209:, caused by genetic variations that were either spontaneously acquired or inherited from one's parents. At least 30 distinct genetic variants can result in neonatal diabetes. The development and treatment of neonatal diabetes will vary based on the particular genetic cause. Known genetic variants cause neonatal diabetes by five major mechanisms: Preventing the development of the pancreas or β cells, promoting β-cell death by autoimmunity or
841:
long-term prognosis depends on the person's metabolic control, which effects the presence and complications of diabetes complications. The prognosis can be confirmed with genetic analysis to find the genetic cause of the disease. With proper management, the prognosis for overall health and normal brain development is normally good. It is highly advised people living with NDM seek prognosis from their health care provider.
29:
780:
651:
requirements, an overlap occurs between the two groups, therefore TNDM cannot be distinguished from PNDM based clinical feature. An early onset of diabetes mellitus is unrelated to autoimmunity in most cases, relapse of diabetes is common with TNDM, and extensive follow ups are important. In addition, molecular analysis of
1178:
Temple, Isabel Karen; Mackay, Deborah J.G.; Docherty, Louise Esther (1993). "Diabetes
Mellitus, 6q24-Related Transient Neonatal". In Adam, Margaret P.; Ardinger, Holly H.; Pagon, Roberta A.; Wallace, Stephanie E.; Bean, Lora J.H.; Mefford, Heather C.; Stephens, Karen; Amemiya, Anne; Ledbetter, Nikki
836:
The outcome for infants or adults with NDM have different outcomes among carriers of the disease. Among affected babies, some have PNDM while others have relapse of their diabetes and other patients may experience permanent remission. Diabetes may reoccur in the patient's childhood or adulthood. It
650:
The diagnostic evaluations are based upon the following evaluation factors: patients with TNDM are more likely to have intrauterine growth retardation and less likely to develop ketoacidosis than patients with PNDM. TNDM patients are younger at the age of diagnosis of diabetes and have lower insulin
753:
Samples from fetus or child and both parents are needed for analysis. Chromosome of interest must be specified on request form. For prenatal samples (only): if the amniotic fluid (non-confluent culture cells) are provided. Amniotic fluid is added and charged separately. Also, if chorionic villus
840:
During the
Neonatal stage, the prognosis is determined by the severity of the disease (dehydration and acidosis), also based on how rapidly the disease is diagnosed and treated. Associated abnormalities (e.g. irregular growth in the womb or enlarged tongue) can effect a person's prognosis. The
116:. The timing of symptom onset varies with the type of neonatal diabetes. Those with transient neonatal diabetes tend to have symptoms in the first few days or weeks of life, with affected children showing weight loss and signs of dehydration, along with high levels of sugar in the blood and
177:
Those with 6q24 overexpression tend to have transient diabetes, with hyperglycemia tending to disappear within the first year of life. Despite the return of euglycemia, people with 6q24 overexpression are at high risk of developing diabetes later in life, as teenagers or adults.
641:
Diagnosis of neonatal diabetes is complicated by the fact that hyperglycemia is common in neonates – particularly in preterm infants, 25–75% of whom have hyperglycemia. Neonatal hyperglycemia typically begins in the first ten days of life, and lasts just two to three days.
731:- measures an individual's blood glucose after he or she have gone at least 8 hours without eating and two hours after the diabetic individual have drunk a glucose-containing beverage. This test can be used to diagnose diabetes or pre-diabetes
280:
regulation of the locus. The copy of 6q24 inherited from one's father normally has much higher gene expression than the copy inherited from one's mother. Therefore, inheriting two copies of the gene region from one's father (either through
737:-the doctor checks one's blood glucose without regard to when an individual may have eaten his or her last meal. This test, along with an evaluation of symptoms, are used to diagnose diabetes but not pre-diabetes.
1502:
707:
is evidenced, but partial one can be identified. Therefore, genetic markers that are close to the region of interest in chromosome 6q24 can be selected. Chromosome duplication can found by that technique also.
92:(MODY), NDM is a form of monogenic diabetes. Individuals with monogenic diabetes can pass it on to their children or future generations. Each gene associated with NDM has a different inheritance pattern.
