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correct governance (found in the canonical texts) to the exclusion of "correct learning," the necessary basis for moral order. Their ideal of moral order, which could be inculcated by scholars outside of government, stood in contrast with previous ideas of moral instruction by ruling authorities. Neo-Confucians could be distinguished by their stronger concern with personal ethics and morals. Politically, Neo-Confucians also opposed centralization in the imperial court and instead argued for more local autonomy and the creation of lateral, community-centred institutions for social improvement. These voluntary local literati organizations focused on local education and local relief instead of aligning with the requirements of government service or government officials. The growing numbers of literati who did not serve in government but saw themselves as the equals of officials, capable of bottom-up collective action, constrained the authority of the local officials.
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3031:, also known as modern neo-Confucianism, started developing and absorbed the Western learning to seek a way to modernize Chinese culture based on the traditional Confucianism. It centers on four topics: The modern transformation of Chinese culture; Humanistic spirit of Chinese culture; Religious connotation in Chinese culture; and Intuitive way of thinking, to go beyond the logic and to wipe out the concept of exclusion analysis. Adhering to the traditional Confucianism and the neo-confucianism, the modern neo-Confucianism contributes the nation's emerging from the predicament faced by the ancient Chinese traditional culture in the process of modernization; furthermore, it also promotes the world culture of industrial civilization rather than the traditional personal senses.
1173:, where he provided detailed advice on how to conduct weddings, funerals, family ceremonies, and the veneration of ancestors. Buddhist thought soon attracted him, and he began to argue in Confucian style for the Buddhist observance of high moral standards. He also believed that it was important to practical affairs that one should engage in both academic and philosophical pursuits, although his writings are concentrated more on issues of theoretical (as opposed to practical) significance. It is reputed that he wrote many essays attempting to explain how his ideas were not Buddhist or Taoist and included some heated denunciations of Buddhism and Taoism. After the
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1162:(1017–1073) is seen as the first true "pioneer" of neo-Confucianism, using Taoist metaphysics as a framework for his ethical philosophy. Neo-Confucianism was both a revival of classical Confucianism, updated to align with the social values of the Song dynasty, and a reaction to the challenges of Buddhism and Taoism philosophy and religion which emerged during the Zhou and Han dynasties. Although the neo-Confucianists denounced Buddhist metaphysics, Neo-Confucianism did borrow Taoist and Buddhist terminology and concepts.
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1169:(1130–1200), his teachings were so influential that they were integrated into civil-service examination from approximately 1314 until 1905. He was a rather prolific writer, maintaining and defending his Confucian beliefs of social harmony and proper personal conduct. One of his most remembered was the book
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Neo-Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy using metaphysical ideas, some borrowed from Taoism, as its framework. The philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic, with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason, and that it was up to humanity to
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But the spirit of Neo-Confucian rationalism is diametrically opposed to that of
Buddhist mysticism. Whereas Buddhism insisted on the unreality of things, Neo-Confucianism stressed their reality. Buddhism and Taoism asserted that existence came out of, and returned to, non-existence; Neo-Confucianism
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In the early 16th century, Jo attempted to transform Joseon into an ideal neo-Confucian society with a series of radical reforms until he was executed in 1520. Despite this, neo-Confucianism soon assumed an even greater role in the Joseon dynasty. Soon neo-Confucian scholars, no longer content to
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and was so moved by it that he transcribed the book in its entirety and came back to Korea with it. It greatly inspired Korean intellectuals at the time and many, predominantly from the middle class and disillusioned with the excesses of organized religion (namely
Buddhism) and the old nobility,
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In the view of Neo-Confucians, the true form of
Confucianism had been lost after Mencius as "later" Confucians were more concerned with the vehicles of knowledge such as Classics or literary writing rather than the "values that all should share," They claimed that "later" Confucians focused on
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took sides with Lu and critiqued some of the foundations of the Tao school, albeit not rejecting the school entirely. Objections arose to
Yangming's philosophy within his lifetime, and shortly after his death, Chen Jian (1497–1567) grouped Wang together with Lu as unorthodox writers, dividing
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that had influenced
Confucianism during and after the Han dynasty. Although the neo-Confucianists were critical of Taoism and Buddhism, the two did have an influence on the philosophy, and the neo-Confucianists borrowed terms and concepts. However, unlike the Buddhists and Taoists, who saw
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in 1392, neo-Confucianism was installed as the state ideology. Buddhism, and organized religion in general, was considered poisonous to the neo-Confucian order. Buddhism was accordingly restricted and occasionally persecuted by Joseon. As neo-Confucianism encouraged education, a number of
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in
Japanese) also provided, in part, an ideological basis for some samurai who sought to pursue action based on intuition rather than scholasticism. As such, it also provided an intellectual foundation for the radical political actions of low ranking samurai in the decades prior to the
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and argued that neo-Confucianism had caused the teachings of
Confucianism to be hopelessly contaminated with Buddhist thinking. This school also criticized neo-Confucianism for being overly concerned with empty philosophical speculation that was unconnected with reality.
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But neo-Confucianism became so dogmatic in a relatively rapid time that it prevented much needed socioeconomic development and change, and led to internal divisions and criticism of many new theories regardless of their popular appeal. For instance,
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1538:. However, in contrast to Buddhists and Taoists, neo-Confucians did not believe in an external world unconnected with the world of matter. In addition, neo-Confucians in general rejected the idea of reincarnation and the associated idea of
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neo-Confucianism into two schools. As a result, neo-Confucianism today is generally categorized into two different schools of thought. The school that remained dominant throughout the medieval and early modern periods is called the
1358:(Liu Jishan, 1578–1645). The significance of this third branch, according to Mou, was that they represented the direct lineage of the pioneers of neo-Confucianism, Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai and Cheng Hao. Moreover, this third
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regarded reality as a gradual realization of the Great
Ultimate... Buddhists, and to some degree, Taoists as well, relied on meditation and insight to achieve supreme reason; the Neo-Confucianists chose to follow Reason.
1270:. Unlike the Buddhists, the neo-Confucians believed that reality existed, and could be understood by humankind, even if the interpretations of reality were slightly different depending on the school of neo-Confucianism.
