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1343:) and as part of the closing mechanism of modern sport parachute equipment. They are the main metal in the formerly popular desk-toy magnets, "Buckyballs" and "Buckycubes", though some U.S. retailers have chosen not to sell them because of child-safety concerns, and they have been banned in Canada for the same reason. While a similar ban has been lifted in the United States in 2016, the minimum age requirement advised by the
945:
991:) decreases as temperature increases. Neodymium-iron-boron magnets have high coercivity at room temperature, but as the temperature rises above 100 °C (212 °F), the coercivity decreases drastically until the Curie temperature (around 320 °C or 608 °F). This fall in coercivity limits the efficiency of the magnet under high-temperature conditions, such as in wind turbines and hybrid vehicle motors.
35:
20:
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Corporation of Japan announced their development of a new method of sintering neodymium magnet material. The method exploits an "organic/inorganic hybrid technology" to form a clay-like mixture that can be fashioned into various shapes for sintering. It is said to be possible to control a non-uniform
975:
This vulnerability is addressed in many commercial products by adding a protective coating to prevent exposure to the atmosphere. Nickel, nickel-copper-nickel and zinc platings are the standard methods, although plating with other metals, or polymer and lacquer protective coatings, are also in use.
1404:
The greater forces exerted by rare-earth magnets create hazards that may not occur with other types of magnet. Neodymium magnets larger than a few cubic centimeters are strong enough to cause injuries to body parts pinched between two magnets, or a magnet and a ferrous metal surface, even causing
1015:
output per unit volume. Higher values indicate stronger magnets. For sintered NdFeB magnets, there is a widely recognized international classification. Their values range from N28 up to N55 with a theoretical maximum at N64. The first letter N before the values is short for neodymium, meaning
1068:
Sintered Nd-magnets are prepared by the raw materials being melted in a furnace, cast into a mold and cooled to form ingots. The ingots are pulverized and milled; the powder is then sintered into dense blocks. The blocks are then heat-treated, cut to shape, surface treated and
253:
has sponsored a Rare Earth
Alternatives in Critical Technologies (REACT) program, to develop alternative materials. In 2011, ARPA-E awarded 31.6 million dollars to fund Rare-Earth Substitute projects. Because of its role in permanent magnets used for
359:
grains which are aligned in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture so their magnetic axes all point in the same direction. The resistance of the crystal lattice to turning its direction of magnetization gives the compound a very high
1194:
and ferrite magnets in many of the myriad applications in modern technology where strong permanent magnets are required, because their greater strength allows the use of smaller, lighter magnets for a given application. Some examples are:
456:
boron atoms do not contribute directly to the magnetism but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding. The relatively low rare earth content (12% by volume, 26.7% by mass) and the relative abundance of neodymium and iron compared with
1384:. These cranes lift ferrous materials like steel plates, pipes, and scrap metal using the persistent magnetic field of the permanent magnets without requiring a continuous power supply. Magnetic cranes are used in scrap yards,
1338:
The greater strength of neodymium magnets has inspired new applications in areas where magnets were not used before, such as magnetic jewelry clasps, keeping up foil insulation, children's magnetic building sets (and other
145:, neodymium magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnet available commercially. They have replaced other types of magnets in many applications in modern products that require strong permanent magnets, such as
441:, which were the first type of rare-earth magnet to be commercialized. In practice, the magnetic properties of neodymium magnets depend on the alloy composition, microstructure, and manufacturing technique employed.
1148:
tons in a "company-by-company" build-up done in 2013. China produces more than 95% of rare earth elements and produces about 76% of the world's total rare-earth magnets, as well as most of the world's neodymium.
2331:
375:
in its electron structure as opposed to (on average) 3 in iron. In a magnet it is the unpaired electrons, aligned so that their spin is in the same direction, which generate the magnetic field. This gives the
262:. This perspective has been criticized for failing to recognize that most wind turbines do not use permanent magnets and for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production.
2370:
1435:
type monitors at a greater distance than other types of magnet. In some cases, chipped magnets can act as a fire hazard as they come together, sending sparks flying as if they were a lighter
1134:
orientation of the magnetic field in the sintered material to locally concentrate the field, for instance to improve the performance of electric motors. Mass production is planned for 2017.
437:
This magnetic energy value is about 18 times greater than "ordinary" ferrite magnets by volume and 12 times by mass. This magnetic energy property is higher in NdFeB alloys than in
1354:(MRI) scanners used to image the body in radiology departments as an alternative to superconducting magnets that use a coil of superconducting wire to produce the magnetic field.
2699:
1408:
Magnets that get too near each other can strike each other with enough force to chip and shatter the brittle magnets, and the flying chips can cause various injuries, especially
2267:
211:
magnets, and the related production processes by founding
Magnequench in 1986 (Magnequench has since become part of Neo Materials Technology, Inc., which later merged into
1979:
2073:
2545:
1945:
Gauder, D. R.; Froning, M. H.; White, R. J.; Ray, A. E. (15 April 1988). "Elevated temperature study of Nd-Fe-B–based magnets with cobalt and dysprosium additions".
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pinched between two magnets, causing injury or death. Also this could be a serious health risk if working with machines that have magnets in or attached to them.
