33:
752:
767:
62:
3072:
419:, six (A, B, C, W135, X, and Y) account for most disease cases worldwide. Type A has been the most prevalent in Africa and Asia, but is rare/practically absent in North America. In the United States, serogroup B is the predominant cause of disease and mortality, followed by serogroup C. The multiple subtypes have hindered development of a universal vaccine for meningococcal disease.
651:) than in other annotated gene groups. The over-representation of DUS in DNA repair and recombination genes may reflect the benefit of maintaining the integrity of the DNA repair and recombination machinery by preferentially taking up genome maintenance genes, that could replace their damaged counterparts in the recipient cell.
577:
is 2.18 Mb, and encodes 2,480 open reading frames (ORFs), compared to 2.27 Mb and 2,465 ORFs for MC58. Both strains have a GC content of 51.5%. A comparison with MC58 showed that four genes are uniquely present in H44/76 and nine genes are only present in MC58. Of all ORFs in H44/76, 2,317 (93%) show
459:
and aids in evasion of the host immune response. Adhesion is another key virulence strategy to successfully invade host cell. There are several known proteins that are involved in adhesion and invasion, or mediate interactions with specific host cell receptors. These include the Type IV pilin adhesin
738:
acquired an 8-kb prophage, the meningococcal disease-associated island (MDAΦ), previously associated with hyper-invasiveness; and the full serogroup C capsule operon, thus becoming a hypervirulent strain. This illustrates how hypervirulent strains can arise from non-pathgenic strains due to the high
1128:
of meningococcal disease is highest among infants (children younger than one year old) whose immune system is relatively immature. In industrialized countries there is a second peak of incidence in young adults, who are congregating closely, living in dormitories or smoking. Vaccine development is
1075:
infection should be hospitalized immediately for treatment with antibiotics. Because meningococcal disease can disseminate very rapidly, a single dose of intramuscular antibiotic is often given at the earliest possible opportunity, even before hospitalization, if disease symptoms look suspicious
269:
occur in about 50% of cases. Chance of survival is highly correlated with blood cortisol levels, with lower levels prior to steroid administration corresponding with increased patient mortality. Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis are easily confused with those caused by other bacteria, such as
890:
All recent contacts of the infected patient over the seven days before onset should receive medication to prevent them from contracting the infection. This especially includes young children and their child caregivers or nursery-school contacts, as well as anyone who had direct exposure to the
936:
A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) has been available since the 1970s and is the only meningococcal vaccine licensed for people older than 55. MPSV4 may be used in people 2–55 years old if the MCV4 vaccines are not available or contraindicated. Two meningococcal
867:
for growing the organism, and up to a week more for serotyping. Growth can and often does fail, either because antibiotics have been given preemptively, or because specimens have been inappropriately transported, as the organism is extremely susceptible to antibiotics and
941:(MCV4) are licensed for use in the U.S. The first conjugate vaccine was licensed in 2005, the second in 2010. Conjugate vaccines are the preferred vaccine for people 2 through 55 years of age. It is indicated in those with impaired immunity, such as
511:, and is, therefore, important as a potential vaccine candidate. Porins are also an important factor for complement inhibition for both pathogenic and commensal species. Porins are important for nutrient acquisition. Porins are also recognized by
895:. Anyone who frequently ate, slept or stayed at the patient's home during the seven days before the onset of symptom, or those who sat beside the patient on an airplane flight or classroom for eight hours or longer, should also receive
471:
Pathogenic meningococci that have invaded into the bloodstream must be able to survive in the new niche, this is facilitated by acquisition and utilisation of iron (FetA and Hmbr), resisting intracellular oxidative killing by producing
1115:
is a major cause of illness, developmental impairment and death during childhood in industrialized countries and has been responsible for epidemics in Africa and in Asia. Every year, about 2,500 to 3,500 people become infected with
585:(serogroup A) consists of one circular chromosome with a size of 2,188,020 bp, and the average GC content is 51.5%. The chromosome is predicted to possess 4 rRNA operons, 163 insertion elements (IS), 59 tRNAs, and 2,462 ORFs.
1411:
Riordan FA, Thomson AP, Ratcliffe JM, Sills JA, Diver MJ, Hart CA (October 1999). "Admission cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone levels in children with meningococcal disease: evidence of adrenal insufficiency?".
390:
of up to 8–25% of adults. It colonizes and infects only humans, and has never been isolated from other animals. This is thought to result from the bacterium's inability to get iron from sources other than human
1104:(CSF) for laboratory testing cannot first be performed. Antibiotic treatment may affect the results of microbiology tests, but a diagnosis may be made on the basis of blood-cultures and clinical examination.
933:(CDC) recommends all teenagers receive MenACWY vaccine and booster, with optional MenB. MenACWY and MenB are also recommended for people of other ages with various medical conditions and social risk factors.
