Neferirkare Kakai - Knowledge

1660:, some 120 years earlier. At this point the pyramid, had it been completed, would have reached 52 m (171 ft). This plan was then altered by a second construction stage with the addition of filling between the steps meant to transform the monument into a true pyramid. At a later stage, the workers enlarged the pyramid further, adding a girdle of masonry and smooth casing stones of red granite. This work was never finished, even after the works implemented by Nyuserre. With a square base of 108-metre-long (354 ft) sides, the pyramid would have reached 72 m (236 ft) high had it been completed. Today it is in ruins owing to extensive stone robbing. The entrance to the pyramid's substructures was located on its north side. There, a descending corridor with a 1083: 1015:. Similarly, the Egyptologist Stephan Seidlmeyer, considers the break in the Turin Canon at the end of the Eighth Dynasty to represent the relocation of the royal residence from Memphis to Herakleopolis. The Egyptologist John Baines holds views that are closer to Verner's, believing that the canon was divided into dynasties, with totals for the time elapsed given at the end of each, though only a few such divisions have survived. Similarly, Professor John Van Seters views the breaks in the canon as divisions between dynasties, but in contrast, states that the criterion for these divisions remains unknown. He speculates that the pattern of dynasties may have been taken from the nine divine kings of the 1252:. Indeed, Neferirkare's consort Khentkaus II is known to have been Nyuserre's mother, since excavations of her mortuary temple yielded a fragmentary relief showing her facing Nyuserre and his family. Remarkably, on this relief both Khentkaus and Nyuserre appear on the same scale, an observation which may be connected with Khentkaus' enhanced status during Nyuserre's reign, as he sought to legitimise his rule following the premature death of Neferefre and the possible challenge by Shepseskare. Further evidence for the filiation of Nyuserre are the location of his pyramid next to that of Neferirkare, as well as his reuse for his own valley temple of materials from Neferikare's unfinished constructions. 1309:

Kingdom period, that is occurring once every two years, meaning that Neferirkare reigned at least ten years. Given the shape of the Palermo stone, this record must correspond to his final year or be close to it, so that he ruled no more than eleven years. This is further substantiated by two cursive inscriptions left by masons on stone blocks from the pyramids of Khentkaus II and Neferirkare, both of which also date to Neferirkare's fifth cattle count, its highest known regnal year. Finally, Verner has pointed out that a 20-year-long reign would be difficult to reconcile with the unfinished state of his pyramid in Abusir.

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together with their two sons, Ranefer and Netjerirenre. While both sons are given the title of "king's eldest son", possibly indicating that they were twins, Ranefer is shown closer to Sahure and also given the title of "chief lector-priest", which may reflect that he was born first and thus given higher positions. Since Ranefer is known to have been the name of Neferirkare before he took the throne, as indicated by reliefs from the mortuary temple of Sahure (see below), no doubt remains as to Neferirkare's

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leading to Neferirkare's pyramid to his own. This meant that Neferefre's and Neferirkare's mortuary complexes became somewhat isolated on the Abusir plateau, their priests therefore had to live next to the temple premises in makeshift dwellings, and they stored the administrative records onsite. In contrast, the records of other temples were kept in the pyramid town close to Sahure's or Nyuserre's pyramid, where the current level of ground water means any papyrus has long since disappeared.

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have been located on the 20th line rather than the 19th, as is usually believed. This would credit Neferirkare with a seven-year reign, and would make Sahure the dynasty founder, according to the hypothesis that the canon records such events. Archaeological evidence has established that the transitions from Userkaf to Sahure and from Sahure to Neferirkare were father–son transitions, so that neither Sahure nor Neferirkare can be dynasty founders in the modern sense of the term.

1625: 1196: 1189: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1226: 1728:, meaning "Site of the heart of Ra", and was, according to contemporary sources, the largest one built during the Fifth Dynasty. It is possible that the temple was only built out of mudbricks, with a planned completion in stone which had not started when Neferirkare died. In this case, it would rapidly have turned into ruins that would be very difficult to locate for archaeologists. Alternatively, the Egyptologist 6335: 642: 592: 508: 453: 211: 1701:, while the first and last ones depicted him as the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively. The temple also comprised store-rooms for the offerings, where numerous stone vessels—now broken—had been deposited. Finally the papyri indicate that of the four boats included in the mortuary complex, two were buried to the north and south of the pyramid, one of which was unearthed by Verner. 1222:. This is due to the position of her pyramid next to that of Neferirkare as was normal for the consort of a king, as well as her title of "king's wife" and several reliefs representing both of them together. Neferirkare could possibly have had at least one other spouse, as suggested by the presence of a small pyramid next to that of Khentkaus, but this remains conjectural. 1241:. This relationship is confirmed by a relief on a limestone slab discovered in a house in the village near Abusir depicting Neferirkare and his wife Khentkaus with "the king's eldest son Ranefer", a name identical with some variants of Neferefre's own. This indicates that, just as for Neferirkare, Ranefer was Neferefre's name when he was still only a 1154:. Nothing more is known about Netjerirenre, an observation which has led Verner and El-Awady to speculate that he could have attempted to seize the throne upon the unexpected death of Neferirkare's son and successor Neferefre, who died in his early twenties after two years on the throne. In this conjectural hypothesis, he would be the ephemeral 47: 1006:, a document dating to the reign of Ramesses II as well. Neferirkare's entry is commonly believed to be in the third column-19th row; unfortunately this line has been lost in a large lacuna affecting the papyrus, and neither his reign length nor his successor can be ascertained from the surviving fragments. The Egyptologist 1600:

Washptah's body in his presence and ordered an ebony coffin made for the deceased vizier. Washptah was buried with special endowments and rituals courtesy of Neferirkare. The records of the king's actions are inscribed in Washptah's tomb itself and emphasize Neferirkare's humanity towards his subjects.

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Now the priest Rawer in his priestly robes was following the steps of the king in order to conduct the royal costume, when the sceptre in the king's hand struck the priest Rawer's foot. The king said, "You are safe". So the king said, and then, "It is the king's wish that he be perfectly safe, since

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and priestess of the good god Neferirkare, beloved of the gods". Some of these officials had roles in the cults of several kings, as well as in their sun temples. Offerings for the funerary cult of deceased rulers were provided by dedicated agricultural estates set up during the king's reign. A few

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The pyramid of Neferirkare is surrounded by smaller pyramids and tombs which seem to form an architectural unit, the cemetery of his close family. This ensemble was meant to be reached from the Nile via a causeway and a valley temple near the river. At the death of Neferirkare, only the foundations

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More generally, Neferirkare's reign saw the growth of the Egyptian administration and priesthood, which amassed more power than in earlier reigns, although the king remained a living god. In particular the positions of viziers and overseer of the expedition, that is the highest offices, were opened

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to the east during his reign. The art historian William Stevenson Smith commented that such statues were customary elements of the decoration of royal temples and mastabas, suggesting that they may not be immediately related to actual military campaigns. Similar statues and small wooden figures of

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believes that the Turin Canon gives some credibility to Manetho's division of dynasties, but considers the king lists to be a form of ancestor worship and not a historical record. This whole problem could be mooted by another of Verner's speculations, where he proposes that Neferirkare's entry may

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has furthermore proposed that the Turin canon makes a new dynasty start with this entry and thus that Neferirkare would be its founder. The division of the Turin canon list of kings into dynasties is a currently debated topic. The Egyptologist Jaromír Málek, for example, sees the divisions between

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Allen, James; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; Arnold, Arnold; Arnold, Dorothea; Cherpion, Nadine; David, Élisabeth; Grimal, Nicolas; Grzymski, Krzysztof; Hawass, Zahi; Hill, Marsha; Jánosi, Peter; Labée-Toutée, Sophie; Labrousse, Audran; Lauer, Jean-Phillippe; Leclant, Jean; Der Manuelian, Peter;

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Egyptological Institute excavation. The presence of this cache is due to the peculiar historical circumstances of the mid-Fifth Dynasty. As both Neferirkare and his heir Neferefre died before their pyramid complexes could be finished, Nyuserre altered their planned layout, diverting the causeway

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In 2005, excavations of the causeway leading up to Sahure's pyramid yielded new relief fragments which showed indisputably that pharaoh Sahure and his consort, queen Meretnebty, were Neferirkare's parents. Indeed, these reliefs—discovered by Verner and Tarek El Awady—depict Sahure and Meretnebty

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in Abusir. This hypothesis has been dispelled in late 2018 thanks to advanced analyses of the verso of the Palermo stone by the Czech Institute of Archeology, which enabled the reading of inscriptions mentioning precisely the architecture of the temple as well as lists of donations it received.

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for Neferirkare's time on the throne. The cattle count was an important event aimed at evaluating the amount of taxes to be levied on the population. By the reign of Neferirkare, this involved counting cattle, oxen and small livestock. This event is believed to have been biennial during the Old

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have pointed out two difficulties with the hypothesis. Firstly, it would imply a long interlude between the two phases of construction of Userkaf's temple: nearly 25 years between the erection of the temple and that of its obelisk. Secondly, they observe that both the pyramid and sun temple of

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suffered a stroke while attending court, the king quickly summoned the palace's chief doctors to treat his dying vizier. When Washptah died, Neferirkare was reportedly inconsolable and retired to his personal quarters to mourn the loss of his friend. The king then ordered the purification of

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this theory was abandoned and the role of Khentkaus has been re-appraised. In particular, it is now understood that there were two queens Khentkaus, both of whom may have bore two kings, the latest one being the mother of Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini. In addition, an ephemeral pharaoh

1574:, an elderly nobleman and royal courtier, was accidentally touched by the king's mace during a religious ceremony—a dangerous situation which could have caused this official to be put immediately to death or banished from court since the pharaoh was viewed as a living god in 1432:

from undertaking compulsory labour in perpetuity, under penalty of forfeiture of all property and freedom and be forced to work the fields or in a stone quarry. This decree indirectly suggests that taxation and compulsory labour was imposed on everybody as a general rule.

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vase, noticed that the vase was not functional, being of plain wood, plaster, mortar and with no cavity. Consequently, he hypothesised that the vase was meant to be used in funerary rituals as a symbol of the functioning vessels made of precious materials employed in the

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of high officials started to become more elaborate, with, for example, chapels including multiple rooms, and from the mid to late Fifth Dynasty, wide entrance porticoes with columns and family tomb complexes. It is also at this time that these officials started to record

1902:, which could be translated as "mother of two kings". Some Egyptologists have therefore proposed that Khentkaus was the mother of Sahure and the historical figure on which the Rededjet of the Westcar Papyrus is based. Following the discoveries of Verner and El-Awady in 1803:

Neferirkare were unfinished at his death, raising the question as to why the king would have devoted exceptional effort on a monument of Userkaf when his own still required substantial works to be completed. Instead, Verner proposes that it was Sahure who finished the

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groups of kings occurring in the canon as marking transfers of royal residence rather than the rise and fall of royal dynasties, as this term is currently understood. That usage only began in the Egyptian context with the 3rd-century BCE work of the priest

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Beyond his construction of a pyramid and sun temple, little is known of Neferirkare's activities during his time on the throne. Some events dating to his first and final years of reign are recorded on the surviving fragments of the Palermo stone, a royal

1272:, whose tomb was discovered in Abusir in 2015. Indeed, based on the location and general date for her tomb, as well as her titles of "king's wife" and "king's mother", Khentkaus III was almost certainly Neferefre's consort and the mother of either 1158:. Finally, the same relief, as well as an additional one, record a further four sons of Sahure – Khakare, Horemsaf, Raemsaf and Nebankhre. The identity of their mother(s) is unknown, so they are, at minimum, half-brothers to Neferirkare. 1760:, the festival of the "Night of Ra" is specifically said to have taken place there. This was a festival concerned with Ra's journey during the night and connected with the ideas of renewal and rebirth that were central to sun temples. 798:

before he came to the throne. He acceded the day after his father's death and reigned for eight to eleven years, sometime in the early to mid-25th century BCE. He was himself very likely succeeded by his eldest son, born of his queen

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Traces of the continued existence of the funerary cult of Neferirkare beyond the Old Kingdom period are scant. A pair of statues belonging to a certain Sekhemhotep were uncovered in Giza, one of which is inscribed with the standard

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The Abusir papyri record some details pertaining to Neferirkare's mortuary temple. Its central chapel housed a niche with five statues of the king. The central one is described in the papyri as being a representation of the king as

1369:, he dedicated an offering table provided with 210 daily offerings, and ordered the construction of two store rooms and the employment of new dependents in the host temple. Neferirkare also commanded "the fashioning and 1748:

is the one most commonly cited in ancient sources. Due to this, some details of its layout are known: it had a large central obelisk, an altar and store-rooms, a sealed barque room housing two boats and a "hall of the

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As with the other pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty, Neferirkare was the object of a funerary cult after his death. Cylinder seals belonging to priests and priestesses serving in this cult attest his existence during the

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circa 120 years earlier. This plan was modified to transform the monument into a true pyramid, the largest in Abusir, which was never completed owing to the death of the king. In addition, Neferirkare built a

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taking place in his mortuary temple, which had been completed by his son Nyuserre Ini. This cult seems to have disappeared at the end of the Old Kingdom period, although it might have been revived during the

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The Egyptologist Werner Kaiser proposed, based on a study of the evolution of the hieroglyph determinative for "sun temple", that Neferirkare completed the sun temple of Userkaf—known in Ancient Egyptian as

1478:. From Neferirkare's time onwards, the nomen, or birth name, was also written in a cartouche systematically preceded by the glyphs for "Son of Ra", an epithet which had seen little use in preceding times. 1651:

The pyramid construction comprised three stages: first built were six steps of rubble, their retaining walls made of locally quarried limestone indicating that the monument was originally planned to be a

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Morales, Antonio J. (2006). "Traces of official and popular veneration to Nyuserra Iny at Abusir. Late Fifth Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom". In Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

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The temple played an important role in the distribution of food offerings which were brought everyday from there to the mortuary temple of the king. This journey was made by boat, indicating that the

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was not adjacent to Neferirkare's pyramid. This also underscores the dependent position of the king with respect to Ra, as offerings were made to the sun god and then to the deceased king.