285:, or receiving two copies from one's father in addition to the copy from one's mother) commonly results in over-expression of the locus. Alternatively, inheriting a maternal copy of 6q24 with defective
703:. Meiotic segregation of the chromosome can be distinguished by comparing allele profiles of polymorphic makers in the child to the child's parents' genome. Normally, a total uniparental disomy of the
128:. Permanent neonatal diabetes starts slightly later, typicalaly around six weeks of age. Regardless of type, preterm infants tend to experience symptoms earlier, typically around one week of age.
925:
253:
variants often have intrauterine growth restriction and resulting low birthweight. Similarly, the second most common cause of permanent neonatal diabetes is alterations to the gene that encodes
894:
621:
loading might be abnormal in those destined to have a relapse of diabetes. TNDM caused by 6q24 genomic defects are always associated with IGUR. Other contributing factors are
928:, a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 07–6141. March 2007. Copyright cite:
249:, can result in a channel that is "stuck open", rendering the β cell unable to secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose. Children born with disease-associated K
104:, followed by unusually low birthweight. At some point within the first six months of life, infants with neonatal diabetes tend to experience the classic symptoms of
941:
1296:
1255:
1223:
798:
Treatment options depend on the underlying genetic variations of each person with neonatal diabetes. The most common mutations underlying neonatal diabetes –
849:
About 1 in 90,000 to 160,000 children born develops neonatal diabetes, with approximately half developing permanent and half transient neonatal diabetes.
1782:
1428:
Katugampola H, Gevers EF, Dattani MT (2020). "Endocrinology of Fetal
Development". In Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koeng RJ, Rosen CJ (eds.).
886:
331:– all involved in the development of the pancreas – result in a shrunken or missing pancreas. Similarly, variations in the transcription factors
197:, and paternally inherited 6q24 amplifications, any of which have a 50% chance of being transmitted to each offspring of an affected individual.
817:. Physicians may order genetic tests to determine whether or not transitioning from insulin to sulfonylurea drugs is appropriate for a patient.
1353:
Atkinson MA, Mcgill DE, Dassau E, Laffel L (2020). "Type 1 Diabetes
Mellitus". In Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koeng RJ, Rosen CJ (eds.).
424:
134:
Syndromic neonatal diabetes is the term for diabetes as just one component of any of several complex syndromes that affect neonates, including
1895:
131:
Neonatal diabetes is classified into three subtypes: permanent, transient, and syndromic; each with distinct genetic causes and symptoms.
723:: measures a diabetic's blood glucose after he or she has gone 8 hours without eat. This test is used to detect diabetes or pre-diabetes
257:. Mutations associated with neonatal diabetes tend to cause misfolding of the insulin protein; misfolded insulin accumulates in the
159:
333:
292:
Variants in several other genes can cause neonatal diabetes, though these cases are much rarer. Genetic changes that disable the
174:
channels in the brain. These can range from unnoticeably mild to severe, and can sometimes improve with sulfonylurea treatment.
1409:
Garg M, Devaskar SU (2020). "Disorders of
Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Neonate". In Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC (eds.).
367:
variants can exacerbate ER stress causing β-cell death, skeletal issues, and liver dysfunction. Some variations in immune gene
1072:
49:) is a disease that affects an infant and their body's ability to produce or use insulin. NDM is a kind of diabetes that is
1659:
1604:
89:
70:
66:
1084:
949:
2100:
1194:
917:
1304:
1574:
1247:
1002:
1000:
998:
618:
505:
are expressed. The previously listed genetic mechanisms result in twice the normal amount of these two genes and cause
2054:
1704:
1418:
1120:
475:
185:
manner, i.e. receiving a single copy of the disease-associated variant results in disease. This is the case for the K
1215:
995:
1930:
491:
226:
213:, preventing β cells from recognizing glucose or secreting insulin, or abnormal expression of the 6q24 region on
101:
1297:"Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
436:
1820:
1274:
1272:
762:
are used on the chromosomes of interest to test the DNA of the parent and child to identify the presence of
1860:
1787:
210:
1269:
61:, occurring in only one in 100,000 to 500,000 live births. NDM can be mistaken for the much more common
1772:
1697:
1692:
727:
671:) provide a way to identify PNDM in the infant stages. Approximately 50% of PNDM are associated with the
1532:
1362:
De Franco E (December 2021). "Neonatal diabetes caused by disrupted pancreatic and β-cell development".