290:(infection of the blood) is suspected, intravenous antibiotics should be given and the ill person admitted to the hospital. This means that laboratory tests may be less likely to confirm the presence of
2520:
1222:
has been engineered to allow covalent coupling between proteins, because it generates a reactive anhydride when exposed to calcium. The bacterium also expresses unique enzymes able to cleave
313:") and does not cause the classical symptoms of meningitis. This means the condition may be ignored by those not aware of the significance of the rash. Septicaemia carries an approximate 50%
294:
as the antibiotics will dramatically lower the number of bacteria in the body. The UK guidance is based on the idea that the reduced ability to identify the bacteria is outweighed by reduced
1563:
910:
before traveling to a country in the "meningitis belt" or having a booster meningitis vaccine, normally five years apart could prevent someone from getting an infection from the pathogen.
484:
mediated killing (fHbp). Meningococci produce an IgA protease, an enzyme that cleaves IgA class antibodies and thus allows the bacteria to evade a subclass of the humoral immune system.
882:(PCR) tests where available, mostly in industrialized countries, have been increasingly used; PCR can rapidly identify the organism, and works even after antibiotics have been given.
223:
is spread through saliva and respiratory secretions during coughing, sneezing, kissing, chewing on toys and through sharing a source of fresh water. It has also been reported to be
1538:
531:(complement factor 4b-binding protein)). Cooperation with pili for CR3-mediated internalization is another function of porins. Ability to translocate into host cells and modulate
722:
species, and it is the main mechanism of acquiring new traits. This is facilitated by the natural competence of the meningococci to take up foreign DNA. The commensal species of
1722:
Griffiss JM, Schneider H, Mandrell RE, Yamasaki R, Jarvis GA, Kim JJ, et al. (1988). "Lipooligosaccharides: the principal glycolipids of the neisserial outer membrane".
305:
has received much less public attention than meningococcal meningitis even though septicaemia has been linked to infant deaths. Meningococcal septicaemia typically causes a
1334:"Notes from the Field: Increase in Neisseria meningitidis-Associated Urethritis Among Men at Two Sentinel Clinics - Columbus, Ohio, and Oakland County, Michigan, 2015"
213:. As an exclusively human pathogen, it causes developmental impairment and death in about 10% of cases. It causes the only form of bacterial meningitis known to occur
2627:
Valles J, Ferrer R, Fernández-Viladrich P (2005). "Bloodstream
Infections Including Endocarditis and Meningitis". In van Saene HK, Silvestri L, de la Cal MA (eds.).
2470:
2441:
1310:
2656:
Coant PN, Kornberg AE, Duffy LC, Dryja DM, Hassan SM (August 1992). "Blood culture results as determinants in the organism identification of bacterial meningitis".
726:
can act as a reservoir of genes that can be acquired; for example, this is how capsule switching can occur as a means of hiding from the immune system. An invasive
503:. fHbp protects meningococci from complement-mediated death in human serum experiments, but has also been shown to protect meningococci from antimicrobial peptides
3226:
1120:
in the US, with a frequency of about 1 in 100,000. Children younger than five years are at greatest risk, followed by teenagers of high school age. Rates in the
2543:
1919:"Role of factor H binding protein in Neisseria meningitidis virulence and its potential as a vaccine candidate to broadly protect against meningococcal disease"
1132:
It is spread through saliva and other respiratory secretions during coughing, sneezing, kissing, and chewing on toys. Inhalation of respiratory droplets from a
929:
A number of vaccines are available in the U.S. to prevent meningococcal disease. Some of the vaccines cover serogroup B, while others cover A, C, W, and Y. The
2516:
2569:
2488:
562:
found. Two encode proteins involved in pathogenicity. The third island only codes for hypothetical proteins. They also found more genes that undergo
3200:
611:
is the process by which a recipient bacterial cell takes up DNA from a neighboring cell and integrates this DNA into the recipient's genome by
3300:
3239:
2821:"Meningococcal disease: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, antimicrobial susceptibility and prevention"
2087:"Complete Genome Sequence of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup A Strain NMA510612, Isolated from a Patient with Bacterial Meningitis in China"
468:, surface-exposed Opa and Opc proteins which mediate interactions with specific host cell receptors, and NadA which is involved in adhesion.
1874:
Caugant DA, Brynildsrud OB (February 2020). "Neisseria meningitidis: using genomics to understand diversity, evolution and pathogenesis".
286:
and immediate medical assessment is recommended. Current guidance in the United
Kingdom is that if a case of meningococcal meningitis or
1527:
1088:) should be used to treat a suspected or culture-proven meningococcal infection before antibiotic susceptibility results are available.
701:
may be the maintenance of the recombination and repair machinery of the cell that removes oxidative DNA damages such as those caused by
930:
2474:
804:
by growth from a sterile body fluid, which could be CSF or blood. Diagnosis is confirmed when the organism has grown, most often on a
1144:. Other risk factors include a weakened general or local immune response, such as a recent upper respiratory infection, smoking, and
2449:
3174:
3213:
2388:"Acquisition of virulence genes by a carrier strain gave rise to the ongoing epidemics of meningococcal disease in West Africa"
1161:
333:
2700:
1799:
1774:
1465:
1395:
3218:
1571:
961:
321:
1318:
3310:
337:
1063:. The vaccination campaign has resulted in near-elimination of serogroup A meningitis from the participating countries.