3925:
3872:
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3794:
3749:
2808:
3932:
3801:
3589:
1611:
J. J. Croat; J. F. Herbst; R. W. Lee; F. E. Pinkerton (1984). "Pr-Fe and Nd-Fe-based materials: A new class of high-performance permanent magnets (invited)".
3910:
3880:
3850:
3827:
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779:
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1726:
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of a sintered magnet. This type of corrosion can cause serious deterioration, including crumbling of a magnet into a powder of small magnetic particles, or
3917:
3887:
3857:
3764:
2374:
1016:
sintered NdFeB magnets. Letters following the values indicate intrinsic coercivity and maximum operating temperatures (positively correlated with the
1350:
The strength and magnetic field homogeneity on neodymium magnets has also opened new applications in the medical field with the introduction of open
242:
Chinese manufacturers have become a dominant force in neodymium magnet production, based on their control of much of the world's rare-earth mines.
2748:
2753:
3425:
2306:
2218:"A rare metal called neodymium is in your headphones, cellphone and electric cars like Tesla's Model 3 — and China controls the world's supply"
1508:
2785:
1576:
M. Sagawa; S. Fujimura; N. Togawa; H. Yamamoto; Y. Matsuura (1984). "New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe (invited)".
2217:
2433:
I.Harrison, K.Warwick and V.Ruiz (2018), "Subdermal
Magnetic Implants: An Experimental Study", Cybernetics and Systems, 49(2), 122-150.
1859:
2286:
1482:
250:
2271:
2157:
2332:"CPSC Approves New Federal Safety Standard for Magnets to Prevent Deaths and Serious Injuries from High-Powered Magnet Ingestion"
1751:
1344:
249:
has identified a need to find substitutes for rare-earth metals in permanent magnet technology and has funded such research. The
2115:
1357:
Neodymium magnets are used as a surgically placed anti-reflux system which is a band of magnets surgically implanted around the
999:(Tb) is added to curb the fall in performance from temperature changes. This addition makes the magnets more costly to produce.
2671:
Brown, D; Ma, Bao-Min; Chen, Zhongmin (2002). "Developments in the processing and properties of NdFeB-type permanent magnets".
1913:
2661:
2642:
2619:
2077:
1992:
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1492:
1419:
The stronger magnetic fields can be hazardous to mechanical and electronic devices, as they can erase magnetic media such as
1110:
Nd-Fe-B powder is bound in a matrix of a thermoplastic polymer to form the magnets. The magnetic alloy material is formed by
2605:
2414:
2127:
2018:
298:, but only at low temperatures, below 19 K (−254.2 °C; −425.5 °F). However, some compounds of neodymium with
2570:
1711:
246:
355:
but is very difficult to magnetize in other directions. Like other magnets, the neodymium magnet alloy is composed of
258:, it has been argued that neodymium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on
3243:
2778:
2478:
274:
Neodymium magnets (small cylinders) lifting steel spheres. Such magnets can lift thousands of times their own weight.
1314:
In process industries, powerful neodymium magnets are used to catch foreign bodies and protect product and processes
409:) and a remanent magnetization of typically 1.3 teslas. Therefore, as the maximum energy density is proportional to
4016:
2042:
47:
1126:. An external magnetic field is applied during the moulding process, orienting the field of the completed magnet.
4021:
2520:
2059:
1362:
1183:
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172:
B compound almost simultaneously in 1984. The research was initially driven by the high raw materials cost of
1550:
1412:. There have even been cases where young children who have swallowed several magnets have had sections of the
2187:
853:
839:
452:
B crystal structure can be described as alternating layers of iron atoms and a neodymium-boron compound. The
2700:
The
Dependence of Magnetic Properties and Hot Workability of Rare Earth-Iron-Boride Magnets Upon Composition
4061:
4051:
4031:
2771:
716:
Photomicrograph of NdFeB. The jagged edged regions are the metal crystals, and the stripes within are the
2444:
1114:
onto a water-cooled drum. This metal ribbon is crushed to a powder and then heat-treated to improve its
4036:
2986:
2873:
1358:
1351:
740:
726:
496:
have been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate higher temperatures.
470:
438:
173:
2758:
4041:
1235:
984:
Neodymium has a negative coefficient, meaning the coercivity along with the magnetic energy density (
142:
127:
156:
NdFeB magnets can be classified as sintered or bonded, depending on the manufacturing process used.
4026:
3779:
3107:
3014:
2942:
2741:
1516:
317:
The strength of neodymium magnets is the result of several factors. The most important is that the
1020:), which range from default (up to 80 °C or 176 °F) to TH (230 °C or 446 °F).
4056:
3786:
3172:
2998:
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2239:
1887:
1707:
3341:
3132:
3120:
3006:
2958:
2922:
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1413:
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of magnetic fields, though this is an experimental procedure only popular among biohackers and
1008:
368:
3391:
3236:
3030:
3022:
2857:
2841:
2833:
2546:"Warning issued around the ingestion of 'super strong' neodymium magnets often found in toys"
1340:
3812:
3756:
3495:
3410:
3095:
3083:
2917:
2849:
2680:
2630:
1954:
1790:
1620:
1585:
1393:
1374:
1206:
1119:
881:
8:
3819:
3156:
3148:
3115:
3058:
3042:
2794:
1674:
1646:
1115:
1094:
385:
351:
in A·m). This means a crystal of the material preferentially magnetizes along a specific
330:
2684:
2634:
2253:
1958:
1794:
1624:
1589:
3895:
3513:
3381:
3334:
3326:
2889:
2165:
1686:
1301:
1123:
285:
on a glass plate displays the strong magnetic field of the neodymium magnet underneath.
