125:
Neanderthals exploited to provide a highly varied diet. Unlike northern Europe, which underwent massive swings in its climate and was largely uninhabitable for long periods, the far south of Iberia enjoyed a stable and mild climate for over 125,000 years. It became a refuge from the ice ages for animals, plants and
Neanderthals, the latter of which most certainly did not survive there for thousand years longer than any other habitation site. Around 42,000 years ago, the climate underwent cycles of abrupt change which would have greatly disrupted the Gibraltar Neanderthals' food supply and may have stressed their population beyond recovery, leading to their aggregated extinction in areas of Europe with similar climates. In Gibraltar, but also in other less well studied areas, did the
1929:. The food resources available to the Gibraltar Neanderthals would have changed substantially, with many species disappearing and only partially being replaced by cold-weather species migrating from the north. They could not migrate away to warmer climates; although Africa is only 24 kilometres (15 mi) away across the Strait of Gibraltar, the Gibraltar Neanderthals were trapped as they had no boats. The ultimate cause of the extinction of the Gibraltar Neanderthals is not known but was probably not due to competition with modern humans, who did not arrive in the area until about 18,000 years ago. Their population had probably been shrinking for millennia and the
138:
303:
346:". Consisting of a series of intersecting lines, the engraving is located about 100 metres (330 ft) inside the cave on a ledge that is thought to have been used by Neanderthals as a sleeping place. Its meaning (or whether it had any meaning) is not known but researchers have described it as providing the first evidence that Neanderthals had the cognitive ability to produce abstract art. The engraving was clearly made deliberately, rather than being an accidental by-product of another process such as cutting meat or fur, and would have taken a significant amount of effort to carve into the dolomite rock of the cave.
1440:
66:
1327:, to the west, was considerably smaller than it is today and was probably an estuary, while the eastern coast of the peninsula would have extended out around 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) to 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) east of the modern shoreline. Another small estuary to the north-east of Gibraltar would have marked the northern boundary of the peninsula's extended shoreline. Whereas modern Gibraltar is only 6.8 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi) in size, the Pleistocene coastal plain would have added about another 35 square kilometres (14 sq mi).
2950:
4862:
35:
1403:, which depends on a mean annual temperature of 14 °C (57 °F) for its eggs to hatch and a rainfall of no more than 600 millimetres (24 in) annually. Whereas northern Europe underwent massive climatic swings between temperate and extreme glacial conditions, which made large areas of the continent uninhabitable for extended periods, Gibraltar's prehistoric climate appears to have been largely unaffected by such changes. The iconic ice age mammals of northern Europe –
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246:
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were found on the surface along with vertebrate remains and shells. Neanderthal tools were found in an excavation carried out there in 1994 by the
Gibraltar Caves Project, though occupation of the cave seems to have been sporadic. Most of the stone tools appear to have been deposited during a single period of occupation, perhaps as short as a single day.
46:. The reason given is: The dating needs revision; advances in radiocarbon sample decontamination have led to a revision of dates. It has no longer accepted since about 2011 that Gibraltar Neanderthals might have been the last of their species, nor even that there were any Neanderthals in Gibraltar after c. 42,000 BP.
338:
The finds in Gorham's Cave include charcoal, bones, stone tools and burnt seeds dating from the Middle to Upper
Palaeolithic periods, while Vanguard Cave contains Pleistocene and Middle Palaeolithic deposits. When Ibex Cave was discovered in 1975, fifty artifacts from the Middle Pleistocene period
1895:
The range of resources consumed by the
Neanderthals seems to have remained constant throughout the 100,000 years of their occupation, as did their tools; as they did not face changes to their local environment, they had no need to develop new technologies, unlike the northern Neanderthals. This
1322:
meant that sea levels were far lower than in the present day. In the late
Pleistocene period, when Neanderthals inhabited Gibraltar, the sea level was as much as 85 metres (279 ft) lower than today. The drop in sea levels exposed a coastal plain which considerably increased the size of the
124:
that the
Neanderthals inhabited have been excavated and have revealed a wealth of information about their lifestyle and the prehistoric landscape of the area. The peninsula stood on the edge of a fertile coastal plain, now submerged, that supported a wide variety of animals and plants which the
1882:
In addition to large animals, they also ate very large quantities of small mammals and birds. 80% of the bones found in the caves are those of rabbits, which would have been abundant in the coastal sand dunes. The
Neanderthals exploited Gibraltar's location as one of Europe's focal points for
1925:. Between 45,000 and 42,000 years ago, the climate abruptly became extremely cold, arid and unstable, with overall conditions around 42,000 years ago leading to the Neanderthals' disappearance. The fertile savannah was replaced by pine forests while higher ground became an arid
1883:
migratory birds, by catching and eating them in large quantities. 145 species, representing a quarter of Europe's total, are represented in the finds from the caves, making them the richest sites for fossil bird remains anywhere in Europe. They also ate tortoises and even
1867:
during dry summer periods. Gibraltar's southerly latitude would have meant a fairly constant pattern of activity throughout the year due to the long days and mild climate, in contrast to the more abruptly seasonal lifestyle of the
Neanderthals who lived further north.
1912:
Gibraltar's
Neanderthals may have been the last members of their species. They are thought to have died out around 42,000 years ago, at least 2,000 years after the extinction of the last Neanderthal populations elsewhere in Europe. They did not disappear during the
1398:
The region enjoyed a much more stable and temperate climate than almost anywhere else in Iberia. The range of the climate of prehistoric
Gibraltar can be deduced from proxies such as the remains of animals that are very sensitive to heat and humidity, such as
1908:
in Gorham's Cave for over 8,000 years. Animal bones from the vicinity show that the Neanderthals used the caves for cooking and butchery, as is apparent from the presence of bones which are burnt or have cut marks from Neanderthal stone knives.