806:
variants – can be treated with sulfonylureas alone, eventually transitioning off of insulin completely.
65:, but type 1 diabetes usually occurs later than the first 6 months of life. There are two types of NDM:
2121:
2004:
1833:
1640:
824:
variants can often be treated with high-dose sulfonylureas, which directly promote the closure of the K
420:
390:
985:
983:
981:
53:(regulated by a single gene) and arises in the first 6 months of life. Infants do not produce enough
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1855:
1752:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
968:
966:
759:
405:
arrest (cell division and duplication of DNA stops when the cell detects cell damage or defects) in
139:
1216:"What is Homozygous? - Definition, Traits & Example - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com"
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
2090:
1828:
1635:
978:
858:
167:
76:
Specific genes that can cause NDM have been identified. The onset of NDM can be caused by abnormal
73:(TNDM), a form of diabetes that disappears during the infant stage but may reappear later in life.
963:
942:"Neonatal diabetes - Other types of diabetes mellitus - Diapedia, The Living Textbook of Diabetes"
1982:
1947:
1330:
1012:
448:
440:
915:
Monogenic Forms of
Diabetes: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young
837:
was estimated that neonatal diabetes mellitus will be TNDM in about 50% are half of the cases.
2131:
1777:
1747:
1737:
1652:
1623:
1567:
718:
1925:
1920:
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1318:
532:
520:
258:
2126:
2085:
2044:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1850:
1617:
1114:
Naylor, Rochelle N; Greeley, Siri Atma W; Bell, Graeme I; Philipson, Louis H (2011-06-05).
704:
700:
652:
630:
575:
506:
459:
293:
8:
2095:
2080:
2009:
1994:
1989:
1972:
1957:
1942:
1885:
1880:
1845:
1812:
1742:
479:
444:
412:
394:
377:, a severe and multifaceted disease that includes neonatal diabetes among its symptoms.
2059:
1647:
1463:
1438:
1397:
1150:
1115:
763:
696:
692:
583:
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463:
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125:
50:
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1732:
1560:
1468:
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1401:
1389:
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1155:
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1133:
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of the chromosome can be used as diagnostic method provide proof by the analysis of
672:
599:
579:
1840:
1458:
1450:
1379:
1371:
1145:
1129:
622:
546:
538:
432:
143:
571:
variant make up almost half of TNDM-HIL, but the other causes of HIL are unknown.
2039:
1709:
1610:
1597:
921:
863:
676:
626:
286:
269:
206:
105:
62:
181:
Many of the genetic variations that cause neonatal diabetes are inherited in an
1999:
1872:
1062:
1060:
755:
535:
1454:
1180:
914:
2115:
2016:
1937:
1915:
1141:
374:
276:, a region called 6q24. Over-expression of 6q24 is often caused by anomylous
135:
1057:
602:. In the event of remission, individuals do not show symptoms or impairment
2021:
1762:
1757:
1472:
1393:
1190:
1159:
810:
686:
680:
561:
542:
524:
273:
214:
58:
2064:
1792:
1630:
788:
754:
sample is provided, a genetic test will be added and charged separately.
494:
428:
113:
1494:
1384:
1724:
557:
553:
549:
402:
361:
can result in malformed or absent β cells that do not secrete insulin.
277:
225:
Most permanent neonatal diabetes cases are caused by variations in the
117:
77:
1375:
1767:
814:
675:
defects which are essential consequences when changing patients from
614:
603:
595:
398:
262:
85:
81:
482:
of these genes. Generally the expression of the mother's alleles of
1797:
1583:
1527:
1439:"Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus: An Update on Diagnosis and Management"
792:
568:
109:
1081:, "Neonatal Diabetes Caused by Failure of Pancreatic Development".
455:(hydatiform mole-associated and imprinted transcript) is unknown.
1546:
611:
607:
591:
587:
363:
345:
339:
254:
163:
54:
28:
891:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
527:, which would inhibit transcription) can occur from an isolated
523:
defects (a genetic defect that stops the allele from getting a
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1506:
664:
656:
483:
467:
351:
239:
121:
1093:, "Neonatal Diabetes Caused by Failure of β-Cell Development".