2829:, were considered heresy and severely condemned by Korean neo-Confucianists. Furthermore, any annotations on Confucian canon different from Zhu Xi were excluded. Under Joseon, the newly emerging ruling class called
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as a catalyst for spiritual development, religious enlightenment, and immortality, the neo-Confucianists used metaphysics as a guide for developing a rationalist ethical philosophy. Traditional
Confucian beliefs
2919:. The Lý, Trần court expanded the Confucianism influences in Vietnamese Mandarin through year examinations, continued the model of Tang dynasty until being annexed by the Ming invaders in 1407. In 1460, emperor
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While neo-Confucianism incorporated
Buddhist and Taoist ideas, many neo-Confucianists strongly opposed Buddhism and Taoism. Indeed, they rejected the Buddhist and Taoist religions. One of
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embraced neo-Confucianism. The newly rising neo-Confucian intellectuals were leading groups aimed at the overthrow of the old (and increasingly foreign-influenced) Goryeo dynasty.
1188:(1472–1529) is commonly regarded as the most important Neo-Confucian thinker. Wang's interpretation of Confucianism denied the rationalist dualism of Zhu's orthodox philosophy.
1242:, neo-Confucianism was an officially recognized creed from its development during the Song dynasty until the early twentieth century, and lands in the sphere of Song China (
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2835:(사림, 士林) also split into political factions according to their diversity of neo-Confucian views on politics. There were two large factions and many subfactions.
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deities, Japanese people alone had the intuitive ability to distinguish good and evil without complex rationalization. Wang Yangming's school of thought (
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in the thirteenth century, Chinese scholars and officials restored and preserved neo-Confucianism as a way to safeguard the cultural heritage of China.
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Neo-Confucianism could have been an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting mystical elements of
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This article is about a movement developed during the Song and Ming dynasties. For a movement that emerged in the 20th century, see
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3019:) which in the subsequent Ming and Qing dynasties were made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examination.
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There were many competing views within the neo-Confucian community, but overall, a system emerged that resembled both Buddhist and
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2793:(한강 정구, 寒岡 鄭逑, 1543–1620), known as the "three heroes". They were followed by a second generation of scholars who included
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In medieval China, the mainstream of neo-Confucian thought, dubbed the "Tao school", had long categorized a thinker named
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Neo-Confucianism was a heterogeneous philosophical tradition, and is generally categorized into two different schools.
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is in one's heart-mind, there is no better place to seek than within oneself. His preferred method of doing so was
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1588:(Wang Shouren), probably the second most influential neo-Confucian, came to another conclusion: namely, that if
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all drinking out of the same vinegar jar, paintings associated with the slogan "The three teachings are one!"
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Many Korean scholars visited China during the Yuan era and An was among them. In 1286, he read a book of
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3816:【李甦平】 Lisu Ping, 论韩国儒学的特点和精神 "On the characteristics and spirit of Korean Confucianism", 《孔子研究》2008年1期 (
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The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns
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1691:. These revolutionizing ideas of Wang Yangming would later inspire prominent Japanese thinkers like
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among the unorthodox, non-Confucian writers. However, in the 15th century, the esteemed philosopher
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actually believed those interpretations, and point out that there were very active schools such as
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Neo-Confucianism became the interpretation of Confucianism whose mastery was necessary to pass the
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only read and remember the Chinese original precepts, began to develop new neo-Confucian theories.
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Genealogy of the Way: The Construction and Uses of the Confucian Tradition in Late Imperial China
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are seen as forebears of the neo-Confucianists of the Song dynasty. The Song dynasty philosopher
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Portrait of Chu Văn An (1292–1370), prominently Vietnamese Confucianist teacher in 14th century.
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3902:"The Eclectic Development of Neo-Confucianism and Statecraft from the 18th to the 19th Century"
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The rationalism of neo-Confucianism is in contrast to the mysticism of the previously dominant
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Zhu Xi's formulation of the neo-Confucian world view is as follows. He believed that the
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Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods
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Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming
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Different neo-Confucians had differing ideas for how to do so. Zhu Xi believed in
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in Neo-Confucianism gave the movement its Chinese name, literally "The study of
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Neo-Confucianism has its origins in the Tang dynasty; the Confucianist scholars
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and mistakenly emphasized intellectual studies over the study of sagehood.
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create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual.
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Yi Hwang's most prominent disciples were Kim Seong-il (金誠一, 1538–1593),
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The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
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Neo-Confucian Thought in Action: Wang Yang-ming’s Youth (1472–1509)
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The Confucian canon as it exists today was essentially compiled by
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Korea, neo-Confucianism was established as the state ideology. The
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1671:'seated meditation'). Wang Yangming developed the idea of
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Philosophical school of Confucianism mainly influenced by Zhu Xi
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in itself is pure and almost-perfect, but with the addition of
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1626:'quiet sitting'), a practice that strongly resembles
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One of the most important exponents of neo-Confucianism was
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and affected the development of Japanese neo-Confucianism.
2779:
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511:
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3912:
de Bary, William Theodore; Chaffee, John W., eds. (1989).
3798:
2801:(敬堂 張興孝, 1564–1633), and by a third generation (including
1346:
argues that there existed a third branch of learning, the
1302:
5341:
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which offered competing interpretations of Confucianism.
1627:
1401:
1267:
815:
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3726:. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press. pp. 168–169.
1336:, based on its esteem for Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming.
5405:
1482:
4073:
Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation
2947:
have questioned the degree to which their role as the
1234:'s most famous essays decries the worship of Buddhist
1006:
992:
6762:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
3933:
de Bary, William Theodore; et al., eds. (2008).
2927:
adopted Neo-Confucianism as Đại Việt's basic values.
763:
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735:
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The competing school of Confucianism was called the
1131:
Religion in the Song dynasty § Neo-Confucianism
932:
4018:
3632:
3620:
3574:Blocker, H. Gene; Starling, Christopher L. (2001).
3034:
4019:Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen, eds. (2002).
3991:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
3918:. University of California Press. pp. 455–.