535:
production and apoptosis is made possible by porins, as well. Strains of the same species can express different porins.
751:
2640:
2535:
1290:
824:. Gram negative diplococci that are oxidase and catalase positive are then tested for fermentation of the following
3126:
3290:
2244:
Dyet K, Moir J (February 2006). "Effect of combined oxidative and nitrosative stress on
Neisseria meningitidis".
644:
3244:
3032:
730:
strain of serogroup C broke out in
Nigeria in 2013 – the strain was a new sequence type, ST-10217 determined by
345:
336:. Not all instances of a purpura-like rash are due to meningococcal septicaemia; other possible causes, such as
972:
type b (Hib). It was the first meningococcal vaccine that could be given to infants as young as six weeks old.
500:
224:
2565:
2502:
2772:"Biology and pathogenesis of the evolutionarily successful, obligate human bacterium Neisseria meningitidis"
3295:
2491:(Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2017-01-19.
953:
892:
857:
451:
and hemorrhage due to the destruction of red blood cells. Other virulence factors include a polysaccharide
415:
capsule. Serotype distribution varies markedly around the world. Among the 13 identified capsular types of
40:
2034:, et al. (March 2000). "Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58".
1975:
Piet JR, Huis in 't Veld RA, van Schaik BD, van Kampen AH, Baas F, van de Beek D, et al. (May 2011).
558:(ORFs). Of these, a biological function was predicted for 1158 (53.7%). There were three major islands of
2496:
1277:
Hitchcock PJ, Robinson Jr EN, McGee ZA, Koomey JM (1993). "Neisseriae: Gonococcus and
Meningococcus". In
1089:
3062:
988:
731:
709:
by facilitating repair of DNA damages produced by the oxidative defenses of the host during infection.
593:
61:
3254:
2862:"Efficient genome engineering in human pluripotent stem cells using Cas9 from Neisseria meningitidis"
2566:"Meningitis A nearly eliminated in Africa through vaccination, reaching more than 235 million people"
879:
694:
608:
2301:
1606:
2718:"Proteomics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the treasure hunt for countermeasures against an old disease"
1125:
1000:
781:(CSF) is sent to the laboratory as soon as possible for analysis. The diagnosis is suspected, when
713:
559:
436:
278:
2134:
Cehovin A, Simpson PJ, McDowell MA, Brown DR, Noschese R, Pallett M, et al. (February 2013).
1332:
Bazan JA, Peterson AS, Kirkcaldy RD, Briere EC, Maierhofer C, Turner AN, et al. (June 2016).
1192:
isolated the bacterium from the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis. He named the bacterium
793:. The microscopic identification takes around 1–2 hours after specimen arrival in the laboratory.
566:
than any pathogen then known. Phase variation is a mechanism that helps the pathogen to evade the
2921:"NeissLock provides an inducible protein anhydride for covalent targeting of endogenous proteins"
1592:, Brandtzaeg P (June 2007). "Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and Neisseria meningitidis".
1212:
because the enzyme is small and has distinct targeting features to the commonly used enzyme from
1137:
1121:
996:
702:
532:
179:
3205:
3088:
2296:
2287:
Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (May 2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens".
1601:
1214:
957:
809:
624:
452:
272:
2586:
Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Kaufman BA, Roos KL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ (November 2004).
3305:
1253:
1247:
1185:
1145:
919:
640:
612:
554:(serogroup B) has 2,272,351 base pairs. When sequenced in 2000, it was found to contain 2158
329:
248:
187:
146:
32:
3267:
2628:
2489:"FDA approves new combination vaccine that protects children against two bacterial diseases"
2466:
1917:
McNeil LK, Zagursky RJ, Lin SL, Murphy E, Zlotnick GW, Hoiseth SK, et al. (June 2013).
1820:"Cellular and molecular biology of Neisseria meningitidis colonization and invasive disease"
1453:
3161:
2932:
2873:
2860:
Hou Z, Zhang Y, Propson NE, Howden SE, Chu LF, Sontheimer EJ, Thomson JA (September 2013).