42:
2692:
1380:
Neodymium is used as a magnetic crane which is a lifting device that lifts objects by
416:, this magnetic phase has the potential for storing large amounts of magnetic energy (
3965:
3902:
3771:
3578:
3399:
3071:
3066:
2729:
2706:
2657:
2638:
2615:
2474:
1973:
1865:
1818:
1556:
1488:
1458:
1262:
1098:
1017:
867:
814:
542:
485:
466:
372:
311:
295:
131:
59:
2654:
2346:
2254:"Industrial Magnets strength and design for process protections - PowderProcess.net"
1928:
1755:
4046:
3954:
3632:
3620:
3604:
3535:
3521:
3449:
3418:
3229:
2688:
1962:
1808:
1798:
1628:
1593:
1432:
1366:
1284:
1229:
909:
895:
356:
299:
270:
259:
99:
2135:
1996:
3612:
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3457:
1899:
1836:
1240:
1111:
1089:
B nano-scale grains. This ribbon is then pulverized into particles, mixed with a
717:
348:
150:
70:
28:
948:
These neodymium magnets corroded severely after five months of weather exposure.
278:
3640:
3349:
2091:
1803:
1778:
1730:
1452:
1381:
1318:
1280:
1274:
1256:
1245:
965:
488:
than many other types of magnets. Special neodymium magnet alloys that include
431:
231:, and has manufactured but also licensed other companies to produce sintered Nd
224:
164:
General Motors (GM) and
Sumitomo Special Metals independently discovered the Nd
146:
138:
2494:
2235:
1178:
239:
B magnets. Hitachi has held more than 600 patents covering neodymium magnets.
4010:
3437:
2577:
2161:
1822:
1268:
1118:. The powder is mixed with a polymer to form a mouldable putty, similar to a
1078:
1012:
307:
177:
75:
16:
Strongest type of permanent magnet from an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron
2571:"CPSC Safety Alert: Ingested Magnets Can Cause Serious Intestinal Injuries"
1305:
1288:
1224:
1144:
of neodymium magnets are produced officially each year in China, and 80,000
751:
406:
399:
352:
344:
255:
228:
176:(SmCo), which had been developed earlier. GM focused on the development of
1081:
a thin ribbon of the NdFeB alloy. The ribbon contains randomly oriented Nd
3180:
2737:
2371:"TAVAC Safety and Effectiveness Analysis: LINX® Reflux Management System"
2131:
1813:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1215:
1162:
1130:
924:
453:
2236:"How its made - Neodymium magnets كيفية صناعة المغناطيسات الخارقة القوة"
1549:
Lucas, Jacques; Lucas, Pierre; Le
Mercier, Thierry; et al. (2014).
294:
In its pure form, neodymium has magnetic properties—specifically, it is
2128:"World's First Magnetic Field Orientation Controlling Neodymium Magnet"
1703:
1461: – Strong permanent magnet made from alloys of rare-earth elements
1409:
1389:
1370:
1250:
992:
765:
520:
493:
481:
361:
318:
314:
well above room temperature. These are used to make neodymium magnets.
282:
208:
2763:
1484:
Handbook of Modern
Sensors: Physics, Designs, and Applications, 4th Ed
2291:
1966:
1632:
1597:
1385:
1219:
1200:
1141:
1062:
961:
747:
508:
477:
204:
189:
107:
63:
2392:
1779:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths"
1900:
Typical
Physical and Chemical Properties of Some Magnetic Materials
969:
458:
212:
1921:
Journal of
Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
944:
3272:
3252:
1090:
996:
489:
1170:
1057:
There are two principal neodymium magnet manufacturing methods:
712:
3301:
3221:
1191:
462:
24:
2415:"What You Need to Know About Getting Magnetic Finger Implants"
2389:"The linx reflux management system: stop reflux at its source"
1347:
is now 14, and there are now new warning label requirements.
130:
crystalline structure. They are the most widely used type of
1455: – Searching in outdoor waters for ferromagnetic objects
1436:
115:
103:
2242:
from the original on 2021-12-21 – via www.youtube.com.
1122:. This is pelletised for storage and can later be shaped by
725:
Comparison of physical properties of sintered neodymium and
465:
makes neodymium magnets lower in price than the other major
34:
303:
111:
19:
2287:"Feds file suit against Buckyballs, retailers ban product"
1548:
1515:. Adams Magnetic Products. October 5, 2012. Archived from
1330:
2576:. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Archived from
1727:"Pentagon Loses Control of Bombs to China Metal Monopoly"
1724:
1334:
Neodymium magnet spheres assembled in the shape of a cube
2076:. American Applied Materials Corporation. Archived from
1752:"Research Funding for Rare Earth Free Permanent Magnets"
1670:
1668:
2307:"Health Canada to ban the sale of 'Buckyballs' magnets"
2606:
Standard Specifications for Permanent Magnet Materials
2158:"Potent magnet that can be molded like clay developed"
1725:
Peter Robison & Gopal Ratnam (29 September 2010).
