739:
45:
618:
754:
722:
426:
408:(which is also used in humans) to prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis. Human cancer patients have similar mutations, and blind mole rats were thought to be more susceptible to cancer because their cells cannot undergo apoptosis. However, after a specific amount of time (within 3 days according to a study conducted at the University of Rochester), the cells in blind mole rats release
412:(which the immune system normally uses to counter viruses) in response to over-proliferation of cells caused by the suppression of apoptosis. In this case, the interferon-beta triggers cells to undergo necrosis, and this mechanism also kills cancer cells in blind mole rats. Because of tumor suppression mechanisms such as this, blind mole rats and other
212:(or colliquative necrosis), in contrast to coagulative necrosis, is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass. This is typical of bacterial, or sometimes fungal, infections because of their ability to stimulate an inflammatory response. The necrotic liquid mass is frequently creamy yellow due to the presence of dead
879:
Even after the initial cause of the necrosis has been halted, the necrotic tissue will remain in the body. The body's immune response to apoptosis, which involves the automatic breaking down and recycling of cellular material, is not triggered by necrotic cell death due to the apoptotic pathway being
854:
Chemical and toxic agents (e.g. pharmaceutical drugs, acids, bases) react with the skin leading to skin loss and eventually necrosis. Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the harmful agent, followed by treatment of the wound, including prevention of infection and possibly the use
234:
can be considered a type of coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue. It is characteristic of ischemia of lower limb and the gastrointestinal tracts. Both dry gangrene and gas gangrene can lead to this type of necrosis. If superimposed infection of dead tissues occurs, then liquefactive
464:
Internal factors causing necrosis include: trophoneurotic disorders (diseases that occur due to defective nerve action in a part of an organ which results in failure of nutrition); injury and paralysis of nerve cells. Pancreatic enzymes (lipases) are the major cause of fat necrosis.
299:. Calcium, magnesium or sodium may bind to these lesions to produce a chalky-white substance. The calcium deposits are microscopically distinctive and may be large enough to be visible on radiographic examinations. To the naked eye, calcium deposits appear as gritty white flecks.
775:
There are many causes of necrosis, and as such treatment is based upon how the necrosis came about. Treatment of necrosis typically involves two distinct processes: Usually, the underlying cause of the necrosis must be treated before the dead tissue itself can be dealt with.
399:
normally used in many organisms. Low oxygen conditions, such as those common in blind mole rats' burrows, usually cause cells to undergo apoptosis. In adaptation to higher tendency of cell death, blind mole rats evolved a mutation in the
1951:
Horobin AJ, Shakesheff KM, Pritchard DI (2005). "Maggots and wound healing: an investigation of the effects of secretions from
Lucilia sericata larvae upon the migration of human dermal fibroblasts over a fibronectin-coated surface".
1710:
Yanagawa Y, Morita K, Sugiura T, Okada Y (10 October 1980). "Cutaneous hemorrhage or necrosis findings after Vespa mandarinia (wasp) stings may predict the occurrence of multiple organ injury: a case report and review of literature".
103:, who is often regarded as one of the founders of modern pathology. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast,
134:. However, microbial damaging substances released by leukocytes would create collateral damage to surrounding tissues. This excess collateral damage inhibits the healing process. Thus, untreated necrosis results in a build-up of
185:
is characterized by the formation of a gelatinous (gel-like) substance in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained, and can be observed by light microscopy. Coagulation occurs as a result of protein
783:, referring to the removal of dead tissue by surgical or non-surgical means, is the standard therapy for necrosis. Depending on the severity of the necrosis, this may range from removal of small patches of skin to complete
892:
cannot be synthesized, and therefore the cell walls cannot be bonded and thus an impediment of the meristems. This will lead to necrosis of stem and root tips and leaf edges. For example, necrosis of tissue can occur in
558:-independent and necrotic by morphology; hence, current researchers have demonstrated that necrotic cell death can occur not only during pathological processes, but also during normal processes such as tissue renewal,
456:, crystals form, increasing the pressure of remaining tissue and fluid causing the cells to burst. Under extreme conditions tissues and cells may die through an unregulated process of membrane and cytosol destruction.