3767:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
2913:opened first Confucius university in Hanoi named
6987:
2817:) who brought the school into the 18th century
2782:were the most prominent of these new theorists.
2766:(이황, 李滉; pen name Toegye 퇴계, 退溪; 1501–1570) and
876:
862:
3573:
2825:'s theories, which were popular in the Chinese
1456:'heaven') is expressed in principle or
3911:
3884:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 7
3795:"The Reception of Chinese Literature in Korea"
3785:
2712:occupation of the Korean Peninsula introduced
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2685:
1332:. The less dominant, opposing school was the
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3915:Neo-confucian Education: The Formative Stage
3696:
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1728:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
909:
895:
3961:The Message of the Mind in Neo-Confucianism
2547:Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations
2036:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
1666:
1621:
1451:
1423:
5635:
5621:
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4038:The Columbia History of Chinese Literature
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1339:In contrast to this two-branch model, the
1049:理學, literally "School of Principle") is a
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574:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
3984:
3842:, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
3701:. BRILL. pp. 7, 41–42, 88, 141–145.
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
3676:. BRILL. pp. 79, 85, 100–101, 128.
3589:
3587:
3585:
2900:
2612:Controversy over National Foundation Day
1731:
1480:), but that it is sheathed in matter or
1134:
50:This article includes a list of general
4041:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3963:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3958:
3932:
3746:
3643:
3641:
3563:. Harvard University Press. p. 13.
2840:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
1303:Two-school model vs. three-school model
1211:). A well known neo-Confucian motif is
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3937:. New York: Columbia University Press.
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2955:reflects the degree to which both the
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1088:dynasties under the formulations of
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4096:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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1199:(Book of Changes) as well as other
1117:were also included, leading to the
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4077:State University of New York Press
3979:Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook
3959:de Bary, William Theodore (1989).
3840:A Sourcebook of Chinese Philosophy
3831:
3599:
3417:(also known as Ekiken) (1630–1714)
2982:
1080:, and became prominent during the
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
7032:
4083:
1695:, who argued that because of the
1574:
6832:The Closing of the American Mind
6752:Civilization and Its Discontents
6732:A Vindication of Natural Society
3035:Prominent neo-Confucian scholars
2659:
2647:
2389:New National Participation Party
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538:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
118:
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4104:Writings of the Orthodox School
3935:Sources of East Asian Tradition
3810:
3763:An Introduction to Confucianism
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3715:
3690:
3633:Levinson & Christensen 2002
3621:Levinson & Christensen 2002
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4066:University of California Press
3981:. New York: Free, 1993. Print.
3875:University of California Press
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1203:theories associated with the
7006:Confucian schools of thought
7001:Classical Chinese philosophy
6792:The Society of the Spectacle
4064:. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
3873:. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
3545:
2991:. Zhu codified the canon of
2574:North-West Youth Association
1712:(1600–1868) was overthrown.
1378:and the Commentaries of the
1350:, based on the teachings of
1320:for the esteem it places in
7:
4021:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
3985:Henderson, John B. (1998).
3822:List of Korean philosophers
3699:Neo-Confucianism in History
3674:Neo-Confucianism in History
2849:
2399:Our Republican Party (2020)
2394:Our Republican Party (2017)
2263:Democratic Republican Party
1715:
1354:(Hu Wufeng, 1106–1161) and
1119:devaluing of women in Korea
567:Indonesian Confucian Church
10:
7037:
4268:Hundred Schools of Thought
4091:"Neo-Confucian Philosophy"
3722:Wilson, Thomas A. (1995).
3446:
3359:
3142:
3091:also known as Wang Shouren
2882:
2859:
2853:
2748:neo-Confucian schools (서원
2537:Christian Council of Korea
2532:Center for Free Enterprise
2420:Unification National Party
1725:
1719:
1578:
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3977:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley.
3861:Columbia University Press
3578:. SUNY Press. p. 64.
2937:bureaucratic examinations
2931:Bureaucratic examinations
2622:Liberalism in South Korea
1991:Four Major Rivers Project
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7021:Vietnamese Confucianists
6852:The Malaise of Modernity
6802:The History of Sexuality
5901:Catholic social teaching
4111:(in English and Chinese)
3886:. Taylor & Francis.
3867:Chan, Wing-tsit (1946).
3855:Chan, Wing-tsit, trans.
3838:Chan, Wing-tsit (1963),
3355:
3138:
3039:
2489:Maeil Business Newspaper
2479:The Korea Economic Daily
2425:United Liberal Democrats
2374:Korea Independence Party
2278:Democratic Liberal Party
2268:Democratic Justice Party
1902:Economic interventionism
1743:This article is part of
1094:Mongol conquest of China
1068:, which originated with
651:Traditional Chinese
429:Spring and Autumn Annals
309:Progressive Confucianism
135:Spring and Autumn period
6932:Philosophy of education
4263:Nine Schools of Thought
4025:Charles Scribner's Sons
4006:Huang, Siu-chi (1999).
2762:(조광조, 趙光祖; 1482–1520),
2654:Conservatism portal
2634:Politics of South Korea
2288:Korea Nationalist Party
1736:Portrait of Jo Gwang-jo
1571:lies within the world.
1092:(1130–1200). After the
665:Simplified Chinese
505:Classic of Filial Piety
341:Confucianism by country
71:more precise citations.
5871:
5825:
5811:
5566:State consequentialism
3882:Craig, Edward (1998).
3759:Yao, Xinzhong (2000).
3013:of Confucius, and the
2906:
2797:(張顯光, 1554–1637) and
2666:South Korea portal
2597:Anti-Chinese sentiment
2364:Korea Democratic Party
2308:New Conservative Party
1737:
1592:is in all things, and
1277:
1147:
863:
6937:Philosophy of history
6927:Philosophy of culture
6822:A Conflict of Visions
4583:Northern and Southern
3697:Peter K. Bol (2020).
3672:Peter K. Bol (2020).
2904:
2883:Further information:
2860:Further information:
2770:(이이, 李珥; 1536–1584).
