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Neanderthals exploited to provide a highly varied diet. Unlike northern Europe, which underwent massive swings in its climate and was largely uninhabitable for long periods, the far south of Iberia enjoyed a stable and mild climate for over 125,000 years. It became a refuge from the ice ages for animals, plants and
Neanderthals, the latter of which most certainly did not survive there for thousand years longer than any other habitation site. Around 42,000 years ago, the climate underwent cycles of abrupt change which would have greatly disrupted the Gibraltar Neanderthals' food supply and may have stressed their population beyond recovery, leading to their aggregated extinction in areas of Europe with similar climates. In Gibraltar, but also in other less well studied areas, did the
1918:. The food resources available to the Gibraltar Neanderthals would have changed substantially, with many species disappearing and only partially being replaced by cold-weather species migrating from the north. They could not migrate away to warmer climates; although Africa is only 24 kilometres (15 mi) away across the Strait of Gibraltar, the Gibraltar Neanderthals were trapped as they had no boats. The ultimate cause of the extinction of the Gibraltar Neanderthals is not known but was probably not due to competition with modern humans, who did not arrive in the area until about 18,000 years ago. Their population had probably been shrinking for millennia and the
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335:". Consisting of a series of intersecting lines, the engraving is located about 100 metres (330 ft) inside the cave on a ledge that is thought to have been used by Neanderthals as a sleeping place. Its meaning (or whether it had any meaning) is not known but researchers have described it as providing the first evidence that Neanderthals had the cognitive ability to produce abstract art. The engraving was clearly made deliberately, rather than being an accidental by-product of another process such as cutting meat or fur, and would have taken a significant amount of effort to carve into the dolomite rock of the cave.
1429:
55:
1316:, to the west, was considerably smaller than it is today and was probably an estuary, while the eastern coast of the peninsula would have extended out around 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) to 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) east of the modern shoreline. Another small estuary to the north-east of Gibraltar would have marked the northern boundary of the peninsula's extended shoreline. Whereas modern Gibraltar is only 6.8 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi) in size, the Pleistocene coastal plain would have added about another 35 square kilometres (14 sq mi).
2939:
4851:
24:
1392:, which depends on a mean annual temperature of 14 °C (57 °F) for its eggs to hatch and a rainfall of no more than 600 millimetres (24 in) annually. Whereas northern Europe underwent massive climatic swings between temperate and extreme glacial conditions, which made large areas of the continent uninhabitable for extended periods, Gibraltar's prehistoric climate appears to have been largely unaffected by such changes. The iconic ice age mammals of northern Europe –
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were found on the surface along with vertebrate remains and shells. Neanderthal tools were found in an excavation carried out there in 1994 by the
Gibraltar Caves Project, though occupation of the cave seems to have been sporadic. Most of the stone tools appear to have been deposited during a single period of occupation, perhaps as short as a single day.
35:. The reason given is: The dating needs revision; advances in radiocarbon sample decontamination have led to a revision of dates. It has no longer accepted since about 2011 that Gibraltar Neanderthals might have been the last of their species, nor even that there were any Neanderthals in Gibraltar after c. 42,000 BP.
327:
The finds in Gorham's Cave include charcoal, bones, stone tools and burnt seeds dating from the Middle to Upper
Palaeolithic periods, while Vanguard Cave contains Pleistocene and Middle Palaeolithic deposits. When Ibex Cave was discovered in 1975, fifty artifacts from the Middle Pleistocene period
1884:
The range of resources consumed by the
Neanderthals seems to have remained constant throughout the 100,000 years of their occupation, as did their tools; as they did not face changes to their local environment, they had no need to develop new technologies, unlike the northern Neanderthals. This
1311:
meant that sea levels were far lower than in the present day. In the late
Pleistocene period, when Neanderthals inhabited Gibraltar, the sea level was as much as 85 metres (279 ft) lower than today. The drop in sea levels exposed a coastal plain which considerably increased the size of the
113:
that the
Neanderthals inhabited have been excavated and have revealed a wealth of information about their lifestyle and the prehistoric landscape of the area. The peninsula stood on the edge of a fertile coastal plain, now submerged, that supported a wide variety of animals and plants which the
1871:
In addition to large animals, they also ate very large quantities of small mammals and birds. 80% of the bones found in the caves are those of rabbits, which would have been abundant in the coastal sand dunes. The
Neanderthals exploited Gibraltar's location as one of Europe's focal points for
1914:. Between 45,000 and 42,000 years ago, the climate abruptly became extremely cold, arid and unstable, with overall conditions around 42,000 years ago leading to the Neanderthals' disappearance. The fertile savannah was replaced by pine forests while higher ground became an arid
1872:
migratory birds, by catching and eating them in large quantities. 145 species, representing a quarter of Europe's total, are represented in the finds from the caves, making them the richest sites for fossil bird remains anywhere in Europe. They also ate tortoises and even
1856:
during dry summer periods. Gibraltar's southerly latitude would have meant a fairly constant pattern of activity throughout the year due to the long days and mild climate, in contrast to the more abruptly seasonal lifestyle of the
Neanderthals who lived further north.