2147:
2043:
1133:
797:
477:
368:
2437:
8:
1646:
1235:
1209:
1101:
1093:
778:
619:, DNA transformation requires the presence of short DNA sequences (9–10 mers residing in
597:
555:
528:
432:
2936:
2877:
2151:
2047:
975:
In
October 2014 the FDA approved the first vaccine effective against serogroup B, named
3006:
2977:
2953:
2920:
2896:
2861:
2796:
2771:
2744:
2717:
2629:
2414:
2387:
2269:
2170:
2135:
2111:
2086:
2059:
2003:
1976:
1945:
1918:
1899:
1844:
1819:
1739:
1735:
1699:
1674:
1627:
1454:
1360:
1333:
1278:
1241:
1189:
1177:
1157:
942:
766:
760:
705:. This is consistent with the more general idea that transformation benefits bacterial
310:
231:
in men. It infects its host cells by sticking to them with long thin extensions called
93:
56:
3231:
2837:
2820:
2360:
2333:
2221:
2194:
1615:
383:
257:
and other forms of meningococcal disease. It initially produces general symptoms like
3262:
3148:
3011:
2958:
2901:
2842:
2801:
2749:
2696:
2673:
2669:
2636:
2609:
2568:(Press release). Ministerial Conference on Immunization in Africa. 22 February 2016.
2419:
2365:
2314:
2261:
2226:
2175:
2116:
2067:
2008:
1950:
1903:
1891:
1849:
1795:
1770:
1747:
1704:
1619:
1509:
1461:
1429:
1425:
1391:
1365:
1286:
1149:
1124:
were as high as 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 100 before introduction of a vaccine in 2010. The
956:(FDA) approved a combination vaccine against two types of meningococcal diseases and
938:
790:
674:
481:
283:
258:
236:
2273:
1631:
487:
A hypervirulent strain was discovered in China. Its impact is yet to be determined.
217:, mainly in Africa and Asia. It occurs worldwide in both epidemic and endemic form.
3153:
3001:
2993:
2948:
2940:
2891:
2881:
2832:
2791:
2783:
2739:
2729:
2665:
2599:
2409:
2399:
2355:
2345:
2306:
2253:
2216:
2206:
2165:
2155:
2106:
2098:
2051:
1998:
1988:
1940:
1930:
1883:
1839:
1831:
1731:
1694:
1686:
1611:
1421:
1355:
1345:
896:
813:
690:
461:
2997:
2787:
2055:
2310:
2027:
1589:
1559:
1097:
864:
716:
while in the nasophanrynx. Gene transfer can occur within and between genomes of
658:
648:
563:
191:
2386:
Brynildsrud OB, Eldholm V, Bohlin J, Uadiale K, Obaro S, Caugant DA (May 2018).
1306:
367:
in between. It is 0.6–1.0 micrometers in size. It tests positive for the enzyme
3076:
2944:
2866:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2392:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2140:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2031:
812:. To differentiate any bacterial growth from other species a small amount of a
805:
412:
314:
295:
262:
83:
2195:"Biased distribution of DNA uptake sequences towards genome maintenance genes"
1887:
325:
3284:
3111:
2734:
2102:
1513:
1077:
825:
782:
620:
567:
364:
360:
324:, a massive, usually bilateral, hemorrhage into the adrenal glands caused by
113:
103:
2982:
IgA1-specific serine protease exhibits novel cleavage activity against IgG3"
2886:
2517:"First vaccine approved by FDA to prevent serogroup B Meningococcal disease"
2404:
2160:
891:
patient through kissing, sharing utensils, or medical interventions such as
3015:
2962:
2905:
2846:
2805:
2753:
2613:
2423:
2369:
2318:
2265:
2230:
2179:
2120:
2071:
2012:
1974:
1954:
1895:
1853:
1708:
1623:
1433:
1369:
1350:
1181:
1165:
1004:
712:
Meningococci population is extensively diverse genetically, this is due to
456:
448:
363:
diplococcus since it has an outer and inner membranes with a thin layer of
2677:
2350:
1935:
1751:
1528:"Guidance for public health management of meningococcal disease in the UK"
1208:
are being harnessed in biotechnology. Its Cas9 enzyme is a useful tool in
1136:
which may be someone who is themselves in the early stages of disease can
3187:
3120:
2211:
2193:
Davidsen T, Rødland EA, Lagesen K, Seeberg E, Rognes T, Tønjum T (2004).
1650:
1141:
1085:
1020:
946:
547:
strains have been determined which encode about 2,100 to 2,500 proteins.
396:
392:
387:
210:
203:
1993:
960:
disease for infants and children 6 weeks to 18 months old. The vaccine,
3179:
3140:
3047:
2257:
2063:
1835:
1743:
1675:"Epidemiological profile of meningococcal disease in the United States"
1081:
1040:
992:
900:
869:
786:
666:
662:
636:
254:
228:
183:
3192:
773:
in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) seen by Gram stain at 1000Ă— magnification
2519:(Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 29 October 2014.
2085:
Zhang Y, Yang J, Xu L, Zhu Y, Liu B, Shao Z, et al. (May 2014).
1977:"Genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain H44/76"
1564:
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral
Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
718:
693:
during its life cycle. Consequently, an important benefit of genetic
444:
309:
rash, that does not lose its color when pressed with a glass slide ("
123:
3082:
2919:
Scheu AH, Lim SY, Metzner FJ, Mohammed S, Howarth M (January 2021).