660:
565:
502:
498:
487:
471:
452:
416:
406:
369:
321:
309:
303:
297:
245:
1116:"Genetics and pathophysiology of neonatal diabetes mellitus"
779:
2049:
1552:
668:
380:
Two genes in this region that can be associated with TNDM:
357:
327:
315:
57:, leading to an increase in glucose accumulation. It is a
1352:
1113:
972:
809:
In many cases, neonatal diabetes may be treated with oral
1436:
1324:
1278:
1051:
1006:
1427:
1336:
687:
TNDM Diagnosis associated with
Chromosome 6q24 Mutations
582:
during their childhood or young adulthood. The onset of
268:
Most transient neonatal diabetes is caused by the over-
158:
channel variations are at increased risk of developing
564:(defined as having one each of two different alleles)
1484:
1437:
Lemelman MB, Letourneau L, Greeley SA (March 2018).
1177:
289:
can result in similar over-expression of the locus.
233:. Disease-associated variants of either subunit of K
1185:. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle.
425:
pituitary adenylated cyclase-activating polypeptide
629:, which are present in 9 and 30% of patients with
1411:Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine
2113:
1783:Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
787:Neonates with diabetes are initially treated by
791:infusion of insulin, with a dose of 0.05 units/
578:q24-related TNDM experiencing re-occurrence of
443:that is used for neighboring cells to perform
1549:. Information about genetic forms of diabetes.
146:. Symptoms vary widely based on the syndrome.
1568:
1413:(11 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1584–1610.
645:
574:Moreover, half of TNDM patients that contain
100:The first sign of neonatal diabetes is often
1408:
1357:(14 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1403–1437.
989:
926:National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
447:in targeted cells), which is important for
1575:
1561:
27:
1462:
1383:
1361:
1149:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1009:, "Hyperglycemia in the Neonatal Period".
741:
711:
541:" (HIL). HIL is defined as the loss of a
462:q24-TNDM is caused by over-expression of
120:. Some children also have high levels of
778:
160:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1325:Lemelman, Letourneau & Greeley 2018
1279:Lemelman, Letourneau & Greeley 2018
1052:Lemelman, Letourneau & Greeley 2018
1007:Lemelman, Letourneau & Greeley 2018
2114:
1337:Katugampola, Gevers & Dattani 2020
1291:
1289:
1287:
1248:"UNIPD - Clinical: Uniparental Disomy"
1556:
1242:
1240:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
992:, "Diabetes Mellitus in the Newborn".
887:"Monogenic Forms of Diabetes | NIDDK"
560:( having two of the same alleles) or
95:
1825:Metabolic assessment and monitoring
930:This publication is not copyrighted.
881:
879:
124:in the blood and urine, or signs of
90:maturity-onset diabetes of the young
71:transient neonatal diabetes mellitus
67:permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus
2101:Notable people with type 1 diabetes
1613:(SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)
1284:
908:
820:People whose disease is caused by K
478:(DMR) is present within the shared
13:
1430:Williams Textbook of Endocrinology
1355:Williams Textbook of Endocrinology
1237:
1166:
1096:
69:(PNDM), a lifelong condition, and
14:
2143:
2055:International Diabetes Federation
1480:
1121:Journal of Diabetes Investigation
876:
590:requirements are associated with
497:and only the father's alleles of
451:regulation. The function of the
1931:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
1134:10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00106.x
783:Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (NDM)
490:are blocked or not expressed by
476:differentially methylated region
149:
1258:from the original on 2023-11-17
1252:www.mayomedicallaboratories.com
1226:from the original on 2023-11-17
1208:
1197:from the original on 2020-10-21
897:from the original on 2017-03-12
844:
227:ATP-sensitive potassium channel
1346:
1281:, "Management Considerations".