1901:
Gibraltar's
Neanderthals may have been the last members of their species. They are thought to have died out around 42,000 years ago, at least 2,000 years after the extinction of the last Neanderthal populations elsewhere in Europe. They did not disappear during the
1387:
The region enjoyed a much more stable and temperate climate than almost anywhere else in Iberia. The range of the climate of prehistoric
Gibraltar can be deduced from proxies such as the remains of animals that are very sensitive to heat and humidity, such as
1897:
in Gorham's Cave for over 8,000 years. Animal bones from the vicinity show that the Neanderthals used the caves for cooking and butchery, as is apparent from the presence of bones which are burnt or have cut marks from Neanderthal stone knives.
323:
and other debris that has fortuitously preserved an abundance of palaeontological evidence on the cave floors. The finds have enabled palaeontologists to reconstruct the lifestyles of the occupants and their environment in considerable detail.
1376:. Gibraltar was, then as now, a key waypoint on the avian migration route between Europe and Africa and a very wide variety of birds were present. Bones from the caves indicate the widespread presence of scavengers such as various species of
142:
The Gibraltar Neanderthals first came to light in 1848 during excavations in the course of the construction of a fortification called Forbes' Barrier at the northern end of the Rock of Gibraltar. The skull of a Neanderthal was discovered in
260:, means "hollow" – and it was here that archaeologists focused their efforts to find sites of Neanderthal occupation. Ten such sites have been discovered so far, of which the most important are five caves on the eastern side of the Rock:
218:, is much less complete than the Gibraltar 1 skull and has been identified as that of a four-year-old child. Further excavations at the two sites are infeasible. Quarrying at Forbes' Quarry has meant that it has been virtually denuded of
147:
by Lieutenant Edmund Flint, though its exact provenance is unknown, and was the subject of a presentation to the Gibraltar Scientific Society by Lieutenant Flint in March 1848. It was not realised at the time that the skull, now known as
1327:
due to the rise in sea levels over the last 12,000 years, but its environment can be reconstructed in detail from the evidence of pollen, seeds and animal bones found in the caves of Gibraltar. It would have predominantly been a sandy
1843:
The evidence from Gibraltar's caves shows that the Neanderthals occupied the peninsula for at least 100,000 years. They probably did not stay there year-round but lived in widely dispersed groups that roamed across the open
74:
were among the first to be discovered by modern scientists and have been among the most well studied of their species according to a number of extinction studies which emphasize regional differences, usually claiming the
94:, discovered in a quarry in 1848, was only the second Neanderthal skull ever found and the first adult Neanderthal skull to be discovered, eight years before the discovery of the skull for which the species was named in
1885:
technological stasis is clearly visible from the artefacts found in Gibraltar. The newest Neanderthal tools to have been found there are virtually identical to the oldest, all exclusively being examples of the
1880:
shells have been found in the caves, indicating that the Neanderthals harvested them from the seashore and brought them back over a considerable distance, perhaps carrying them in bags made from animal skins.
1709:
1685:
106:
at the southern tip of Iberia, which may have had one of the densest areas of Neanderthal settlement of anywhere in Europe, although not necessarily the last place of possible habitation.
1416:– never made it as far south as Gibraltar, which enjoyed a temperate and stable year-round climate due to its southerly latitude, distance from the coastal mountains and position on the
2545:; Giles Pacheco, Francisco; RodrĂguez Vidal, JoaquĂn; Stringer, Chris; MartĂnez Ruiz, Francisca (April 2008). "Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar—The persistence of a Neanderthal population".
2495:
The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation: An International Guide to Laws and Practice in the Excavation and Treatment of Archaeological Human Remains
2515:; Giles Pacheco, Francisco (2000). "The Southern Iberian Peninsula in the Late Pleistocene: Geography, Ecology and Human Occupation". In Stringer, Chris; Barton, R.N.E.;
222:
sediments while Devil's Tower is directly under the North Front of the Rock of Gibraltar and is one of the most dangerous places on the entire peninsula due to frequent
3313:
1868:
and rhino appear to have been avoided – understandably so, given that the Neanderthals are thought to have relied on using thrusting spears in close-quarter ambushes.
1864:, which would have been plentiful in the vicinity of the Rock. Red deer and other grazing animals are also well represented. More dangerous animals like wild boar,
3386:
331:
In July 2012, archaeologists discovered an engraving in Gorham's Cave, buried under 39,000-year-old sediments, which has been called "the oldest known example of
202:
The skull was the first Neanderthal adult cranium to be discovered and, although small, is nearly complete; it is thought to have belonged to a woman due to its
319:. The excavations have revealed possibly the best evidence of a Neanderthal landscape found anywhere, buried under many metres of sand, fallen stalactites, bat
1420:
shore. As a result, it became a kind of "Africa in Europe" where animals, plants and Neanderthals were able to shelter from the worst effects of the ice ages.
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and waterbirds that would have lived in the estuarine areas of the plain. The general appearance of the habitat was similar to that of the present-day
164:
193:", highlighting its importance as confirmation that the Neanderthal 1 specimen was genuinely a member of a distinct species and not simply a deformed
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of southern Iberia, seeking seasonal supplies of food. They are likely to have followed the movements of the animals, for instance following them to
1678:
3707:
3391:
4167:
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3132:
2032:
Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, RodrĂguez-Vidal J, et al. (October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe".