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inscription reading "Belonging to Nesneu, son of Tapakhnum". Another inscription in Aramaic found on a limestone block and dating to the fifth century BCE reads "Mannukinaan son of Sewa".

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proposed that a few fragmentary limestone statues of kneeling and bound prisoners of war discovered in his mortuary temple possibly attest to punitive raids in Libya to the west or the

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Neferirkare Kakai, originally depicted as prince Ranefer, on a relief from the mortuary complex of his father Sahure. His royal title and regalia were added later during his own reign.

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Proposed dates for Neferirkare Kakai's reign: 2539–2527 BCE, 2492–2482 BCE, 2483–2463 BCE, 2477–2467 BCE, 2475–2455 BCE, 2458–2438 BCE 2446–2438 BCE, 2416–2407 BCE, 2415–2405 BCE.

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Neferirkare is well attested in sources contemporaneous with his reign. Beyond his pyramid complex, he is mentioned in the tomb of many of his contemporaries such as his vizier

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after a mishap. His rule witnessed a growth in the number of administration and priesthood officials, who used their expanded wealth to build architecturally more sophisticated

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The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom

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mythology—Neferirkare quickly pardoned Rawer and commanded that no harm should occur to the latter for the incident. As Rawer gratefully states in an inscription from his

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and became the mother of Sahure and his successor on the throne Neferirkare Kakai. This theory is based on the fact that Khentkaus was known to have borne the title of

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forms for Sahure, Neferirkare and Shepseskare, respectively. Thus, Manetho's reconstruction of the Fifth Dynasty is in agreement with the Saqqara tablet. In Africanus'

1474:, respectively. The prenomen or throne name, taken by the new king as he ascended the throne, was written in a cartouche immediately after the bee and sedge signs for 838:

or throne name. From his reign onwards, the former was written in a cartouche preceded by the "Son of Ra" epithet. His rule witnessed continuing trade relations with

5647:. Beiträge zur Ägyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde (in German). Vol. 7. Cairo: Schweizerisches Institut für Ägyptische Bauforschung und Altertumskunde. 4815: 1644:" or "Neferirkare takes form", is located in the royal necropolis of Abusir. It is the largest one built during the Fifth Dynasty, equalling roughly the size of the 1648:. Workers and artisans who built the pyramid and its surrounding complex lived in pyramid town "Neferirkare-is-the-soul" or "Kakai-is-the-soul", located in Abusir. 1865:

are the only archaeological evidence that Neferirkare's funerary cult still existed or had been revived around Abusir at the time, albeit in a very limited form.

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Millet, N. B.; Oppenheim, Adela; Craig Patch, Diana; Pischikova, Elena; Rigault, Patricia; Roehrig, Catharine H.; Wildung, Dietrich; Ziegler, Christiane (1999).

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Often translated as "Hereditary prince" or "Hereditary noble" and more precisely "Concerned with the nobility", this title denotes a highly exalted position.

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Krejčí, Jaromír; Kytnarová, Katarína Arias; Odler, Martin (2015). "Archaeological excavation of the mastaba of Queen Khentkaus III (tomb AC 30) in Abusir".

1142:. Egyptologists such as Verner have sought to discern a historical truth in this account, proposing that Sahure and Neferirkare were siblings born of queen 6081: 9867: 1688:, was uncovered there by illegal diggers in 1893 and subsequently by Borchardt in 1903. Further papyri were also uncovered in the mid-seventies during a 5366:

Málek, Jaromír (2000b). "Old Kingdom rulers as "local saints" in the Memphite area during the Old Kingdom". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

5898:(2000). "Userkaf in Sakkara und Abusir. Untersuchungen zur Thronfolge in der 4. und frühen 5. Dynastie". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). 1680:

The mortuary temple was far from finished at the death of Neferirkare but it was completed later, by his sons Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini using cheap

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Neferirkare is known from ancient sources to have built a temple to the sun god Ra, which is yet to be identified archaeologically. It was called

1393:-shrine of Hathor". Later in his reign, in the year of the fifth cattle count, Neferirkare had a bronze statue of himself erected and set up four 9951: 1973:

Known in modern Egyptology as Ranefer A since pharaoh Neferefre was also called Ranefer before ascending the throne and is thus called Ranefer B.

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Neferirkare's reign was unusual for the significant number of surviving contemporary records which describe him as a kind and gentle ruler. When

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The annal then records that in his first year as king, Neferirkare granted land to the agricultural estates serving the cults of the Ennead, the

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mentioned the succession "Sephrês → Nefercherês → Sisirês" for the early Fifth Dynasty. Sephrês, Nefercherês and Sisirês are believed to be the

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Few specific administrative actions taken by Neferirkare are known. One decree of his inscribed on a limestone slab was excavated in 1903 in

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that the future demise of his lineage will be in the form of three brothers – the first three kings of the Fifth Dynasty, born of the god

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Les archives du temple funéraire de Neferirkare-Kakai (Les papyrus d'Abousir). Tomes I & II (complete set). Traduction et commentaire

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until around the time of Neferirkare's rule. According to the Palermo stone, the future pharaoh Neferirkare, then called prince Ranefer,

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terminates around Neferirkare's rule led some scholars, such as Grimal, to propose that they might have been compiled during his reign.

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Bareš, Ladislav (1985). "Eine Statue des Würdenträgers Sachmethotep und ihre Beziehung zum Totenkult des Mittleren Reiches in Abusir".

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assigns Neferirkare a reign of 20 years, but the archaeological evidence now suggests that this is an overestimate. First, the damaged

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Yet another son of Neferirkare and Khentkhaus has been proposed, probably younger than both Neferefre and Nyuserre: Iryenre, a prince

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might also have happened during Neferirkare's rule, as suggested by a single alabaster bowl inscribed with his name unearthed there.

4913: 1786:—sometime around the fifth cattle count of his reign. This opinion is shared by the Egyptologists and archaeologists Ogden Goelet, 1037:(283–246 BCE) by Manetho. No copies of the Aegyptiaca have survived to this day and it is now known only through later writings by 826:, where they recorded their biographies for the first time. Neferirkare was the last pharaoh to significantly modify the standard 9857: 9852: 4662: 616: 613: 569: 485: 482: 431: 363: 361: 360: 359: 307: 304: 301: 298: 269: 266: 263: 188: 185: 182: 9862: 5580:

Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs, and paintings. III/1. Memphis. Abû Rawâsh to Abûṣîr

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state that it was the largest one built during the Fifth Dynasty but as of the early 21st century it has not yet been located.

619: 477: 325: 9842: 6316: 6275: 6202: 6179: 6160: 6117: 6098: 6065: 5971: 5952: 5931: 5907: 5868: 5799: 5753: 5690: 5669: 5630: 5591: 5567: 5465: 5421: 5402: 5356: 5329: 5310: 5289: 5270: 5248: 5213: 5156: 5137: 5115: 5047: 5025: 5003: 4980: 4956: 4928: 4902: 4787: 4766: 4747: 4672: 4641: 4614: 4526: 4470: 4436: 959:. The writing board was uncovered in the tomb of a high official named Mesdjerw, who may have composed it for his use in the 572: 479: 474: 434: 153: 4426: 111: 9872: 9847: 1756:". Religious festivals did certainly take place in sun temples, as is attested to by the Abusir papyri. In the case of the 4807: 4739:

The Senedjemib Complex, Part 1. The Mastabas of Senedjemib Inti (G 2370), Khnumenti (G 2374), and Senedjemib Mehi (G 2378)

1466:("Son of Ra") epithets of the royal titulary. He associated these two epithets with two different, independent names: the 9837: 7617: 7405: 6013:

Verner, Miroslav (1980b). "Die Königsmutter Chentkaus von Abusir und einige Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der 5. Dynastie".

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are the only ones attested to during Neferirkare's reign. The archaeological evidence for this are seal impressions and

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Neferirkare and his consort Khentkaus II were, in all likelihood, the parents of prince Ranefer B, the future pharaoh

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Verner, Miroslav (2000). "Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

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may have ruled between Shepseskaf and Userkaf, further troubling the circumstances of the rise of the Fifth Dynasty.

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Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Department of Egyptian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2002).

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Rank and Title in the Old Kingdom: The Structure of the Egyptian Administration in the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties

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Neferirkare was acknowledged by his contemporaries as a kind and benevolent ruler, intervening in favour of his

9129: 8856: 8712: 5818: 4946: 1708:(664–332 BCE) the mortuary temple of Neferirkare was used as a secondary cemetery. A gravestone made of yellow 960: 5560:

In the shadow of Bezalel : Aramaic, biblical, and ancient Near Eastern studies in honor of Bezalel Porten

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desires that Kakai lives", "Neferirkare is beloved of the ennead" and "The mansion of the Ba of Neferirkare".

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made of limestone beams led into a burial chamber. No pieces of the sarcophagus of the king were found there.

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the unprecedented honour of kissing his feet rather than the ground in front of him. Finally, when the vizier

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for Ra and Horus in and around his sun temple, two of which were of copper. The Souls of Pe and Nekhen and

1095: 6286: 4481: 987:"Kakai" occupies the 28th entry, in between those of Sahure and Neferefre. During the subsequent reign of 9358: 8467: 8379: 7864: 7641: 7632: 6291:. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann. 5586:(second, revised and augmented by Jaromír Málek ed.). Oxford: Griffith Institute, Clarendon Press. 5458:

Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27–July 5, 2005)

4491:. Vol. 70. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 269–290. 910:, albeit in a very limited form. In all probability, it was also around this time that the story of the 9941: 9187: 8520: 8257: 8084: 8016: 6598: 5067: 1983: 1425: 6093:. Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology. Prague: Universitas Carolina Pragensis: Academia. 5902:(in German). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 529–542. 5504: 1130:, an Ancient Egyptian story narrating the rise of the Fifth Dynasty. In it, a magician prophesizes to 9708: 7479: 5838: 5608:. Bibliothèque d'études (in French). Vol. 65. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 5539: 4848: 1351: 1330: 5261:(1999). "Pyramids (Old Kingdom), construction of". In Bard, Kathryn; Shubert, Stephen Blake (eds.). 7553: 7324: 7186: 5942: 5300: 1467: 1099: 992: 903: 835: 6128: 5601: 1799: 1230: 557: 419: 9393: 9308: 9285: 7602: 7464: 7401: 7190: 6990: 6806: 5854: 4683: 1862: 1206:

The reliefs were altered during the latter's reign with the addition of royal titles and regalia.

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was associated with that of his mother, both having taken place in the temple of Khentkaus II.