350:
Myonecrosis is the death of individual muscle fibres due to injury, hypoxia, or infection. Common causes include spontaneous diabetic myonecrosis (a.k.a diabetic muscle infarction) and clostridial myonecrosis (a.k.a
444:
External factors may involve mechanical trauma (physical damage to the body which causes cellular breakdown), electric shock, damage to blood vessels (which may disrupt blood supply to associated tissue), and
227:
in the brain presents as this type of necrosis, because the brain contains little connective tissue but high amounts of digestive enzymes and lipids, and cells therefore can be readily digested by their own
107:
is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental and can be fatal.
738:
597:
The second pathway is a secondary form of necrosis that is shown to occur after apoptosis and budding. In these cellular changes of necrosis, the nucleus breaks into fragments (known as
1431:
2290:
1754:
539:
and induces massive necrotic death of endothelial cells and non-proliferating cells of surrounding tissues (neurons, cardiomyocytes, renal cells, etc.). Recent
110:
Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated and result in the loss of
575:
Until recently, necrosis was thought to be an unregulated process. However, there are two broad pathways in which necrosis may occur in an organism.
536:
590:, in which nuclear shrinkage transpires. In the final step of this pathway cell nuclei are dissolved into the cytoplasm, which is referred to as
1593:"Temperature Threshold Values of Bone Necrosis for Thermo-Explantation of Dental Implants-A Systematic Review on Preclinical In Vivo Research"
1417:
753:
449:. Thermal effects (extremely high or low temperature) can often result in necrosis due to the disruption of cells, especially in bone cells.
162:
Structural signs that indicate irreversible cell injury and the progression of necrosis include dense clumping and progressive disruption of
2282:
1995:
Eum HA, Cha YN, Lee SM (June 2007). "Necrosis and apoptosis: sequence of liver damage following reperfusion after 60 min ischemia in rats".
894:
253:, like clumped cheese. Dead cells disintegrate but are not completely digested, leaving granular particles. Microscopic examination shows
2294:
1835:
902:
Cacti such as the
Saguaro and Cardon in the Sonoran Desert experience necrotic patch formation regularly; a species of Dipterans called
787:
of affected limbs or organs. Chemical removal of necrotic tissue is another option in which enzymatic debriding agents, categorised as
1066:
Kasper DL, Zaleznik DF (2001). "Gas gangrene, antibiotic associated colitis, and other
Clostridial infections". In Stone RM (ed.).
66:
638:
The nucleus changes in necrosis and characteristics of this change are determined by the manner in which its DNA breaks down:
2158:
1847:
1368:
1332:
1299:
1261:
1205:
1075:
1556:
Raffray M, Cohen GM (September 1997). "Apoptosis and necrosis in toxicology: a continuum or distinct modes of cell death?".
715:) are hypercellular zones that typically surround necrotic tissue. Pseudopalisading necrosis indicates an aggressive tumor.
2336:
2647:
1758:
1427:
2071:
Chotenimitkhun R, Rojnuckarin P (February 2008). "Systemic antivenom and skin necrosis after green pit viper bites".
982:
Proskuryakov SY, Konoplyannikov AG, Gabai VL (February 2003). "Necrosis: a specific form of programmed cell death?".
851:
drugs to prevent bacterial infection and inflammation. Keeping the wound clean from infection also prevents necrosis.
2615:
610:
543:
data indicates that necrotic death occurs not only during pathological events but it is also a component of some
913:
detoxification system to enable it to use the exudates released in these patches to both nest and feed larvae.
44:
305:
is a special form of necrosis usually caused by immune-mediated vascular damage. It is marked by complexes of
2758:
523:(ROS) are also accompanied by intense necrotic death of cells. A classic example of a necrotic condition is
2184:"Systemic Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana Infected and Challenged with Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae"
721:
99:. The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist
2763:
187:
202:. Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in tissues such as the kidney, heart and adrenal glands. Severe
1785:
Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Vandenabeele P, Abrams J, Alnemri ES, Baehrecke EH, et al. (January 2009).