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98:, Germany; had it been recognised as a separate species, it might have been called Calpican (or Gibraltarian) rather than Neanderthal Man. The
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Large-scale excavations in 1947–54 by John d'Arcy Waechter showed that Gorham's Cave had been occupied for over 100,000 years during the
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1876:, suggesting that they might have hunted or at least scavenged marine mammals. They certainly ate shellfish in large quantities; many
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Animal remains found in the caves show that the Neanderthals were active hunters. Their predominant large prey appears to have been
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populations, existing just until around 42,000 years ago. Many other Neanderthal populations went extinct around the same time.
4045:
4021:
3364:
1910:, when ocean circulations were disrupted by very rapid climate fluctuations which coincided with the disintegration of coastal
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3379:
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2691:
2646:
2577:; Giles Pacheco, Francisco; RodrĂguez Vidal, Francisco; Fa, Darren A.; Gutierrez LĂłpez, JosĂ© MarĂa; Santiago PĂ©rez, Antonio;
2528:
2502:
1738:
1699:
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2684:
Neanderthals on the Edge: Papers from a Conference Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery, Gibraltar
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Neanderthals on the Edge: Papers from a Conference Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery, Gibraltar
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with patchy trees and shrubs, supporting a wide variety of flora and fauna. The wildlife included important game species –
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may have stressed them beyond recovery, leaving them vulnerable to the effects of inbreeding and outbreaks of disease.
1823:
2581:; Allue, Ethel; et al. (19 October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe".
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264:, high up on the east side, which was only discovered in 1975 due to being buried under the wind-blown sands of the
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1952:
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epochs. Further excavations have been carried out in Gorham's, Vanguard and Ibex Caves since 1994 as part of the
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1970:
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populations and the Gibraltar population of Neanderthals as having been one of many dwindling populations of
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1781:
347:
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Stringer, Chris (2000). "Gibraltar and the Neanderthals 1848-1998". In Stringer, Chris; Barton, R.N.E.;
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785:
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3122:
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1587:
1552:
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889:
265:
291:
126:
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3411:
3247:
3175:
3140:
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2814:
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1637:
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skull found in Germany in 1856. Busk described it as "characteristic of a race extending from the
4502:
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3700:
3683:
3150:
2723:
1931:
1873:
1743:
1607:
859:
363:
1381:
1292:
1074:
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4257:
3762:
3712:
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3594:
3577:
3436:
3320:
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818:
175:, the ancient name for Gibraltar. It was only later realised that the skull was a specimen of
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was discovered nearby in 1926. The Neanderthals are known to have occupied ten sites on the
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1944:
1903:
1853:
1617:
1454:
1227:
1028:
875:
744:
729:
2290:
1428:
54:
8:
4855:
4815:
4790:
4778:
4760:
4747:
4595:
4418:
4355:
4293:
4234:
3757:
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3541:
3145:
3112:
3032:
2809:
2578:
2542:
1983:
1320:
300:
190:
66:, was only the second Neanderthal skull and the first adult Neanderthal skull ever found.
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that were first developed around 300,000 years ago. The Neanderthals even used the same
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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would have been similar to that of the coastal plain surrounding Pleistocene Gibraltar
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2493:(2011). "Appendix 2: Gibraltar". In Marquez-Grant, Nicholas; Fibiger, Linda (eds.).
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1806:
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1313:
810:
759:
316:
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239:
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2516:
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612:
568:
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1907:
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207:
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1975:
1965:
1861:
1349:
1304:
1183:
851:
277:
182:
160:
152:, was of a separate species and it was not until 1862 that it was studied by
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4423:
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4365:
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4193:
2908:
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Pleistocene Gibraltar was physically very different from today. During the
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638:
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332:
195:
153:
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2007:
1960:
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905:
529:
219:
215:
186:
156:
149:
131:
99:
91:
80:
59:
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The Humans Who became extinct: Why Neanderthals Died Out and We Survived
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2061:
1890:
1886:
1522:
1365:
95:
2092:"Neanderthal - Homo neanderthalensis - Details - Encyclopedia of Life"
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1911:
1413:
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920:
269:
261:
250:
203:
103:
4508:
4448:
4413:
4403:
2916:
2738:
1405:
1333:
1319:
The entire coastal plain is now submerged in the Bay of Gibraltar,
1094:
542:
516:
308:
256:
of the Rock of Gibraltar is riddled with caves – its ancient name,
223:
234:
4513:
3772:
1939:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1397:
1377:
1369:
1353:
1308:
1300:
1287:
699:
691:
677:
501:
4838:
4463:
2031:
1915:
1894:
1877:
1409:
1341:
1337:
253:
4145:
2541:; Fa, Darren A.; Jiménez Espejo, Francisco; Carrión, Jóse S.;
4408:
1401:
320:
295:
The prehistoric engraving found in Gorham's Cave in July 2012
163:
during a visit to Gibraltar. They gave a report on it to the
1373:
1357:
206:
features. In 1926, a second Neanderthal skull was found by
138:, was the second Neanderthal skull to be found in Gibraltar
1423:
3527:
1276:
118:
leave its last footprint of existence circa 40,000 BCE.
1384:, 132 kilometres (82 mi) north-west of Gibraltar.