2617:National Security Act
2379:Korean National Party
2353:Dawn of Liberty Party
2318:People's Future Party
2001:Mutual Defense Treaty
1735:
1726:Further information:
1720:Further information:
1708:(1868), in which the
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1138:
1129:Further information:
1045:, often shortened to
803:Sung3 Ming4 lei5 hok6
560:Holy Confucian Church
149:Warring States period
6942:Political philosophy
6742:Democracy in America
3559:Taylor, Jay (2011).
3362:Edo Neo-Confucianism
3004:Doctrine of the Mean
2856:Edo Neo-Confucianism
2789:(柳成龍 1542–1607) and
2579:White Shirts Society
2303:National Association
2283:Grand National Party
2252:Parties (mainstream)
1880:Anti-North sentiment
1683:. Such knowledge is
1376:Doctrine of the Mean
1115:such as gender roles
928:Revised Romanization
789:Sung-Mìhng léih-hohk
461:Doctrine of the Mean
295:Lingnan Confucianism
192:Fundamental concepts
7016:Korean Confucianism
7011:Japanese philosophy
6782:One-Dimensional Man
4213:School of Diplomacy
4027:. pp. 302–307.
3635:, pp. 305–307.
3623:, pp. 302–307.
3576:Japanese Philosophy
3145:Korean Confucianism
2523:Other organizations
2335:United Future Party
2298:Liberty Korea Party
2031:October Restoration
1722:Korean Confucianism
545:Temple of Confucius
317:Hermeneutic schools
6902:Cultural pessimism
6897:Cultural criticism
5796:National character
4147:Chinese philosophy
3820:2008.1). See also
2953:state examinations
2951:interpretation in
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2557:Unification Church
2405:People First Party
2323:People Power Party
2273:Future Korea Party
1738:
1710:Tokugawa shogunate
1428:'way') of
1279:The importance of
1148:
1062:Chinese philosophy
751:Sung-Ming li-hsüeh
737:Sonq-Ming liishyue
723:ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄩㄝˊ
552:Confucian churches
481:Three Commentaries
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5844:Spontaneous order
5834:Social alienation
5683:Cultural heritage
5644:Social philosophy
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5458:Mandate of Heaven
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5329:
3953:978-0-231-14323-3
3945:978-0-231-14305-9
3925:978-0-520-06393-8
3893:978-0-415-07310-3
3849:978-0-691-07137-4
3818:Confucius Studies
3793:Emanuel Pastreich
3778:978-0-521-64430-3
3749:, pp. 94–95.
3508:Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm
2972:Evidential School
2909:In 1070, emperor
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3081:, also known as
3049:(1033–1107) and
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3023:New Confucianism
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1958:Moral absolutism
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4023:. Vol. 4.
4012:Greenwood Press
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5822:
5817:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5764:Invisible hand
5761:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5707:
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5640:
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5632:
5625:
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5608:
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5605:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5595:Metaphilosophy
5592:
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5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5207:Lee Shui-chuen
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
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5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
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5083:
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5076:Zhang Xuecheng
5073:
5068:
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5028:
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5018:
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4859:
4854:
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4836:
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4826:
4821:
4816:
4814:Wang Chongyang
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
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4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4753:Five Dynasties
4749:
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4730:
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4606:
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4596:
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4588:
4586:
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4576:
4574:Three Kingdoms
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
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4364:
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4339:
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4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
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4282:
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4275:
4271:
4270:
4265:
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4237:
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4205:
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4183:
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4155:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4085:
4084:External links
4082:
4081:
4080:
4069:
4058:
4047:
4035:, ed. (2001).
4029:
4016:
4003:
3997:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3956:
3930:
3924:
3909:
3908:(Winter 2003).
3900:Daehwan, Noh.
3898:
3892:
3879:
3864:
3853:
3848:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3809:
3797:
3784:
3777:
3751:
3739:
3733:978-0804724258
3732:
3714:
3707:
3689:
3682:
3664:
3652:
3650:, p. 552.
3637:
3625:
3613:
3611:, p. 460.
3598:
3581:
3566:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3544:
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3529:
3523:
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3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3466:Trần Thái Tông
3463:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3433:Nakai Chikuzan
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3391:Yamazaki Ansai
3388:
3382:
3376:
3373:Fujiwara Seika
3369:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3348:Jeong Yak-yong
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Ryu Seongryong
3254:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3231:Seo Gyeongdeok
3228:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
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3155:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3059:also known as
3054:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3027:In the 1920s,
3024:
3021:
2998:Great Learning
2984:
2981:
2961:Chinese gentry
2945:Benjamin Elman
2932:
2929:
2880:
2877:
2866:Fujiwara Seika
2854:Main article:
2851:
2848:
2844:Fujiwara Seika
2799:Jang Heung-Hyo
2795:Jang Hyungwang
2787:Yu Seong-ryong
2722:Goryeo dynasty
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:Related topics
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
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2452:
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2439:
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2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:National Youth
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2326:
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2310:
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2300:
2295:
2290:
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2275:
2270:
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2260:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Park Chung Hee
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
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2089:
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2085:
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2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
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2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1875:Anti-communism
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1756:in South Korea
1749:
1748:
1717:
1714:
1673:innate knowing
1581:Lu–Wang school
1579:Main article:
1576:
1575:Lu–Wang school
1573:
1394:Main article:
1391:
1388:
1384:Great Learning
1364:Lu–Wang school
1334:Lu–Wang school
1304:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1259:
1256:
1171:Family Rituals
1126:
1123:
1072:(768–824) and
1064:influenced by
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1004:
998:
997:
990:
984:
983:
982:Transcriptions
975:
974:
967:
961:
960:
953:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
937:
930:
924:
923:
922:Transcriptions
915:
914:
907:
901:
900:
893:
887:
886:
882:
881:
874:
868:
867:
860:
854:
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837:
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830:
824:
823:
813:
807:
806:
799:
793:
792:
785:
779:
778:
776:Yue: Cantonese
772:
771:
761:
755:
754:
747:
741:
740:
733:
727:
726:
719:
713:
712:
705:
699:
698:
692:
691:
690:Transcriptions
683:
682:
679:
675:
674:
667:
661:
660:
653:
647:
646:
642:
641:
638:
637:
629:
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611:
603:
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589:
588:
583:
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576:
570:
569:
563:
562:
556:
555:
548:
547:
541:
540:
534:
533:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
508:
500:
499:
492:
484:
483:
477:
476:
472:
471:
468:Great Learning
464:
456:
455:
448:
440:
439:
433:
432:
424:
423:
416:
408:
407:
400:
392:
391:
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369:
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343:
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332:
331:
326:
320:
319:
312:
311:
305:
304:
298:
297:
292:
286:
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280:
274:
271:
270:
267:
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262:
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232:
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223:
216:
209:
202:
194:
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186:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
164:
163:
158:
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151:
145:
144:
138:
137:
131:
128:
127:
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123:
115:
114:
108:
107:
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7033:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6957:Social theory
6955:
6953:
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6945:
6943:
6940:
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6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
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6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6744:
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6739:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6611:Radhakrishnan
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
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6514:
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6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6372:20th and 21st
6370:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6164:18th and 19th
6162:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
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5409:
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5380:
5378:
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5364:
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5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Zhang Dongsun
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
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5265:
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5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Liang Shuming
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
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5110:
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5034:
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5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4933:Wang Yangming
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
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4891:
4889:
4886:
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4881:
4879:
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4853:
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4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
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4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
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4758:
4754:
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4739:
4736:
4734:
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4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
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4617:
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4610:
4607:
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4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
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4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:Dongfang Shuo
4489:
4487:
4486:Dong Zhongshu
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
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4440:
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4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:Amazon Kindle
4050:
4048:0-231-10984-9
4044:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3998:9780791437599
3994:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3906:Korea Journal
3903:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3807:, chapter 53.