934:
531:or occur as a defect called, "
437:cyclic adenosine monophosphate
170:– all due to the presence of K
1:
1990:Diabetes-related skin disease
869:
1788:Homeostatic model assessment
1582:
774:
636:
474:). It was discovered that a
401:(programmed cell death) and
220:
211:endoplasmic reticulum stress
7:
1773:Noninvasive glucose monitor
852:
831:
728:Oral glucose tolerance test
423:of the type 1 receptor for
84:dysfunction or accelerated
10:
2148:
2005:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy
1834:Ambulatory glucose profile
1641:Impaired glucose tolerance
735:Random plasma glucose test
646:Diagnosis of TNDM and PNDM
598:initiating the relapse of
43:Neonatal diabetes mellitus
2073:
2030:
1906:
1811:
1753:Postprandial glucose test
1723:
1590:
1518:
1488:
1455:10.1016/j.clp.2017.10.006
1301:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
760:polymerase chain reaction
552:at a fixed position on a
272:of a cluster of genes on
140:Wolcott-Rallison syndrome
35:
26:
21:
2091:Epidemiology of diabetes
1829:Blood glucose monitoring
1705:Type 3c (pancreatogenic)
1636:Impaired fasting glucose
1432:(14 ed.). Elsevier.
990:Garg & Devaskar 2020
748:Uniparental Disomy Test:
200:
88:dysfunction. Along with
1948:Neuropathic arthropathy
421:transcription regulator
205:Neonatal diabetes is a
1896:Gastric bypass surgery
1778:Insulin tolerance test
1748:Glucose tolerance test
1653:Ketosis-prone diabetes
1624:Diabetes and pregnancy
1339:, "Neonatal Diabetes".
1054:, "Types of Diabetes".
975:, "Neonatal Diabetes".
784:
742:Genetic Testing of NDM
719:Fasting plasma glucose
712:Diagnostic Test of NDM
795:/hour commonly used.
782:
294:transcription factors
259:endoplasmic reticulum
162:, sleep disruptions,
2086:Glossary of diabetes
2045:Open Insulin Project
1881:Embryonic stem cells
1618:Gestational diabetes
973:Atkinson et al. 2020
2096:History of diabetes
2081:Outline of diabetes
2010:Diabetic foot ulcer
1995:Diabetic dermopathy
1954:Organs in diabetes
1886:Artificial pancreas
1846:Diabetes medication
1743:Glycated hemoglobin
697:polymorphic markers
619:intravenous glucose
445:signal transduction
439:or cAMP. cAMP is a
413:pleomorphic adenoma
395:zinc-finger protein
385:ZAC and HYMAI genes
168:developmental delay
166:, and experiencing
102:slowed fetal growth
2060:World Diabetes Day
1648:Insulin resistance
1519:External resources
920:2015-04-19 at the
785:
693:uniparental disomy
633:q24 related TNDM.
584:insulin resistance
529:genomic imprinting
435:and increases the
283:uniparental disomy
265:and β-cell death.
183:autosomal dominant
126:metabolic acidosis
110:frequent urination
96:Signs and symptoms
2122:Types of diabetes
2109:
2108:
1803:Disposition index
1733:Blood sugar level
1603:Type 1 diabetes (
1542:
1541:
1376:10.1111/dme.14728
1327:, "Introduction".
1069:, "Introduction".
673:potassium channel
449:insulin secretion
433:adenylate cyclase
261:(ER), leading to
40:
39:
22:Neonatal diabetes
16:Medical condition
2139:
1841:Diet in diabetes
1577:
1570:
1563:
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1486:
1485:
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1466:
1433:
1424:
1405:
1387:
1358:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1303:. Archived from
1293:
1282:
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1267:
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1235:
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1232:
1231:
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1010:
1004:
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976:
970:
961:
960:
958:
957:
948:. Archived from
946:www.diapedia.org
938:
932:
912:
906:
905:
903:
902:
883:
663:genes (encoding
623:umbilical hernia
606:function in the
547:5-methylcytosine
519:Third, mother's
441:second messenger
144:Wolfram syndrome
31:
19:
18:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2069:
2040:T1International
2032:
2031:Advocacy &
2026:
1902:
1851:Insulin therapy
1807:
1719:
1586:
1581:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1514:
1513:
1497:
1483:
1421:
1349:
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1310:
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1229:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1176:
1167:
1112:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1013:
1005:
996:
988:
979:
971:
964:
955:
953:
940:
939:
935:
922:Wayback Machine
913:
909:
900:
898:
885:
884:
877:
872:
864:Type 2 Diabetes
859:Type 1 Diabetes
855:
847:
834:
827:
823:
777:
766:parental disomy
756:Microsatellites
744:
714:
689:
677:insulin therapy
648:
639:
627:enlarged tongue
533:hypomethylation
521:hypomethylation
464:imprinted genes
431:that activates
287:DNA methylation
252:
236:
232:
223:
207:genetic disease
203:
188:
173:
157:
152:
112:, and signs of
106:type 1 diabetes
98:
63:type 1 diabetes
36:Neonatal infant
17:
12:
11:
5:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
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2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Diabetic bulla
1997:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1916:Diabetic comas
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1873:Diabetic shoes
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1600:(SAID cluster)
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:Diabetes Genes
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:Classification
1482:
1481:External links
1479:
1478:
1477:
1443:Clin Perinatol
1434:
1425:
1419:
1406:
1370:(12): e14728.
