357:
935:
431:
hospital-based. By the 1980s, over 90% of births took place in hospitals. The emergency dash from home to the NICU with baby in a transport incubator had become a thing of the past, though transport incubators were still needed. Specialist equipment and expertise were not available at every hospital, and strong arguments were made for large, centralised NICUs. On the downside was the long travelling time for frail babies and for parents. A 1979 study showed that 20% of babies in NICUs for up to a week were never visited by either parent. Centralised or not, by the 1980s few questioned the role of NICUs in saving babies. Around 80% of babies born weighing less than 1.5 kg now survived, compared to around 40% in the 1960s. From 1982, pediatricians in
Britain could train and qualify in the sub-specialty of neonatal medicine.
589:. To date there have been very few studies investigating noise reduction interventions in the NICU and it remains uncertain what their effects could be on babies' growth and development. An NICU can be stressful for the staff as well. A special aspect of NICU stress for both parents and staff is that infants may survive, but with damage to the brain, lungs, or eyes. When parents arrive at the NICU, they will have the availability to tour the unit and orientation to the various areas and equipment. This tour includes information on the different types of equipment used in the NICU, such as incubators, monitors, and ventilators, and how they help to support the health and well-being of the babies. Parental orientation to the NICU is essential in reducing parental anxiety and improving satisfaction with care.
644:
477:
636:
457:
38:
1147:(CPAP). Confusingly, they may also look after babies who need short-term intensive care such as mechanical ventilation. Babies who will need longer-term or more elaborate intensive care, for example extremely preterm infants, are usually transferred to a Level 3 unit. Babies in a Level 2 unit may be classified for nursing purposes as 'Special Care', 'High Dependency' (HDU) (in which a nurse will be assigned up to two babies) or 'Intensive care' (where nursing is one-to-one, or sometimes even two-to-one).
570:
188:
273:
423:
1048:(pediatricians, family physicians, nurse practitioners, and other advanced practice registered nurses). Also, required provider types that must either be on site or at a closely related institution by prearranged consultative agreement include pediatric medical subspecialists, pediatric anesthesiologists, and pediatric ophthalmologists. In addition to providing the care and having the capabilities of level I and level II nurseries,
443:
for example, could damage babies' lungs and gentler techniques with smaller pressure changes were devised. The many tubes and sensors used for monitoring the baby's condition, blood sampling and artificial feeding made some babies scarcely visible beneath the technology. Furthermore, by 1975, over 18% of newborn babies in
Britain were being admitted to NICUs. Some hospitals admitted all babies delivered by
799:
435:
943:
statement delineating the different levels of neonatal care. One major difference in the 2012 updated policy statement from the AAP compared to the 2004 policy statement is the removal of subspeciality nurseries for levels II and III with the addition of a level IV NICU. The four distinct levels of neonatal care defined in the most recent policy statement from the AAP are:
500:", are seen as beneficial for all but the frailest (very tiny babies are exhausted by the stimulus of being handled; or larger critically ill infants). Less stressful ways of delivering high-technology medicine to tiny patients have been devised: sensors to measure blood oxygen levels through the skin, for example; and ways of reducing the amount of blood taken for tests.
1744:
1709:
104:. The NICU is divided into several areas, including a critical care area for babies who require close monitoring and intervention, an intermediate care area for infants who are stable but still require specialized care, and a step down unit where babies who are ready to leave the hospital can receive additional care before being discharged.
511:(a difference in blood groups) between mother and baby is largely preventable, and was the most common cause for exchange transfusion in the past. However, breathing difficulties, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis and infections still claim many infant lives and are the focus of many new and current research projects.
332:. A more controversial figure, he studied under Budin and brought attention to premature babies and their plight through his display of infants as sideshow attractions at Coney Island and the World's Fair in New York and Chicago in 1933 and 1939, respectively. Infants had also previously been displayed in incubators at the
1084:, or Level IV neonatal intensive-care units. Level IV units are required to have pediatric surgical subspecialists in addition to the care providers required for Level III units. Regional NICUs have all of the capabilities of Level I, II, and III units. In addition to providing the highest level of care, level IV NICUs:
381:, pronounced 'scaboos') were established in many hospitals. In Britain, early SCBUs opened in Birmingham and Bristol, the latter set up with only ÂŁ100. At Southmead Hospital, Bristol, initial opposition from obstetricians lessened after quadruplets born there in 1948 were successfully cared for in the new unit.