3806:
3801:
3794:
3788:
3780:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3708:9781684174805
3704:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3683:9781684174805
3679:
3675:
3668:
3662:, p. 268
3661:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3555:
3551:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3520:Nguyễn Khuyến
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:Lê Thánh Tông
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3460:Bùi Quốc Khái
3458:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3421:Arai Hakuseki
3419:
3416:
3415:Kaibara Ekken
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:Hayashi Razan
3377:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:Kim Jangsaeng
3298:
3296:) (1536–1584)
3295:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:) (1501–1570)
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:Kim Chong-jik
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3170:Chŏng Mong-ju
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:Wang Yangming
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:Lê Thánh Tông
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:Lý Thánh Tông
2903:
2898:
2894:
2893:Lê Thánh Tông
2890:
2886:
2875:
2871:
2870:Hayashi Razan
2867:
2863:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2823:Wang Yangming
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:JoongAng Ilbo
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Saenuri Party
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Free Korea 21
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:Saenuri Party
2327:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Liberal Party
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:Park Sang-hak
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2217:Yoon Suk Yeol
2215:
2213:
2212:Suh Chung-won
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Park Geun-hye
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Kim Young-sam
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Lee Myung-bak
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Lee Hoi-chang
2125:
2123:
2122:Lee Beom-seok
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Hwang Kyo-ahn
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Chun Doo-hwan
2095:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2079:Yoo Seong-min
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:Intellectuals
2050:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Protectionism
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1855:neo-Confucian
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Paternalistic
1814:
1810:
1809:State-aligned
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:Authoritarian
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:Wang Yangming
1582:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Hu-Liu school
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:Hu-Liu school
1345:
1342:
1341:New Confucian
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1313:Wang Yangming
1310:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1268:Chan Buddhism
1264:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1186:Wang Yangming
1184:(1068–1077),
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1008:Sô Min rigaku
1005:
1003:
999:
994:Sō Min rigaku
991:
989:
985:
980:
976:
968:
966:
962:
954:
952:
948:
945:Japanese name
943:
931:
929:
925:
920:
916:
908:
906:
902:
894:
892:
888:
883:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
859:
855:
850:
838:
836:
832:
829:
825:
819:
814:
812:
808:
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798:
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786:
784:
780:
777:
773:
767:
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760:
756:
748:
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742:
734:
732:
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688:
684:
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634:
624:
619:
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612:
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602:
601:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
582:
579:
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571:
568:
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558:
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553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
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539:
536:
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532:
529:
528:
522:
521:
514:
513:
509:
507:
506:
502:
501:
498:
497:
493:
491:
490:
489:Rites of Zhou
486:
485:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
469:
465:
463:
462:
458:
457:
454:
453:
449:
447:
446:
442:
441:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
426:
425:
422:
421:
417:
415:
414:
413:Book of Rites
410:
409:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
393:
390:
389:Five Classics
387:
386:
383:
380:
379:
376:
371:
370:
363:
362:United States
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
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338:
337:
330:
327:
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318:
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261:
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256:
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226:
225:
222:
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217:
215:
214:
210:
208:
207:
203:
201:
200:
196:
195:
189:
188:
181:
178:
176:
175:Dong Zhongshu
173:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:Early history
126:
125:
121:
117:
116:
113:
110:
109:
105:
101:
100:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Neo-Confucian
6860:
6850:
6840:
6830:
6820:
6810:
6800:
6790:
6780:
6770:
6760:
6750:
6740:
6730:
6720:
6710:
6130:Guicciardini
6113:Early modern
5949:Philosophers
5923:Conservatism
5918:Confucianism
5906:Distributism
5839:Social norms
5827:Sittlichkeit
5813:Ressentiment
5759:Institutions
5737:Human nature
5590:Epistemology
5577:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5499:Yin and yang
5491:
5482:Human nature
5474:
5470:Filial piety
5462:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5417:
5410:
5398:
5387:Confucianism
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5317:Zhou Guoping
5312:Zhang Shenfu
5297:Yin Haiguang
5292:Yang Changji
5237:Liu Xiaofeng
5222:Liang Qichao
5107:Carsun Chang
5095:20th century
5081:Zhuang Cunyu
5011:Hong Liangji
4971:Chen Menglei
4966:Chen Hongmou
4948:Zhan Ruoshui
4908:Liu Zongzhou
4878:Hong Zicheng
4873:Huang Zongxi
4779:Fan Zhongyan
4757:Ten Kingdoms
4743:Linji Yixuan
4738:Liu Zongyuan
4327:Gongsun Long
4289:Eastern Zhou
4280:Philosophers
4258:
4254:Mixed School
4239:
4232:
4180:
4176:Han learning
4171:Confucianism
4108:Song dynasty
4094:
4075:. New York:
4072:
4071:Tu Weiming.