956: 874: 854: 783: 760: 732: 5723: 5664:. Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Editions du Cerf. 4798: 4707:

Ancient records of Egypt; historical documents from the earliest times to the Persian conquest

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The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC

4454: 955:, a short list grouping six kings from different dynasties dating to the later Fifth or early 9907: 9383: 9348: 9328: 9318: 9280: 7880: 7784: 7138: 4647: 4601: 1776: 1737: 1539: 1471: 1355: 1329:

and gold inlays showing Neferirkare's cartouche and found in his mortuary temple. Now in the

984: 831: 5811:

In Search of History:Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History

5370:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. pp. 241–258. 4737: 4636:. Bibliothèque d'étude 126/2 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 4609:. Bibliothèque d'étude 126/1 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 1894:

In this theory, Khentkaus I possibly remarried Userkaf after the death of her first husband

1091: 9902: 9408: 9363: 8736: 8364: 8299: 8152: 8147: 7854: 7849: 7702: 7128: 6916: 6795: 6112:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 581–602. 5460:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 311–341. 4701: 1825: 972: 811:, who took the throne after Neferefre's short reign and the brief rule of the poorly known 4860: 8: 9398: 9373: 9338: 9275: 8650: 8625: 7829: 7824: 7248: 6679: 5828: 5791: 5783: 5748:. Habelts Dissertationsdrucke: Reihe Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 2. Bonn: Habelt. 1829: 1669: 1645: 1571: 879: 747: 64: 5882:(second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 5394: 5386: 4934: 1204:

Fragments of reliefs from the mortuary temple of Sahure showing Neferirkare as a prince.

9688: 9675: 9252: 8262: 7834: 7809: 6876: 6651: 6270:. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 49. Mainz: Philip von Zabern. 6251: 6075: 6022: 6001: 5731:. Göttingen: Universität der Göttingen, Seminar für Agyptologie und Koptologie: 91–94. 4553: 4498: 1736:

as well as the sun temples of Sahure and Userkaf were one and the same known building,

1684:

and wood rather than stone. A significant cache of administrative papyri, known as the

1248:

Neferirkare and Khentkaus II had at least one other child together, the future pharaoh

1126:, and a brother to his predecessor Sahure. The main impetus behind this theory was the 952: 5947:. Writings from the Ancient World (book 16). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 4868: 4759:

Einführung in die altägyptische Literaturgeschichte. Band 1: Altes und Mittleres Reich

1798:

with its monumental obelisk of limestone and red granite. Verner and the Egyptologist

9743: 9722: 9616: 9583: 9295: 8630: 8252: 8132: 7754: 7682: 7340: 7143: 7133: 6391: 6312: 6292: 6271: 6198: 6190: 6175: 6156: 6148: 6113: 6094: 6061: 6005: 5967: 5948: 5927: 5903: 5895: 5883: 5864: 5842: 5814: 5795: 5768: 5749: 5732: 5709: 5686: 5665: 5648: 5626: 5609: 5587: 5563: 5531: 5488: 5461: 5444: 5417: 5398: 5371: 5352: 5325: 5306: 5285: 5266: 5244: 5209: 5201: 5162: 5152: 5133: 5111: 5092: 5071: 5043: 5021: 4999: 4976: 4970: 4952: 4924: 4898: 4881: 4783: 4777: 4762: 4743: 4742:. Giza Mastabas. Vol. 7. Boston: Art of the Ancient World, Museum of Fine Arts. 4711: 4689: 4668: 4637: 4610: 4583: 4557: 4522: 4505: 4466: 4458: 4442: 4432: 1729: 5920:

The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders

5578: 5322:

Ancient Egyptian Literature: a Book of Readings. The Old and Middle Kingdoms, Vol. 1

5305:. Writings from the ancient world, no. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 5084: 4705: 1229:

Statue of Neferefre, Neferirkare's eldest son, discovered in his mortuary temple by

9922: 9749: 9577: 9343: 9097: 8680: 7977: 7873: 7814: 7238: 7218: 6309:

Royal annals of ancient Egypt : the Palermo Stone and its associated fragments

5993: 5962:

Teeter, Emily (1999). "Kingship". In Bard, Kathryn; Shubert, Stephen Blake (eds.).

5500: 5057: 4872: 4658: 4545: 1713: 1487: 1326: 1115: 1050: 1046: 976: 776: 5685:. Ägypten und Altes Testament (in German). Vol. 46. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 4761:. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie. Vol. 1, 3, 6. Münster: LIT. 4092: 1964:

760–656 BCE), but they were certainly copied or compiled from Old Kingdom sources.

1815: 9694: 9664: 9623: 9559: 9303: 9233: 9103: 8442: 8097: 7819: 7213: 6851: 6819: 6658: 5981: 5682:

Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. Dynastie

5475: 5432: 4991: 1668:

of both had been laid and Nyuserre later diverted the unfinished causeway to his

1520: 1491: 1443: 1127: 1087: 1007: 1003: 911: 7400: 5997: 5858: 5721:

Scheele-Schweitzer, Katrin (2007). "Zu den Königsnamen der 5. und 6. Dynastie".

5345: 5340: 4549: 3627: 9790: 9588: 9549: 9267: 9223: 9092: 8176: 8102: 7932: 7804: 7764: 7512: 7364: 7329: 7319: 7253: 7208: 7090: 7085: 6665: 6644: 6610: 6304: 6227:"New Archaeological Discoveries in the Abusir Pyramid Field: Sahure's causeway" 5013: 4864: 4736:

Brovarski, Edward (2001). Der Manuelian, Peter; Simpson, William Kelly (eds.).

4685:

Das Grabdenkmal des Königs S'aḥu-Re (Band 2): Die Wandbilder: Abbildungsblätter

1841:

of these are known for Neferirkare, including "The estate of Kakai (named) the

1500: 1429: 1273: 1111: 996: 971:

Neferirkare is attested in two ancient Egyptian king lists, both dating to the

4880:. Bibliothèque Egyptologique (in French). Vol. 26. Paris: Ernest Leroux. 1857:

followed by "of the temple of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Neferirkare,

1587:

I have not struck at him. For he is more worthy before the king than any man."

918:, Sahure and Neferirkare are said to be brothers, the sons of Ra with a woman 9935: 9469: 9368: 9200: 9170: 8846: 8701: 8558: 8427: 8267: 8242: 8192: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7779: 7586: 7517: 7507: 7369: 7123: 6871: 6814: 6767: 6604: 6563: 5887: 5846: 5832: 5736: 5713: 5652: 5640: 5562:. Culture and history of the ancient Near East. Vol. 60. Leiden: Brill. 5535: 5492: 5448: 5166: 4966: 4885: 4693: 4509: 1791: 1685: 1437:

to people from outside the royal family. In conjunction with this trend, the

1421: 1409: 1298: 1269: 1262: 1058: 898: 891: 772: 698: 4566: 4446: 1118:, Hartwig Altenmüller, Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton, viewed him as a son of 9554: 9388: 9378: 9353: 9205: 9155: 9114: 8840: 8752: 8640: 8553: 8533: 8452: 8417: 8412: 8298: 8237: 7947: 7769: 7759: 7722: 7677: 7591: 7581: 7571: 7487: 7203: 7080: 6889: 6830: 6690: 6637: 6542: 6296: 5613: 5236: 5125: 5075: 5020:. Translated by Ian Shaw. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell publishing. 4715: 1750: 1653: 1354:

the day after his father Sahure's death, which occurred on the 28th day of

1304: 1249: 1242: 1219: 870: 808: 800: 687: 670: 6035: 4832: 3056: 2921: 2277: 2275: 1986:, Keraha was believed to be the site of the battle between Horus and Seth. 1499:

kneeling captives were discovered in the mortuary complexes of Neferefre,

1454:

The reign of Neferirkare Kakai saw the last important modification to the

586: 447: 141: 9658: 9603: 9454: 9403: 9323: 9195: 9087: 9069: 9027: 8938: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8773: 8757: 8730: 8695: 8685: 8620: 8573: 8563: 8548: 8538: 8485: 8447: 8422: 8402: 8392: 8158: 8142: 8117: 8112: 7912: 7839: 7749: 7732: 7687: 7662: 7596: 7576: 7561: 7543: 7273: 7268: 7075: 6902: 6882: 6696: 6630: 6621: 6505: 6375: 6172:

The Pyramids; The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments

5258: 5035: 4923:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. 4624: 4597: 4136: 4134: 4109: 4107: 3567: 3092: 1787: 1592: 1575: 1563: 1486:

There is little evidence for military action during Neferirkare's reign.

1277: 1155: 1143: 1123: 999:, but this time as a successor of Sahure and predecessor of Shepseskare. 988: 812: 93: 24: 20: 6255: 6026: 4948:

The Egyptian Museum in Cairo: a walk through the alleys of ancient Egypt

4757:

Burkard, Günter; Thissen, Heinz Josef; Quack, Joachim Friedrich (2003).

3981: 1845:

of Kakai", "Strong is the power of Kakai", "The plantations of Kakai", "

1833: 1819:

Personified agricultural estate of Neferirkare, tomb of Sekhemnefer III.

1033:, a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BCE during the reign of 9775: 9729: 9682: 9637: 9609: 9430: 9313: 9238: 9165: 9054: 8869: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8779: 8767: 8747: 8720: 8690: 8670: 8615: 8568: 8543: 8475: 8437: 8407: 8397: 8137: 7937: 7927: 7697: 7692: 7657: 7566: 7538: 7359: 7263: 7258: 7243: 7228: 7036: 7030: 6944: 6672: 6490: 6427: 5701: 5530:. Vol. 13, no. 2. Boston: Ancient Egypt Research Associates. 2272: 1908: 1895: 1858: 1661: 1268:

Finally, Neferirkare and Khentkaus II may also be the parents of queen

1107: 1034: 1029: 791: 721: 250: 5110:. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen. Vol. 45. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 4723:

Brovarski, Edward (1987). "Two Old Kingdom writing boards from Giza".

4131: 4104: 4056: 1195: 1188: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1106:

Until 2005, the identity of Neferirkare's parents was uncertain. Some

930: 9715: 9630: 9593: 9519: 9513: 9440: 9420: 9137: 9119: 9064: 9044: 8907: 8742: 8725: 8675: 8528: 8495: 8490: 8432: 8231: 8052: 8005: 7957: 7917: 7894: 7667: 7533: 7502: 7156: 7070: 6896: 6777: 6514: 6370: 5708:(in German). Berlin: Verlag der Königl. Akadamie der Wissenschaften. 5189:

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo

4805: 4098: 3109: 3107: 1238: 1218:

As of the early 21st century, the only known queen of Neferirkare is

1151: 804: 680: 89: 5187:

Kaiser, Werner (1956). "Zu den Sonnenheiligtümern der 5. Dynastie".

4221: 4146: 2079: 1317: 9785: 9780: 9769: 9736: 9651: 9644: 9598: 9570: 9564: 9529: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9109: 9049: 8892: 8864: 8457: 8387: 8199: 8185: 8165: 8127: 8039: 7984: 7942: 7774: 7744: 7707: 7652: 7497: 7374: 7279: 7223: 7118: 7025: 7019: 7008: 6974: 6858: 6844: 6837: 6824: 6788: 6528: 5926:. Studies in Egyptology. London; Boston: Kegan Paul International. 5175: 4119: 4044: 3345: 2663: 2370: 1956:

The surviving fragments of the annal likely date to the much later

1681: 1656:, an unusual design for the time which had not been used since the 1596: 1531: 1438: 1374: 1322: 1139: 1042: 944: 919: 823: 819: 6212:

Verner, Miroslav (2005). "Die Sonnenheiligtümer der 5. Dynastie".

5487:. Egyptian research account, 10th year. London: Bernard Quaritch. 3119: 3104: 2610: 9762: 9701: 9544: 9228: 9039: 9033: 9021: 8902: 8897: 8834: 8813: 8658: 8610: 8510: 8500: 8225: 8122: 8092: 8074: 8063: 8046: 7998: 7991: 7922: 7844: 7492: 7300: 7286: 7198: 7149: 7055: 6998: 6949: 6782: 6772: 6752: 6685: 6535: 6414: 6358: 4664:

Das Grabdenkmal des Königs S'aḥu-Re (Band 1): Der Bau: Blatt 1–15

2334: 1961: 1846: 1709: 1516: 1257: 1119: 1062: 1012: 915: 779: 57: 6426: 6089:

Verner, Miroslav; Posener-Kriéger, Paule; Jánosi, Peter (1995).