334:
and other debris that has fortuitously preserved an abundance of palaeontological evidence on the cave floors. The finds have enabled palaeontologists to reconstruct the lifestyles of the occupants and their environment in considerable detail.
1387:. Gibraltar was, then as now, a key waypoint on the avian migration route between Europe and Africa and a very wide variety of birds were present. Bones from the caves indicate the widespread presence of scavengers such as various species of
153:
The Gibraltar Neanderthals first came to light in 1848 during excavations in the course of the construction of a fortification called Forbes' Barrier at the northern end of the Rock of Gibraltar. The skull of a Neanderthal was discovered in
271:, means "hollow" – and it was here that archaeologists focused their efforts to find sites of Neanderthal occupation. Ten such sites have been discovered so far, of which the most important are five caves on the eastern side of the Rock:
229:, is much less complete than the Gibraltar 1 skull and has been identified as that of a four-year-old child. Further excavations at the two sites are infeasible. Quarrying at Forbes' Quarry has meant that it has been virtually denuded of
158:
by Lieutenant Edmund Flint, though its exact provenance is unknown, and was the subject of a presentation to the Gibraltar Scientific Society by Lieutenant Flint in March 1848. It was not realised at the time that the skull, now known as
1338:
due to the rise in sea levels over the last 12,000 years, but its environment can be reconstructed in detail from the evidence of pollen, seeds and animal bones found in the caves of Gibraltar. It would have predominantly been a sandy
1854:
The evidence from Gibraltar's caves shows that the Neanderthals occupied the peninsula for at least 100,000 years. They probably did not stay there year-round but lived in widely dispersed groups that roamed across the open
85:
were among the first to be discovered by modern scientists and have been among the most well studied of their species according to a number of extinction studies which emphasize regional differences, usually claiming the
105:, discovered in a quarry in 1848, was only the second Neanderthal skull ever found and the first adult Neanderthal skull to be discovered, eight years before the discovery of the skull for which the species was named in
1896:
technological stasis is clearly visible from the artefacts found in Gibraltar. The newest Neanderthal tools to have been found there are virtually identical to the oldest, all exclusively being examples of the
1891:
shells have been found in the caves, indicating that the Neanderthals harvested them from the seashore and brought them back over a considerable distance, perhaps carrying them in bags made from animal skins.
1720:
1696:
117:
at the southern tip of Iberia, which may have had one of the densest areas of Neanderthal settlement of anywhere in Europe, although not necessarily the last place of possible habitation.
1427:– never made it as far south as Gibraltar, which enjoyed a temperate and stable year-round climate due to its southerly latitude, distance from the coastal mountains and position on the
2556:; Giles Pacheco, Francisco; RodrĂguez Vidal, JoaquĂn; Stringer, Chris; MartĂnez Ruiz, Francisca (April 2008). "Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar—The persistence of a Neanderthal population".
2506:
The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation: An International Guide to Laws and Practice in the Excavation and Treatment of Archaeological Human Remains
2526:; Giles Pacheco, Francisco (2000). "The Southern Iberian Peninsula in the Late Pleistocene: Geography, Ecology and Human Occupation". In Stringer, Chris; Barton, R.N.E.;
233:
sediments while Devil's Tower is directly under the North Front of the Rock of Gibraltar and is one of the most dangerous places on the entire peninsula due to frequent
3324:
1879:
and rhino appear to have been avoided – understandably so, given that the Neanderthals are thought to have relied on using thrusting spears in close-quarter ambushes.
1875:, which would have been plentiful in the vicinity of the Rock. Red deer and other grazing animals are also well represented. More dangerous animals like wild boar,
3397:
342:
In July 2012, archaeologists discovered an engraving in Gorham's Cave, buried under 39,000-year-old sediments, which has been called "the oldest known example of
213:
The skull was the first Neanderthal adult cranium to be discovered and, although small, is nearly complete; it is thought to have belonged to a woman due to its
330:. The excavations have revealed possibly the best evidence of a Neanderthal landscape found anywhere, buried under many metres of sand, fallen stalactites, bat
1431:
shore. As a result, it became a kind of "Africa in Europe" where animals, plants and Neanderthals were able to shelter from the worst effects of the ice ages.
4260:
3060:
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and waterbirds that would have lived in the estuarine areas of the plain. The general appearance of the habitat was similar to that of the present-day
175:
204:", highlighting its importance as confirmation that the Neanderthal 1 specimen was genuinely a member of a distinct species and not simply a deformed
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of southern Iberia, seeking seasonal supplies of food. They are likely to have followed the movements of the animals, for instance following them to
1689:
3718:
3402:
4178:
3578:
3143:
2043:
Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, RodrĂguez-Vidal J, et al. (October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe".
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109:, Germany; had it been recognised as a separate species, it might have been called Calpican (or Gibraltarian) rather than Neanderthal Man. The
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Large-scale excavations in 1947–54 by John d'Arcy Waechter showed that Gorham's Cave had been occupied for over 100,000 years during the
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1887:, suggesting that they might have hunted or at least scavenged marine mammals. They certainly ate shellfish in large quantities; many
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999:
17:
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Animal remains found in the caves show that the Neanderthals were active hunters. Their predominant large prey appears to have been
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populations, existing just until around 42,000 years ago. Many other Neanderthal populations went extinct around the same time.