78:
demonstrating a NdFeB magnet's force with 2 kg bottle.
2074:"Manufacturing Process of Sintered Neodymium Magnets"
1980:
How to Understand the Grade of Sintered NdFeB Magnet?
1665:
707:
1552:
Rare Earths: Science, Technology, Production and Use
329:
B crystal structure has exceptionally high uniaxial
1680:
347:– magnetic field strength H in units of A/m versus
2754:Concern as China clamps down on rare earth exports
2707:2023 Honda Prize Honors Neodymium Magnet Inventors
2612:Permanent-Magnet Materials and their Applications
1888:As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms
1321:in various objects (cutlery, coins, jewelry etc.)
500:Magnetic properties of various permanent magnets
484:and energy product, neodymium magnets have lower
188:B magnets, while Sumitomo developed full-density
4008:
2627:Permanent Magnet Materials and their Application
1985:
1291:require one kilogram (2.2 lb) of neodymium.
1174:Most hard disk drives incorporate strong magnets
1007:Neodymium magnets are graded according to their
2521:"How to remove a finger with two super magnets"
2270:. United Parachute Technologies. Archived from
1186:uses a neodymium magnet to generate electricity
1157:
2045:. Everbeen Magnet. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
1911:
1893:
1074:Rapid solidification or bonded magnet process
3237:
2779:
2614:, Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Switzerland,
2284:
1902:, Permanent Magnets Comparison and Selection.
1308:(only those with permanent magnet excitation)
223:B powder to bonded magnet manufacturers. The
27:-plated neodymium magnet on a bracket from a
1715:, December 2011. Accessed: 23 December 2011.
2673:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
2670:
2629:. Cambridge University Press. p. 217.
2134:Corporation. 24 August 2015. Archived from
803:Temperature coefficient of coercivity (%/K)
3244:
3230:
2786:
2772:
2150:
1857:
979:
792:Temperature coefficient of remanence (%/K)
2469:Pearson (2009). "Chapter 12: Magnetism".
1812:
1802:
1439:, because some neodymium magnets contain
2624:
2473:. Pearson Education India. p. 505.
1914:"Corrosion of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets"
1776:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1476:
1474:
1329:
1177:
1169:
1161:
943:
711:
277:
269:
251:Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy
69:
41:
33:
18:
2793:
2651:
2468:
2442:
2412:
2406:
2180:
1639:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
364:, or resistance to being demagnetized.
4009:
3285:
1995:. Amazing Magnets, LLC. Archived from
1883:
1881:
1851:
1480:
856:, perpendicular to magnetization (1/K)
289:
3738:
3225:
2767:
2749:Geeky Rare-Earth Magnets Repel Sharks
2518:
2215:
2120:
1858:Boysen, Earl; Muir, Nancy C. (2011).
1692:
1471:
2188:"The Permanent Magnet Market – 2015"
2036:
1864:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 167.
1783:Energy Research & Social Science
1531:
367:The neodymium atom can have a large
215:). The company supplied melt-spun Nd
203:GM commercialized its inventions of
38:Nickel-plated neodymium magnet cubes
2391:. Torax Medical Inc. Archived from
2043:"Grades of Neodymium magnets" (PDF)
1912:Drak, M.; Dobrzanski, L.A. (2007).
1878:
1325:
137:Developed independently in 1984 by
13:
2727:
2711:Advanced Materials & Processes
2598:
2445:"Top 8 Uses for Neodymium Magnets"
2344:
2285:O'Donnell, Jayne (July 26, 2012).
1982:, Grades of Sintered NdFeB Magnets
1861:Nanotechnology For Dummies, 2nd Ed
1712:United States Department of Energy
1677:, What are Sintered NdFeB Magnets?
1077:Bonded Nd-magnets are prepared by
1023:Grades of sintered NdFeB magnets:
708:Physical and mechanical properties
247:United States Department of Energy
14:
4073:
2721:
2717:, No. 8, Nov/Dec 2023, p 29 - 31.
1839:. Hitchhiker's Guide to Magnetism
842:, parallel to magnetization (1/K)
174:samarium-cobalt permanent magnets
3251:
2413:Dvorsky, George (17 July 2013).
2216:Isaak, Adam (October 19, 2018).
2164:. 28 August 2015. Archived from
1689:, What are Bonded NdFeB Magnets?
1427:, and magnetize watches and the
1190:Neodymium magnets have replaced
48:transmission electron microscopy
2563:
2538:
2519:Swain, Frank (March 29, 2018).
2512:
2487:
2462:
2443:Marchio, Cathy (Apr 16, 2024).
2436:
2427:
2381:
2363:
2338:
2324:
2299:
2278:
2260:
2246:
2228:
2209:
2109:
2084:
2066:
2048:
2011:
1938:
1905:
1829:
1770:
1744:
1718:
1363:gastroesophageal reflux disease
1152:
1061:Classical powder metallurgy or
1777:Overland, Indra (2019-03-01).
1604:
1569:
1555:. Elsevier. pp. 224–225.
1501:
1287:. The electric motors of each
439:samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnets
1:
2693:10.1016/S0304-8853(02)00334-7
2092:"Bonded Magnets – Production"
1647:"What are neodymium magnets?"