953:
627:
430:
38:
31:
347:
infections) and hemorrhagic necrosis (due to the blockage of venous drainage of an organ or tissue).
948:
495:
through surfaces affected by inflammation. Toxins and pathogens may cause necrosis; toxins such as
17:
1916:
Singhal A, Reis ED, Kerstein MD (2001). "Options for nonsurgical debridement of necrotic wounds".
1675:
Nazarian RM, Van Cott EM, Zembowicz A, Duncan LM (August 2009). "Warfarin-induced skin necrosis".
2722:
2329:
860:
825:
520:
1787:"Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009"
1455:"Cancer resistance in the blind mole rat is mediated by concerted necrotic cell death mechanism"
1151:
499:
may inhibit enzymes and cause cell death. Necrotic wounds have also resulted from the stings of
2114:
Edinger AL, Thompson CB (December 2004). "Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy".
59:
1861:
241:
can be considered a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, typically caused by
2510:
2478:
943:
817:
631:
209:
370:) reliably progress to necrosis. In other countries, spiders of the same genus, such as the
2680:
2675:
2632:
2582:
2473:
2452:
1604:
1466:
712:
477:
363:
182:
617:
8:
2753:
2637:
2605:
2447:
2415:
1650:
903:
696:
231:
194:
to transform into a firm and opaque state. This pattern of necrosis is typically seen in
115:
96:
1608:
1470:
138:
dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death. A classic example is
2665:
2657:
2642:
2610:
2590:
2498:
2322:
2257:
2232:
2096:
1977:
1893:
1876:
1811:
1786:
1736:
1627:
1592:
1489:
1454:
1453:
Gorbunova V, Hine C, Tian X, Ablaeva J, Gudkov AV, Nevo E, Seluanov A (November 2012).
1160:
1135:
1116:
1043:
1018:
923:
302:
280:
2208:
2183:
1965:
1569:
1034:
995:
2748:
2702:
2262:
2213:
2164:
2154:
2131:
2088:
2053:
2012:
1969:
1933:
1929:
1898:
1853:
1843:
1816:
1728:
1692:
1632:
1573:
1521:
1494:
1374:
1364:
1338:
1328:
1305:
1295:
1267:
1257:
1211:
1201:
1165:
1120:
1108:
1071:
1048:
999:
856:
848:
836:
821:
799:, are used to target the various components of dead tissue. In select cases, special
488:
469:
375:
221:
195:
147:
1740:
1392:
2622:
2488:
2374:
2252:
2244:
2203:
2195:
2123:
2100:
2080:
2043:
2004:
1981:
1961:
1925:
1888:
1806:
1798:
1720:
1684:
1622:
1612:
1565:
1484:
1474:
1155:
1147:
1100:
1038:
1030:
991:
805:
501:
401:
238:
123:
92:
2690:
2670:
2248:
1591:
Kniha K, Heussen N, Weber E, Möhlhenrich SC, Hölzle F, Modabber A (August 2020).
910:
473:
409:
371:
2712:
2707:
2627:
2008:
1688:
1513:
1459:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1104:
840:
800:
314:
296:
249:), fungi and some foreign substances. The necrotic tissue appears as white and
100:
88:
2309:
2127:
2084:
1724:
1342:
1271:
267:
is specialized necrosis of fat tissue, resulting from the action of activated
2742:
2595:
2408:
2168:
1857:
1378:
1215:
691:
559:
544:
135:
111:
1479:
1309:
2697:
2527:
2503:
2493:
2398:
2386:
2379:
2266:
2217:
2135:
2092:
2057:
2016:
1973:
1937:
1902:
1820:
1732:
1696:
1636:
1525:
1498:
1422:
1169:
1112:
1068:
Harrison's principles of internal medicine self-assessment and board review
1052:
1003:
792:
763:
679:
655:
598:
551:
540:
516:
508:
487:. Pathogen-induced necrosis programs in cells with immunological barriers (
352:
339:(term used in clinical practices for limbs which have had severe hypoxia),
288:
276:
264:
246:
242:
131:
119:
2233:"Regulation of cytochrome P450 expression in Drosophila: Genomic insights"
2199:
1577:
1196:
Craft J, Gordon C, Tiziani A, Huether SE, McCance KL, Brashers VL (2010).