5182:. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts. pp. 430–442. 4020: 3957: 3945: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 1558: 9669: 9539: 9176: 9059: 8664: 8635: 8505: 8480: 8272: 8206: 8032: 8025: 7952: 7907: 7901: 7727: 7647: 7233: 7060: 7013: 6967: 6939: 6865: 6743: 6702: 6584: 6549: 6521: 6351: 6334: 5880:

A History of Egyptian Sculpture and Painting in the Old Kingdom

5577:

Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind L. B.; Burney, Ethel W. (1981).

4630:

Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 2

4603:

Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 1

4245: 3935: 3933: 1903: 1837: 1698: 1547: 1543: 1512: 1495: 1398: 1386: 1366: 1339: 1016: 980: 858: 847: 843: 787: 711: 79: 6129:"Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology" 5178:. In Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). 4080: 4010: 4008: 3906: 3204: 3202: 3200: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2387: 2385: 1624: 9755: 9534: 9524: 9502: 9160: 8069: 8057: 7970: 7887: 7738: 7672: 7334: 7003: 6961: 6955: 6747: 6706: 6577: 6570: 6556: 4317: 3309: 3260: 3258: 3173: 3080: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2836: 2834: 2819: 2795: 2692: 2690: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2433: 1535: 1527: 1343: 1131: 839: 5558:

Porten, Bezalel; Botta, Alejandro; Azzoni, Annalisa (2013).

5147:

Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, eds. (2012).

4293: 4158: 3993: 3930: 3738: 3412: 2969: 2651: 2497: 2236: 2169: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 1861:". The statues, which date to the early 12th Dynasty of the 1225: 9507: 9497: 8887: 8762: 7963: 7293: 7113: 7095: 6980: 6762: 6757: 6591: 6383: 6311:. Studies in Egyptology. London: Kegan Paul International. 6088: 4847: 4833:"La Pierre de Palerme et la chronologie de l'Ancien Empire" 4341: 4257: 4233: 4032: 4005: 3969: 3810: 3786: 3762: 3465: 3463: 3448: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3197: 3098: 3062: 2996: 2909: 2807: 2759: 2675: 2574: 2557: 2382: 2281: 1744:

Of all the sun temples built during the Fifth Dynasty, the

1579: 1508: 1504: 1402: 873:, a form which had not been employed since the days of the 597: 458: 166: 4401: 3502: 3255: 3231: 3185: 2945: 2875: 2831: 2717: 2687: 2639: 2445: 2421: 2248: 2157: 2091: 1794:. In this hypothesis, Neferirkare would have provided the 7712: 6147:

Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". In

4329: 4175: 4173: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3839: 3837: 3639: 3492: 3490: 3436: 3424: 3285: 3136: 3134: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2533: 2509: 2475: 2473: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2134: 1378: 951:. Neferirkare also appears in the nearly contemporaneous 803:, the prince Ranefer B who would take the throne as king 8933: 4975:. Galaxy books. Vol. 165. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4806:

Czech Institute of Egyptology website (1 October 2018).

4305: 4068: 3918: 3750: 3726: 3678: 3656: 3654: 3475: 3460: 3400: 3376: 3357: 3243: 3151: 3149: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 1428:. The decree exempts personnel belonging to a temple of 1069:, Nefercherês is reported to have reigned for 20 years. 6040:

Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

6036:"Un roi de la Ve dynastie. Rêneferef ou Rênefer ?" 5662:

La Littérature historique sous l'ancien empire égyptien

5645:

Das Sonnenheiligtum des Königs Userkaf. Band 1: Der Bau

5499: 5151:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 4837:

Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale

4377: 4365: 4269: 4197: 3894: 3870: 3714: 3666: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3068: 3032: 2986: 2984: 2669: 2181: 1135: 883: 405: 5176:"The Fifth Dynasty 'sun temples' in a broader context" 5174:

Janák, Jiří; Vymazalová, Hana; Coppens, Filip (2010).

5173: 4353: 4185: 4170: 4140: 4113: 4062: 3882: 3849: 3834: 3822: 3798: 3774: 3526: 3487: 3333: 3321: 3161: 3131: 2933: 2858: 2707: 2705: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2470: 2397: 2358: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 6155:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 585–591. 5986:

Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

5767:(in German). Düsseldorf: Albatros. pp. 173–174. 5208:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 351–356. 4538:

Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

4465:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 597–601. 4209: 3702: 3690: 3651: 3555: 3514: 3388: 3275: 3273: 3146: 3044: 2899: 2897: 2846: 2749: 2747: 2734: 2732: 2598: 2586: 2521: 2485: 2346: 2205: 2115: 1449: 1261:

whose relationship is suggested by the fact that his

6242:

Verner, Miroslav (2012). "Pyramid towns of Abusir".

5222: 4389: 4281: 3538: 3297: 3214: 3125: 3113: 3020: 2981: 2957: 2783: 2771: 2409: 2193: 1098:

but its story was probably first written during the

934:

Neferirkare's nomen "Kakai" on the Abydos king list.