2258:
2256:
214:, very close to Forbes' Quarry. This fossil, known as
4827:
3050:
Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)
1432:
Neanderthal family group in Le Moustier, France, by
1303:, the much greater volume of water locked up in the
2253:
2115:"A Cave in Gibraltar: The Neanderthals' Last Stand"
1686:Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population
342:
2265:"Neanderthal abstract art found in Gibraltar cave"
165:British Association for the Advancement of Science
4579:
1679:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
4863:
3392:European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)
167:in 1864 and proposed that the species be called
79:partially acted as a “refuge” for the shrinking
2703:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
2390:
2388:
2291:"Neanderthal 'artwork' found in Gibraltar cave"
2231:
2229:
2112:
2282:
4161:
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2701:Wood, Bernard, ed. (2011). "Forbes' Quarry".
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2214:
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1999:
272:near sea level on the south-eastern flank,
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4154:
2761:
2747:
2661:Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar
2589:(7113). Nature Publishing Group: 850–853.
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3260:Political development in modern Gibraltar
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233:
125:
53:
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2132:
1424:Lifestyle of the Gibraltar Neanderthals
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2262:
2149:
2147:
2113:Matthias Schulz (September 26, 2006).
2005:
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2663:. London: Robert Hale & Company.
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121:
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2263:Burgen, Stephen (2 September 2014).
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1017:
997:
977:
957:
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17:
4128:
2641:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2144:
1767:History of nationality in Gibraltar
229:
13:
3536:Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation
2728:National Museum of Natural History
2008:"Neanderthals' 'last rock refuge'"
2006:Rincon, Paul (13 September 2006).
242:on the south-eastern flank of the
14:
4893:
3855:Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned
3723:Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar
2734:
2705:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
2289:Rincon, Paul (1 September 2014).
1291:The landscape of the present-day
4849:
4837:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4092:
4091:
2981:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault
2937:
2497:. London: Taylor & Francis.
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1800:
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22:
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2202:
1953:List of human evolution fossils
181:, which had been named for the
3304:Black Swan Project controversy
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2220:
2179:
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1971:Neanderthals in Southwest Asia
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1:
3820:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
2951:
2840:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
2677:
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2430:
2247:
2196:
1992:
1739:Second sovereignty referendum
1633:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
1613:War of the Spanish Succession
134:skull, discovered in 1926 in
62:skull, discovered in 1848 in
4315:Southwest Asian Neanderthals
3865:Shrine of Our Lady of Europe
3674:Bayside Comprehensive School
3201:
2720:Human Timeline (Interactive)
2633:
2567:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.11.016
2537:
2511:
2472:
2457:
2445:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2379:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2235:
1700:First sovereignty referendum
1518:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
100:skull of a Neanderthal child
92:skull of a Neanderthal woman
7:
3644:
3623:Vehicle registration plates
3563:Royal Gibraltar Post Office
3463:
2782:
1925:
1782:Fortifications of Gibraltar
1273:
495:
10:
4898:
4705:Neanderthal genome project
3568:postage stamps and history
2655:
2208:
1906:during the time of the H2
1623:Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar
1568:Seventh Siege of Gibraltar
1348:– and predators including
4807:
4720:
4710:In Search of Lost Genomes
4687:
4643:
4614:
4570:
4486:
4374:
4349:Intermediate (250–130 ka)
4348:
4332:
4323:
4302:
4266:
4227:
4183:
4087:
4044:
4012:
3924:
3898:Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque
3880:
3792:
3783:
3731:
3656:
3652:
3639:
3593:
3518:
3475:
3471:
3458:
3427:Napier of Magdala Battery
3402:
3294:
3268:
3213:
3209:
3196:
3131:
3070:
3063:
3001:
2963:
2959:
2946:
2935:
2795:Neanderthals in Gibraltar
2790:
2777:
2700:
2153:
1773:Political development in
1588:Eighth Siege of Gibraltar
1553:Fourth Siege of Gibraltar
1543:Second Siege of Gibraltar
1488:Neanderthals of Gibraltar
1312:Gibraltar peninsula. The
266:Great Gibraltar Sand Dune
72:Neanderthals in Gibraltar
31:This article needs to be
4798:The Neanderthal Parallax
4434:Krapina Neanderthal site
4394:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1
3442:Royal Gibraltar Regiment
3417:Gibraltar Defence Police
3412:British Forces Gibraltar
2815:First Siege of Gibraltar
2547:Quaternary International
1638:Great Siege of Gibraltar
1598:Tenth Siege of Gibraltar
1593:Ninth Siege of Gibraltar
1563:Sixth Siege of Gibraltar
1558:Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
1548:Third Siege of Gibraltar
1538:First Siege of Gibraltar
388:
210:at a rock shelter named
3684:University of Gibraltar
3370:Sovereignty referendums
3028:Reptiles and amphibians
2686:. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
2523:. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
2380:Finlayson & Pacheco
2351:Finlayson & Pacheco
2339:Finlayson & Pacheco
2327:Finlayson & Pacheco
2315:Finlayson & Pacheco
1744:Cordoba Agreement, 2006
1608:Marquisate of Gibraltar
1260:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1119:Dispersal beyond Africa
339:Gibraltar in prehistory
317:Gibraltar Caves Project
4310:Gibraltar Neanderthals
3613:Gibraltar–Spain border
3437:Royal Gibraltar Police
3176:St. Bernard's Hospital
3161:King George V Hospital
2850:George Augustus Eliott
2553:(1). Elsevier: 64–71.