268:
The problem of premature and congenitally ill infants is not a new one. As early as the 17th and 18th centuries, there were scholarly papers published that attempted to share knowledge of interventions. It was not until 1922, however, that hospitals started grouping the newborn infants into one area,
1214:
Neonates weighing less than 1200 grams or having gestational maturity of less than 30 weeks are categorized under level III care. The care is provided at apex institutions and regional perinatal centers equipped with centralized oxygen and suction facilities, servo-controlled incubators, vital signs
806:
Many parents with newborns in the NICU have expressed that they would like to learn more about what types of pain their infants are feeling and how they can help relieve it. Another main worry that was mentioned was the long-term effects of their pain, and whether it mentally affect the child in the
689:
Blood pressure monitor: The blood pressure monitor is a machine that's connected to a small cuff which is wrapped around the arm or leg of the patient. This cuff automatically takes the blood pressure and displays the data for review by care providers. Oxygen hood: This is a clear box that fits over
592:
Effective communication is critical in the NICU. Parents will be given information on who their primary point of contact is and how they can communicate with the medical staff caring for their baby. Parents should ask questions when given tour of the NICU just in case anything was misunderstood. The
442:
Not only careful nursing but also new techniques and instruments now played a major role. As in adult intensive-care units, the use of monitoring and life-support systems became routine. These needed special modification for small babies, whose bodies were tiny and often immature. Adult ventilators,
364:
Doctors took an increasing role in childbirth from the eighteenth century onward. However, the care of newborn babies, sick or well, remained largely in the hands of mothers and midwives. Some baby incubators, similar to those used for hatching chicks, were devised in the late nineteenth century. In
815:
There are multiple ways to manage pain for infants. If the mother is able to help, holding the infant in kangaroo position or breastfeeding can help calm the baby before a procedure is done. Other simple things that can help ease pain include: allowing the infant to suck on a gloved finger, gently
580:
Neonatology and NICUs have greatly increased the survival of very low birth-weight and extremely premature infants. In the era before NICUs, infants of birth weight less than 1,400 grams (3.1 pounds), usually about 30 weeks gestation, rarely survived. Today, infants of 500 grams (1.1 pounds) at 26
430:
By the 1970s, NICUs were an established part of hospitals in the developed world. In
Britain, some early units ran community programmes, sending experienced nurses to help care for premature babies at home. But increasingly technological monitoring and therapy meant special care for babies became
405:
in 1963. One of the concerns at this time was the worry that using high pressures of oxygen could be damaging to newborn lungs. Barrie developed an underwater safety valve in the oxygen circuit. The tubes were originally made of rubber, but these had the potential to cause irritation to sensitive
1205:
Neonates weighing 1200-1800 grams or having gestational maturity of 30–34 weeks are categorized under level II care and are looked after by trained nurses and pediatricians. The equipment and facilities used for this level of care include equipment for resuscitation, maintenance of thermoneutral
942:
The definition of a neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) according to the
National Center for Statistics is a "hospital facility or unit staffed and equipped to provide continuous mechanical ventilatory support for a newborn infant". In 2012, the American Academy of Pediatric updated their policy
472:
NICUs now concentrate on treating very small, premature, or congenitally ill babies. Some of these babies are from higher-order multiple births, but most are still single babies born too early. Premature labour, and how to prevent it, remains a perplexing problem for doctors. Even though medical
1047:
The 2004 AAP guidelines subdivided Level III units into 3 categories (level IIIA, IIIB & IIIC). Level III units are required to have pediatric surgeons in addition to care providers required for level II (pediatric hospitalists, neonatologists, and neonatal nurse practitioners) and level I
384:
Incubators were expensive, so the whole room was often kept warm instead. Cross-infection between babies was greatly feared. Strict nursing routines involved staff wearing gowns and masks, constant hand-washing and minimal handling of babies. Parents were sometimes allowed to watch through the
247:
and clinical orientation in addition to their general nursing knowledge in order to provide highly specialized care for critical patients. Their competencies include the administration of high-risk medications, management of high-acuity patients requiring ventilator support, surgical care,
447:
or under 2500 g in weight. The fact that these babies missed early close contact with their mothers was a growing concern. The 1980s saw questions being raised about the human and economic costs of too much technology, and admission policies gradually became more conservative.