6197:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–95. 4756: 3008: 2702: 2622: 2616: 2545: 2217: 1342:covering the period from the start of the reign of 6195:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3 6153:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 6091:Abusir III : the pyramid complex of Khentkaus 5720: 5639: 5344: 5206:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3 5128:(1997). "The pharaoh". In Donadoni, Sergio (ed.). 4808:"New research and insights into the Palermo Stone" 4497: 4463:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 4227: 3270: 2894: 2744: 2729: 2376: 2103: 5966:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 494–498. 5784:"The First Intermediate Period (c. 2160–2055 BC)" 5557: 5265:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 778–786. 5243:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 865–868. 4482:"Funerary Boats and Boat Pits of the Old Kingdom" 4050: 4026: 1828:. For example, a black steatite seal, now in the 9933: 6080:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6070:. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. 5964:Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt 5576: 5263:Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt 5241:Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt 4996:Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 1868: 1481: 5600: 5302:The great name: ancient Egyptian royal titulary 4998:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 85–87. 4944: 4849:"Decree of Neferirkare, catalog number 03.1896" 4796: 4299: 4251: 4152: 4125: 3987: 2927: 2260: 2175: 1591:Similarly, Neferirkare gave the Priest of Ptah 1245:, that is, before his accession to the throne. 5746:Untersuchungen zum Titel s3-njśwt "Königssohn" 4919:. In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). 1640:and variously translated as "Neferirkare is a 1534:bearing his name uncovered in the fortress of 1458:. He was the earliest pharaoh to separate the 897:After his death, Neferirkare benefited from a 6399: 6262: 5700:Schäfer, Heinrich (1902). Borchardt, Ludwig; 5414:The Penguin historical atlas of ancient Egypt 5042:. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. 5034: 4725:Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 2242: 2163: 6050: 5790:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 5393:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 5324:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5097:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4895:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 4892: 4504:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 4431:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 4423: 4164: 4038: 3999: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3912: 3816: 3792: 3573: 3454: 3315: 3291: 3208: 3179: 3002: 2915: 2840: 2801: 2723: 2645: 2464: 2391: 2254: 2097: 5085:"List of Rulers of Ancient Egypt and Nubia" 4914:"The royal family of Sahure. New evidence." 4580:Visual and Written Culture in Ancient Egypt 4479: 4453: 4014: 3264: 2888: 2151: 1002:Neferirkare was also given an entry in the 6406: 6392: 5894: 5781: 4797:Collection of the Brooklyn Museum (2017). 4099:Czech Institute of Egyptology website 2018 4086: 2515: 1920:The transliteration of the inscription is 983:(fl. 1290–1279 BCE). There, Neferirkare's 938: 545:Uncertain translation: may be a short form 45: 6303: 6054:Forgotten pharaohs, lost pyramids: Abusir 5940: 5916: 5762: 5643:; Edel, Elmar; Borchardt, Ludwig (1965). 4735: 4722: 4681: 4657: 4457:(2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". In 4335: 4323: 4311: 3924: 3756: 3645: 3481: 3469: 3442: 3418: 3406: 3382: 3370: 3351: 3249: 3237: 3099:Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995 3074: 3063:Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995 2825: 2427: 2293: 2187: 2085: 547:of his throne nameor a birth name meaning 9816: 6189:Verner, Miroslav (2001d). "Pyramid". In 6051:Verner, Miroslav; Zemina, Milan (1994). 5430: 5319: 5298: 5132:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4965: 4945:El-Shahawy, Abeer; Atiya, Farid (2005). 4911: 4859: 4710:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4700: 3744: 3732: 3508: 2813: 2765: 2681: 2580: 2568: 2439: 2403: 2364: 2340: 2328: 1814: 1770: 1623: 1557: 1321:Reconstruction of a ritual vase made of 1316: 1224: 1163: 1081: 1053:reports that Africanus relates that the 929: 807:. Neferirkare fathered another pharaoh, 6284: 6188: 6169: 6146: 6126: 6033: 6012: 5980: 5743: 5699: 5659: 5455: 5235: 5231:. Czech Institute of Egyptology: 28–42. 5146: 5124: 4830: 4775: 4428:Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids 4371: 4275: 4263: 4239: 4203: 3900: 3876: 3843: 3768: 3720: 3672: 3532: 3339: 3191: 3167: 3140: 3050: 2975: 2951: 2939: 2869: 2604: 2479: 2352: 2305: 2199: 2128: 1914: 1712:was discovered by Borchardt bearing an 1213: 1077: 163: 9952:Pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 9934: 8963: 8328: 7430: 6456: 6241: 6224: 6211: 6107: 5961: 5808: 5474: 5411: 5365: 5338: 5279: 5257: 5199: 5186: 5012: 4990:Goelet, Ogden (1999). "Abu Gurab". In 4989: 4972:Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction 4577: 4407: 4359: 4347: 4215: 4191: 4179: 4074: 3888: 3864: 3828: 3804: 3780: 3696: 3520: 3496: 3327: 3303: 3225: 3155: 3038: 2852: 2753: 2657: 2592: 2539: 2527: 2491: 2211: 1942:Ludwig Borchardt, who discovered this 1603: 1462:("King of Upper and Lower Egypt") and 1312: 995:was recorded on the 27th entry of the 9815: 8932: 8297: 7399: 6425: 6387: 5877: 5827: 5706:Ein Bruchstück altägyptischer Annalen 5518: 5384: 5200:Katary, Sally (2001). "Taxation". In 5105: 5056: 4623: 4596: 4564: 4535: 4516: 4395: 4383: 4287: 3708: 3660: 3633: 3561: 3549: 3430: 3394: 3279: 3086: 3026: 2990: 2963: 2789: 2777: 2738: 2696: 2633: 2503: 2415: 2109: 966: 890:, that is "Site of the heart of Ra". 287:Strong of appearances the Two Ladies 71:in the early to mid-25th century BCE. 40:Neferirkara, Neferarkare, Nefercherês 9468: 6268:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen 5853: 5678: 5625:. London & New York: Routledge. 5620: 4893:Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). 4818:from the original on 12 October 2018 4495: 4141:Janák, Vymazalová & Coppens 2010 4114:Janák, Vymazalová & Coppens 2010 4063:Janák, Vymazalová & Coppens 2010 3684: 3014: 2903: 2711: 2551: 2230: 1636:, known to the Ancient Egyptians as 1401:received electrum endowments, while 947:, the courtier Rawer and the priest 869:". It was initially planned to be a 400:The perfect one is the one whom the 19:For the lesser known pharaoh of the 6110:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 5900:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 5863:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5860:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 5788:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 5521:"Fifth Dynasty Renaissance at Giza" 5391:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 5387:"The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2160 BC)" 5368:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 5351:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5347:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 5341:"The Old Kingdom (c. 2160–2055 BC)" 5180:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010 5082: 4921:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005 4897:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. 4582:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4489:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2001 2266: 991:(fl. 1279–1213 BCE), Neferirkare's 775:as Nefercherês, Νεφερχέρης) was an 13: 5984:(1980a). "Excavations at Abusir". 3126:Krejčí, Kytnarová & Odler 2015 3114:Krejčí, Kytnarová & Odler 2015 1675: 1608: 1450:Modification of the royal titulary 1365:and the gods of Keraha. To Ra and 14: 9963: 6327: 6244:Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 6015:Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 5878:Smith, William Stevenson (1949). 4994:; Shubert, Stephen Blake (eds.). 4853:Boston Museum of Fine Arts (BMFA) 3636:, plates 126d & e; fig. 130b. 2617:Burkard, Thissen & Quack 2003 2012:Ancient Egyptian transliteration 1855:Ancient Egyptian offering formula 1628:The pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai. 1519:as well as in the tomb of vizier 1415: 1027:Neferirkare was mentioned in the 786:. Neferirkare, the eldest son of 6333: 6285:Waddell, William Gillan (1971). 6060:. Prague: Academia Škodaexport. 5813:. Warsaw, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 4688:(in German). Leipzig: Hinrichs. 4667:(in German). Leipzig: Hinrichs. 4567:"Radjedef to the Eighth Dynasty" 4521:. London: Stacey International. 4228:Ricke, Edel & Borchardt 1965 2282:Decree of Neferirkare, BMFA 2017 2057: 2044: 2031: 2019: 2006: 1989: 1976: 1967: 1810: 1194: 1187: 1178: 1171: 1164: 914:was first written, a tale where 640: 590: 506: 451: 209: 5284:. London: Thames & Hudson. 5108:Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit 4782:. London: Thames & Hudson. 4571:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 4051:Porten, Botta & Azzoni 2013 4027:Porten, Botta & Azzoni 2013 1950: 1936: 1927: 1888: 1879: 975:. The earliest of these is the 842:to the south and possibly with 5837:(in German). wikipedia entry: 4544:(1–2). Berlin/Leipzig: 87–94. 3622:Porter, Moss & Burney 1981 3610:Porter, Moss & Burney 1981 3598:Porter, Moss & Burney 1981 3586:Porter, Moss & Burney 1981 1553: 1: 9426:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 5416:. London, New York: Penguin. 5040:Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza 4480:Altenmüller, Hartwig (2002). 2073: 1869:Notes, references and sources 1719: 1482:Trade and military activities 1446:on the walls of their tombs. 534: 388: 332: 237: 118: 69:8, 10, 11, or 20 regnal years 6413: 5782:Seidlmeyer, Stephen (2004). 5660:Roccati, Alessandro (1982). 5299:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). 5225:Prague Egyptological Studies 4951:. Cairo: Farid Atiya Press. 4416: 3576:, pp. 146–147, 148–149. 2670:Encyclopædia Britannica 2017 1706:Late Period of ancient Egypt 1634:Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai 979:written during the reign of 724:(also known as Neferetnebty) 7: 9359:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 5998:10.1524/zaes.1980.107.1.158 5623:Who is who in Ancient Egypt 5149:Ancient Egyptian Chronology 4550:10.1524/zaes.1985.112.12.87 4487:. In Coppens, Filip (ed.). 2176:El-Shahawy & Atiya 2005 1542:of the Nile. Contacts with 1288: 857:in the royal necropolis of 412:Beautiful is the Soul of Ra 10: 9968: 8258:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 7642:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 7406:Second Intermediate Period 6170:Verner, Miroslav (2001c). 6127:Verner, Miroslav (2001a). 6034:Verner, Miroslav (1985a). 5944:Texts from the Pyramid Age 5841:. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. 5763:Schneider, Thomas (2002). 5443:. Paris: Didier: 168–186. 5431:Mariette, Auguste (1864). 5068:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5038:; Senussi, Ashraf (2008). 5018:A History of Ancient Egypt 4682:Borchardt, Ludwig (1913). 3354:, p. 79, footnote 20. 2343:, p. 39, footnote 52. 1774: 1738:that attributed to Userkaf 1619: 1612: 1426:Boston Museum of Fine Arts 1017:Greater and Lesser Enneads 925: 865:meaning "Neferirkare is a 631: 605: 600: 561: 497: 466: 461: 423: 382:Prenomen (Praenomen) 351: 290: 255: 200: 174: 169: 145: 18: 9920: 9822: 9811: 9709:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 9453: 9399:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 9294: 9266: 9251: 9214: 9186: 9146: 9128: 9078: 9011: 8996: 8954: 8950: 8928: 8878: 8855: 8788: 8711: 8649: 8601: 8586: 8519: 8466: 8378: 8363: 8319: 8315: 8304:Third Intermediate Period 8293: 8216: 8175: 8083: 8015: 7863: 7631: 7616: 7552: 7526: 7478: 7463: 7421: 7417: 7395: 7350: 7310: 7185: 7170: 7104: 7046: 6989: 6930: 6915: 6805: 6734: 6719: 6620: 6504: 6489: 6447: 6443: 6432:First Intermediate Period 6421: 6367: 6356: 6348: 6225:Verner, Miroslav (2007). 6174:. New York: Grove Press. 5941:Strudwick, Nigel (2005). 5917:Strudwick, Nigel (1985). 5839:Urkunden des Alten Reichs 5834:Urkunden des Alten Reichs 5809:Seters, John Van (1997). 5744:Schmitz, Bettina (1976). 5320:Lichteim, Miriam (2000). 4874:Œuvres diverses, volume 6 4831:Daressy, Georges (1912). 4799:"Cylinder seal 44.123.30" 4779:Chronicle of the Pharaohs 3089:, p. 418, see n. 24. 2164:Hawass & Senussi 2008 2028:means "Stronghold of Ra". 1331:Egyptian Museum of Berlin 1202: 1072: 756: 738: 728: 717: 707: 676: 666: 604: 533: 526: 465: 387: 380: 331: 324: 236: 229: 173: 117: 110: 99: 85: 75: 63: 56: 44: 39: 34: 9947:25th-century BC pharaohs 9421:Cleopatra VII Philopator 7678:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 6436: (<3150–2040 BC) 5481:Saqqara Mastabas. Part I 5339:Málek, Jaromír (2000a). 5106:Helck, Wolfgang (1987). 4967:Gardiner, Alan Henderson 4912:El-Awady, Tarek (2006). 4565:Bárta, Miroslav (2017). 4039:Verner & Zemina 1994 3990:, pp. 502, 544–545. 3964:Verner & Zemina 1994 3952:Verner & Zemina 1994 3940:Verner & Zemina 1994 3913:Verner & Zemina 1994 3817:Verner & Zemina 1994 3574:Verner & Zemina 1994 3316:Dodson & Hilton 2004 3180:Verner & Zemina 1994 3003:Verner & Zemina 1994 2916:Verner & Zemina 1994 2841:Dodson & Hilton 2004 2802:Dodson & Hilton 2004 2724:Dodson & Hilton 2004 2646:Dodson & Hilton 2004 2465:Verner & Zemina 1994 1873: 1283: 834:or birth name, from the 782:, the third king of the 9394:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 9309:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 7603:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 5505:Encyclopædia Britannica 5385:Málek, Jaromír (2004). 4776:Clayton, Peter (1994). 4517:Baker, Darrell (2008). 2377:Scheele-Schweitzer 2007 1900:mwt nswt bity nswt bity 1832:bears the inscription " 1039:Sextus Julius Africanus 939:Contemporaneous sources 9436:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 9415:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 9409:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 9364:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 9334:Arsinoe III Philopator 8248:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 7718:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 7658:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 7249:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 5786:. In Shaw, Ian (ed.). 