1359:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1283:
1268:
1236:
1207:
1165:
1128:(3): 158–169.
1095:
1091:De Franco 2021
1083:
1079:De Franco 2021
1071:
1067:De Franco 2021
1056:
1011:
994:
977:
962:
933:
907:
874:
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871:
868:
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866:
861:
854:
851:
846:
843:
833:
830:
825:
821:
776:
773:
751:
750:
743:
740:
739:
738:
732:
724:
713:
710:
699:is present on
688:
685:
647:
644:
638:
635:
586:and increased
415:gene-like 1).
397:that controls
250:
234:
230:
222:
219:
202:
199:
186:
171:
155:
151:
148:
97:
94:
38:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2144:
2133:
2132:Rare diseases
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
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2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
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2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:Organizations
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Hyperglycemia
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Blood vessels
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:Diabetic foot
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1908:Complications
1905:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
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1879:
1878:
1876:
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1420:9780323567114
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1307:on 2023-09-17
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1016:
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986:
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982:
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952:on 2017-12-13
951:
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931:
927:
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875:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
850:
842:
838:
829:
818:
816:
812:
811:sulfonylureas
807:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
781:
772:
771:
768:
767:
761:
757:
749:
746:
745:
736:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
720:
716:
715:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
681:sulfonylureas
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:chromosomes 6
643:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:
609:
608:fasting state
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
544:
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537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
516:
515:
510:
508:
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500:
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481:
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469:
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461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:
386:
381:
378:
376:
375:IPEX syndrome
372:
371:
366:
365:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
323:
318:
317:
312:
311:
306:
305:
300:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
248:
247:
242:
241:
228:
218:
216:
212:
208:
198:
196:
192:
184:
179:
175:
169:
165:
161:
154:People with K
150:Complications
147:
145:
141:
137:
136:IPEX syndrome
132:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
91:
87:
83:
80:development,
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2022:Hypoglycemia
1926:Ketoacidosis
1921:Hypoglycemia
1861:conventional
1763:Glucose test
1758:Fructosamine
1687:
1526:
1501:
1449:(1): 41–59.
1446:
1442:
1429:
1410:
1385:10871/127596
1367:
1363:
1354:
1332:
1320:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:the original
1300:
1260:. Retrieved
1251:
1228:. Retrieved
1219:
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1181:
1125:
1119:
1086:
1074:
954:. Retrieved
950:the original
945:
936:
929:
910:
899:. Retrieved
890:
848:
845:Epidemiology
839:
835:
819:
808:
803:
799:
797:
786:
769:
765:
758:markers and
752:
747:
734:
726:
717:
705:chromosome 6
701:Chromosome 6
690:
649:
640:
631:chromosome 6
617:response to
576:chromosome 6
573:
562:heterozygous
543:methyl group
525:methyl group
518:
513:
512:
511:
507:chromosome 6
460:chromosome 6
457:
410:
389:
384:
383:
382:
379:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
291:
274:chromosome 6
267:
244:
238:
224:
215:chromosome 6
204:
194:
190:
180:
176:
153:
133:
130:
99:
75:
59:rare disease
46:
42:
41:
2127:Neonatology
2065:Diabetes UK
1793:SPINA-GBeta
1725:Blood tests
1631:Prediabetes
1347:Works cited
1182:GeneReviews
789:intravenous
495:methylation
429:polypeptide
114:dehydration
2116:Categories
1821:Prevention
1813:Management
1738:Biomarkers
1364:Diabet Med
1311:2017-12-13
1262:2017-11-07
1230:2017-11-07
1201:2018-01-29
956:2017-11-06
901:2017-11-05
870:References
655:defects,
569:pathogenic
558:Homozygous
554:chromosome
550:nucleotide
514:ZFP57 Gene
509:q24 TNDM.