468:
Necrosis can be activated by components of the immune system, such as the
2685:
2551:
2432:
2427:
2403:
1802:
1091:
Nirmala JG, Lopus M (April 2020). "Cell death mechanisms in eukaryotes".
938:
872:
844:
829:
796:
788:
780:
699:. This discontinuous membrane is caused by cell blebbing and the loss of
496:
379:
359:
344:
292:
151:
114:
integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the
80:
1877:"Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: palisades and pseudopalisades"
257:
granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border. Some
2717:
2560:
2556:
2532:
2461:
2442:
2048:
2031:
1617:
868:
864:
784:
700:
643:
622:
591:
484:
481:
367:
362:
may lead to necrosis. In the United States, only spider bites from the
310:
284:
224:
199:
167:
84:
2572:
2515:
2437:
2364:
2345:
1256:(8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 12–41.
928:
683:
648:
582:, where swelling of the cells occurs. Affected cells then proceed to
512:
453:
425:
396:
340:
258:
254:
213:
127:
104:
72:
49:
2727:
2522:
2483:
2391:
2369:
2288:
933:
813:
728:
663:
587:
583:
524:
492:
446:
413:
336:
272:
203:
142:. For this reason, it is often necessary to remove necrotic tissue
139:
2600:
2565:
2545:
2422:
2359:
1784:
809:
larvae has been employed to remove necrotic tissue and infection.
579:
555:
532:
306:
250:
191:
143:
2230:
374:
in South
America, are also known to cause necrosis. Claims that
1674:
981:
889:
651:
of the nucleus fades due to the loss of the DNA by degradation.
528:
395:), the process of necrosis replaces the role of the systematic
391:
322:
318:
268:
1842:. Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology. Elsevier. p. 320.
178:
There are six distinctive morphological patterns of necrosis:
2231:
Giraudo M, Unnithan GC, Le Goff G, Feyereisen R (June 2010).
1875:
Wippold FJ, Lämmle M, Anatelli F, Lennerz J, Perry A (2006).
383:
329:
2314:
1874:
1590:
554:
and other important constituents of the immune response are
1833:
1292:
The nature of disease: pathology for the health professions
163:
2181:
1950:
1709:
828:(ROS) that react with, and damage proteins and membranes.
2070:
1195:
405:
217:
1452:
1327:(2015th ed.). Chicago, IL: Pathoma LLC. p. 5.
511:
conditions are characterized by inadequate secretion of
436:
Necrosis may occur due to external or internal factors.
1361:
Wheater's basic histopathology: a colour atlas and text
659:: the shrunken nucleus fragments to complete dispersal.
335:
There are also very specific forms of necrosis such as
1358:
1294:. Baltimore, Mar.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
27:
Unprogrammed cell death caused by external cell injury
2182:
Summermatter K, Sticher L, Metraux JP (August 1995).
1251:
835:
Wounds caused by physical agents, including physical
820:, the restriction of blood supply to tissues causes
671:
Other typical cellular changes in necrosis include:
48:
Structural changes of cells undergoing necrosis and
1997:
1915:
1393:"Medical Definition of Myonecrosis; Doctor Written"
667:: the nucleus shrinks, and the chromatin condenses.
578:The first of these two pathways initially involves
166:material, and disruption to membranes of cells and
1363:(4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
287:cavity, and liquefy the membrane by splitting the
2740:
1834:Marchevsky AM, Balzer B, Abdul-Karim FW (2014).
1511:
1016:
2113:
2064:
1520:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1418:"Cancer cells self-destruct in blind mole rats"
1359:Stevens A, Lowe JS, Young B, Deakin PJ (2002).
1017:Gerschenson, L.E.; Geske, F. Jon (April 2001).
1677:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1254:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
1252:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Fausto N (2010).