1487:. USA: Springer. p. 73.
1465:
1052:
854:Thermal expansion coefficient
840:Thermal expansion coefficient
331:magnetocrystalline anisotropy
265:
2351:Questions and Answers in MRI
1365:(GERD). They have also been
1311:Retail media case decouplers
1199:Head actuators for computer
1158:Existing magnet applications
960:B tends to be vulnerable to
939:
227:facility became part of the
7:
2759:What Are Neodymium Magnets?
2652:Furlani, Edward P. (2001).
1890:, Reuters, August 31, 2009.
1708:Critical Materials Strategy
1446:
1367:implanted in the fingertips
1184:manually-powered flashlight
10:
4078:
3740:
2656:. London: Academic Press.
1947:Journal of Applied Physics
1804:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018
1613:Journal of Applied Physics
1578:Journal of Applied Physics
1509:"What is a Strong Magnet?"
1399:
1359:lower esophageal sphincter
1352:magnetic resonance imaging
1236:Benchtop NMR spectrometers
476:Although they have higher
159:
3287:
3265:
3200:
2866:
2801:
2471:IIT Foundations - Physics
2195:Magnetics 2013 Conference
2019:"Neodymium Magnet Grades"
1513:The Magnetic Matters Blog
1002:
541:
531:
519:
507:
504:
2742:University of Nottingham
2625:Campbell, Peter (1994).
1754:. ARPA-E. Archived from
386:saturation magnetization
153:and magnetic fasteners.
4017:Ferromagnetic materials
1653:. Conjecture Corp. 2011
1011:, which relates to the
980:Temperature sensitivity
471:samarium–cobalt magnets
143:Sumitomo Special Metals
4022:Loudspeaker technology
2610:K.H.J. Buschow (1998)
2527:. Seed Media Group LLC
1944:
1675:Sintered NdFeB Magnets
1610:
1575:
1481:Fraden, Jacob (2010).
1335:
1187:
1175:
1167:
1009:maximum energy product
949:
721:
369:magnetic dipole moment
286:
275:
79:
67:
46:Left: high-resolution
39:
31:
2056:"Grades of Neodymium"
1927:(1–2). Archived from
1837:"Magnetic Anisotropy"
1341:neodymium magnet toys
1333:
1181:
1173:
1165:
947:
715:
281:
273:
73:
45:
37:
22:
2525:The Sciencepunk Blog
2168:on 28 September 2015
1993:"Magnet Grade Chart"
1687:Bonded NdFeB Magnets
1394:manufacturing plants
1369:in order to provide
1120:glass-filled polymer
1101:into bonded magnets.
972:of a surface layer.
882:Compressive strength
686:Sr-ferrite, sintered
141:and in the 1970s by
4062:Japanese inventions
4052:Neodymium compounds
4032:Magnetic levitation
2795:Neodymium compounds
2730:"More with Magnets"
2685:2002JMMM..248..432B
2635:1996pmma.book.....C
2347:"MRI magnet design"
2238:. 9 November 2014.
1959:1988JAP....63.3522G
1795:2019ERSS...49...36O
1625:1984JAP....55.2078C
1590:1984JAP....55.2083S
1302:Electric generators
964:, especially along
780:Recoil permeability
730:
501:
290:Magnetic properties
229:Hitachi Corporation
149:in cordless tools,
2197:. February 7, 2013
1758:on 10 October 2013
1371:sensory perception
1336:
1263:Synchronous motors
1188:
1176:
1168:
1137:As of 2012, 50,000
1124:injection moulding
950:
724:
722:
642:Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)
499:
384:B compound a high
373:unpaired electrons
312:Curie temperatures
287:
276:
180:nanocrystalline Nd
80:
68:
40:
32:
4037:Rare earth alloys
4004:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3219:
3218:
2663:978-0-12-269951-1
2644:978-0-521-24996-6
2620:978-0-87849-796-6
2583:on 8 January 2013
2345:Elster, Allen D.
2274:on July 17, 2011.
2138:on 9 October 2015
2116:Bonded neo powder
2096:Allstar Magnetics
1999:on March 13, 2016
1871:978-1-118-13688-1
1562:978-0-444-62744-5
1519:on March 26, 2016
1494:978-1-4419-6465-6
1459:Rare-earth magnet
1285:electric vehicles
1279:Drive motors for
1230:Magnetic bearings
1018:Curie temperature
937:
936:
868:Flexural strength
815:Curie temperature
705:
704:
486:Curie temperature
467:rare-earth magnet
371:because it has 4
300:transition metals
296:antiferromagnetic
132:rare-earth magnet
60:crystal structure
4069:
4042:Types of magnets
3269:
3268:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3222:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2745:
2696:
2667:
2648:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2495:"Magnetic Crane"
2491:
2485:
2484:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2449:Stanford Magnets
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:. Archived from
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2124:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2058:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1967:10.1063/1.340729
1953:(8): 3522–3524.