3105:
3071:
2604:
2587:
1690:
1024:
1012:
976:
860:
purposes; this may often only be done in specialized laboratories.
849:
845:
821:
706:
627:. Specific recognition of these sequences is mediated by a type IV
524:
473:
341:
306:
266:
214:
73:
2025:
1496:
Mola SJ, Nield LS, Weisse ME (2008). "Treatment and Prevention of
789:
of a centrifuged sample of CSF; sometimes they are located inside
635:
DUSs occur at a significantly higher density in genes involved in
3135:
2536:"Tailor-made vaccine set to banish Africa's meningitis epidemics"
2473:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 July 2019.
1721:
1048:
1044:
837:
833:
829:
817:
465:
408:
2588:"Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis"
1792:
Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends
1285:(2nd ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 231.
3166:
2626:
2385:
1276:
1258:
1060:
287:
199:
195:
51:(colorized in yellow). The scale bar corresponds to 1 µm.
1140:
the bacteria. Close contact with a carrier is the predominant
2635:(2nd ed.). Milan; New York: Springer. pp. 337–377.
2192:
1570:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 March 2017.
1052:
1036:
1028:
1008:
628:
235:
and the surface-exposed proteins Opa and Opc and has several
232:
48:
1818:
Hill DJ, Griffiths NJ, Borodina E, Virji M (February 2010).
1410:
1331:
2976:
Spoerry C, Karlsson J, Aschtgen MS, Loh E (December 2021).
2448:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 May 2019.
2133:
1655:(13th ed.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1652:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
1587:
1344:(21). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 550–552.
1317:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 May 2019.
1056:
1032:
1016:
512:
2975:
2585:
1817:
209:
About 10% of adults are carriers of the bacteria in their
2471:
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
2442:
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
1390:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 329–333.
1311:
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
1223:
1152:
is short, from 2 to 10 days. In susceptible individuals,
520:
516:
507:. Factor H binding protein is key to the pathogenesis of
1007:
in 2010, it has been given to 215 million people across
499:
and some commensal species is the main inhibitor of the
407:
Disease-causing strains are classified according to the
2918:
2655:
2461:
2459:
1916:
2467:"Meningococcal Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know"
2286:
2136:"Specific DNA recognition mediated by a type IV pilin"
3060:
2859:
1767:
Pili and Flagella: Current Research and Future Trends
1568:
Characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae and Related Species
495:
Factor H binding protein (fHbp) that is exhibited in
2818:
2456:
2026:
Tettelin H, Saunders NJ, Heidelberg J, Jeffries AC,
1644:
2381:
2379:
1003:and cost 50 U.S. cents per injection. Beginning in
2331:
1873:
460:which mediates attachment of the bacterium to the
261:, fever, and headache and can rapidly progress to
1184:first observed the bacterium inside cells in the
3282:
2765:
2763:
2376:
1583:
1581:
2819:Manchanda V, Gupta S, Bhalla P (January 2006).
2693:Neisseria: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1495:
739:propensity of gene transfers and DNA uptake by
734:. It was determined that a commensal strain of
623:) of the donor DNA. These sequences are called
2581:
2579:
2084:
1447:
1445:
1443:
863:The above tests take a minimum of 48–72 hours
16:Species of bacterium that can cause meningitis
2760:
2334:"Fuzzy species among recombinogenic bacteria"
2332:Hanage WP, Fraser C, Spratt BG (March 2005).
2186:
2019:
1666:
1645:Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. (2015).
1578:
1456:Meningococcal Vaccines: Methods and Protocols
1451:
979:, for use in 10- to 25-year-old individuals.
800:of diagnosis is microbiological isolation of
665:. Upon their activation, macrophages produce
202:because it is round, and more specifically a
2969:
2715:
2690:
2684:
2631:Infection Control in the Intensive Care Unit
2527:
2280:
2237:
2127:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1860:
1813:
1811:
1783:
1758:
964:, was designed to prevent disease caused by
2812:
2709:
2576:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1440:
1338:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1270:
844:will ferment glucose and maltose. Finally,
47:cell (colorized in blue) with its adhesive
2912:
2649:
2078:
1923:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1307:"Meningococcal Disease in Other Countries"
931:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
31:
3005:
2952:
2895:
2885:
2836:
2795:
2743:
2733:
2603:
2413:
2403:
2359:
2349:
2300:
2220:
2210:
2169:
2159:
2110:
2002:
1992:
1961:
1944:
1934:
1843:
1808:
1698:
1605:
1381:
1379:
1359:
1349:
602:
588:There is a public database available for
2853:
2769:
2243:
1672:
1474:
1194:Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis
765:
750:
490:
2533:
1789:
1764:
1537:. Public Health England. 2019. GW-599.
1385:
1156:may invade the bloodstream and cause a
206:because of its tendency to form pairs.
3283:
3056:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
2825:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
1376:
1162:disseminated intravascular coagulation
899:. The agent of choice is usually oral
334:disseminated intravascular coagulation
3087:
3086:
1218:. The cell-surface protein FrpC from
317:over a few hours from initial onset.