1070:(15th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 922–7.
1065:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
832:treatments can be applied to scavenge the ROS.
2330:
2153:(3rd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Press.
1555:
1446:
1289:
1090:
871:halts the spread of toxins whilst receiving
604:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1152:10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456
966:
863:or immunosuppressants. In the example of a
206:most commonly causes necrosis of this form.
2337:
2323:
2142:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1354:
1352:
695:appears discontinuous when viewed with an
330:Other clinical classifications of necrosis
122:in the surrounding tissue, which attracts
2289:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society.
2256:
2207:
2047:
1994:
1892:
1810:
1626:
1616:
1488:
1478:
1200:. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier Australia.
1159:
1136:"The inflammatory response to cell death"
1042:
173:
1881:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
1755:"Cell death regulation: trophic factors"
1278:
1247:
1245:
1133:
616:
424:
43:
2148:
2107:
1944:
1765:
1668:
1538:
1349:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
14:
2741:
2029:
2023:
1322:
682:. It is seen as a darker stain of the
527:which leads to a drastic depletion of
2318:
2032:"Drug reaction, skin care, skin loss"
1059:
2291:"Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections"
1415:
1222:
1176:
550:Activation-induced death of primary
275:. In the pancreas it leads to acute
1988:
1909:
459:
439:
198:(low-oxygen) environments, such as
24:
2648:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
2310:Secondary necrosis of a neutrophil
1840:Intraoperative Consultation E-Book
1428:Society for Science and the Public
130:which eliminate the dead cells by
25:
2775:
2276:
1966:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130410.x
1918:Advances in Skin & Wound Care
1434:from the original on 19 June 2013
1023:The American Journal of Pathology
261:contain this pattern of necrosis.
157:
2616:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1930:10.1097/00129334-200103000-00014
752:
737:
720:
2224:
2175:
2116:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
1868:
1827:
1747:
1703:
1643:
1584:
1558:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1512:Khalid N, Azimpouran M (2023).
1505:
1409:
1385:
611:Myocardial infarction diagnosis
565:
429:Necrotic leg wound caused by a
235:necrosis ensues (wet gangrene).
83:which results in the premature
1791:Cell Death and Differentiation
1316:
1127:
1084:
1010:
707:On a larger histologic scale,
13:
1:
2344:
1954:Wound Repair and Regeneration
1570:10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00037-5
1198:Understanding pathophysiology
1035:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64105-3
996:10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00027-7
960:
745:Cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia
676:Cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia
271:on fatty tissues such as the
2249:10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.06.009
883:
770:
747:(seen in left half of image)
491:) may alleviate invasion of
386:have not been substantiated.
79: 'death') is a form of
7:
1416:Saey TH (5 November 2012).
1093:Cell Biology and Toxicology
916:
570:
10:
2780:
2009:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.153
1836:"Frozen Section Diagnosis"
1689:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.039
1140:Annual Review of Pathology
1105:10.1007/s10565-019-09496-2
984:Experimental Cell Research
954:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
608:
586:, and this is followed by
389:In blind mole rats (genus
65:
36:
29:
2656:
2581:
2352:
2283:Toxicology Conundrum #018
2128:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.011
2085:10.1080/15563650701266826
2030:Cooper KL (August 2012).
1924:(2): 96–100, quiz 102–3.
1725:10.1080/15563650701664871
1325:Fundamentals of Pathology
888:If calcium is deficient,
628:contraction band necrosis
605:Histopathological changes
431:brown recluse spider bite
420:
216:and is commonly known as
32:Necrosis (disambiguation)
1134:Rock KL, Kono H (2008).
949:Osteonecrosis of the jaw
899:due to plant pathogens.
762:seen around necrosis in
416:are resistant to cancer.
279:, a condition where the
37:Not to be confused with
2723:Microbiological culture
2353:Principles of pathology
1480:10.1073/pnas.1217211109
1019:"Virchow and Apoptosis"
861:anti-inflammatory drugs
826:reactive oxygen species
562:, and immune response.