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1701:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1651:wiseGEEK website
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:10.1063/1.333571
1608:
1602:
1601:
1598:10.1063/1.333572
1573:
1567:
1566:
1546:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1478:
1326:New applications
1147:
1140:
1099:injection-molded
966:grain boundaries
910:Vickers hardness
896:Tensile strength
731:
723:
718:magnetic domains
666:Alnico, sintered
502:
498:
480:and much higher
430:
426:
405:
398:
357:microcrystalline
343:
260:renewable energy
151:hard disk drives
100:permanent magnet
84:neodymium magnet
4077:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4027:Magnetic alloys
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3969:
3958:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3582:
3539:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3499:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3403:
3395:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3280:
3276:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2862:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2812:
2797:
2792:
2728:Bowley, Roger.
2724:
2664:
2645:
2601:
2599:Further reading
2596:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2283:
2279:
2268:"Options Guide"
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1702:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1609:
1605:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1547:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1449:
1414:digestive tract
1402:
1328:
1319:precious metals
1241:Electric motors
1212:Locks for doors
1209:firing switches
1160:
1155:
1145:
1138:
1112:splat quenching
1088:
1084:
1065:magnet process
1055:
1005:
990:
982:
959:
955:
942:
710:
645:
621:
597:
593:
569:
565:
548:
538:
537:
528:
526:
516:
514:
451:
447:
428:
424:
422:
415:
403:
396:
394:
383:
379:
349:magnetic moment
341:
339:
328:
324:
292:
268:
238:
234:
222:
218:
199:
195:
187:
183:
171:
167:
162:
147:electric motors
125:
121:
86:(also known as
57:
53:
29:hard disk drive
17:
12:
11:
5:
4075:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4057:Ferrous alloys
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2723:
2722:External links
2720:
2719:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2679:(3): 432–440.
2668:
2662:
2649:
2643:
2622:
2608:
2604:MMPA 0100-00,
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2562:
2537:
2511:
2486:
2479:
2461:
2435:
2426:
2405:
2380:
2377:on 2014-02-14.
2362:
2337:
2323:
2298:
2277:
2259:
2245:
2227:
2208:
2179:
2149:
2119:
2108:
2083:
2080:on 2015-05-26.
2065:
2062:on 2024-05-26.
2047:
2035:
2010:
1984:
1972:
1937:
1934:on 2012-04-02.
1904:
1892:
1877:
1870:
1850:
1828:
1769:
1743:
1731:Bloomberg News
1717:
1691:
1679:
1664:
1638:
1603:
1568:
1561:
1530:
1500:
1493:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1453:Magnet fishing
1448:
1445:
1405:broken bones.
1401:
1398:
1382:magnetic force
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1277:
1275:power steering
1271:
1269:stepper motors
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1246:Cordless tools
1238:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1004:
1001:
988:
981:
978:
957:
953:
941:
938:
935:
934:
931:
928:
920:
919:
916:
913:
906:
905:
902:
899:
892:
891:
888:
885:
878:
877:
874:
871:
864:
863:
860:
857:
850:
849:
846:
843:
836:
835:
832:
829:
828:Density (g/cm)
825:
824:
821:
818:
811:
810:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
769:
762:
761:
758:
755:
744:
743:
738:
735:
709:
706:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
663:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
643:
639:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
555:
551:
550:
546:
540:
535:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
449:
445:
420:
413:
392:
381:
377:
337:
326:
322:
291:
288:
267:
264:
236:
232:
220:
216:
197:
193:
185:
181:
169:
165:
161:
158:
139:General Motors
123:
119:
118:to form the Nd
55:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4074:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3331:
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2734:Sixty Symbols
2731:
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2515:
2500:
2499:Yuantai Crane
2496:
2490:
2482:
2480:9788131728468
2476:
2472:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2416:
2409:
2395:on 2016-03-15
2394:
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2167:
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2162:Asahi Shimbun
2159:
2153:
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2079:
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2014:
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1994:
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1814:11250/2579292
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1306:wind turbines
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1234:
1232:and couplings
1231:
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1225:Mobile phones
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1092:
1080:
1079:melt spinning
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1047:
1045:N28TH – N35TH
1044:
1042:N28EH – N40EH
1041:
1039:N28UH – N42UH
1038:
1036:N30SH – N48SH
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1013:magnetic flux
1010:
1000:
998:
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827:
826:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
809:−(0.30–0.15)
808:
805:
802:
801:
798:−(0.05–0.03)
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
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336:
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320:
315:
313:
309:
308:ferromagnetic
305:
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297:
284:
280:
272:
263:
261:
257:
256:wind turbines
252:
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152:
148:
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133:
129:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:made from an
101:
98:magnet) is a
97:
93:
89:
85:
77:
76:Masato Sagawa
72:
65:
61:
49:
44:
36:
30:
26:
21:
3257:
2733:
2714:
2710:
2676:
2672:
2653:
2626:
2611:
2585:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2565:
2554:. Retrieved
2552:. 2021-05-21
2550:NursingNotes
2549:
2540:
2529:. Retrieved
2524:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2470:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:
2438:
2429:
2418:. Retrieved
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2393:the original
2383:
2375:the original
2365:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:
2340:
2326:
2315:. Retrieved
2313:. 2013-04-16
2310:
2301:
2290:
2280:
2272:the original
2262:
2248:
2230:
2221:
2211:
2201:November 28,
2199:. Retrieved
2194:
2182:
2172:28 September
2170:. Retrieved
2166:the original
2152:
2142:28 September
2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2122:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2078:the original
2068:
2060:the original
2050:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2023:totalElement
2022:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1987:
1975:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1929:the original
1924:
1920:
1907:
1895:
1860:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1831:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1720:
1710:
1682:
1655:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1551:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1512:
1503:
1483:
1429:shadow masks
1425:credit cards
1421:floppy disks
1418:
1410:eye injuries
1407:
1403:
1379:
1356:
1349:
1337:
1317:Identifying
1289:Toyota Prius
1267:Spindle and
1255:Lifting and
1216:Loudspeakers
1189:
1166:Ring magnets
1153:Applications
1136:
1128:
1107:
1106:
1056:
1022:
1006:
985:
983:
974:
951:
930:(110–170)×10
806:−(0.65–0.40)
795:−(0.12–0.09)
543:
532:
521:
509:
475:
443:
436:
417:
410:
389:
366:
353:crystal axis
334:
316:
293:
244:
241:
207:Neo powder,
202:
163:
155:
136:
95:
91:
87:
83:
81:
2738:Brady Haran
2587:13 December
2132:Nitto Denko
2003:December 4,
1704:Chu, Steven
1657:October 12,
1619:(6): 2078.