242:
3301:Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
3255:baa82ec7-2df2-4565-8e7b-4419602fd533
1452:Pollard AJ, Maiden MC, eds. (2001).
999:. It was made by generic drug maker
198:. The bacterium is referred to as a
338:idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
320:Other severe complications include
13:
2691:Genco CA, Wetzler L, eds. (2010).
1281:, Medoff G, Eisenstein BI (eds.).
348:, also need prompt investigation.
265:, coma and death in 10% of cases.
14:
3322:
3025:
2289:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
578:more than 99% sequence identity.
3070:
2670:10.1097/00006565-199208000-00006
2572:from the original on 2017-02-02.
2523:from the original on 2021-01-22.
2477:from the original on 2021-01-23.
2452:from the original on 2020-10-30.
2246:Biochemical Society Transactions
1736:10.1093/cid/10.supplement_2.s287
1574:from the original on 2020-10-20.
1426:10.1097/00003246-199910000-00032
1321:from the original on 2020-10-30.
1199:
1164:, breakdown of circulation, and
924:
876:and growth medium requirements.
581:The complete genome sequence of
515:, they bind complement factors (
322:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
60:
2620:
2558:
2546:from the original on 2019-12-18
2509:
2481:
2430:
2325:
1910:
1715:
1638:
1541:from the original on 2020-12-31
1283:Mechanisms of Microbial Disease
1107:
816:is Gram stained and tested for
543:At least 8 complete genomes of
422:
351:
282:. Suspicion of meningitis is a
1724:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1552:
1520:
1404:
1386:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
1325:
1299:
913:
501:alternative complement pathway
1:
2998:10.1080/21505594.2021.1871822
2838:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)02464-6
2788:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.070
2716:Baarda BI, Sikora AE (2015).
2056:10.1126/science.287.5459.1809
1616:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61016-2
1264:
885:
657:colonizes the nasopharyngeal
2592:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2534:Kelland K (9 January 2015).
2311:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
1876:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1679:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1460:. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
1388:Sherris Medical Microbiology
1090:Clinical practice guidelines
1066:
991:introduced a vaccine called
954:Food and Drug Administration
893:mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
858:epidemiological surveillance
746:
435:(LOS) is a component of the
427:
225:transmitted through oral sex
41:Scanning electron micrograph
7:
1229:
625:DNA uptake sequences (DUSs)
402:
174:, often referred to as the
10:
3327:
3311:Bacteria described in 1901
2945:10.1038/s41467-021-20963-5
2695:. Caister Academic Press.
1794:. Caister Academic Press.
1769:. Caister Academic Press.
1673:Harrison LH (March 2010).
1171:
989:Meningitis Vaccine Project
917:
732:multilocus sequence typing
594:Multilocus sequence typing
374:
246:
3095:
2770:Stephens DS (June 2009).
2722:Frontiers in Microbiology
2501:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1888:10.1038/s41579-019-0282-6
1238:DNA taken up by Neisseria
1076:enough. Third-generation
982:
880:Polymerase chain reaction
856:, which is important for
714:horizontal gene transfers
538:
152:
145:
57:Scientific classification
55:
39:
30:
23:
2735:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01190
2658:Pediatric Emergency Care
2103:10.1128/genomeA.00360-14
1765:Jarrell KF, ed. (2009).
1560:"Neisseria meningitidis"
1001:Serum Institute of India
968:serogroups C and Y, and
906:Receiving a dose of the
645:restriction-modification
596:(cgMLST). Available at:
382:is a part of the normal
346:Henoch–Schönlein purpura
279:Streptococcus pneumoniae
253:Meningococcus can cause
162:Albrecht & Ghon 1901
2887:10.1073/pnas.1313587110
2405:10.1073/pnas.1802298115
2161:10.1073/pnas.1218832110
1981:Journal of Bacteriology
1790:Ullrich M, ed. (2009).
1647:"Meningococcal Disease"
1122:African meningitis belt
1071:Persons with confirmed
997:African meningitis belt
952:In June 2012, the U.S.
785:diplococci are seen on
689:is likely to encounter
560:horizontal DNA transfer
533:reactive oxygen species
447:and is responsible for
180:Gram-negative bacterium
3291:Gram-negative bacteria
3232:neisseria-meningitidis
3127:Neisseria meningitidis
3097:Neisseria meningitidis
3050:Neisseria meningitidis
3035:Neisseria meningitidis
2980:Neisseria meningitidis
2199:Nucleic Acids Research
1730:(Suppl 2): S287–S295.