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4032:
3375:
1921:, when ocean circulations were disrupted by very rapid climate fluctuations which coincided with the disintegration of coastal
979:
2275:
3390:
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2721:
2702:
2657:
2588:; Giles Pacheco, Francisco; RodrĂguez Vidal, Francisco; Fa, Darren A.; Gutierrez LĂłpez, JosĂ© MarĂa; Santiago PĂ©rez, Antonio;
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2513:
1749:
1710:
1521:
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2810:
2695:
Neanderthals on the Edge: Papers from a Conference Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery, Gibraltar
2532:
Neanderthals on the Edge: Papers from a Conference Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery, Gibraltar
1803:
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with patchy trees and shrubs, supporting a wide variety of flora and fauna. The wildlife included important game species –
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3171:
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may have stressed them beyond recovery, leaving them vulnerable to the effects of inbreeding and outbreaks of disease.
1834:
2592:; Allue, Ethel; et al. (19 October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe".
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275:, high up on the east side, which was only discovered in 1975 due to being buried under the wind-blown sands of the
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4012:
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3613:
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1963:
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epochs. Further excavations have been carried out in Gorham's, Vanguard and Ibex Caves since 1994 as part of the
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1981:
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3031:
2893:
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1827:
1643:
1623:
1456:
94:
populations and the Gibraltar population of Neanderthals as having been one of many dwindling populations of
1742:
1681:
1661:
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3875:
3728:
3684:
3503:
3319:
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3026:
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1528:
609:
381:
4854:
4335:
4042:
3920:
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3530:
3286:
2814:
1792:
358:
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Stringer, Chris (2000). "Gibraltar and the Neanderthals 1848-1998". In Stringer, Chris; Barton, R.N.E.;
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1633:
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1062:
796:
788:
780:
1476:
4705:
4069:
3908:
3743:
3437:
3231:
3133:
3055:
2757:
1598:
1563:
1553:
1498:
900:
276:
302:
137:
4808:
4444:
4404:
4002:
3510:
3452:
3427:
3422:
3258:
3186:
3151:
3098:
2855:
2825:
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1648:
1608:
1603:
1573:
1568:
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skull found in Germany in 1856. Busk described it as "characteristic of a race extending from the
4513:
4449:
3711:
3694:
3161:
2734:
1942:
1884:
1754:
1618:
870:
374:
1392:
1303:
1085:
4568:
4408:
4268:
3773:
3723:
3679:
3605:
3588:
3447:
3331:
3253:
2963:
829:
186:, the ancient name for Gibraltar. It was only later realised that the skull was a specimen of
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3628:
3515:
3414:
3306:
3291:
3213:
3113:
1930:
1400:
601:
222:
188:
146:
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was discovered nearby in 1926. The Neanderthals are known to have occupied ten sites on the
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3520:
3475:
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3118:
2981:
2835:
2794:
2601:
2565:
2052:
1955:
1914:
1864:
1628:
1465:
1238:
1039:
886:
755:
740:
2301:
1439:
65:
8:
4866:
4826:
4801:
4789:
4771:
4758:
4606:
4429:
4366:
4304:
4245:
3768:
3618:
3552:
3156:
3123:
3043:
2820:
2589:
2553:
1994:
1331:
311:
201:
77:, was only the second Neanderthal skull and the first adult Neanderthal skull ever found.
2605:
2569:
2056:
1904:
that were first developed around 300,000 years ago. The Neanderthals even used the same
48:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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would have been similar to that of the coastal plain surrounding Pleistocene Gibraltar
1216:
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4547:
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4127:
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3815:
3810:
3108:
3003:
2905:
2901:
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2717:
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1729:
1725:
1638:
1613:
1538:
1444:
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1404:
296:
254:
155:
121:
87:
74:
2504:(2011). "Appendix 2: Gibraltar". In Marquez-Grant, Nicholas; Fibiger, Linda (eds.).
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3103:
3088:
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2617:
2609:
2573:
2088:
2068:
2060:
1817:
1668:
1324:
821:
770:
327:
323:
292:
250:
4553:
4752:
4216:
4195:
3498:
2690:
2645:
2585:
2577:
2549:
2527:
2523:
2501:
1705:
854:
623:
579:
4563:
4394:
3701:
3181:
3176:
2865:
2149:
1918:
675:
662:
592:
566:
284:
218:
4534:
4876:
4641:
4611:
4509:
4454:
4439:
3751:
3442:
3128:
2996:
1986:
1976:
1872:
1360:
1315:
1194:
862:
288:
193:
171:
163:, was of a separate species and it was not until 1862 that it was studied by
95:
4688:
4662:
4627:
4434:
4398:
4376:
4210:
4204:
2919:
2840:
2629:
2080:
1310:
Pleistocene Gibraltar was physically very different from today. During the
1270:
844:
811:
725:
649:
636:
343:
206:
164:
4681:
4616:
4558:
4543:
4539:
4499:
4463:
4187:
3380:
3093:
2018:
1971:
1543:
1508:
1503:
1335:
1173:
916:
540:
230:
226:
197:
167:
160:
142:
110:
102:
91:
70:
4350:
2650:
The Humans Who became extinct: Why Neanderthals Died Out and We Survived
2613:
2064:
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4289:
3558:
2621:
2102:
2072:
1901:
1897:
1533:
1376:
106:
2103:"Neanderthal - Homo neanderthalensis - Details - Encyclopedia of Life"
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4284:
2949:
2780:
1922:
1424:
1372:
1356:
1340:
1254:
931:
280:
272:
261:
214:
114:
4519:
4459:
4424:
4414:
2927:
2749:
1416:
1344:
1330:
The entire coastal plain is now submerged in the Bay of Gibraltar,
1105:
553:
527:
319:
267:
of the Rock of Gibraltar is riddled with caves – its ancient name,
234:
245:
4524:
3783:
1950:
1876:
1860:
1856:
1408:
1388:
1380:
1364:
1319:
1311:
1298:
710:
702:
688:
512:
4849:
4474:
2042:
1926:
1905:
1888:
1420:
1352:
1348:
264:
4156:
2552:; Fa, Darren A.; Jiménez Espejo, Francisco; Carrión, Jóse S.;
4419:
1412:
331:
306:
The prehistoric engraving found in Gorham's Cave in July 2012
174:
during a visit to Gibraltar. They gave a report on it to the
1384:
1368:
217:
features. In 1926, a second Neanderthal skull was found by
149:, was the second Neanderthal skull to be found in Gibraltar
1434:
3538:
1287:
129:
leave its last footprint of existence circa 40,000 BCE.