1584:(6): 2083.
1523:October 12,
1441:ferrocerium
1273:Electrical
1251:Servomotors
1207:e-cigarette
1205:Mechanical
1131:Nitto Denko
1095:compression
1069:magnetized.
1033:N30H – N50H
1030:N30M – N50M
952:Sintered Nd
933:(50–90)×10
925:resistivity
923:Electrical
862:(10–13)×10
774:0.493–2.79
570:B, sintered
454:diamagnetic
423: ≈ 512
200:B magnets.
50:image of Nd
4011:Categories
2556:2021-05-27
2531:2009-06-28
2420:2016-09-30
2399:2014-05-18
2356:2018-12-26
2317:2018-08-22
2101:26 October
1466:References
1390:warehouses
1257:compressor
1220:headphones
1201:hard disks
1116:coercivity
1108:Bonded neo
1053:Production
993:Dysprosium
771:0.875–2.79
766:Coercivity
681:1292–1580
646:, sintered
622:, sintered
494:dysprosium
482:coercivity
427:kJ/m or 64
362:coercivity
319:tetragonal
283:Ferrofluid
266:Properties
209:bonded neo
128:tetragonal
58:B; right:
2292:USA Today
1823:2214-6296
1789:: 36–40.
1386:shipyards
1361:to treat
1294:Actuators
1129:In 2015,
1027:N27 – N55
962:corrosion
940:Corrosion
890:800–1000
887:1000–1100
848:(5–9)×10
787:1.05–1.1
760:0.8–1.16
748:Remanence
737:Neodymium
598:B, bonded
478:remanence
205:isotropic
178:melt-spun
108:neodymium
74:Inventor
64:unit cell
2910:Nd(acac)
2740:for the
2504:June 28,
2454:June 28,
2240:Archived
1762:23 April
1736:24 March
1447:See also
1375:grinders
1063:sintered
1048:N33VH/AH
995:(Dy) or
970:spalling
918:400–650
876:150–180
859:(1–3)×10
845:(3–4)×10
834:8.2–8.5
823:700–850
734:Property
729:magnets
689:0.2–0.78
652:450–1300
649:0.9–1.15
628:600–2000
613:590–752
604:600–1200
585:590–752
576:750–2000
469:family,
459:samarium
302:such as
225:Sumitomo
213:Molycorp
190:sintered
4047:Borides
3741:
3253:Borides
2867:Nd(III)
2713:, Vol.
2681:Bibcode
2631:Bibcode
2311:CTVNews
1955:Bibcode
1843:2 March
1791:Bibcode
1621:Bibcode
1586:Bibcode
1400:Hazards
1091:polymer
997:terbium
915:500–650
873:200–400
831:7.3–7.7
820:310–370
692:100–300
678:700–860
669:0.6–1.4
655:150–240
631:120–200
625:0.8–1.1
610:310–400
601:0.6–0.7
582:310–400
579:200–440
573:1.0–1.4
539:(kJ/m)
529:(kA/m)
505:Magnet
490:terbium
310:, with
160:History
3201:Nd(IV)
3096:Nd(ReO
3015:Nd(OH)
2987:Nd(ClO
2802:Nd(II)
2660:
2641:
2618:
2477:
2028:10 May
1868:
1821:
1559:
1491:
1392:, and
1281:hybrid
1259:motors
1192:alnico
1146:
1139:
1003:Grades
927:(Ω·cm)
904:35–40
898:(N/mm)
884:(N/mm)
870:(N/mm)
768:(MA/m)
607:60–100
463:cobalt
444:The Nd
429:
425:
404:
397:
342:
114:, and
66:marked
25:Nickel
3149:NdTaO
3072:Nd(NO
3059:NdNiO
3031:Nd(IO
2898:Nd(CH
2890:NdAsO
2581:(PDF)
2574:(PDF)
2191:(PDF)
1932:(PDF)
1917:(PDF)
1437:flint
1182:This
1097:- or
901:80–90
757:1–1.5
741:Sm-Co
727:Sm-Co
695:10–40
675:10–88
661:1472
637:1328
557:(°F)
432:MG·Oe
402:or 16
395:≈ 1.6
116:boron
104:alloy
88:NdFeB
62:with
3181:Nd(C
3173:NdVO
3108:NdPO
3047:(MoO
2979:NdCl
2923:NdBr
2918:NdBi
2902:COO)
2874:NdAl
2834:NdBr
2826:NdCl
2658:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2589:2012
2506:2024
2475:ISBN
2456:2024
2222:CNBC
2203:2013
2174:2015
2144:2015
2103:2018
2030:2023
2005:2013
1866:ISBN
1845:2014
1819:ISSN
1764:2013
1738:2014
1659:2012
1557:ISBN
1525:2012
1489:ISBN
1423:and
1345:CPSC
1304:for
1283:and
1218:and
1142:tons
912:(HV)
817:(°C)
784:1.05
701:842
618:SmCo
554:(°C)
517:(T)
492:and
461:and
434:).