1502:Infections in Medicine
1414:Critical Care Medicine
1351:10.15585/mmwr.mm6521a5
1244:polysaccharide vaccine
1220:Neisseria meningitidis
1215:Streptococcus pyogenes
1206:Neisseria meningitidis
970:Haemophilus influenzae
966:Neisseria meningitidis
872:in its temperature, CO
774:
771:Neisseria meningitidis
763:
757:Neisseria meningitidis
603:Genetic transformation
545:Neisseria meningitidis
303:Neisseria meningitidis
301:Septicaemia caused by
292:Neisseria meningitidis
273:Haemophilus influenzae
171:Neisseria meningitidis
156:Neisseria meningitidis
25:Neisseria meningitidis
3041:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2925:Nature Communications
2446:Meningococcal Disease
2351:10.1186/1741-7007-3-6
1936:10.1128/MMBR.00056-12
1315:Meningococcal Disease
1254:Shwartzman phenomenon
1248:Sara Branham Matthews
1186:cerebral spinal fluid
1146:complement deficiency
920:Meningococcal vaccine
908:Meningococcal vaccine
769:
754:
491:Complement inhibition
480:and ability to avoid
330:adrenal insufficiency
249:Meningococcal disease
194:, a life-threatening
188:meningococcal disease
2782:(Suppl 2): B71–B77.
2091:Genome Announcements
1685:(Suppl 2): S37–S44.
478:superoxide dismutase
455:which prevents host
369:cytochrome c oxidase
138:N. meningitidis
45:N. meningitidis
3296:Pathogenic bacteria
2937:2021NatCo..12..717S
2878:2013PNAS..11015644H
2872:(39): 15644–15649.
2542:. Thomson Reuters.
2152:2013PNAS..110.3065C
2048:2000Sci...287.1809.
2042:(5459): 1809–1815.
1994:10.1128/JB.01331-10
1600:(9580): 2196–2210.
1236:DNA uptake sequence
1210:CRISPR gene editing
1102:cerebrospinal fluid
1094:empirical treatment
808:plate, but also on
779:cerebrospinal fluid
661:, which is rich in
573:The genome size of
556:open reading frames
433:Lipooligosaccharide
411:structure of their
186:and other forms of
2497:cite press release
2258:10.1042/BST0340197
2212:10.1093/nar/gkh255
1836:10.1042/CS20090513
1242:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
1190:Anton Weichselbaum
1178:Ettore Marchiafava
1158:systemic infection
1080:antibiotics (i.e.
943:nephrotic syndrome
939:conjugate vaccines
810:Thayer–Martin agar
777:A small amount of
775:
764:
761:New York City agar
443:. This acts as an
243:Signs and symptoms
94:Betaproteobacteria
3278:
3277:
3263:Open Tree of Life
3089:Taxon identifiers
2702:978-1-904455-51-6
2398:(21): 5510–5515.
2252:(Pt 1): 197–199.
1801:978-1-904455-45-5
1776:978-1-904455-48-6
1467:978-0-89603-801-1
1420:(10): 2257–2261.
1397:978-0-8385-8529-0
1150:incubation period
791:white blood cells
675:hydrogen peroxide
328:meningococcemia,
284:medical emergency
237:virulence factors
167:
166:
3318:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3044:
3020:
3019:
3009:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2598:(9): 1267–1284.
2583:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2304:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2214:
2205:(3): 1050–1058.
2190:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2146:(8): 3065–3070.
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2097:(3): e00360–14.
2082:
2076:
2075:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1987:(9): 2371–2372.
1972:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1824:Clinical Science
1815:
1806:
1805:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1609:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1493:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1274:
1204:Components from
903:for a few days.
897:chemoprophylaxis
814:bacterial colony
691:oxidative stress
598:Neisseria typing
583:strain NMA510612
462:epithelial cells
158:
65:
64:
35:
21:
20:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3091:
3081:
3069:
3061:
3048:Type strain of
3031:
3028:
3023:
2974:
2970:
2917:
2913:
2858:
2854:
2817:
2813:
2768:
2761:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2689:
2685:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2625:
2621:
2584:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2384:
2377:
2330:
2326:
2302:10.1.1.211.2248
2285:
2281:
2242:
2238:
2191:
2187:
2132:
2128:
2083:
2079:
2024:
2020:
1973:
1962:
1915:
1911:
1872:
1861:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1763:
1759:
1720:
1716:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1607:10.1.1.324.1736
1586:
1579:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1498:N. meningitidis
1494:
1475:
1468:
1450:
1441:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1384:
1377:
1330:
1326:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1232:
1202:
1188:(CSF). In 1887
1174:
1154:N. meningitidis
1118:N. meningitidis
1113:N. meningitidis
1110:
1098:lumbar puncture
1096:in the event a
1073:N. meningitidis
1069:
985:
927:
922:
916:
888:
875:
865:turnaround time
854:N. meningitidis
848:determines the
842:N. meningitidis
802:N. meningitidis
749:
741:N. meningitidis
736:N. meningitidis
728:N. meningitidis
703:reactive oxygen
699:N. meningitidis
687:N. meningitidis
684:
680:
672:
655:N. meningititis
643:(as well as in
633:N. meningitidis
617:N. meningitidis
605:
590:N. meningitidis
564:phase variation
541:
509:N. meningitidis
497:N. meningitidis
493:
441:N. meningitidis
430:
425:
417:N. meningitidis
405:
380:N. meningitidis
377:
357:N. meningitidis
354:
296:chance of death
251:
245:
221:N. meningitidis
192:meningococcemia
182:that can cause
163:
160:
154:
141:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3259:
3249:
3236:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3117:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3079:
3059:
3058:
3045:
3027:
3026:External links
3024:
3022:
3021:
2992:(1): 389–403.