1987:(2012 BBC documentary)
1979:(2011 BBC documentary)
1935:(2015 PBS documentary)
1437:
1296:
391:−10 —
296:
246:
139:
67:
4872:Prehistoric Gibraltar
4218:Homo neanderthalensis
3618:Shipping in Gibraltar
2883:Explosion of the RFA
2221:Brown & Finlayson
2180:Brown & Finlayson
1948:(with link directory)
1920:abrupt climate change
1431:
1290:
481:−1 —
471:−2 —
461:−3 —
451:−4 —
441:−5 —
431:−6 —
421:−7 —
411:−8 —
401:−9 —
294:
237:
178:Homo neanderthalensis
129:
116:Homo neanderthalensis
57:
4844:Evolutionary biology
4644:Contemporary species
4571:Fossils with claimed
4419:Saccopastore 1 and 2
4212:Homo heidelbergensis
4027:Records in athletics
4002:Campo Gibraltar RUFC
3980:Football Association
3829:(Church of Scotland)
3827:St. Andrew's Church
3558:Regulatory Authority
2878:Maltese in Gibraltar
2873:Genoese in Gibraltar
2825:Capture of Gibraltar
2579:Finlayson, Geraldine
2543:Finlayson, Geraldine
1945:List of fossil sites
1904:Last Glacial Maximum
1807:Gibraltar portal
1618:Capture of Gibraltar
1382:Doñana National Park
1293:Doñana National Park
1075:Earliest stone tools
4816:Prehistoric Autopsy
4761:The Ugly Little Boy
4748:The Neanderthal Man
4356:Saccopastore skulls
4294:Levallois technique
3758:Gibraltarian status
3542:Gibraltar Chronicle
3113:Strait of Gibraltar
3037:Iberis gibraltarica
2820:Battle of Gibraltar
2810:Pillars of Hercules
2603:10.1038/nature05195
2595:2006Natur.443..850F
2559:2008QuInt.181...64F
2054:10.1038/nature05195
2046:2006Natur.443..850F
1985:Prehistoric Autopsy
1749:Second constitution
1688:during World War II
1321:Strait of Gibraltar
301:Middle Palaeolithic
191:Pillars of Hercules
104:Gibraltar peninsula
4772:Dance of the Tiger
4766:Neanderthal Planet
4731:The Quest for Fire
4700:Neanderthal Museum
4582:H. heidelbergensis
4573:Neanderthal traits
4017:Commonwealth Games
3872:Trafalgar Cemetery
3860:Our Lady of Europe
3701:LlĂ©vame Donde NacĂ
3422:Gibraltar Squadron
3221:Constitution Order
3103:St. Michael's Cave
2436:(2006), pp. 850–53
1705:First constitution
1483:Prehistoric Iberia
1438:
1390:Hermann's tortoise
1297:
876:H. heidelbergensis
305:Upper Palaeolithic
297:
247:
140:
136:Devil's Tower Cave
122:Fossil discoveries
68:
4877:Mammals of Europe
4825:
4824:
4664:Homo floresiensis
4639:
4638:
4566:
4565:
4404:La Quina 5 and 18
4325:Notable specimens
4303:Regional variants
4143:
4142:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4040:
4039:
3920:
3919:
3840:Roman Catholicism
3805:Diocese in Europe
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3585:Telephone numbers
3530:(Internet domain)
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3365:Political parties
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3098:Rock of Gibraltar
2993:Iberian Peninsula
2933:
2932:
2895:Death on the Rock
2891:Operation Flavius
2835:Treaty of Utrecht
2712:978-1-4443-4247-5
2693:978-1-84217-015-1
2648:978-0-19-923919-1
2530:978-1-84217-015-1
2504:978-1-136-87956-2
2489:Brown, Kimberly;
2463:(2008), pp. 64–71
1841:
1840:
1719:Death on the Rock
1715:Operation Flavius
1628:Treaty of Utrecht
1603:Catholic Monarchs
1528:Moorish Gibraltar
1434:Charles R. Knight
1285:
1284:
1277:million years ago
1236:
1235:
1214:
1213:
1192:
1191:
1184:Earliest rock art
1170:
1169:
1146:
1145:
1139:Earliest language
1126:
1125:
1106:
1105:
1082:
1081:
1062:
1061:
1052:Earliest sign of
1039:
1038:
1029:Earliest sign of
1016:
1015:
996:
995:
976:
975:
956:
955:
599:Ou. macedoniensis
244:Rock of Gibraltar
111:Rock of Gibraltar
109:The caves in the
77:Iberian Peninsula
52:
51:
4889:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4833:
4779:Earth's Children
4695:Excavation sites
4591:Bontnewydd tooth
4577:
4576:
4492:range (50–40 ka)
4333:Archaic (430 ka)
4330:
4329:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4131:
4130:
4119:
4107:
4106:
4095:
4094:
4032:Victoria Stadium
3931:
3930:
3830:
3815:Bishop suffragan
3790:
3789:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3531:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3459:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3156:Garrison Library
3078:Bay of Gibraltar
3068:
3067:
3040:
3021:Barbary macaques
2961:
2960:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2858:
2779:
2778:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2716:
2697:
2680:Finlayson, Clive
2674:
2652:
2635:Finlayson, Clive
2630:
2575:Finlayson, Clive
2570:
2539:Finlayson, Clive
2534:
2517:Finlayson, Clive
2513:Finlayson, Clive
2508:
2491:Finlayson, Clive
2476:
2470:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2169:Stringer, p. 136
2166:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2040:(7113): 850–53.