306:are
304:iron
245:The
112:iron
3994:No
3991:Md
3988:Fm
3985:Es
3982:Cf
3979:Bk
3976:Cm
3973:Am
3966:PuB
3962:Np
3951:Pa
3948:Th
3945:Ac
3942:**
3933:YbB
3926:YbB
3918:TmB
3911:TmB
3903:ErB
3896:ErB
3888:HoB
3881:HoB
3873:DyB
3866:DyB
3858:TbB
3851:TbB
3843:GdB
3836:GdB
3828:EuB
3820:SmB
3813:SmB
3809:Pm
3802:NdB
3795:NdB
3787:PrB
3780:PrB
3772:CeB
3765:CeB
3757:LaB
3750:LaB
3734:Og
3731:Ts
3728:Lv
3725:Mc
3722:Fl
3719:Nh
3716:Cn
3713:Rg
3710:Ds
3707:Mt
3704:Hs
3701:Bh
3698:Sg
3695:Db
3692:Rf
3689:Lr
3686:**
3683:Ra
3680:Fr
3675:Rn
3672:At
3669:Po
3666:Bi
3663:Pb
3660:Tl
3657:Hg
3654:Au
3651:Pt
3648:Ir
3641:OsB
3633:ReB
3613:TaB
3605:HfB
3597:LuB
3590:LuB
3579:BaB
3575:Cs
3570:Xe
3564:Te
3561:Sb
3558:Sn
3555:In
3552:Cd
3549:Ag
3546:Pd
3543:Rh
3536:RuB
3532:Tc
3529:Mo
3522:NbB
3514:ZrB
3496:SrB
3492:Rb
3487:Kr
3484:Br
3481:Se
3478:As
3475:Ge
3472:Ga
3469:Zn
3466:Cu
3419:FeB
3415:Mn
3411:CrB
3400:TiB
3392:ScB
3382:CaB
3375:CaB
3366:Ar
3363:Cl
3350:SiB
3342:AlB
3335:AlB
3327:MgB
3323:Na
3318:Ne
3298:Be
3295:Li
3290:He
3208:NdF
3161:(WO
3137:(SO
3116:NdP
3067:NdN
3023:NdI
3007:NdH
2999:NdF
2947:(CO
2878:(BO
2858:NdS
2850:NdI
2842:NdH
2818:NdF
2715:181
2709:,"
2689:doi
2677:248
1963:doi
1809:hdl
1799:doi
1629:doi
1594:doi
1433:CRT
1431:of
989:max
698:450
672:275
658:800
634:720
536:max
421:max
340:≈ 7
106:of
96:Neo
94:or
92:NIB
4013::
3955:UB
3746:*
3586:*
3567:I
3506:YB
3458:Ni
3450:Ni
3438:Co
3426:Fe
3407:V
3394:12
3371:K
3360:S
3357:P
3344:12
3315:F
3312:O
3309:N
3306:C
3157:Nd
3133:Nd
3121:Nd
3084:Nd
3043:Nd
2963:(C
2959:Nd
2943:Nd
2931:Nd
2809:Nd
2736:.
2732:.
2687:.
2675:.
2637:.
2548:.
2523:.
2497:.
2447:.
2349:.
2309:.
2289:.
2220:.
2193:.
2160:.
2130:.
2094:.
2021:.
1961:.
1951:63
1949:.
1925:20
1923:.
1919:.
1880:^
1817:.
1807:.
1797:.
1787:49
1785:.
1781:.
1729:.
1706:.
1694:^
1667:^
1649:.
1627:.
1617:55
1615:.
1592:.
1582:55
1580:.
1533:^
1511:.
1473:^
1443:.
1396:.
1388:,
1377:.
1087:14
1085:Fe
986:BH
958:14
956:Fe
596:14
594:Fe
590:Nd
568:14
566:Fe
562:Nd
533:BH
525:ci
473:.
450:14
448:Fe
418:BH
407:kG
382:14
380:Fe
376:Nd
327:14
325:Fe
321:Nd
237:14
235:Fe
221:14
219:Fe
198:14
196:Fe
192:Nd
186:14
184:Fe
170:14
168:Fe
134:.
126:B
124:14
122:Fe
110:,
90:,
82:A
56:14
54:Fe
23:A
3968:x
3957:2
3935:6
3928:4
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