4061:
4060:Tu Weiming.
4036:
4020:
4010:. Westport:
4007:
3987:
3978:
3960:
3934:
3914:
3905:
3883:
3869:
3859:. New York:
3856:
3839:
3817:
3812:
3800:
3787:
3762:
3754:
3747:de Bary 1989
3742:
3723:
3717:
3698:
3692:
3673:
3667:
3655:
3628:
3616:
3596:, p. 5.
3575:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3454:Lê Văn Thịnh
3366:Kansei Edict
3330:Hong Daeyong
3306:Song Si-yeol
3220:Kim Goil-pil
3176:Chŏng To-jŏn
3131:Cheng Duanli
3057:Lu Xiangshan
3026:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2986:
2976:Han Learning
2969:
2965:Han learning
2934:
2914:
2908:
2889:Quốc Tử Giám
2862:Kansei Edict
2837:
2830:
2827:Ming dynasty
2819:
2815:Song Si-yeol
2784:
2772:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2730:
2726:Yuan dynasty
2703:
2607:Chojoongdong
2562:
2561:
2526:
2410:People Party
2367:
2258:Bareun Party
2235:Ha Tae-keung
2207:Syngman Rhee
2182:Na Kyung-won
2172:Kim Moo-sung
2162:Kim Jong-pil
2142:Kim Chong-in
2132:Lee Jun-seok
2059:Kim Seong-su
1948:Japanophobia
1934:Japanophilia
1892:Confucianism
1887:Asian values
1849:Hongik Ingan
1847:
1784:
1754:Conservatism
1700:
1672:
1660:
1634:
1615:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1568:
1562:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1499:
1481:
1475:
1457:
1445:
1417:
1399:
1356:Liu Zongzhou
1338:
1306:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1229:
1190:
1170:
1164:
1149:
1098:
1078:Tang dynasty
1066:Confucianism
1059:metaphysical
1046:
1040:
1024:
1023:
1002:Kunrei-shiki
828:Southern Min
703:Hanyu Pinyin
645:Chinese name
525:Organization
510:
503:
494:
487:
466:
459:
450:
443:
427:
418:
411:
402:
395:
316:
290:Taigu school
283:Han Learning
277:
258:
251:
244:
237:
228:
219:
212:
205:
197:
180:Gongsun Hong
112:Confucianism
83:
74:
55:
6917:Historicism
6746:(1835–1840)
6712:De Officiis
6436:de Beauvoir
6406:Baudrillard
6358:Vivekananda
6348:Tocqueville
6263:Kierkegaard
6079:Ibn Khaldun
6049:Alpharabius
5940:Personalism
5849:Stewardship
5806:Reification
5801:Natural law
5722:Familialism
5688:Culturalism
5561:Role ethics
5546:Metaphysics
5322:Zhou Zuoren
5282:Xiong Shili
5267:Tang Chun-i
5262:Sun Yat-sen
5257:Qiu Renzong
5252:Mou Zongsan
5202:Kang Youwei
5147:Feng Youlan
5112:P. C. Chang
5102:Cai Yuanpei
5086:Zeng Guofan
5071:Yu Zhengxie
5001:Gong Zizhen
4996:Feng Guifen
4986:Fang Lanfen
4918:Qian Dehong
4718:Zhang Zhihe
4654:Xiahou Xuan
4594:Bao Jingyan
4437:Zhuang Zhou
3540:(1829–1883)
3534:(1791–1841)
3528:(1847–1896)
3522:(1835–1909)
3516:(1726–1784)
3510:(1491–1585)
3504:(1442–1497)
3498:(1400–1498)
3496:Ngô Sĩ Liên
3492:(1380–1442)
3490:Nguyễn Trãi
3486:(1319–1386)
3480:(1292–1370)
3474:(1274–1354)
3468:(1218–1277)
3462:(1141–1234)
3456:(1050–1096)
3441:(1793–1837)
3435:(1730–1804)
3429:(1666–1728)
3423:(1657–1725)
3411:(1627–1705)
3405:(1622–1685)
3403:Yamaga Sokō
3399:(1619–1691)
3393:(1619–1682)
3387:(1608–1648)
3381:(1583–1657)
3375:(1561–1619)
3350:(1762–1836)
3344:(1750–1815)
3338:(1737–1805)
3332:(1731–1783)
3326:(1682–1751)
3320:(1681–1763)
3314:(1677–1727)
3308:(1607–1689)
3302:(1548–1631)
3286:(1535–1598)
3280:(1534–1599)
3278:Song Ik-pil
3274:(1527–1572)
3272:Ki Daeseung
3253:(1501–1572)
3236:Yi Eon-jeok
3227:(1482–1519)
3225:Jo Gwang-jo
3211:(1431–1492)
3200:(1396–1478)
3184:(1353–1419)
3178:(1342–1398)
3172:(1337–1392)
3166:(1328–1396)
3160:(1263–1342)
3154:(1243–1306)
3133:(1271–1345)
3127:(1130–1200)
3121:(1017–1073)
3115:(1020-1077)
3109:(1133–1180)
3103:(1150–1223)
3097:(1249–1333)
3085:(1037–1101)
3075:(1011–1077)
3069:(1007–1072)
3063:(1139–1193)
3053:(1032–1085)
2957:bureaucrats
2838:During the
2811:Yun Seon-do
2760:Jo Gwang-jo
2745:Yi Song-gye
2720:during the
2501:Munhwa Ilbo
2484:Kukmin Ilbo
2455:Dong-a Ilbo
2443:Chosun Ilbo
2331:(2012–2017)
2202:Roh Tae-woo
2167:Kim Kyu-sik
2157:Kim Jin-pyo
2152:Kim Kyu-sik
2091:Politicians
2064:B. R. Myers
1952:"Old Right"
1919:Familialism
1912:Meritocracy
1843:Traditional
1701:Ōyōmei-gaku