1395:, 132 kilometres (82 mi) north-west of Gibraltar.
2269:
2267:
225:, very close to Forbes' Quarry. This fossil, known as
4838:
3061:
Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)
1443:
Neanderthal family group in Le Moustier, France, by
1314:, the much greater volume of water locked up in the
2264:
2126:"A Cave in Gibraltar: The Neanderthals' Last Stand"
1697:Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population
353:
2276:"Neanderthal abstract art found in Gibraltar cave"
176:British Association for the Advancement of Science
4590:
1690:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
4874:
3403:European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)
178:in 1864 and proposed that the species be called
90:partially acted as a “refuge” for the shrinking
2714:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
2401:
2399:
2302:"Neanderthal 'artwork' found in Gibraltar cave"
2242:
2240:
2123:
2293:
4172:
2765:
2712:Wood, Bernard, ed. (2011). "Forbes' Quarry".
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382:
2477:
2450:
2423:
2411:
2396:
2367:
2237:
2225:
2252:
2184:
2010:
283:near sea level on the south-eastern flank,
4179:
4165:
2772:
2758:
2672:Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar
2600:(7113). Nature Publishing Group: 850–853.
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2355:
2343:
2331:
2316:
2196:
2170:
1842:
1828:
389:
375:
349:
3271:Political development in modern Gibraltar
2036:
2435:
1438:
1297:
301:
244:
136:
64:
3944:
2462:
2143:
1435:Lifestyle of the Gibraltar Neanderthals
14:
4875:
2299:
2273:
2160:
2158:
2124:Matthias Schulz (September 26, 2006).
2016:
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4160:
3654:
3473:
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2792:
2753:
2674:. London: Robert Hale & Company.
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132:
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2779:
2274:Burgen, Stephen (2 September 2014).
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1118:
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1051:
1028:
1008:
988:
968:
948:
356:
28:
4139:
2652:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2155:
1778:History of nationality in Gibraltar
240:
24:
3547:Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation
2739:National Museum of Natural History
2019:"Neanderthals' 'last rock refuge'"
2017:Rincon, Paul (13 September 2006).
253:on the south-eastern flank of the
25:
4904:
3866:Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned
3734:Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar
2745:
2716:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
2300:Rincon, Paul (1 September 2014).
1302:The landscape of the present-day
4860:
4848:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4103:
4102:
2992:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault
2948:
2508:. London: Taylor & Francis.
2179:
1811:
1475:
33:
4186:
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2213:
1964:List of human evolution fossils
192:, which had been named for the
3315:Black Swan Project controversy
2499:
2231:
2190:
2117:
2095:
1982:Neanderthals in Southwest Asia
947:
13:
1:
3831:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
2962:
2851:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
2688:
2584:
2441:
2258:
2207:
2003:
1750:Second sovereignty referendum
1644:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
1624:War of the Spanish Succession
145:skull, discovered in 1926 in
73:skull, discovered in 1848 in
4326:Southwest Asian Neanderthals
3876:Shrine of Our Lady of Europe
3685:Bayside Comprehensive School
3212:
2731:Human Timeline (Interactive)
2644:
2578:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.11.016
2548:
2522:
2483:
2468:
2456:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2390:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2246:
1711:First sovereignty referendum
1529:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
111:skull of a Neanderthal child
103:skull of a Neanderthal woman
7:
3655:
3634:Vehicle registration plates
3574:Royal Gibraltar Post Office
3474:
2793:
1936:
1793:Fortifications of Gibraltar
1284:
506:
10:
4909:
4716:Neanderthal genome project
3579:postage stamps and history
2666:
2219:
1917:during the time of the H2
1634:Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar
1579:Seventh Siege of Gibraltar
1359:– and predators including
4818:
4731:
4721:In Search of Lost Genomes
4698:
4654:
4625:
4581:
4497:
4385:
4360:Intermediate (250–130 ka)
4359:
4343:
4334:
4313:
4277:
4238:
4194:
4098:
4055:
4023:
3935:
3909:Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque
3891:
3803:
3794:
3742:
3667:
3663:
3650:
3604:
3529:
3486:
3482:
3469:
3438:Napier of Magdala Battery
3413:
3305:
3279:
3224:
3220:
3207:
3142:
3081:
3074:
3012:
2974:
2970:
2957:
2946:
2806:Neanderthals in Gibraltar
2801:
2788:
2711:
2164:
1784:Political development in
1599:Eighth Siege of Gibraltar
1564:Fourth Siege of Gibraltar
1554:Second Siege of Gibraltar
1499:Neanderthals of Gibraltar
1323:Gibraltar peninsula. The
277:Great Gibraltar Sand Dune
83:Neanderthals in Gibraltar
42:This article needs to be
18:Neanderthals of Gibraltar
4809:The Neanderthal Parallax
4445:Krapina Neanderthal site
4405:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1
3453:Royal Gibraltar Regiment
3428:Gibraltar Defence Police
3423:British Forces Gibraltar
2826:First Siege of Gibraltar
2558:Quaternary International
1649:Great Siege of Gibraltar
1609:Tenth Siege of Gibraltar
1604:Ninth Siege of Gibraltar
1574:Sixth Siege of Gibraltar
1569:Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
1559:Third Siege of Gibraltar
1549:First Siege of Gibraltar
399:
221:at a rock shelter named
3695:University of Gibraltar
3381:Sovereignty referendums
3039:Reptiles and amphibians
2697:. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
2534:. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
2391:Finlayson & Pacheco
2362:Finlayson & Pacheco
2350:Finlayson & Pacheco
2338:Finlayson & Pacheco
2326:Finlayson & Pacheco
1755:Cordoba Agreement, 2006
1619:Marquisate of Gibraltar
1271:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1130:Dispersal beyond Africa
350:Gibraltar in prehistory
328:Gibraltar Caves Project
4321:Gibraltar Neanderthals
3624:Gibraltar–Spain border
3448:Royal Gibraltar Police
3187:St. Bernard's Hospital
3172:King George V Hospital
2861:George Augustus Eliott
2564:(1). Elsevier: 64–71.