521:reactive oxygen species
2285:—Life in the Fast Lane
2237:Pestic Biochem Physiol
843:, can be treated with
635:
433:
174:Morphological patterns
52:
2686:Diagnostic immunology
2511:Programmed cell death
2479:Liquefactive necrosis
2200:10.1104/pp.108.4.1379
1290:McConnell TH (2007).
944:Necrotizing fasciitis
818:myocardial infarction
632:myocardial infarction
620:
609:Further information:
428:
210:Liquefactive necrosis
120:inflammatory response
47:
2759:Causes of amputation
2681:Medical microbiology
2676:Transfusion medicine
2633:Immunohistochemistry
2583:Anatomical pathology
2474:Coagulative necrosis
2151:Botany for gardeners
1803:10.1038/cdd.2008.150
896:Arabidopsis thaliana
875:to impede infection.
824:and the creation of
478:natural killer cells
364:brown recluse spider
321:walls together with
183:Coagulative necrosis
118:. This initiates an
30:For other uses, see
2638:Electron microscopy
2606:Molecular pathology
2484:Gangrenous necrosis
2416:Cellular adaptation
2073:Clinical Toxicology
2036:Critical Care Nurse
1761:on 10 October 2007.
1713:Clinical Toxicology
1609:2020Mate...13.3461K
1471:2012PNAS..10919392G
697:electron microscope
232:Gangrenous necrosis
116:extracellular space
2764:Cellular processes
2666:Clinical chemistry
2658:Clinical pathology
2643:Immunofluorescence
2611:Forensic pathology
2591:Surgical pathology
2499:Fibrinoid necrosis
2049:10.4037/ccn2012340
1618:10.3390/ma13163461
924:Avascular necrosis
859:therapies such as
636:
434:
376:yellow sac spiders
303:Fibrinoid necrosis
283:leak out into the
281:pancreatic enzymes
53:
2736:
2735:
2703:Mass spectrometry
2160:978-1-60469-095-8
1849:978-0-323-32299-7
1370:978-0-443-07001-3
1334:978-0-9832246-2-4
1301:978-0-7817-5317-3
1263:978-1-4160-3121-5
1207:978-0-7295-3951-7
1077:978-0-07-138678-4
857:immunosuppressive
849:anti-inflammatory
816:, which includes
732:in a bile infarct
489:intestinal mucosa
470:complement system
382:possess necrotic
343:necrosis (due to
317:deposited within
313:, referred to as
16:(Redirected from
2771:
2623:Gross processing
2489:Caseous necrosis
2339:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2293:. Archived from
2271:
2270:
2260:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2149:Capon B (2010).
2146:
2140:
2139:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1860:. Archived from
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1782:
1763:
1762:
1757:. Archived from
1751:
1745:
1744:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1553:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1249:
1220:
1219:
1193:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1014:
1008:
1007:
979:
909:has developed a
806:Lucilia sericata
760:Pseudopalisading
756:
741:
724:
678:on samples with
502:Vespa mandarinia
474:bacterial toxins
460:Internal factors
440:External factors
402:tumor suppressor
315:immune complexes
239:Caseous necrosis
76:
69:
21:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2691:Immunopathology
2671:Hematopathology
2652:
2577:
2348:
2343:
2300:
2298:
2279:
2274:
2229:
2225:
2180:
2176:
2161:
2147:
2143:
2112:
2108:
2069:
2065:
2028:
2024:
1993:
1989:
1949:
1945:
1914:
1910:
1887:(10): 2037–41.
1873:
1869:
1850:
1832:
1828:
1783:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1708:
1704:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1589:
1585:
1554:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1510:
1506:
1465:(47): 19392–6.
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1371:
1357:
1350:
1335:
1323:Sattar (2015).