5621:Rice, Michael (1999). 5602:Posener-Kriéger, Paule 5476:Murray, Margaret Alice 5433:"La table de Saqqarah" 5389:. In Shaw, Ian (ed.). 5343:. In Shaw, Ian (ed.). 2978:, p. 161, fig. 5. 2660:, pp. 68, 72, 74. 2506:, p. 84, 103–104. 2442:, p. 4, plate 17. 1820: 1732:has proposed that the 1629: 1615:Pyramid of Neferirkare 1589: 1567: 1363:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 1334: 1234: 1103: 935: 733:Pyramid of Neferirkare 249:Who has appeared the 9384:Ptolemy X Alexander I 9349:Ptolemy VI Philometor 9329:Ptolemy IV Philopator 9324:Berenice II Euergetes 9319:Ptolemy III Euergetes 9281:Philip III Arrhidaeus 7790:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 7785:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 7139:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 6264:von Beckerath, Jürgen 5765:Lexikon der Pharaonen 5412:Manley, Bill (1996). 5282:The Complete Pyramids 5280:Lehner, Mark (2008). 4702:Breasted, James Henry 4578:Baines, John (2007). 2699:, pp. 66–68, 71. 1863:Middle Kingdom period 1818: 1800:Paule Posener-Kriéger 1777:Sun temple of Userkaf 1771:Sun temple of Userkaf 1627: 1584: 1566:found in his mastaba. 1561: 1526:Trade relations with 1320: 1231:Paule Posener-Kriéger 1228: 1085: 933: 855:a pyramid for himself 130:Strong of appearances 9817:Dynastic genealogies 9441:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 8737:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 8651:High Priests of Amun 8153:Merankhre Mentuhotep 7855:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 7850:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 7703:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 7410: (2040–1550 BC) 7129:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 6342:at Wikimedia Commons 5829:Sethe, Kurt Heinrich 5679:Roth, Silke (2001). 5519:Nolan, John (2012). 4496:Baer, Klaus (1960). 4455:Altenmüller, Hartwig 4300:Brooklyn Museum 2017 4252:Posener-Kriéger 1976 4155:, pp. 259, 521. 4153:Posener-Kriéger 1976 4126:Posener-Kriéger 1976 3988:Posener-Kriéger 1976 2928:Posener-Kriéger 1976 2039:ḥwt K3k3i i3gt K3k3i 2003:in Ancient Egyptian. 1690:University of Prague 1456:titulary of pharaohs 1381:, escorting to the 1371:opening of the mouth 1303:the year of the 5th 1214:Consort and children 1090:, on display in the 1078:Parents and siblings 853:Neferirkare started 9339:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 9276:Alexander the Great 8308: (1550–664 BC) 7830:Mershepsesre Ini II 7825:Merkawre Sobekhotep 7219:Neferkare IV Khendu 5724:Göttinger Miszellen 5437:Revue Archéologique 4940:on 1 February 2011. 4410:, pp. 246–248. 4326:, pp. 70, 152. 4266:, pp. 388–389. 4242:, pp. 387–389. 4128:, pp. 116–118. 4089:, pp. 541–542. 3966:, pp. 79, 169. 3954:, pp. 79, 170. 3771:, pp. 108–111. 3747:, pp. 243–249. 3687:, pp. 98, 292. 3433:, pp. 170–172. 3194:, pp. 394–395. 2954:, pp. 281–284. 2816:, pp. 191–218. 2768:, pp. 213–214. 2684:, pp. 215–220. 2583:, pp. 192–198. 2571:, pp. 208–213. 2542:, pp. 135–136. 2088:, plates 33 and 34. 2067:, uncertain reading 1830:Metropolitan Museum 1646:Pyramid of Menkaure 1604:Building activities 1352:ascended the throne 1313:Activities in Egypt 1019:. The Egyptologist 9676:Trebonianus Gallus 8263:Senakhtenre Ahmose 7881:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 7835:Sewahenre Senebmiu 7810:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 7239:Neferkare V Tereru 7209:Neferkare III Neby 6877:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 6191:Redford, Donald B. 6149:Redford, Donald B. 5896:Stadelmann, Rainer 5202:Redford, Donald B. 4861:de Rougé, Emmanuel 4459:Redford, Donald B. 3421:, pp. 98–101. 2930:, vol. II, p. 530. 2243:von Beckerath 1999 1999:, transliteration 1826:Old Kingdom period 1821: 1630: 1568: 1424:and is now in the 1408:The fact that the 1335: 1235: 1138:and a woman named 1104: 1092:Ägyptisches Museum 967:Historical sources 953:Giza writing board 936: 550:My Ka is a true Ka 9942:Neferirkare Kakai 9929: 9928: 9916: 9915: 9807: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9723:Claudius Gothicus 9617:Severus Alexander 9584:Septimius Severus 9449: 9448: 9247: 9246: 8992: 8991: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8631:Osorkon the Elder 8582: 8581: 8359: 8358: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8253:Nubkheperre Intef 8133:Sekhemre Shedwast 7755:Sehetepkare Intef 7683:Semenkare Nebnuni 7612: 7611: 7459: 7458: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7166: 7165: 7144:Netjerkare Siptah 7066:Neferirkare Kakai 6911: 6910: 6715: 6714: 6485: 6484: 6382: 6381: 6368:Succeeded by 6340:Neferirkare Kakai 6338:Media related to 6318:978-0-71-030667-8 6277:978-3-8053-2591-2 6204:978-0-19-510234-5 6181:978-0-80-213935-1 6162:978-0-19-510234-5 6136:Archiv Orientální 6119:978-80-85425-39-0 6100:978-80-200-0535-9 6067:978-80-200-0022-4 5973:978-0-203-98283-9 5954:978-1-58983-680-8 5933:978-0-7103-0107-9 5909:978-80-85425-39-0 5870:978-0-19-815034-3 5801:978-0-19-815034-3 5755:978-3-7749-1370-7 5692:978-3-447-04368-7 5671:978-2-204-01895-1 5632:978-0-203-44328-6 5593:978-0-900416-19-4 5569:978-9-00-424083-4 5467:978-80-7308-116-4 5423:978-0-14-051331-8 5404:978-0-19-815034-3 5358:978-0-19-815034-3 5331:978-0-520-02899-9 5312:978-1-58983-736-2 5291:978-0-500-28547-3 5272:978-0-203-98283-9 5250:978-0-203-98283-9 5215:978-0-19-510234-5 5158:978-90-04-11385-5 5139:978-0-22-615556-2 5117:978-3-44-702677-2 5049:978-977-305-986-6 5027:978-0-631-19396-8 5005:978-0-203-98283-9 4982:978-0-19-500267-6 4958:978-9-77-172183-3 4930:978-80-7308-116-4 4904:978-0-500-05128-3 4789:978-0-500-05074-3 4768:978-3-82-580987-4 4749:978-0-87846-479-1 4674:978-3-535-00577-1 4659:Borchardt, Ludwig 4643:978-2-7247-0250-7 4616:978-2-7247-0250-7 4528:978-1-905299-37-9 4472:978-0-19-510234-5 4438:978-0-8109-6543-0 4386:, pp. 87–94. 4230:, pp. 15–18. 4165:Allen et al. 1999 4077:, pp. 43–44. 4053:, pp. 67–69. 4000:Allen et al. 1999 3976:Allen et al. 1999 3915:, pp. 77–78. 3793:Allen et al. 1999 3511:, pp. 50–51. 3455:Allen et al. 1999 3318:, pp. 64–66. 3292:Allen et al. 1999 3240:, pp. 72–74. 3209:Allen et al. 1999 3182:, pp. 76–77. 3041:, pp. 77–78. 2804:, pp. 62–69. 2430:, pp. 29–52. 2392:Allen et al. 1999 2379:, pp. 91–94. 2255:Allen et al. 1999 2098:Allen et al. 1999 1730:Rainer Stadelmann 1405:was given lands. 1211: 1210: 1207: 830:, separating the 790:with his consort 769:Neferirkare Kakai 766: 765: 703: 696: 692: 685: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 635: 634: 627: 626: 623: 622: 581: 580: 577: 576: 522: 521: 518: 517: 514: 513: 501: 500: 493: 492: 489: 488: 442: 441: 438: 437: 376: 375: 371: 370: 367: 366: 320: 319: 315: 314: 311: 310: 277: 276: 273: 272: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 204: 203: 196: 195: 192: 191: 161: 160: 157: 156: 92:(most likely) or 35:Neferirkare Kakai 9959: 9923:List of pharaohs 9813: 9812: 9578:Pescennius Niger 9466: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9374:Ptolemy IX Soter 9344:Cleopatra I Syra 9264: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9004: 8961: 8960: 8952: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8930: 8929: 8681:Djedkhonsuefankh 8599: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8346: 8341: 8326: 8325: 8317: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8295: 8294: 7888:Qareh Khawoserre 7874:Yakbim Sekhaenre 7815:Mersekhemre Ined 7629: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7428: 7427: 7419: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7397: 7396: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7178: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6454: 6453: 6445: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6423: 6422: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6385: 6384: 6359:Pharaoh of Egypt 6349:Preceded by 6346: 6345: 6337: 6322: 6300: 6281: 6259: 6238: 6237:on 16 July 2011. 6233:. Archived from 6221: 6208: 6185: 6166: 6143: 6133: 6123: 6104: 6085: 6079: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6030: 6009: 5982:Verner, Miroslav 5977: 5958: 5937: 5925: 5913: 5891: 5874: 5850: 5824: 5805: 5778: 5759: 5740: 5717: 5696: 5675: 5656: 5636: 5617: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5545:on 1 August 2019 5544: 5538:. Archived from 5525: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5496: 5486: 5471: 5452: 5427: 5408: 5381: 5362: 5350: 5335: 5316: 5295: 5276: 5254: 5232: 5219: 5196: 5183: 5170: 5143: 5121: 5102: 5096: 5088: 5079: 5053: 5031: 5009: 4986: 4962: 4941: 4939: 4933:. Archived from 4918: 4908: 4889: 4879: 4869:Naville, Édouard 4856: 4844: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4802: 4793: 4772: 4753: 4732: 4719: 4697: 4678: 4654: 4653:on 2 April 2015. 4652: 4646:. Archived from 4635: 4620: 4608: 4593: 4574: 4561: 4532: 4513: 4503: 4492: 4486: 4476: 4450: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4015:Altenmüller 2002 4012: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3847: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3268: 3265:Altenmüller 2001 3262: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3212: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2889:Altenmüller 2001 2886: 2873: 2867: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2468: 2462: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2152:Altenmüller 2001 2149: 2132: 2126: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2068: 2063:Transliteration 2061: 2055: 2050:Transliteration 2048: 2042: 2037:Transliteration 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1954: 1948: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1755: 1488:William C. Hayes 1203: 1198: 1191: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1160: 1116:William C. Hayes 1051:George Syncellus 977:Abydos King List 777:ancient Egyptian 761:5th Dynasty 701: 694: 690: 683: 644: 643: 610: 609: 606: 598: 594: 593: 587: 566: 565: 562: 558: 535: 510: 509: 471: 470: 467: 459: 455: 454: 448: 428: 427: 424: 420: 396:Nfr-jr(.w)-k3-Rˁ 389: 356: 355: 352: 348:The three powers 344:The triple power 333: 295: 294: 291: 260: 259: 256: 238: 213: 212: 179: 178: 175: 167: 150: 149: 146: 142: 138: 137: 119: 108: 107: 49: 32: 31: 16:Egyptian pharaoh 9967: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9932: 9931: 9930: 9925: 9912: 9818: 9795: 9695:Macrianus Minor 9624:Maximinus Thrax 9560:Marcus Aurelius 9459: 9458: 9457: 9445: 9304:Ptolemy I Soter 9290: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9243: 9210: 9182: 9142: 9124: 9104:Psammetichus IV 9074: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8988: 8966: 8957: 8946: 8943:(664 BC–313 AD) 8942: 8941: 8912: 8874: 8851: 8847:Menkheperre Ini 8784: 8707: 8645: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8578: 8515: 8462: 8443:Neferneferuaten 8369: 8368: 8367: 8355: 8354: 8344: 8339: 8338:Pharaohs 8331: 8322: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8277: 8212: 8171: 8098:Sobekhotep VIII 8079: 8011: 7859: 7820:Sewadjkare Hori 7622: 7621: 7620: 7608: 7548: 7522: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7455: 7433: 7424: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7379: 7346: 7306: 7214:Djedkare Shemai 7176: 7175: 7174: 7162: 7100: 7042: 6985: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6907: 6801: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6711: 6616: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6481: 6459: 6450: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6417: 6412: 6378: 6374: 6362: 6354: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6305:Wilkinson, Toby 6278: 6205: 6182: 6163: 6131: 6120: 6101: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6057: 5974: 5955: 5934: 5923: 5910: 5871: 5821: 5802: 5775: 5756: 5693: 5672: 5633: 5594: 5583: 5570: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5523: 5509: 5507: 5484: 5468: 5424: 5405: 5378: 5359: 5332: 5313: 5292: 5273: 5251: 5216: 5159: 5140: 5118: 5090: 5089: 5050: 5028: 5014:Grimal, Nicolas 5006: 4983: 4959: 4937: 4931: 4916: 4905: 4877: 4865:Maspero, Gaston 4821: 4819: 4812:cegu.ff.cuni.cz 4790: 4769: 4750: 4731:. Cairo: 29–52. 4675: 4650: 4644: 4633: 4617: 4606: 4590: 4529: 4484: 4473: 4439: 4419: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4087:Stadelmann 2000 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3850: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3271: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3215: 3207: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029:, pp. 4–5. 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2876: 2868: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2558: 2554:, pp. 7–8. 