1998:(2012 BBC documentary)
1990:(2011 BBC documentary)
1946:(2015 PBS documentary)
1448:
1307:
402:−10 —
307:
257:
150:
78:
4883:Prehistoric Gibraltar
4229:Homo neanderthalensis
3629:Shipping in Gibraltar
2894:Explosion of the RFA
2232:Brown & Finlayson
2191:Brown & Finlayson
1959:(with link directory)
1931:abrupt climate change
1442:
1301:
492:−1 —
482:−2 —
472:−3 —
462:−4 —
452:−5 —
442:−6 —
432:−7 —
422:−8 —
412:−9 —
305:
248:
189:Homo neanderthalensis
140:
127:Homo neanderthalensis
68:
4855:Evolutionary biology
4655:Contemporary species
4582:Fossils with claimed
4430:Saccopastore 1 and 2
4223:Homo heidelbergensis
4038:Records in athletics
4013:Campo Gibraltar RUFC
3991:Football Association
3840:(Church of Scotland)
3838:St. Andrew's Church
3569:Regulatory Authority
2889:Maltese in Gibraltar
2884:Genoese in Gibraltar
2836:Capture of Gibraltar
2590:Finlayson, Geraldine
2554:Finlayson, Geraldine
1956:List of fossil sites
1915:Last Glacial Maximum
1818:Gibraltar portal
1629:Capture of Gibraltar
1393:Doñana National Park
1304:Doñana National Park
1086:Earliest stone tools
4827:Prehistoric Autopsy
4772:The Ugly Little Boy
4759:The Neanderthal Man
4367:Saccopastore skulls
4305:Levallois technique
3769:Gibraltarian status
3553:Gibraltar Chronicle
3124:Strait of Gibraltar
3048:Iberis gibraltarica
2831:Battle of Gibraltar
2821:Pillars of Hercules
2614:10.1038/nature05195
2606:2006Natur.443..850F
2570:2008QuInt.181...64F
2065:10.1038/nature05195
2057:2006Natur.443..850F
1996:Prehistoric Autopsy
1760:Second constitution
1699:during World War II
1332:Strait of Gibraltar
312:Middle Palaeolithic
202:Pillars of Hercules
115:Gibraltar peninsula
4783:Dance of the Tiger
4777:Neanderthal Planet
4742:The Quest for Fire
4711:Neanderthal Museum
4593:H. heidelbergensis
4584:Neanderthal traits
4028:Commonwealth Games
3883:Trafalgar Cemetery
3871:Our Lady of Europe
3712:LlĂ©vame Donde NacĂ
3433:Gibraltar Squadron
3232:Constitution Order
3114:St. Michael's Cave
2447:(2006), pp. 850–53
1716:First constitution
1494:Prehistoric Iberia
1449:
1401:Hermann's tortoise
1308:
887:H. heidelbergensis
316:Upper Palaeolithic
308:
258:
151:
147:Devil's Tower Cave
133:Fossil discoveries
79:
4888:Mammals of Europe
4836:
4835:
4675:Homo floresiensis
4650:
4649:
4577:
4576:
4415:La Quina 5 and 18
4336:Notable specimens
4314:Regional variants
4154:
4153:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4051:
4050:
3931:
3930:
3851:Roman Catholicism
3816:Diocese in Europe
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3596:Telephone numbers
3541:(Internet domain)
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3376:Political parties
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3109:Rock of Gibraltar
3004:Iberian Peninsula
2944:
2943:
2906:Death on the Rock
2902:Operation Flavius
2846:Treaty of Utrecht
2723:978-1-4443-4247-5
2704:978-1-84217-015-1
2659:978-0-19-923919-1
2541:978-1-84217-015-1
2515:978-1-136-87956-2
2500:Brown, Kimberly;
2474:(2008), pp. 64–71
1852:
1851:
1730:Death on the Rock
1726:Operation Flavius
1639:Treaty of Utrecht
1614:Catholic Monarchs
1539:Moorish Gibraltar
1445:Charles R. Knight
1296:
1295:
1288:million years ago
1247:
1246:
1225:
1224:
1203:
1202:
1195:Earliest rock art
1181:
1180:
1157:
1156:
1150:Earliest language
1137:
1136:
1117:
1116:
1093:
1092:
1073:
1072:
1063:Earliest sign of
1050:
1049:
1040:Earliest sign of
1027:
1026:
1007:
1006:
987:
986:
967:
966:
610:Ou. macedoniensis
255:Rock of Gibraltar
122:Rock of Gibraltar
120:The caves in the
88:Iberian Peninsula
63:
62:
16:(Redirected from
4900:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4852:
4844:
4790:Earth's Children
4706:Excavation sites
4602:Bontnewydd tooth
4588:
4587:
4503:range (50–40 ka)
4344:Archaic (430 ka)
4341:
4340:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4142:
4141:
4130:
4118:
4117:
4106:
4105:
4043:Victoria Stadium
3942:
3941:
3841:
3826:Bishop suffragan
3801:
3800:
3665:
3664:
3652:
3651:
3542:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3470:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3167:Garrison Library
3089:Bay of Gibraltar
3079:
3078:
3051:
3032:Barbary macaques
2972:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2869:
2790:
2789:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2727:
2708:
2691:Finlayson, Clive
2685:
2663:
2646:Finlayson, Clive
2641:
2586:Finlayson, Clive
2581:
2550:Finlayson, Clive
2545:
2528:Finlayson, Clive
2524:Finlayson, Clive
2519:
2502:Finlayson, Clive
2487:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2180:Stringer, p. 136
2177:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2051:(7113): 850–53.