1344:Mou Zongsan
1178: [
1110:metaphysics
885:Korean name
586:Xuanyuanism
475:Other texts
168:Western Han
77:August 2012
69:introducing
6990:Categories
6922:Humanities
6882:Agnotology
6541:Kołakowski
6104:Ibn Tufayl
6084:Maimonides
6028:Thucydides
6023:Tertullian
5978:Lactantius
5873:Volksgeist
5854:Traditions
5668:Convention
5600:Legitimacy
5302:Yu Dunkang
5272:Tang Yijie
5247:Mao Zedong
5232:Lin Yutang
5197:Jin Yuelin
5192:Jiang Qing
5167:He Guanghu
5137:Chu Anping
5122:Chen Duxiu
5051:Wang Fuzhi
5041:Tan Sitong
5036:Pan Pingge
5031:Liu Yiming
4913:Luo Rufang
4834:Zhou Dunyi
4819:Wang Chuyi
4809:Wang Anshi
4789:Lu Jiuyuan
4669:Yan Zhitui
4659:Xie Daoyun
4561:Yang Xiong
4546:Wang Chong
4521:Kong Anguo
4382:Shen Buhai
4377:Shang Yang
4332:Guan Zhong
4302:Chunyu Kun
4223:Naturalism
3970:0231068085
3947:) (Vol. 2
3648:Craig 1998
3594:Huang 1999
3514:Lê Quý Đôn
3478:Chu Văn An
3427:Ogyū Sorai
3409:Itō Jinsai
3385:Nakae Tōju
3360:See also:
3336:Park Jiwon
3324:Han Wonjin
3292:(Pen name
3243:(Pen name
3215:Nam Hyo-on
3204:Kim Suk-ja
3198:Jeong Inji
3143:See also:
3119:Zhou Dunyi
3067:Ouyang Xiu
3061:Lu Jiuyuan
2993:Four Books
2925:Lê dynasty
2879:In Vietnam
2874:Toju Nakae
2506:Segye Ilbo
2187:Oh Se-hoon
2117:Kim Du-han
2074:Yi Munyeol
1996:Korean War
1924:Free trade
1869:Principles
1631:meditation
1628:Chan (Zen)
1309:Lu Jiuyuan
1258:Philosophy
1175:Xining era
1160:Zhou Dunyi
1141:Zhou Dunyi
934:Seongnihak
858:Vietnamese
745:Wade–Giles
437:Four Books
52:references
6962:Sociology
6912:Historism
6621:Santayana
6591:Oakeshott
6561:MacIntyre
6546:Kropotkin
6521:Heidegger
6374:centuries
6288:Nietzsche
6253:Jefferson
6238:Helvétius
6203:Condorcet
6166:centuries
6150:Montaigne
5973:Confucius
5963:Augustine
5880:Worldview
5774:Modernity
5747:Formation
5579:Shan shui
5512:Zhengming
5287:Xu Fuguan
5212:Li Shicen
5187:Ray Huang
5172:Hu Qiaomu
5142:Fang Keli
5132:Ch'ien Mu
5117:Chen Daqi
5046:Tang Zhen
4991:Fang Quan
4903:Liu Bowen
4893:Lai Zhide
4883:Jiao Hong
4868:Chen Jiru
4829:Zhang Zai
4794:Shao Yong
4769:Cheng Hao
4713:Wang Tong
4614:Guo Xiang
4536:Liu Xiang
4516:Jing Fang
4427:Yuan Xian
4407:Ximen Bao
4362:Lie Yukou
4317:Duanmu Ci
4307:Confucius
4193:Huang–Lao
4106:from the
4057:edition).
3805:Mair 2001
3660:Chan 1946
3609:Chan 1963
3546:Citations
3532:Minh Mạng
3342:Park Jega
3284:Seong Hon
3113:Zhang Zai
3107:Zhang Shi
3083:Su Dongpo
3073:Shao Yong
3051:Cheng Hao
2897:Minh Mạng
2460:Channel A
2448:TV Chosun
2401:(present)
2355:(present)
2325:(present)
2229:Activists
2005:Republic
1973:Tradition
1940:New Right
1929:Hierarchy
1826:Religious
1794:Corporate
1685:intuitive
1368:Confucius
1326:Cheng Hao
1217:Confucius
1213:paintings
554:and sects
357:Indonesia
213:Zhengming
142:Confucius
6975:Category
6887:Axiology
6875:See also
6666:Voegelin
6656:Spengler
6631:Shariati
6586:Nussbaum
6571:Maritain
6531:Irigaray
6511:Habermas
6476:Foucault
6461:Durkheim
6363:Voltaire
6328:de Staël
6303:Rousseau
6228:Franklin
6089:Muhammad
6074:Gelasius
6059:Avempace
6042:Medieval
6018:Polybius
6013:Plutarch
5779:Morality
5754:Ideology
5742:Identity
5651:Concepts
5573:Ink wash
5551:Politics
5541:Theology
5400:Ming yun
5376:Jing zuo
5335:Concepts
5217:Li Zehou
5182:Hua Gang
5152:Gan Yang
5061:Yan Yuan
5056:Wei Yuan
5026:Lin Zexu
5006:Gu Yanwu
4981:Fang Bao
4976:Dai Zhen
4938:Wu Cheng
4928:Wang Gen
4799:Shen Kuo
4774:Cheng Yi
4733:Liu Yuxi
4639:Sengzhao
4599:Fan Zhen
4501:Huan Tan
4481:Ban Zhao
4432:Zhang Yi
4422:Yang Zhu
4387:Shen Dao
4297:Bu Shang
4198:Legalism
4166:Buddhism
3939:(Vol. 1
3267:Kim Inhu
3241:Yi Hwang
3193:Kwŏn Kŭn
3182:Kil Chae
3152:An Hyang
3095:Wu Cheng
3047:Cheng Yi
3010:Analects
2949:orthodox
2916:Văn Miếu
2885:Văn Miếu
2850:In Japan
2791:Jeong Gu
2776:Yi Hwang
2764:Yi Hwang
2756:hyanggyo
2718:An Hyang
2627:template
2368:de facto
1821:Populist
1804:National
1786:Ilminism
1745:a series
1716:In Korea
1689:rational
1687:and not
1641:Japanese
1322:Cheng Yi
1207:symbol (