1321:
1317:
1302:
1288:
1279:
1264:
1250:
1223:
1208:
1194:
1177:
1132:
1128:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1064:
1060:
1015:
1011:
980:
967:
963:
958:
919:
886:
812:In the case of
773:
766:
757:
748:
742:
733:
725:
709:pseudopalisades
613:
607:
573:
568:
537:trophic factors
462:
442:
423:
410:interferon-beta
372:Chilean recluse
332:
176:
160:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Flow cytometry
2710:
2708:Chromatography
2705:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:Histopathology
2625:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2554:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2297:on 5 July 2008
2286:
2278:
2277:External links
2275:
2273:
2272:
2243:(2): 115–122.
2223:
2194:(4): 1379–85.
2174:
2159:
2141:
2106:
2063:
2022:
1987:
1960:(4): 422–433.
1943:
1908:
1867:
1864:on 2020-08-04.
1848:
1826:
1764:
1746:
1702:
1683:(2): 325–332.
1667:
1655:Harvard Health
1642:
1583:
1564:(3): 153–177.
1537:
1504:
1445:
1408:
1384:
1369:
1348:
1333:
1315:
1300:
1277:
1262:
1221:
1206:
1175:
1126:
1099:(2): 145–164.
1083:
1076:
1058:
1009:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
920:
918:
915:
885:
882:
877:
876:
852:
841:chemical burns
833:
810:
801:maggot therapy
772:
769:
768:
767:
758:
751:
749:
743:
736:
734:
726:
719:
705:
704:
687:
669:
668:
660:
652:
634:(heart attack)
606:
603:
572:
569:
567:
564:
461:
458:
441:
438:
422:
419:
418:
417:
387:
356:
348:
331:
328:
327:
326:
300:
297:saponification
262:
236:
229:
207:
175:
172:
159:
158:Classification
156:
101:Rudolf Virchow
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2776:
2765:
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2757:
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2709:
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2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
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2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
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2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Cytopathology
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:Accumulations
2538:
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2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
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2517:
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2513:
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2434:
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2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:Wound healing
2407:
2405:
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2397:
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2378:
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2328:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:Plant Physiol
2185:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
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1476:
1472:
1468:
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1419:
1412:
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1376:
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1336:
1330:
1326:
1319:
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1273:
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1259:
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1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
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1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
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1182:
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1167:
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1005:
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974:
972:
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965:
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935:
932:
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927:
925:
922:
921:
914:
912:
908:
907:
900:
898:
897:
891:
881:
874:
870:
867:, the use of
866:
862:
858:
853:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
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798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
778:
777:
765:
761:
755:
750:
746:
740:
735:
731:
730:
723:
718:
717:
716:
714:
710:
702:
698:
694:
693:
692:cell membrane
688:
685:
681:
680:H&E stain
677:
674:
673:
672:
666:
665:
661:
658:
657:
653:
650:
646:
645:
641:
640:
639:
633:
629:
625:
624:
619:
615:
612:
602:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
563:
561:
560:embryogenesis
557:
553:
552:T lymphocytes
548:
546:
545:physiological
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
457:
455:
450:
448:
437:
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415:
411:
407:
403:
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394:
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388:
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365:
361:
357:
354:
349:
346:
342:
338:
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308:
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278:
274:
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237:
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230:
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223:
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205:
201:
197:
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189:
184:
181:
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179:
171:
169:
165:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:cell membrane
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
68:
64:
61:
60:Ancient Greek
57:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2698:Enzyme assay
2544:
2539:
2528:Karyorrhexis
2504:Myocytolysis
2494:Fat necrosis
2468:
2399:Inflammation
2387:Hemodynamics
2380:Pathogenesis
2299:. Retrieved
2295:the original
2240:
2236:
2226:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2150:
2144:
2122:(6): 663–9.
2119:
2115:
2109:
2079:(2): 122–5.
2076:
2072:
2066:
2042:(4): 52–59.
2039:
2035:
2025:
2003:(2): 500–5.
2000:
1996:
1990:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1862:the original
1839:
1829:
1794:
1790:
1759:the original
1749:
1719:(7): 803–7.
1716:
1712:
1705:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1657:. 2020-08-16
1654:
1645:
1603:(16): 3461.