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2014:
1944:Dawn of Humanity
1844:
1837:
1830:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1787:
1786:modern Gibraltar
1743:Modern Gibraltar
1700:
1669:Royal Calpe Hunt
1479:
1469:
1451:
1450:
1325:Bay of Gibraltar
1318:and continental
1276:
1274:
1273:
1259:
1257:
1241:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1217:Earliest clothes
1210:
1205:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1164:
1159:
1144:
1139:
1124:
1119:
1106:Earliest sign of
1100:
1095:
1080:
1075:
1065:Australopithecus
1057:
1052:
1034:
1029:
1020:Earliest bipedal
1014:
1009:
1000:Chimpanzee split
994:
989:
974:
969:
954:
949:
935:
934:
920:
919:
903:
889:
875:
847:
834:
814:
801:
773:
771:Australopithecus
760:
745:
728:
715:
691:
678:
665:
652:
639:
626:
614:
595:
582:
569:
557:
543:
530:
517:
515:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
391:
384:
377:
371:
361:
360:Hominin timeline
354:
324:Gibraltar Museum
249:The entrance to
241:Occupation sites
165:palaeontologists
58:
55:
49:
37:
36:
29:
21:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4847:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4814:
4753:The Grisly Folk
4733:Popular culture
4727:
4694:
4646:
4637:Peștera cu Oase
4621:
4583:
4573:
4554:Saint-CĂ©saire 1
4502:
4493:
4387:
4381:
4355:
4330:
4309:
4295:Châtelperronian
4278:Tool traditions
4273:
4261:Admixture with
4234:
4217:Homo antecessor
4190:
4185:
4155:
4150:
4086:
4047:
4019:
3927:
3921:Great Synagogue
3887:
3839:
3821:Bishop diocesan
3790:
3738:
3729:Public holidays
3690:Westside School
3659:
3638:
3600:
3540:
3525:
3499:Gibraltar pound
3478:
3457:
3409:
3320:Disputed status
3301:
3275:
3216:
3191:
3138:
3070:
3056:Botanic Gardens
3045:
3008:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2867:
2866:Gibraltar real
2797:
2784:
2778:
2748:
2724:
2705:
2682:
2660:
2542:
2516:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1939:
1848:
1812:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1706:Operation Felix
1702:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1489:
1467:
1460:
1437:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:H o m i n i d s
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1003:
1002:
992:
983:
982:
972:
963:
962:
952:
945:
944:
943:
938:
937:
936:
930:
929:
925:
923:
922:
921:
915:
914:
910:
908:
907:
906:
899:
893:
892:
891:
885:
880:
878:
877:
876:
867:
859:
851:
850:
843:
837:
836:
835:
826:
818:
817:
810:
804:
803:
802:
793:
785:
777:
776:
769:
763:
762:
761:
752:
748:
747:
746:
737:
733:
732:
731:
724:
718:
717:
716:
707:
699:
695:
694:
693:
687:
682:
681:
680:
674:
669:
668:
667:
661:
656:
655:
654:
648:
643:
642:
641:
635:
630:
629:
628:
624:Chororapithecus
622:
617:
616:
615:
606:
598:
597:
591:
586:
585:
584:
580:Samburupithecus
578:
573:
572:
571:
565:
560:
559:
558:
551:
547:
546:
545:
539:
534:
533:
532:
526:
521:
520:
519:
513:
511:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
395:
369:
363:
359:
352:
243:
135:
59:
53:
50:
47:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4870:
4869:
4857:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4766:The Inheritors
4762:
4755:
4750:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4537:
4535:SidrĂłn remains
4532:
4522:
4517:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4402:
4395:La Ferrassie 1
4391:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4200:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4184:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3807:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Gibraltar Fair
3716:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3702:Miss Gibraltar
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3535:
3533:
3531:Communications
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Stock Exchange
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3467:
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4372:Ehringsdorf 9
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1988:Origins of Us
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1470:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1429:Mediterranean
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:woolly rhinos
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:and possibly
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1258:
1256:
1240:
1239:Modern humans
1234:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1170:Earliest fire
1166:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1001:
996:
991:
990:
981:
980:Gorilla split
976:
971:
970:
961:
956:
951:
950:
933:
918:
905:
904:
902:
890:
888:
874:
872:
866:
864:
858:
856:
855:H. antecessor
849:
848:
846:
833:
831:
825:
823:
816:
815:
813:
800:
798:
797:Au. anamensis
792:
790:
789:Au. afarensis
784:
782:
781:Au. africanus
775:
774:
772:
759:
757:
744:
742:
730:
729:
727:
714:
712:
711:O. tugenensis
706:
704:
692:
690:
679:
677:
666:
664:
653:
651:
640:
638:
627:
625:
613:
611:
605:
603:
596:
594:
583:
581:
570:
568:
556:
555:
544:
542:
531:
529:
518:
516:
398:
392:
387:
385:
380:
378:
373:
372:
366:
362:
355:
347:
345:
340:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
304:
300:
298:
294:
293:Gorham's Cave
290:
289:Vanguard Cave
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
256:
252:
251:Gorham's Cave
247:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Devil's Tower
220:
216:
211:
209:
208:
203:
199:
195:
194:Neanderthal 1
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:Homo calpicus
177:
173:
172:Hugh Falconer
169:
166:
162:
157:
148:
144:
139:
130:
128:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
96:archaic human
93:
89:
84:
76:
72:
67:
57:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4893:Neanderthals
4867:Paleontology
4825:
4807:
4800:
4788:
4781:
4764:
4757:
4740:
4719:
4689:Homo sapiens
4687:
4680:
4673:
4663:Homo erectus
4661:
4628:Homo sapiens
4626:
4591:
4564:Fontéchevade
4450:Shanidar 1-4
4440:Mt. Circeo 1
4435:Altamura man
4320:
4262:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4211:Homo erectus
4209:
4205:Homo habilis
4203:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4070:Coat of arms
4033:Island Games
3974:Field hockey
3892:Other faiths
3804:Christianity
3744:Demographics
3724:National Day
3589:Study Circle
3551:
3254:court system
3047:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2895:
2874:World War II
2841:George Rooke
2805:
2713:
2694:
2671:
2649:
2597:
2593:
2561:
2557:
2531:
2505:
2494:Bibliography
2479:
2470:
2464:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2306:. Retrieved
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2280:The Guardian
2279:
2254:
2227:
2215:
2186:
2145:
2135:December 27,
2133:. Retrieved
2129:
2119:
2109:December 27,
2107:. Retrieved
2097:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:
2012:
1995:
1987:
1966:
1958:
1943:
1911:
1894:
1881:
1870:
1859:and coastal
1853:
1682:20th century
1662:19th century
1592:Early modern
1397:
1329:
1309:
1267:
1252:
1108:
1064:
1042:Ardipithecus
1041:
960:Earlier apes
917:Neanderthals
901:Homo sapiens
898:
897:
884:
868:
860:
852:
842:
841:
827:
819:
809:
808:
794:
786:
778:
768:
767:
753:
738:
726:Ardipithecus
723:
722:
708:
700:
686:
673:
660:
650:Sivapithecus
647:
637:Oreopithecus
634:
621:
607:
599:
590:
577:
564:
552:
538:
525:
510:
344:abstract art
341:
337:
309:
268:
259:
212:
207:Homo sapiens
205:
187:
183:
179:
152:
126:
119:
100:
82:
80:
54:January 2019
51:
43:
26:
4802:Neanderthal
4682:Homo naledi
4617:Azykhantrop
4559:Le Moustier
4540:Gibraltar 1
4520:Spy 1 and 2
4500:radiocarbon
4388:(130–50 ka)
4188:Neanderthal
4145:WikiProject
4080:other flags
4003:Rugby union
3811:Anglicanism
3259:LGBT rights
3162:The Convent
3094:Catalan Bay
3014:Environment
2879:Nationality
2856:Great Siege
2735:Smithsonian
2622:10261/18685
2308:2 September
2285:2 September
2073:10261/18685
1972:Neanderthal
1902:flint tools
1544:Reconquista
1509:Gibraltar 2
1504:Gibraltar 1
1466:History of
1377:brown bears
1336:Alboran Sea
863:H. ergaster
756:Ar. ramidus
741:Ar. kadabba
703:O. praegens
541:Pleistocene
370:This box:
279:, and four
231:Pleistocene
227:Gibraltar 2
168:George Busk
161:Gibraltar 1
143:Gibraltar 2
92:Neanderthal
71:Gibraltar 1
4877:Categories
4377:Altamura 1
4290:Mousterian
4269:Extinction
4263:H. sapiens
3952:Basketball
3559:Gibtelecom
3364:Parliament
3044:Candytuft
2868:(currency)
2469:Finlayson
2442:Finlayson
2304:. BBC News
2004:References
1923:ice sheets
1898:Mousterian
1885:monk seals
1865:waterholes
1534:Al-Andalus
1487:Prehistory
1425:cave bears
1357:wild boars
932:Denisovans
871:Au. sediba
845:H. erectus
812:H. habilis
602:Ou. turkae
184:Mons Calpe
107:Neandertal
4669:Denisovan
4607:Atapuerca
4285:Acheulean
4251:Behaviour
4196:Ancestors
3846:Methodism
3774:Languages
3762:in the UK
3680:Education
3619:Cable car
3606:Transport
3332:Elections
3157:City Hall
3119:Sandy Bay
2964:Geography
2921:New Flame
2781:Gibraltar
2484:Finlayson
2457:Finlayson
2430:Finlayson
2418:Finlayson
2406:Finlayson
2374:Finlayson
2247:Finlayson
2105:. Eol org
1468:Gibraltar
1341:grassland
830:Au. garhi
281:sea caves
273:Ibex Cave
262:limestone
235:rockfalls
4699:Research
4470:Tabun C1
4460:Kebara 2
4425:Scladina
4351:MiguelĂłn
4256:Genetics
4109:Category
3986:Football
3945:By sport
3899:Hinduism
3796:Religion
3564:Panorama
3516:Taxation
3415:Military
3307:Politics
3292:Governor
3266:Passport
3214:Politics
2936:COVID-19
2931:incident
2923:incident
2915:incident
2896:Bedenham
2811:Timeline
2693:(eds.).
