: 1593: 1537:Acacia catechu 1528: 1525: 1515:Rocky Mountain 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1302:used the term 1238: 1235: 1172: 1169: 1069:Reseda luteola 1043: 1040: 1015: 1012: 967: 964: 886:(sappanwood), 775: 774:Reds and pinks 772: 724: 721: 669:southeast Asia 618:) and chrome ( 608:cupric sulfate 580:adjective dyes 516: 513: 460:settlement at 429: 426: 425: 424: 418: 417:roots (yellow) 412: 406: 400: 394: 388: 382: 376: 370: 364: 358: 352: 346: 340: 334: 333:leaves (black) 328: 322: 312: 306: 298: 295: 294: 293: 283: 277: 271: 261: 253: 250: 242: 241: 235: 216: 213: 208:synthetic dyes 82:Archaeologists 52:vegetable dyes 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5418: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5381: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320:Honey hunting 5318: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076:Coconut sugar 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4649:Yellow knight 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639:Slippery jack 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4469:Heart of palm 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4447:Edible plants 4444: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4412:Juniper berry 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4166:Tyrian purple 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998:Types of dyes 3996: 3989: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3794:0-9508913-0-4 3790: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3773:0-7153-8874-6 3769: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3733:0-670-77074-4 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3674:0-521-34107-8 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3655:1-873132-13-1 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3636:0-7207-1327-7 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3617:0-8212-2621-5 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3590:9781596683303 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3571:0-935903-07-0 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3544:9781785702112 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3470:0-8109-1693-2 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3444:0-691-00224-X 3440: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425:public domain 3420: 3417: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3377:"MODERN DYES" 3371: 3363: 3356: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3282: 3280: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2892: 2891:Alchemy Works 2888: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2809: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2772: 2756: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2585: 2576: 2560: 2556: 2555:Quilt History 2552: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2282: 2280:9781119811718 2276: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2234:hand spinning 2229: 2227: 2224:style called 2223: 2219: 2214: 2213:Staffordshire 2210: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2186:Reactive dyes 2183: 2179: 2178:Disperse dyes 2175: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2148:derived from 2147: 2143: 2139: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2068:German states 2065: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2017:-colored dye 2016: 2012: 2011:North America 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1989:Low Countries 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1963:, China, and 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:Mediterranean 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1823:Tyrian purple 1814: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1749:mushroom dyes 1746: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1727:(also called 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:United States 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1577:Juglans major 1573: 1569: 1568:Navajo people 1565: 1564: 1559: 1556:) is used by 1555: 1554: 1553:Juglans nigra 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1484:sulfuric acid 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1344:South America 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1193:Lincoln green 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1160:Chrysothamnus 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1136:Rumex crispus 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1011: 1009: 1004: 999: 998: 993: 989: 985: 984: 979: 978: 973: 959: 955: 953: 952: 947: 943: 938: 936: 935: 934:Quercus nigra 930: 926: 923:for red dye. 922: 918: 914: 913: 907: 905: 904: 899: 895: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868: 863: 862: 856: 854: 850: 845: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 810: 805: 804: 799: 795: 791: 790: 785: 781: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 720: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649:resist dyeing 641: 637: 635: 634: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 593: 592:Odisha, India 588: 584: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 564: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 527: 522: 512: 510: 505: 500: 498: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 423:herb (yellow) 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 393:rind (yellow) 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 300: 292:(sepia brown) 291: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 268:Indian yellow 265: 262: 259: 256: 255: 249: 246: 239: 236: 233: 230: 229: 228: 221: 212: 209: 204: 202: 198: 197: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 158: 157:Tyrian purple 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 90: 87: 83: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:invertebrates 41: 37: 33: 26: 21: 5401:Natural dyes 5377: 5350:Wildcrafting 5335:Naval stores 5313: / 5301: 5270:Tendu leaves 5226:Natural dyes 5225: 5096:Gutta-percha 5048: / 4986:Frankincense 4946: 4902: 4859:Mango butter 4804:Cocoa butter 4795: 4792:Chaulmoogra 4762:Allanblackia 4693:Black pepper 4578:Birch bolete 4528:Canada onion 4513:Wild ginseng 4508:Saw palmetto 4449: / 4339: / 4249:List of dyes 4121:Dyer's broom 4076:Black walnut 4009: 3783: 3763: 3743: 3723: 3704: 3684: 3664: 3645: 3626: 3610:. 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