2968:
2911:
2852:
2811:
2759:
2708:
2701:
2683:
2664:(4): 200–205.
2648:
2641:
2619:
2605:10.1086/425368
2575:
2557:
2526:
2508:
2480:
2455:
2429:
2375:
2324:
2295:(3): 267–285.
2279:
2236:
2185:
2126:
2077:
2018:
1960:
1929:(2): 234–252.
1909:
1859:
1830:(9): 547–564.
1807:
1800:
1782:
1775:
1757:
1714:
1691:10.1086/648963
1665:
1637:
1577:
1551:
1519:
1508:(3): 128–133.
1473:
1466:
1439:
1403:
1396:
1375:
1324:
1298:
1291:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:microbiologist
1245:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1201:
1198:
1173:
1170:
1109:
1106:
1068:
1065:
984:
981:
926:
923:
918:Main article:
915:
912:
887:
884:
873:
806:chocolate agar
755:The growth of
748:
745:
695:transformation
682:
678:
670:
621:coding regions
609:transformation
604:
601:
550:The genome of
540:
537:
492:
489:
437:outer membrane
429:
426:
424:
421:
413:polysaccharide
404:
401:
376:
373:
353:
350:
344:disorder) and
315:mortality rate
263:neck stiffness
247:Main article:
244:
241:
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133:
129:
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84:Pseudomonadota
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1205:
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1193:
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1175:
1166:septic shock
1153:
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1108:Epidemiology
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1070:
1005:Burkina Faso
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423:Pathogenesis
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352:Microbiology
319:
302:
300:
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215:epidemically
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104:Neisseriales
44:
43:of a single
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3188:iNaturalist
3121:Wikispecies
2831:(1): 7–19.
2338:BMC Biology
1590:Greenwood B
1142:risk factor
1100:to collect
1086:ceftriaxone
1021:Ivory Coast
947:splenectomy
914:Vaccination
663:macrophages
649:replication
552:strain MC58
466:nasopharynx
397:lactoferrin
393:transferrin
388:nasopharynx
288:septicaemia
211:nasopharynx
204:diplococcus
3285:Categories
2931:(1): 717.
2550:31 January
1659:2021-01-31
1545:2021-01-31
1265:References
1160:, sepsis,
1082:cefotaxime
1041:Mauritania
993:MenAfriVac
901:rifampicin
886:Prevention
870:fastidious
787:Gram stain
667:superoxide
637:DNA repair
482:complement
255:meningitis
229:urethritis
227:and cause
184:meningitis
2986:Virulence
2297:CiteSeerX
2028:Nelson KE
1904:207960642
1602:CiteSeerX
1514:0749-6524
1129:ongoing.
1126:incidence
1067:Treatment
962:Menhibrix
747:Diagnosis
724:Neisseria
719:Neisseria
707:pathogens
445:endotoxin
428:Virulence
409:antigenic
326:fulminant
267:Petechiae
132:Species:
125:Neisseria
3206:10528686
3106:Wikidata
3016:33459578
2963:33514717
2906:23940360
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2806:19477055
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2614:15494903
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2521:Archived
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2370:15752428
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2032:Eisen JA
2013:21378179
1955:23699256
1896:31705134
1854:20132098
1709:20144015
1632:16951072
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1572:Archived
1539:Archived
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1370:27254649
1319:Archived
1230:See also
1176:In 1884
1138:transmit
1092:endorse
1025:Ethiopia
1013:Cameroon
977:Trumenba
850:subgroup
846:serology
822:catalase
685:). Thus
607:Genetic
525:factor H
505:in vitro
474:catalase
403:Subtypes
342:platelet
340:(ITP; a
307:purpuric
190:such as
110:Family:
80:Phylum:
74:Bacteria
70:Domain:
3180:3220226
3136:BacDive
3112:Q154625
3077:Biology
3007:7834093
2954:7846742
2933:Bibcode
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2874:Bibcode
2797:2712446
2776:Vaccine
2745:4620152
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2540:Reuters
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2148:Bibcode
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2036:Science
2004:3133077
1946:3668674
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1700:2820831
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1172:History
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1045:Nigeria
995:in the
852:of the
838:glucose
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830:maltose
818:oxidase
464:of the
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120:Genus:
100:Order:
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539:Genome
527:, and
332:, and
200:coccus
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3141:10473
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1900:S2CID
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1531:(pdf)
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1037:Niger
1029:Ghana
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359:is a
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639:and
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513:TLR2
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