2670:(1974).
2648:(2009).
2630:16971951
2530:(eds.).
2486:, p. 154
2459:, p. 155
2432:, p. 152
2420:, p. 150
2408:, p. 149
2393:, p. 148
2376:, p. 146
2364:, p. 144
2352:, p. 141
2340:, p. 140
2328:, p. 139
2261:, p. 137
2259:Stringer
2249:, p. 144
2234:, p. 703
2210:, p. 134
2208:Stringer
2193:, p. 701
2167:, p. 259
2152:, p. 133
2150:Stringer
2081:16971951
2028:25 March
2023:BBC News
1937:See also
1900:type of
1861:wetlands
1857:savannah
1804:Timeline
1772:See also
1522:Medieval
1457:a series
1455:Part of
1417:reindeer
1409:mammoths
1381:wildcats
1365:leopards
1345:red deer
1320:glaciers
1312:ice ages
554:Hominini
528:Pliocene
320:Holocene
4841:Portals
4525:Engis 2
4386:Typical
4246:Anatomy
4239:Biology
4121:Commons
4057:Symbols
3969:Cycling
3957:Cricket
3916:Judaism
3856:Diocese
3784:Llanito
3779:English
3675:Cuisine
3668:General
3657:Culture
3614:Airport
3521:Tourism
3487:General
3476:Economy
3369:Speaker
3325:isthmus
3225:General
3082:Natural
3027:Mammals
2987:Geology
2982:Climate
2975:General
2795:History
2638:4411186
2602:Bibcode
2566:Bibcode
2222:, p. 13
2089:4411186
2053:Bibcode
1951:Engis 2
1877:aurochs
1389:vulture
1353:rabbits
1347:, wild
1231:←
1209:←
1187:←
1174:cooking
1163:←
1143:←
1123:←
1099:←
1079:←
1056:←
1033:←
1013:←
993:←
973:←
953:←
689:Orrorin
514:Miocene
497:–
487:–
477:–
467:–
457:–
447:–
437:–
427:–
417:–
407:–
215:gracile
200:to the
44:updated
4475:Amud 1
4133:Portal
4065:Anthem
3861:Bishop
3280:People
3075:Places
2913:Aurora
2815:sieges
2783:topics
2720:
2701:
2678:
2656:
2636:
2628:
2594:Nature
2538:
2512:
2471:et al.
2444:et al.
2087:
2079:
2045:Nature
1927:steppe
1906:hearth
1889:mussel
1459:on the
1447:(1920)
1421:muskox
1373:wolves
1369:lynxes
1349:cattle
942:
265:massif
182:after
4420:Krijn
3937:Sport
3904:Islam
3707:Music
3504:coins
3494:Banks
3297:Mayor
3144:Built
3022:Birds
2929:Fedra
2634:S2CID
2220:Hills
2085:S2CID
1413:bison
1385:lions
332:guano
269:Calpe
198:Rhine
4795:film
4747:film
4612:Samu
4548:site
4542:and
4529:site
4514:site
4489:OR-1
4483:site
4477:and
4464:site
4409:site
4399:site
4220:) →
3757:list
3539:.gi
3391:2002
3386:1967
3357:2023
3352:2019
3347:2015
3342:2011
3337:2007
3242:2006
3237:1969
2718:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2626:PMID
2536:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2310:2014
2287:2014
2165:Wood
2137:2016
2111:2016
2077:PMID
2030:2017
1873:ibex
1423:and
1355:and
1334:and
1109:Homo
390:edit
383:talk
376:view
318:and
295:and
260:The
170:and
141:The
101:The
81:The
69:The
4498:In
4214:(→
3249:Law
2618:hdl
2610:doi
2598:443
2574:doi
2562:181
2069:hdl
2061:doi
2049:443
326:'s
4879::
4226:→
4208:→
2737:,
2733:–
2632:.
2624:.
2616:.
2608:.
2596:.
2572:.
2560:.
2398:^
2381:^
2318:^
2278:.
2266:^
2239:^
2198:^
2172:^
2157:^
2128:.
2083:.
2075:.
2067:.
2059:.
2047:.
2021:.
1419:,
1415:,
1411:,
1407:,
1379:,
1375:,
1371:,
1367:,
1363:,
1351:,
1172:/
314:,
299:.
291:,
287:,
237:.
210:.
4843::
4797:)
4793:(
4749:)
4745:(
4724:)
4718:(
4550:)
4546:(
4544:2
4531:)
4527:(
4516:)
4512:(
4485:)
4481:(
4479:7
4466:)
4462:(
4411:)
4407:(
4401:)
4397:(
4301:)
4297:(
4180:e
4173:t
4166:v
3050:)
3046:(
2908:)
2904:(
2817:)
2813:(
2773:e
2766:t
2759:v
2726:.
2707:.
2684:.
2662:.
2640:.
2620::
2612::
2604::
2580:.
2576::
2568::
2544:.
2518:.
2312:.
2289:.
2139:.
2113:.
2091:.
2071::
2063::
2055::
2032:.
1843:e
1836:t
1829:v
1728:/
1290:)
1286:(
873:)
869:(
865:)
861:(
857:)
853:(
832:)
828:(
824:)
820:(
799:)
795:(
791:)
787:(
783:)
779:(
758:)
754:(
743:)
739:(
713:)
709:(
705:)
701:(
612:)
608:(
604:)
600:(
56:)
52:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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