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2516:Seidlmeyer 2004 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2135: 2127: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2062: 2058: 2049: 2045: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2007: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1813: 1779: 1773: 1753: 1722: 1678: 1676:Mortuary temple 1622: 1617: 1611: 1609:Pyramid complex 1606: 1562:Relief showing 1556: 1548:Levantine coast 1540:second cataract 1521:Senedjemib Mehi 1484: 1452: 1444:autobiographies 1418: 1356:the ninth month 1315: 1291: 1286: 1216: 1205: 1128:Westcar Papyrus 1094:, dates to the 1088:Westcar Papyrus 1080: 1075: 1008:Miroslav Verner 969: 941: 928: 912:Papyrus Westcar 904:Twelfth Dynasty 892:Ancient sources 882:to the sun god 848:Levantine coast 794:, was known as 746: 662: 661: 641: 591: 573: 552: 548: 546: 544: 540: 507: 478: 452: 414: 410: 398: 394: 372: 362: 350: 346: 342: 338: 316: 289: 285: 281: 279: 278: 254: 247: 243: 210: 132: 128: 124: 105: 70: 52: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9965: 9955: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9927: 9926: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9832: 9829: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9793: 9791:Maximinus Daza 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9550:Antoninus Pius 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9474: 9472: 9463: 9460:(30 BC–313 AD) 9451: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9300: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9272: 9270: 9261: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9224:Artaxerxes III 9220: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9192: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9152: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9134: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9100: 9095: 9093:Petubastis III 9090: 9084: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9030: 9025: 9017: 9015: 9006: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8976: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8958: 8955: 8948: 8947: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8861: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8794: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8717: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8607: 8605: 8596: 8588:3 Intermediate 8584: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8525: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8472: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8384: 8382: 8373: 8370:(1550–1070 BC) 8361: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8313: 8312: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8181: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8103:Neferhotep III 8100: 8095: 8089: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8021: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7933:Sewadjkare III 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7902:Maaibre Sheshi 7898: 7895:'Ammu Ahotepre 7891: 7884: 7877: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7805:Merhotepre Ini 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7765:Sobekhotep III 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7637: 7635: 7626: 7623:(1802–1550 BC) 7618:2 Intermediate 7614: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7513:Mentuhotep III 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7484: 7482: 7473: 7470:(2040–1802 BC) 7465:Middle Kingdom 7461: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7415: 7414: 7402:Middle Kingdom 7393: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7365:Neferkare VIII 7362: 7356: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7337: 7332: 7330:Nebkaure Khety 7327: 7322: 7320:Meryibre Khety 7316: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7254:Neferkamin Anu 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7180: 7177:(2181–2040 BC) 7172:1 Intermediate 7168: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7091:Djedkare Isesi 7088: 7086:Menkauhor Kaiu 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6925: 6922:(2686–2181 BC) 6913: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6729: 6726:(3150–2686 BC) 6721:Early Dynastic 6717: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6626: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6508: 6499: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6441: 6440: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6379: 6369: 6366: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6329: 6328:External links 6326: 6324: 6323: 6317: 6301: 6282: 6276: 6260: 6239: 6222: 6209: 6203: 6186: 6180: 6167: 6161: 6144: 6124: 6118: 6105: 6099: 6086: 6066: 6048: 6031: 6010: 5978: 5972: 5959: 5953: 5938: 5932: 5914: 5908: 5892: 5875: 5869: 5857:, ed. (2004). 5851: 5825: 5819: 5806: 5800: 5779: 5773: 5760: 5754: 5741: 5718: 5697: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5657: 5641:Ricke, Herbert 5637: 5631: 5618: 5598: 5592: 5574: 5568: 5555: 5516: 5497: 5472: 5466: 5453: 5428: 5422: 5409: 5403: 5382: 5376: 5363: 5357: 5336: 5330: 5317: 5311: 5296: 5290: 5277: 5271: 5255: 5249: 5233: 5220: 5214: 5197: 5184: 5171: 5157: 5144: 5138: 5122: 5116: 5103: 5080: 5058:Hayes, William 5054: 5048: 5032: 5026: 5010: 5004: 4987: 4981: 4963: 4957: 4942: 4929: 4909: 4903: 4890: 4857: 4845: 4828: 4803: 4794: 4788: 4773: 4767: 4754: 4748: 4733: 4720: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4655: 4642: 4621: 4615: 4594: 4589:978-0198152507 4588: 4575: 4562: 4533: 4527: 4514: 4493: 4477: 4471: 4451: 4437: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4374:, p. 313. 4364: 4362:, p. 249. 4352: 4340: 4338:, p. 152. 4336:Brovarski 2001 4328: 4324:Brovarski 2001 4316: 4312:Brovarski 2001 4304: 4292: 4280: 4278:, p. 390. 4268: 4256: 4254:, p. 519. 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4206:, p. 388. 4196: 4194:, p. 108. 4184: 4182:, p. 150. 4169: 4167:, p. 350. 4157: 4145: 4143:, p. 436. 4130: 4118: 4116:, p. 438. 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4065:, p. 431. 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4017:, p. 270. 4004: 4002:, p. 125. 3992: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3942:, p. 169. 3929: 3925:Strudwick 2005 3917: 3905: 3903:, p. 865. 3893: 3891:, p. 116. 3881: 3879:, p. 394. 3869: 3867:, p. 144. 3848: 3833: 3831:, p. 784. 3821: 3809: 3807:, p. 407. 3797: 3785: 3783:, p. 115. 3773: 3761: 3757:Brovarski 2001 3749: 3737: 3735:, p. 118. 3725: 3723:, p. 269. 3713: 3711:, p. 232. 3701: 3689: 3677: 3675:, p. 288. 3665: 3663:, p. 260. 3650: 3648:, p. 158. 3646:Brovarski 2001 3638: 3626: 3624:, p. 422. 3614: 3612:, p. 394. 3602: 3600:, p. 421. 3590: 3588:, p. 424. 3578: 3566: 3564:, p. 115. 3554: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3499:, p. 495. 3486: 3482:Brovarski 2001 3474: 3470:Brovarski 2001 3459: 3447: 3445:, p. 173. 3443:Schneider 2002 3435: 3423: 3419:Strudwick 2005 3411: 3407:Strudwick 2005 3399: 3397:, p. 247. 3387: 3383:Brovarski 2001 3375: 3371:Strudwick 2005 3356: 3352:Strudwick 2005 3344: 3332: 3330:, p. 590. 3320: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3269: 3267:, p. 597. 3254: 3252:, p. 179. 3250:Wilkinson 2000 3242: 3238:Strudwick 2005 3230: 3213: 3211:, p. 345. 3196: 3184: 3172: 3170:, p. 176. 3160: 3158:, p. 352. 3145: 3143:, p. 393. 3130: 3118: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3075:Strudwick 2005 3067: 3065:, p. 171. 3055: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3017:, p. 317. 3007: 3005:, p. 126. 2995: 2993:, p. 234. 2980: 2968: 2966:, p. 335. 2956: 2944: 2942:, p. 261. 2932: 2920: 2918:, p. 135. 2908: 2893: 2891:, p. 599. 2874: 2872:, p. 282. 2857: 2855:, p. 145. 2845: 2830: 2826:Borchardt 1913 2818: 2806: 2794: 2792:, p. 521. 2782: 2780:, p. 535. 2770: 2758: 2743: 2728: 2716: 2714:, p. 173. 2701: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2621: 2619:, p. 178. 2609: 2597: 2595:, p. 581. 2585: 2573: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2530:, p. 198. 2520: 2518:, p. 108. 2508: 2496: 2494:, p. 587. 2484: 2482:, p. 395. 2469: 2444: 2432: 2428:Brovarski 1987 2420: 2418:, p. 117. 2408: 2396: 2394:, p. 396. 2381: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2310: 2308:, p. 491. 2298: 2294:Strudwick 1985 2286: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2245:, p. 285. 2235: 2233:, p. 132. 2216: 2214:, p. 100. 2204: 2192: 2190:, p. xxx. 2188:Strudwick 2005 2180: 2168: 2156: 2154:, p. 598. 2133: 2131:, p. 589. 2114: 2102: 2100:, p. 337. 2090: 2086:Borchardt 1910 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2056: 2043: 2030: 2018: 2005: 1988: 1975: 1966: 1949: 1935: 1926: 1913: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1812: 1809: 1775:Main article: 1772: 1769: 1721: 1718: 1677: 1674: 1638:Ba-Neferirkare 1621: 1618: 1613:Main article: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1555: 1552: 1501:Djedkare Isesi 1483: 1480: 1451: 1448: 1430:Khenti-Amentiu 1417: 1416:Administration 1414: 1314: 1311: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1274:Menkauhor Kaiu 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1112:Nicolas Grimal 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 997:Saqqara Tablet 968: 965: 940: 937: 927: 924: 908:Middle Kingdom 863:Ba-Neferirkare 850:to the north. 828:royal titulary 764: 763: 758: 754: 753: 744:Ba-Neferirkare 740: 736: 735: 730: 726: 725: 719: 715: 714: 709: 705: 704: 678: 674: 673: 668: 664: 663: 658: 657: 654: 653: 650: 649: 646: 645: 638: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 614: 602: 601: 595: 584: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574: 570: 554: 553: 538: 531: 530: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 504: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 480: 475: 463: 462: 456: 445: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 416: 415: 408:has engendered 392: 385: 384: 378: 377: 374: 373: 369: 368: 365: 364: 336: 329: 328: 322: 321: 318: 317: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 302: 299: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 264: 241: 234: 233: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 207: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 183: 171: 170: 164: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 134: 133: 122: 115: 114: 106: 103:Royal titulary 101: 100: 97: 96: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 67: 61: 60: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9964: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9924: 9919: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9814: 9810: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9767: 9765: 9764: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9579: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9369:Cleopatra III 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9254: 9250: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9172: 9171:Nepherites II 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9007: 8999: 8995: 8985: 8982: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8953: 8949: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8702:Psusennes III 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8593:(1069–664 BC) 8589: 8585: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8559:Ramesses VIII 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8428:Amenhotep III 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8351: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8292: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8268:Seqenenre Tao 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Sobekemsaf II 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8193:Wepwawetemsaf 8190: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7800:Merneferre Ay 7798: 7796: 7795:Wahibre Ibiau 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7780:Sobekhotep IV 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7587:Amenemhat III 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7518:Mentuhotep IV 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7508:Mentuhotep II 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7449: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7420: 7416: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7370:Wahkare Khety 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7325:Neferkare VII 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6872:Seth-Peribsen 6870: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6815:Hotepsekhemwy 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6606: 6605:Double Falcon 6603: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496:(pre-3150 BC) 6492: 6491:Protodynastic 6488: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6446: 6442: 6433: 6429: 6428:Protodynastic 6424: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6364:Fifth Dynasty 6361: 6360: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6216:(in German). 6215: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6142:(3): 363–418. 6141: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6069: 6063: 6056: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6042:(in French). 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6017:(in German). 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5922: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5774:3-491-96053-3 5770: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5727:(in German). 5726: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5506: 5502: 5501:"Neferirkare" 5498: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5439:(in French). 5438: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5377:80-85425-39-4 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5237:Leclant, Jean 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5130:The Egyptians 5127: 5126:Hornung, Erik 5123: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4992:Bard, Kathryn 4988: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4839:(in French). 4838: 4834: 4829: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4540:(in German). 4539: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4422: 4421: 4409: 4404: 4398:, p. 93. 4397: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4314:, p. 70. 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4290:, p. 72. 4289: 4284: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4218:, p. 86. 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4176: 4174: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4041:, p. 93. 4040: 4035: 4029:, p. 55. 4028: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3978:, p. 97. 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3927:, p. 39. 3926: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3846:, p. 91. 3845: 3840: 3838: 3830: 3825: 3819:, p. 76. 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3795:, p. 24. 3794: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3759:, p. 15. 3758: 3753: 3746: 3745:Breasted 1906 3741: 3734: 3733:Breasted 1906 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3699:, p. 28. 3698: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3558: 3552:, p. 58. 3551: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3535:, p. 62. 3534: 3529: 3523:, p. 89. 3522: 3517: 3510: 3509:Gardiner 1961 3505: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3484:, p. 12. 3483: 3478: 3472:, p. 11. 3471: 3466: 3464: 3457:, p. 34. 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3409:, p. 74. 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3385:, p. 92. 3384: 3379: 3373:, p. 73. 3372: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3342:, p. 38. 3341: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3306:, p. 46. 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3228:, p. 77. 3227: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3128:, p. 34. 3127: 3122: 3116:, p. 35. 3115: 3110: 3108: 3101:, p. 70. 3100: 3095: 3088: 3083: 3077:, p. 27. 3076: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3053:, p. 29. 