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2003:
1933:Dawn of Humanity
1833:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1776:
1775:modern Gibraltar
1732:Modern Gibraltar
1689:
1658:Royal Calpe Hunt
1468:
1458:
1440:
1439:
1314:Bay of Gibraltar
1307:and continental
1265:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1246:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1206:Earliest clothes
1199:
1194:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1153:
1148:
1133:
1128:
1113:
1108:
1095:Earliest sign of
1089:
1084:
1069:
1064:
1054:Australopithecus
1046:
1041:
1023:
1018:
1009:Earliest bipedal
1003:
998:
989:Chimpanzee split
983:
978:
963:
958:
943:
938:
924:
923:
909:
908:
892:
878:
864:
836:
823:
803:
790:
762:
760:Australopithecus
749:
734:
717:
704:
680:
667:
654:
641:
628:
615:
603:
584:
571:
558:
546:
532:
519:
506:
504:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
380:
373:
366:
360:
350:
349:Hominin timeline
343:
313:Gibraltar Museum
238:The entrance to
230:Occupation sites
154:palaeontologists
47:
44:
38:
26:
25:
18:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4836:
4828:
4826:
4821:
4803:
4742:The Grisly Folk
4722:Popular culture
4716:
4683:
4635:
4626:Peștera cu Oase
4610:
4572:
4562:
4543:Saint-CĂ©saire 1
4491:
4482:
4376:
4370:
4344:
4319:
4298:
4284:Châtelperronian
4267:Tool traditions
4262:
4250:Admixture with
4223:
4206:Homo antecessor
4179:
4174:
4144:
4139:
4075:
4036:
4008:
3916:
3910:Great Synagogue
3876:
3828:
3810:Bishop diocesan
3779:
3727:
3718:Public holidays
3679:Westside School
3648:
3627:
3589:
3529:
3514:
3488:Gibraltar pound
3467:
3446:
3398:
3309:Disputed status
3290:
3264:
3205:
3180:
3127:
3059:
3045:Botanic Gardens
3034:
2997:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2856:
2855:Gibraltar real
2786:
2773:
2767:
2737:
2713:
2694:
2671:
2649:
2531:
2505:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1928:
1837:
1801:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1695:Operation Felix
1691:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1478:
1456:
1449:
1426:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:H o m i n i d s
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1001:
992:
991:
981:
972:
971:
961:
952:
951:
941:
934:
933:
932:
927:
926:
925:
919:
918:
914:
912:
911:
910:
904:
903:
899:
897:
896:
895:
888:
882:
881:
880:
874:
869:
867:
866:
865:
856:
848:
840:
839:
832:
826:
825:
824:
815:
807:
806:
799:
793:
792:
791:
782:
774:
766:
765:
758:
752:
751:
750:
741:
737:
736:
735:
726:
722:
721:
720:
713:
707:
706:
705:
696:
688:
684:
683:
682:
676:
671:
670:
669:
663:
658:
657:
656:
650:
645:
644:
643:
637:
632:
631:
630:
624:
619:
618:
617:
613:Chororapithecus
611:
606:
605:
604:
595:
587:
586:
580:
575:
574:
573:
569:Samburupithecus
567:
562:
561:
560:
554:
549:
548:
547:
540:
536:
535:
534:
528:
523:
522:
521:
515:
510:
509:
508:
502:
500:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
384:
358:
352:
348:
341:
232:
124:
48:
42:
39:
36:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4859:
4858:
4846:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4775:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4755:The Inheritors
4751:
4744:
4739:
4726:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4526:
4524:SidrĂłn remains
4521:
4511:
4506:
4495:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4391:
4384:La Ferrassie 1
4380:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4189:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3796:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Gibraltar Fair
3705:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3691:Miss Gibraltar
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3520:Communications
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Stock Exchange
3497:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
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4361:Ehringsdorf 9
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1418:Mediterranean
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:woolly rhinos
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:and possibly
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1247:
1245:
1229:
1228:Modern humans
1223:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1159:Earliest fire
1155:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
990:
985:
980:
979:
970:
969:Gorilla split
965:
960:
959:
950:
945:
940:
939:
922:
907:
894:
893:
891:
879:
877:
863:
861:
855:
853:
847:
845:
844:H. antecessor
838:
837:
835:
822:
820:
814:
812:
805:
804:
802:
789:
787:
786:Au. anamensis
781:
779:
778:Au. afarensis
773:
771:
770:Au. africanus
764:
763:
761:
748:
746:
733:
731:
719:
718:
716:
703:
701:
700:O. tugenensis
695:
693:
681:
679:
668:
666:
655:
653:
642:
640:
629:
627:
616:
614:
602:
600:
594:
592:
585:
583:
572:
570:
559:
557:
545:
544:
533:
531:
520:
518:
507:
505:
387:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
361:
355:
351:
344:
336:
334:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
293:
289:
287:
283:
282:Gorham's Cave
279:
278:Vanguard Cave
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
245:
241:
240:Gorham's Cave
236:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:Devil's Tower
209:
205:
200:
198:
197:
192:
188:
184:
183:Neanderthal 1
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:Homo calpicus
166:
162:
161:Hugh Falconer
158:
155:
151:
146:
137:
133:
128:
119:
117:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
85:archaic human
82:
78:
73:
65:
61:
56:
46:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
4882:Neanderthals
4856:Paleontology
4814:
4796:
4789:
4777:
4770:
4753:
4746:
4729:
4708:
4678:Homo sapiens
4676:
4669:
4662:
4652:Homo erectus
4650:
4617:Homo sapiens
4615:
4580:
4553:Fontéchevade
4439:Shanidar 1-4
4429:Mt. Circeo 1
4424:Altamura man
4309:
4251:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4200:Homo erectus
4198:
4194:Homo habilis
4192:
4132:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4059:Coat of arms
4022:Island Games
3963:Field hockey
3881:Other faiths
3793:Christianity
3733:Demographics
3713:National Day
3578:Study Circle
3540:
3243:court system
3036:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2884:
2863:World War II
2830:George Rooke
2794:
2702:
2683:
2660:
2638:
2586:
2582:
2550:
2546:
2520:
2494:
2483:Bibliography
2468:
2459:
2453:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2295:. Retrieved
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2269:The Guardian
2268:
2243:
2216:
2204:
2175:
2134:
2124:December 27,
2122:. Retrieved
2118:
2108:
2098:December 27,
2096:. Retrieved
2086:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:
2001:
1984:
1976:
1955:
1947:
1932:
1900:
1883:
1870:
1859:
1848:and coastal
1842:
1671:20th century
1651:19th century
1581:Early modern
1386:
1318:
1298:
1256:
1241:
1097:
1053:
1031:Ardipithecus
1030:
949:Earlier apes
906:Neanderthals
890:Homo sapiens
887:
886:
873:
857:
849:
841:
831:
830:
816:
808:
798:
797:
783:
775:
767:
757:
756:
742:
727:
715:Ardipithecus
712:
711:
697:
689:
675:
662:
649:
639:Sivapithecus
636:
626:Oreopithecus
623:
610:
596:
588:
579:
566:
553:
541:
527:
514:
499:
333:abstract art
330:
326:
298:
257:
248:
201:
196:Homo sapiens
194:
176:
172:
168:
141:
115:
108:
89:
71:
69:
43:January 2019
40:
32:
15:
4791:Neanderthal
4671:Homo naledi
4606:Azykhantrop
4548:Le Moustier
4529:Gibraltar 1
4509:Spy 1 and 2
4489:radiocarbon
4377:(130–50 ka)
4177:Neanderthal
4134:WikiProject
4069:other flags
3992:Rugby union
3800:Anglicanism
3248:LGBT rights
3151:The Convent
3083:Catalan Bay
3003:Environment
2868:Nationality
2845:Great Siege
2724:Smithsonian
2611:10261/18685
2297:2 September
2274:2 September
2062:10261/18685
1961:Neanderthal
1891:flint tools
1533:Reconquista
1498:Gibraltar 2
1493:Gibraltar 1
1455:History of
1366:brown bears
1325:Alboran Sea
852:H. ergaster
745:Ar. ramidus
730:Ar. kadabba
692:O. praegens
530:Pleistocene
359:This box:
268:, and four
220:Pleistocene
216:Gibraltar 2
157:George Busk
150:Gibraltar 1
132:Gibraltar 2
81:Neanderthal
60:Gibraltar 1
4866:Categories
4366:Altamura 1
4279:Mousterian
4258:Extinction
4252:H. sapiens
3941:Basketball
3548:Gibtelecom
3353:Parliament
3033:Candytuft
2857:(currency)
2458:Finlayson
2431:Finlayson
2293:. BBC News
1993:References
1912:ice sheets
1887:Mousterian
1874:monk seals
1854:waterholes
1523:Al-Andalus
1476:Prehistory
1414:cave bears
1346:wild boars
921:Denisovans
860:Au. sediba
834:H. erectus
801:H. habilis
591:Ou. turkae
173:Mons Calpe
96:Neandertal
4658:Denisovan
4596:Atapuerca
4274:Acheulean
4240:Behaviour
4185:Ancestors
3835:Methodism
3763:Languages
3751:in the UK
3669:Education
3608:Cable car
3595:Transport
3321:Elections
3146:City Hall
3108:Sandy Bay
2953:Geography
2910:New Flame
2770:Gibraltar
2473:Finlayson
2446:Finlayson
2419:Finlayson
2407:Finlayson
2395:Finlayson
2363:Finlayson
2236:Finlayson
2094:. Eol org
1457:Gibraltar
1330:grassland
819:Au. garhi
270:sea caves
262:Ibex Cave
251:limestone
224:rockfalls
4688:Research
4459:Tabun C1
4449:Kebara 2
4414:Scladina
4340:MiguelĂłn
4245:Genetics
4098:Category
3975:Football
3934:By sport
3888:Hinduism
3785:Religion
3553:Panorama
3505:Taxation
3404:Military
3296:Politics
3281:Governor
3255:Passport
3203:Politics
2925:COVID-19
2920:incident
2912:incident
2904:incident
2885:Bedenham
2800:Timeline
2682:(eds.).
2659:(1974).
2637:(2009).
2619:16971951
2519:(eds.).