1201:yin yang
1105:Buddhism
965:Hiragana
797:Jyutping
717:Bopomofo
593:Shengdao
445:Analects
329:New Text
324:Old Text
104:a series
102:Part of
6716:(44 BC)
6646:Sombart
6641:Skinner
6626:Scruton
6606:Polanyi
6581:Niebuhr
6566:Marcuse
6501:Gramsci
6496:Gentile
6456:Du Bois
6446:Deleuze
6416:Benoist
6386:Agamben
6343:Thoreau
6333:Stirner
6323:Spencer
6273:Le Play
6223:Fourier
6208:Emerson
6193:Carlyle
6178:Bentham
6155:Müntzer
6125:Erasmus
6099:Plethon
6094:Photios
6054:Aquinas
5988:Mencius
5956:Ancient
5889:Schools
5769:Loyalty
5727:History
5715:Counter
5710:Culture
5678:Customs
5585:Society
5362:Jian'ai
5177:Hu Shih
5162:Gu Zhun
5021:Ma Qixi
4923:Wang Ji
4888:Jiao Yu
4804:Su Song
4784:Hu Hong
4674:Zhi Dun
4664:Xun Can
4649:Wang Bi
4644:Wang Su
4634:Ji Kang
4629:Huiyuan
4619:Fu Xuan
4609:Ge Hong
4556:Xun Yue
4551:Wang Fu
4541:Ma Rong
4511:Jia Kui
4452:Zou Yan
4412:Xu Xing
4397:Sun Tzu
4367:Mencius
4342:Hui Shi
4337:Han Fei
4312:Deng Xi
4249:Yangism
4241:Xuanxue
4208:Marxism
4154:Schools
4079:, 1985.
4068:, 1976.
3863:, 1963.
3484:Lê Quát
3447:Vietnam
3262:Yi Hang
3188:Ha Ryun
3164:Yi Saek
3016:Mencius
2939:by the
2807:Yun Hyu
2803:Heo Mok
2754:and 향교
2737:Yanjing
2602:Chaebol
2569:Hanahoe
2563:Defunct
1985:History
1907:Elitism
1774:Schools
1662:zuòchán
1649:Chinese
1636:zuochan
1617:jìngzuò
1604:Chinese
1599:jingzuo
1551:Chinese
1532:Mencius
1506:Chinese
1488:Chinese
1464:Chinese
1434:Chinese
1406:Chinese
1352:Hu Hong
1295:Schools
1244:Vietnam
1225:Lao Tzu
1209:Taijitu
1197:I Ching
1125:Origins
1055:ethical
1029:Chinese
971:そうみんりがく
872:Chữ Hán
452:Mencius
272:Schools
206:Ganying
156:Mencius
65:improve
6907:Ethics
6866:(2010)
6856:(1991)
6846:(1990)
6836:(1987)
6826:(1987)
6816:(1979)
6806:(1976)
6796:(1967)
6786:(1964)
6776:(1949)
6766:(1935)
6756:(1930)
6736:(1756)
6726:(1486)
6671:Walzer
6661:Taylor
6651:Sowell
6636:Simmel
6601:Pareto
6596:Ortega
6506:Guénon
6491:Gehlen
6486:Gandhi
6441:Debord
6426:Butler
6421:Berlin
6411:Bauman
6401:Badiou
6391:Arendt
6381:Adorno
6313:Ruskin
6268:Le Bon
6243:Herder
6218:Fichte
6213:Engels
6183:Bonald
6173:Arnold
6145:Milton
6140:Luther
6120:Calvin
5998:Origen
5968:Cicero
5928:Social
5864:Family
5859:Values
5820:Rights
5784:Public
5732:Honour
5663:Anomie
5658:Agency
5556:Ethics
5529:Topics
5464:Wu wei
5242:Lu Xun
5066:Yu Yue
5016:Ji Yun
4898:Li Zhi
4839:Zhu Xi
4824:Ye Shi
4723:Han Yu
4708:Jizang
4624:He Yan
4604:Fan Ye
4531:Lu Jia
4526:Liu An
4506:Jia Yi
4496:Dou Wu
4442:Zichan
4392:Su Qin
4352:Li Kui
4234:Daoxue
4228:Taoism
4203:Mohism
4045:
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3294:Yulgok
3251:Jo Sik
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3158:U T'ak
3125:Zhu Xi
3101:Ye Shi
3079:Su Shi
3007:, the
3001:, the
2989:Zhu Xi
2895:, and
2872:, and
2751:seowon
2733:Zhu Xi
2714:Zhu Xi
2706:Joseon
2527:Active
2147:Kim Gu
2019:Fourth
1838:Social
1799:Fiscal
1697:Shinto
1659::
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1651::
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1372:Mengzi
1330:Zhu Xi
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1250:, and
1236:relics
1232:Han Yu
1223:, and
1221:Buddha
1193:Taoist
1167:Zhu Xi
1152:Han Yu
1101:Taoism
1090:Zhu Xi
1070:Han Yu
1057:, and
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864:Lý học
835:Tâi-lô
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54:, but
6704:Works
6691:Žižek
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5536:Logic
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4728:Li Ao
4703:Fu Yi
4417:Xunzi
4402:Wu Qi
4357:Li Si
4347:Laozi
4322:Gaozi
3870:China
3356:Japan
3318:Yi Ik
3139:Korea
3040:China
2995:(the
2832:Sarim
2552:NKnet
2437:Media
2024:Fifth
2014:Third
2009:First
1633:, or
1540:karma
1252:Japan
1248:Korea
1240:China
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1074:Li Ao
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1564:géwù
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