1600:
1596:
1586:
1561:
1557:
1529:. Retrieved
1517:
1507:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1423:Science News
1421:
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1360:
1324:
1318:
1291:
1253:
1197:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1067:
1061:
1026:
1022:
1012:
987:
983:
905:
901:
895:
887:
878:
804:
797:collagenases
793:fibrinolytic
774:
764:glioblastoma
759:
744:
727:
708:
706:
690:
675:
670:
662:
656:Karyorrhexis
654:
642:
637:
621:
614:
599:karyorrhexis
596:
577:
574:
566:Pathogenesis
549:
535:, and other
517:Nitric oxide
509:Pathological
507:
500:
497:snake venoms
476:; activated
467:
463:
451:
443:
435:
390:
380:hobo spiders
360:spider bites
353:gas gangrene
345:spirochaetal
295:through fat
291:esters into
289:triglyceride
277:pancreatitis
265:Fat necrosis
247:tuberculosis
243:mycobacteria
188:denaturation
177:
161:
132:phagocytosis
109:
73:
70:
63:
55:
54:
2552:Hemosiderin
2433:Hyperplasia
2428:Hypertrophy
2404:Cell damage
1797:(1): 3–11.
1651:"Frostbite"
1438:27 November
1029:(4): 1543.
990:(1): 1–16.
939:Necroptosis
904:Drosophila
873:antibiotics
845:antibiotics
830:Antioxidant
789:proteolytic
781:Debridement
541:cytological
485:macrophages
293:fatty acids
152:debridement
136:decomposing
126:and nearby
81:cell injury
2754:Cell death
2743:Categories
2718:Blood bank
2561:Lipofuscin
2557:Lipochrome
2533:Karyolysis
2462:Cell death
2443:Metaplasia
1661:2023-09-19
1531:2023-09-19
1518:StatPearls
1514:"Necrosis"
1402:2023-06-09
1343:1301972970
1272:1409188915
1146:: 99–126.
961:References
880:disabled.
869:anti-venom
865:snake bite
785:amputation
701:microvilli
644:Karyolysis
623:Karyolysis
592:karyolysis
482:peritoneal
368:Loxosceles
311:antibodies
285:peritoneal
259:granulomas
214:leukocytes
200:infarction
190:, causing
168:organelles
144:surgically
128:phagocytes
124:leukocytes
91:in living
58:(from
2573:Steatosis
2516:Apoptosis
2453:Glandular
2438:Dysplasia
2370:Neoplasia
2365:Infection
2346:Pathology
2169:436623458
1858:898153075
1597:Materials
1379:606877653
1216:994801732
1121:208869679
929:Frostbite
884:In plants
771:Treatment
713:palisades
684:cytoplasm
649:chromatin
547:process.
519:(NO) and
513:cytokines
493:pathogens
454:frostbite
414:spalacids
397:apoptosis
341:gummatous
255:amorphous
150:known as
148:procedure
105:apoptosis
97:autolysis
50:apoptosis
2749:Necrosis
2728:Serology
2523:Pyknosis
2469:Necrosis
2448:Squamous
2392:Ischemia
2267:20582327
2218:12228548
2136:15530778
2093:18259959
2058:22855079
2017:17490613
1974:16008732
1938:11899913
1903:17110662
1821:18846107
1741:11337426
1733:17952752
1697:19615543
1637:32781597
1526:32491559
1499:23129611
1432:Archived
1310:71139383
1170:18039143
1113:31820165
1053:11290572
1004:12565815
934:Gangrene
917:See also
906:mettleri
814:ischemia
729:Pyknosis
664:Pyknosis
588:pyknosis
584:blebbing
571:Pathways
525:ischemia
447:ischemia
404:protein
337:gangrene
319:arterial
273:pancreas
228:enzymes.
225:infarcts
204:ischemia
140:gangrene
74:nékrōsis
67:νέκρωσις
56:Necrosis
39:Narcosis
18:Necrotic
2601:Autopsy
2566:Melanin
2546:pigment
2423:Atrophy
2360:Disease
2301:25 July
2258:2890303
2101:6827421
1982:7861732
1894:7977220
1812:2744427
1628:7476012
1605:Bibcode
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