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2906:, p. 97. 2905: 2900: 2898: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2854: 2849: 2843:, p. 66. 2842: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2814:El-Awady 2006 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2766:El-Awady 2006 2762: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2726:, p. 62. 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2682:Lichteim 2000 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2648:, p. 64. 2647: 2642: 2636:, p. 66. 2635: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2613: 2607:, p. 51. 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2581:El-Awady 2006 2577: 2570: 2569:El-Awady 2006 2565: 2563: 2561: 2553: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2467:, p. 77. 2466: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2440:Mariette 1864 2436: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2412: 2406:, p. 81. 2405: 2404:de Rougé 1918 2400: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2367:, p. 38. 2366: 2365:Leprohon 2013 2361: 2355:, p. 61. 2354: 2349: 2342: 2341:Leprohon 2013 2337: 2331:, p. 39. 2330: 2329:Leprohon 2013 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2268: 2263: 2257:, p. xx. 2256: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2213: 2208: 2202:, p. 60. 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2178:, p. 85. 2177: 2172: 2166:, p. 10. 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2112:, p. 58. 2111: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2066: 2060: 2053: 2052:W3š-b3w-K3k3i 2047: 2040: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1985: 1979: 1970: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1945: 1939: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1859:true of voice 1856: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1811:Funerary cult 1808: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:Herbert Ricke 1789: 1785: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686:Abusir papyri 1683: 1673: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658:Third Dynasty 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1616: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1560: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1410:Palermo stone 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348:First Dynasty 1345: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1299:Palermo Stone 1296: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270:Khentkaus III 1266: 1264: 1263:funerary cult 1260: 1259: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:Egyptologists 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 964: 962: 958: 957:Sixth Dynasty 954: 950: 946: 932: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 899:funerary cult 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 875:Third Dynasty 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 793: 789: 785: 784:Fifth Dynasty 781: 778: 774: 770: 762: 759: 755: 752: 749: 745: 741: 737: 734: 731: 727: 723: 720: 716: 713: 710: 706: 700: 699:Khentkaus III 689: 682: 679: 675: 672: 669: 665: 639: 637: 630: 618: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 603: 599: 596: 589: 588: 585: 583: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 551: 543: 537: 536: 532: 529: 525: 505: 503: 496: 484: 481: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 464: 460: 457: 450: 449: 446: 444: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 413: 409: 407: 403: 397: 391: 390: 386: 383: 379: 358: 357: 354: 353: 349: 345: 341: 335: 334: 330: 327: 323: 306: 303: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 288: 284: 268: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 253: 252: 246: 240: 239: 235: 232: 228: 208: 206: 199: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 172: 168: 165: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 131: 127: 121: 120: 116: 113: 109: 104: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 68: 66: 62: 59: 55: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9681: 9674: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9576: 9569: 9555:Lucius Verus 9512: 9413: 9389:Berenice III 9379:Cleopatra IV 9354:Cleopatra II 9286:Alexander IV 9206:Nectanebo II 9175: 9156:Nepherites I 9115:Artaxerxes I 9102: 9032: 9020: 9003:(664–332 BC) 8983: 8939:Roman Period 8841:Shoshenq VII 8839: 8812: 8772: 8753:Shoshenq III 8735: 8700: 8663: 8641:Psusennes II 8554:Ramesses VII 8534:Ramesses III 8418:Amenhotep II 8413:Thutmose III 8349: 8238:Sobekemsaf I 8230: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8164: 8157: 8062: 8045: 8040:'Aper-'Anati 8038: 8031: 8024: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7948:Sekheperenre 7900: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7770:Neferhotep I 7760:Seth Meribre 7737: 7723:Djedkheperew 7640: 7601: 7592:Amenemhat IV 7582:Senusret III 7572:Amenemhat II 7488:Mentuhotep I 7450: 7339: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7204:Neferkare II 7155: 7148: 7081:Nyuserre Ini 7065: 7035: 7018: 6973: 6966: 6954: 6895: 6890:Neferkasokar 6888: 6881: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6794: 6787: 6695: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6638:Finger Snail 6636: 6629: 6609: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6476: 6357: 6308: 6287: 6267: 6247: 6243: 6235:the original 6230: 6217: 6213: 6194: 6171: 6152: 6139: 6135: 6109: 6090: 6053: 6043: 6039: 6018: 6014: 5989: 5985: 5963: 5943: 5919: 5899: 5879: 5859: 5833: 5810: 5787: 5764: 5745: 5728: 5722: 5705: 5681: 5661: 5644: 5622: 5605: 5579: 5559: 5547:. Retrieved 5540:the original 5527: 5508:. Retrieved 5480: 5457: 5440: 5436: 5413: 5390: 5367: 5346: 5321: 5301: 5281: 5262: 5259:Lehner, Mark 5240: 5228: 5224: 5205: 5192: 5188: 5179: 5148: 5129: 5107: 5066:. New York: 5062: 5039: 5036:Hawass, Zahi 5017: 4995: 4971: 4947: 4935:the original 4920: 4894: 4873: 4852: 4840: 4836: 4820:. Retrieved 4811: 4778: 4758: 4738: 4728: 4724: 4706: 4684: 4663: 4648:the original 4629: 4625:Baud, Michel 4602: 4598:Baud, Michel 4579: 4570: 4541: 4537: 4518: 4499: 4488: 4462: 4427: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4372:Morales 2006 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4276:Verner 2001a 4271: 4264:Verner 2001a 4259: 4247: 4240:Verner 2001a 4235: 4223: 4211: 4204:Verner 2001a 4199: 4187: 4160: 4148: 4121: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3920: 3908: 3901:Leclant 1999 3896: 3884: 3877:Verner 2001a 3872: 3844:Verner 2001d 3824: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3769:Roccati 1982 3764: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3721:Verner 2001c 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3673:Hornung 1997 3668: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3533:Clayton 1994 3528: 3516: 3504: 3477: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3347: 3340:Schäfer 1902 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3294:, p. 3. 3287: 3282:, p. 2. 3245: 3233: 3192:Verner 2001a 3187: 3175: 3168:Daressy 1912 3163: 3141:Verner 2001a 3121: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3051:Schmitz 1976 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2976:Verner 1980a 2971: 2959: 2952:Verner 1985a 2947: 2940:Verner 1980b 2935: 2923: 2911: 2870:Verner 1985a 2848: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2741:, p. 6. 2719: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2612: 2605:Waddell 1971 2600: 2588: 2576: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2480:Verner 2001a 2435: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2372: 2360: 2353:Clayton 1994 2348: 2336: 2306:Hornung 2012 2301: 2296:, p. 3. 2289: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2207: 2200:Clayton 1994 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2129:Verner 2001b 2105: 2093: 2081: 2064: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2038: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2014:Grḥ n Rˁ(.w) 2013: 2008: 2001:St-ib-Rˁ(.w) 2000: 1996: 1991: 1978: 1969: 1958:25th Dynasty 1952: 1943: 1938: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1851: 1842: 1822: 1804: 1795: 1783: 1780: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1751:Sed festival 1745: 1743: 1733: 1725: 1723: 1703: 1695: 1679: 1666: 1654:step pyramid 1650: 1637: 1631: 1590: 1585: 1569: 1525: 1485: 1475: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1435: 1419: 1407: 1390: 1382: 1360: 1336: 1305:cattle count 1302: 1294: 1292: 1267: 1256: 1254: 1250:Nyuserre Ini 1247: 1243:crown prince 1236: 1220:Khentkaus II 1217: 1148: 1110:, including 1105: 1100:12th Dynasty 1096:17th Dynasty 1066: 1054: 1028: 1026: 1001: 970: 942: 896: 887: 871:step pyramid 862: 852: 817: 809:Nyuserre Ini 801:Khentkaus II 795: 768: 767: 750: 743: 688:Nyuserre Ini 671:Khentkaus II 549: 541: 411: 399: 395: 347: 343: 339: 337:Sekhemunebu 326:Golden Horus 286: 282: 248: 244: 129: 125: 29: 9659:Gordian III 9604:Diadumenian 9404:Cleopatra V 9258:(332–30 BC) 9253:Hellenistic 9196:Nectanebo I 9088:Cambyses II 9070:Psamtik III 9028:Tefnakht II 8830:Takelot III 8825:Osorkon III 8820:Shoshenq VI 8774:Pedubast II 8758:Shoshenq IV 8731:Shoshenq II 8696:Pinedjem II 8686:Menkheperre 8621:Psusennes I 8574:Ramesses XI 8564:Ramesses IX 8549:Ramesses VI 8539:Ramesses IV 8486:Ramesses II 8448:Tutankhamun 8423:Thutmose IV 8403:Thutmose II 8393:Amenhotep I 8365:New Kingdom 8300:New Kingdom 8159:Senusret IV 8143:Dedumose II 8118:Nebiriau II 8113:Nebiryraw I 8108:Mentuhotepi 7913:Khakherewre 7840:Merkheperre 7750:Imyremeshaw 7733:Sedjefakare 7688:Sehetepibre 7663:Ameny Qemau 7597:Sobekneferu 7577:Senusret II 7562:Amenemhat I 7544:Iyibkhentre 7274:Neferirkare 7269:Neferkauhor 7076:Shepseskare 6917:Old Kingdom 6903:Khasekhemwy 6883:Neferkara I 6852:Weneg-Nebty 6697:Scorpion II 6376:Shepseskare 6250:: 407–410. 6231:Archaeogate 6021:: 243–268. 5992:: 158–169. 5702:Sethe, Kurt 4408:Málek 2000b 4360:Málek 2000b 4350:, plate IX. 4348:Murray 1905 4216:Goelet 1999 4192:Kaiser 1956 4180:Lehner 2008 4075:Verner 2005 3889:Grimal 1992 3865:Lehner 2008 3829:Lehner 1999 3805:Verner 2012 3781:Grimal 1992 3697:Manley 1996 3521:Grimal 1992 3497:Teeter 1999 3328:Verner 2000 3304:Grimal 1992 3226:Grimal 1992 3156:Katary 2001 3039:Grimal 1992 2853:Lehner 2008 2828:, Plate 17. 2754:Verner 2007 2658:Grimal 1992 2593:Verner 2000 2540:Seters 1997 2528:Baines 2007 2492:Verner 2000 2212:Málek 2000a 1982:Located in 1922:smsw Rˁ-nfr 1788:Mark Lehner 1704:During the 1670:own pyramid 1593:Ptahshepses 1576:Old Kingdom 1564:Ptahshepses 1554:Personality 1385:-chapel of 1377:statue of 1278:Shepseskare 1156:Shepseskare 1144:Khentkaus I 1124:Khentkaus I 1004:Turin canon 989:Ramesses II 973:New Kingdom 813:Shepseskare 393:Neferirkare 242:Khaemnebty 94:Shepseskare 76:Predecessor 25:Neferirkare 21:8th Dynasty 9936:Categories 9776:Diocletian 9730:Quintillus 9683:Aemilianus 9638:Gordian II 9610:Elagabalus 9431:Arsinoe IV 9314:Arsinoe II 9239:Darius III 9166:Psammuthes 9055:Psamtik II 8870:Bakenranef 8808:Pedubast I 8803:Takelot II 8798:Harsiese A 8780:Osorkon IV 8768:Shoshenq V 8748:Osorkon II 8721:Shoshenq I 8691:Smendes II 8671:Pinedjem I 8616:Amenemnisu 8569:Ramesses X 8544:Ramesses V 8496:Amenmesses 8476:Ramesses I 8438:Smenkhkare 8408:Hatshepsut 8398:Thutmose I 8148:Montuemsaf 8138:Dedumose I 7938:Nebdjefare 7928:Merdjefare 7698:Nedjemibre 7693:Sewadjkare 7567:Senusret I 7539:Qakare Ini 7360:Meryhathor 7264:Neferkaure 7259:Qakare Iby 7244:Neferkahor 7229:Neferkamin 7037:Thamphthis 7031:Shepseskaf 6945:Sekhemkhet 6796:Horus Bird 6673:Scorpion I 6046:: 281–284. 5820:1575060132 5195:: 104–116. 4843:: 161–214. 4396:Bareš 1985 4384:Bareš 1985 4288:Hayes 1978 3709:Sethe 1903 3661:Baker 2008 3634:Smith 1949 3562:Hayes 1978 3550:Smith 1949 3431:Sethe 1903 3395:Sethe 1903 3280:Bárta 2017 3087:Baud 1999b 3027:Nolan 2012 2991:Baud 1999a 2964:Baud 1999a 2790:Baud 1999b 2778:Baud 1999b 2739:Bárta 2017 2697:Hayes 1978 2634:Hayes 1978 2504:Málek 2004 2416:Helck 1987 2110:Hayes 1978 2074:References 1984:Heliopolis 1909:Djedefptah 1896:Shepseskaf 1720:Sun temple 1662:gable roof 1325:wood with 1301:preserves 1295:Aegyptiaca 1293:Manetho's 1067:Aegyptiaca 1059:hellenized 1055:Aegyptiaca 1035:Ptolemy II 1030:Aegyptiaca 949:Akhethetep 792:Meretnebty 771:(known in 748:Sun temple 722:Meretnebty 340:Sḫm.w nb-w 251:Two Ladies 231:Nebty name 112:Horus name 9908:Ptolemaic 9716:Gallienus 9631:Gordian I 9594:Caracalla 9520:Vespasian 9514:Vitellius 9296:Ptolemaic 9138:Amyrtaeus 9120:Darius II 9065:Ahmose II 9045:Psamtik I 8984:uncertain 8972:Pharaohs 8908:Tanutamun 8743:Takelot I 8726:Osorkon I 8676:Masaharta 8626:Amenemope 8529:Setnakhte 8491:Merneptah 8433:Akhenaten 8350:uncertain 8232:Nebmaatre 8053:Sakir-Har 8006:Yaqub-Har 7918:Nebefawre 7668:Hotepibre 7534:Segerseni 7503:Intef III 7451:uncertain 7439:Pharaohs 7071:Neferefre 6897:Hudjefa I 6778:Semerkhet 6515:Hedju Hor 6477:uncertain 6465:Pharaohs 6371:Neferefre 6076:cite book 6006:201699676 5888:558013099 5855:Shaw, Ian 5847:846318602 5737:0344-385X 5714:912724377 5653:163256368 5549:3 January 5536:1944-0014 5528:AERA Gram 5510:3 January 5493:458801811 5449:458108639 5167:0169-9423 4886:369027133 4694:310832679 4627:(1999b). 4600:(1999a). 4558:192097104 4510:911725773 3685:Baer 1960 3015:Roth 2001 2904:Rice 1999 2712:Rice 1999 2552:Shaw 2004 2231:Rice 1999 1682:mudbricks 1538:, on the 1476:nswt-bjtj 1460:nswt-bjtj 1239:Neferefre 1152:filiation 1047:Byzantine 961:afterlife 861:, called 820:courtiers 805:Neferefre 796:Ranefer A 739:Monuments 693:, Iryenre 681:Neferefre 280:Userkhau 245:Ḫˁ m nbty 123:Userkhau 90:Neferefre 86:Successor 9868:21 to 23 9786:Galerius 9781:Maximian 9770:Numerian 9737:Aurelian 9689:Valerian 9652:Balbinus 9645:Pupienus 9599:Macrinus 9571:Pertinax 9565:Commodus 9530:Domitian 9493:Claudius 9488:Caligula 9483:Tiberius 9478:Augustus 9098:Darius I 9050:Necho II 8893:Shebitku 8865:Tefnakht 8458:Horemheb 8388:Ahmose I 8200:Pantjeny 8186:Senebkay 8166:Pepi III 8128:Bebiankh 7985:Shenshek 7943:Nebsenre 7775:Sihathor 7745:Khendjer 7708:Renseneb 7653:Nerikare 7498:Intef II 7375:Merykare 7280:Wadjkare 7224:Merenhor 7119:Userkare 7026:Menkaure 7020:Bikheris 7009:Djedefre 6975:Qahedjet 6859:Wadjenes 6845:Horus Sa 6838:Nubnefer 6825:Nynetjer 6789:Sneferka 6529:Ni-Neith 6415:Pharaohs 6307:(2000). 6266:(1999). 6256:41812236 6220:: 43–44. 6027:25150079 5831:(1903). 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