2475:, p. 154
2448:, p. 155
2421:, p. 152
2409:, p. 150
2397:, p. 149
2382:, p. 148
2365:, p. 146
2353:, p. 144
2341:, p. 141
2329:, p. 140
2317:, p. 139
2250:, p. 137
2248:Stringer
2238:, p. 144
2223:, p. 703
2199:, p. 134
2197:Stringer
2182:, p. 701
2156:, p. 259
2141:, p. 133
2139:Stringer
2070:16971951
2017:25 March
2012:BBC News
1926:See also
1889:type of
1850:wetlands
1846:savannah
1793:Timeline
1761:See also
1511:Medieval
1446:a series
1444:Part of
1406:reindeer
1398:mammoths
1370:wildcats
1354:leopards
1334:red deer
1309:glaciers
1301:ice ages
543:Hominini
517:Pliocene
309:Holocene
4830:Portals
4514:Engis 2
4375:Typical
4235:Anatomy
4228:Biology
4110:Commons
4046:Symbols
3958:Cycling
3946:Cricket
3905:Judaism
3845:Diocese
3773:Llanito
3768:English
3664:Cuisine
3657:General
3646:Culture
3603:Airport
3510:Tourism
3476:General
3465:Economy
3358:Speaker
3314:isthmus
3214:General
3071:Natural
3016:Mammals
2976:Geology
2971:Climate
2964:General
2784:History
2627:4411186
2591:Bibcode
2555:Bibcode
2211:, p. 13
2078:4411186
2042:Bibcode
1940:Engis 2
1866:aurochs
1378:vulture
1342:rabbits
1336:, wild
1220:←
1198:←
1176:←
1163:cooking
1152:←
1132:←
1112:←
1088:←
1068:←
1045:←
1022:←
1002:←
982:←
962:←
942:←
678:Orrorin
503:Miocene
486:–
476:–
466:–
456:–
446:–
436:–
426:–
416:–
406:–
396:–
204:gracile
189:to the
33:updated
4464:Amud 1
4122:Portal
4054:Anthem
3850:Bishop
3269:People
3064:Places
2902:Aurora
2804:sieges
2772:topics
2709:
2690:
2667:
2645:
2625:
2617:
2583:Nature
2527:
2501:
2460:et al.
2433:et al.
2076:
2068:
2034:Nature
1916:steppe
1895:hearth
1878:mussel
1448:on the
1436:(1920)
1410:muskox
1362:wolves
1358:lynxes
1338:cattle
931:
254:massif
171:after
4409:Krijn
3926:Sport
3893:Islam
3696:Music
3493:coins
3483:Banks
3286:Mayor
3133:Built
3011:Birds
2918:Fedra
2623:S2CID
2209:Hills
2074:S2CID
1402:bison
1374:lions
321:guano
258:Calpe
187:Rhine
4784:film
4736:film
4601:Samu
4537:site
4531:and
4518:site
4503:site
4478:OR-1
4472:site
4466:and
4453:site
4398:site
4388:site
4209:) →
3746:list
3528:.gi
3380:2002
3375:1967
3346:2023
3341:2019
3336:2015
3331:2011
3326:2007
3231:2006
3226:1969
2707:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2643:ISBN
2615:PMID
2525:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2299:2014
2276:2014
2154:Wood
2126:2016
2100:2016
2066:PMID
2019:2017
1862:ibex
1412:and
1344:and
1323:and
1098:Homo
379:edit
372:talk
365:view
307:and
284:and
249:The
159:and
130:The
90:The
70:The
58:The
4487:In
4203:(→
3238:Law
2607:hdl
2599:doi
2587:443
2563:doi
2551:181
2058:hdl
2050:doi
2038:443
315:'s
4868::
4215:→
4197:→
2726:,
2722:–
2621:.
2613:.
2605:.
2597:.
2585:.
2561:.
2549:.
2387:^
2370:^
2307:^
2267:.
2255:^
2228:^
2187:^
2161:^
2146:^
2117:.
2072:.
2064:.
2056:.
2048:.
2036:.
2010:.
1408:,
1404:,
1400:,
1396:,
1368:,
1364:,
1360:,
1356:,
1352:,
1340:,
1161:/
303:,
288:.
280:,
276:,
226:.
199:.
4832::
4786:)
4782:(
4738:)
4734:(
4713:)
4707:(
4539:)
4535:(
4533:2
4520:)
4516:(
4505:)
4501:(
4474:)
4470:(
4468:7
4455:)
4451:(
4400:)
4396:(
4390:)
4386:(
4290:)
4286:(
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4162:t
4155:v
3039:)
3035:(
2897:)
2893:(
2806:)
2802:(
2762:e
2755:t
2748:v
2715:.
2696:.
2673:.
2651:.
2629:.
2609::
2601::
2593::
2569:.
2565::
2557::
2533:.
2507:.
2301:.
2278:.
2128:.
2102:.
2080:.
2060::
2052::
2044::
2021:.
1832:e
1825:t
1818:v
1717:/
1279:)
1275:(
862:)
858:(
854:)
850:(
846:)
842:(
821:)
817:(
813:)
809:(
788:)
784:(
780:)
776:(
772:)
768:(
747:)
743:(
732:)
728:(
702:)
698:(
694:)
690:(
601:)
597:(
593:)
589:(
45:)
41:(
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