403:cell cycle
373:can cause
278:epigenetic
270:expression
108:: thirst,
78:pancreatic
1866:pulsatile
1856:intensive
1768:C-peptide
1698:Permanent
1693:Transient
1658:Type 3a (
1402:239035029
1220:study.com
1142:2040-1116
828:channel.
815:glyburide
775:Treatment
637:Diagnosis
615:secretory
604:Beta-cell
596:pregnancy
536:imprinted
466:at 6q24 (
399:apoptosis
263:ER stress
221:Mechanism
86:beta cell
82:beta cell
51:monogenic
1798:SPINA-GR
1688:Neonatal
1616:Type 4 (
1607:cluster)
1584:Diabetes
1528:Orphanet
1473:29406006
1394:34665882
1256:Archived
1224:Archived
1195:Archived
1191:20301706
1179:(eds.).
1160:24843477
918:Archived
895:Archived
853:See also
832:Outcomes
813:such as
793:kilogram
600:diabetes
580:diabetes
480:promoter
458:Second,
164:seizures
1510:: P70.2
1464:5928785
1151:4014912
612:Insulin
592:puberty
588:insulin
545:in the
364:EIF2AK3
346:NEUROG3
340:NEUROD1
255:insulin
122:ketones
55:insulin
1978:Retina
1973:Nerves
1968:Kidney
1963:Muscle
1892:Other
1710:Type 3
1666:Type 1
1611:Type 2
1598:Type 1
1471:
1461:
1417:
1400:
1392:
1189:
1158:
1148:
1140:
800:KCNJ11
665:Kir6.2
657:KCNJ11
484:PLAGL1
468:PLAGL1
427:(is a
352:NKX2-2
240:KCNJ11
191:KCNJ11
189:genes
142:, and
2074:Other
1983:Heart
1943:ulcer
1877:Cure
1655:(KPD)
1591:Types
1398:S2CID
804:ABCC8
661:ABCC8
566:ZFP57
503:HYMA1
499:PLAG1
488:HYMAI
472:HYMAI
453:HYMAI
419:is a
417:PLAG1
407:PLAG1
393:is a
370:FOXP3
355:, or
334:GLIS3
325:, or
322:PTF1A
310:GATA6
304:GATA4
298:CNOT1
246:ABCC8
201:Cause
195:ABCC8
118:urine
2050:JDRF
1715:MIDD
1660:MODY
1605:LADA
1469:PMID
1415:ISBN
1390:PMID
1187:PMID
1156:PMID
1138:ISSN
802:and
721:test
691:The
669:SUR1
667:and
659:and
625:and
594:and
539:loci
501:and
486:and
470:and
358:MNX1
328:RFX6
316:PDX1
243:and
193:and
1533:224
1503:ICD
1459:PMC
1451:doi
1380:hdl
1372:doi
1146:PMC
1130:doi
924:at
826:ATP
822:ATP
764:uni
679:to
492:DMR
391:ZAC
251:ATP
235:ATP
231:ATP
229:, K
187:ATP
172:ATP
156:ATP
47:NDM
2118::
1662:)
1620:)
1531::
1507:10
1467:.
1457:.
1447:45
1445:.
1441:.
1396:.
1388:.
1378:.
1368:38
1366:.
1299:.
1286:^
1271:^
1254:.
1250:.
1239:^
1222:.
1218:.
1193:.
1168:^
1154:.
1144:.
1136:.
1124:.
1118:.
1098:^
1059:^
1014:^
997:^
980:^
965:^
944:.
893:.
889:.
878:^
683:.
610:.
556:.
349:,
343:,
337:,
319:,
313:,
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301:,
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217:.
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1675:4
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1569:t
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1495:D
1475:.
1453::
1423:.
1404:.
1382::
1374::
1314:.
1265:.
1233:.
1204:.
1162:.
1132::
1126:2
959:.
904:.
770:.
411:(
45:(
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