581:
weeks have a fair chance of survival. As of 2022, the world record for the lowest gestational age newborn to survive is held by Curtis Zy-Keith Means, who was born on July 5, 2020 in the United States, at 21 weeks and 1 day gestational age, weighing 420 grams (0.93 pounds).
1155:
Also known as 'Neonatal
Intensive Care Units' (NICU) - although Level 2 units may also have their own NICU. These look after the smallest, most premature and most unwell babies and often serve a large geographical region. Therapies such as prolonged mechanical ventilation,
495:
Over the last 10 years or so, SCBUs have become much more "parent-friendly", encouraging maximum involvement with the babies. Routine gowns and masks are gone and parents are encouraged to help with care as much as possible. Cuddling and skin-to-skin contact, also known as
396:
The 1960s were a time of rapid medical advances, particularly in respiratory support, that were at last making the survival of premature newborn babies a reality. Very few babies born before thirty two weeks survived and those who did often had neurological impairments.
918:
The concept of designations for hospital facilities that care for newborn infants according to the level of complexity of care provided was first proposed in the United States in 1976. Levels in the United States are designated by the guidelines published by the
693:
Ventilator: This is a breathing machine that delivers air to the lungs. Babies who are severely ill will receive this intervention. Typically, the ventilator takes the role of the lungs while treatment is administered to improve lung and circulatory function.
296:
as it is now known), having developed it in 1880 to attempt to keep premature infants in a Paris maternity ward warm. Other methods had been used before, but this was the first closed model; in addition, he helped convince other physicians that the treatment
584:
The NICU environment provides challenges as well as benefits. Stressors for the infants can include continual light, a high level of noise, separation from their mothers, reduced physical contact, painful procedures, and interference with the opportunity to
320:
in French) became the first major publication to deal with the care of the neonate. The incubator was improved in 1890 in
Marseilles by Alexandre Lion, who founded in 1891 the Ĺ’uvre Maternelle des Couveuses d'Enfants in Nice and in January 1896 in Paris.
409:
Most early units had little equipment, providing only oxygen and warmth, and relied on careful nursing and observation. In later years, further research allowed technology to play a larger role in the decline of infant mortality. The development of
1017:
Provide care for infants born ≥32-week gestation and weighing ≥1500 g who have physiologic immaturity or who are moderately ill with problems that are expected to resolve rapidly and are not anticipated to need subspecialty services on an urgent
1168:
are usually provided in Level 3 Units, although not every unit has access to all therapies. Some babies being cared for in Level 3 units will require less intensive treatment and will be looked after in HDU or SCBU nurseries on the same site.
934:
518:
and learning difficulties. Now that treatments are available for many of the problems faced by tiny or immature babies in the first weeks of life, long-term follow-up, and minimising long-term disability, are major research areas.
2504:
Milligan DWA, Carruthers P, Mackley B, Ward Platt MP, Collingwood Y, Wooler L, Gibbons J, Draper E, Manktelow BN. 'Nursing
Workload in UK tertiary neonatal units' in Archives of Disease in Childhood published online 30 Jun
1206:
environment, intravenous infusion, gavage feeding, phototherapy and exchange blood transfusion. This type of care can be given at first referral units, district hospitals, teaching institutions and nursing homes.
2562:
1189:
Neonates weighing more than 1800 grams or having gestational maturity of 34 weeks or more are categorized under level I care. The care consists of basic care at birth, provision of warmth, maintaining
981:
have the capability to provide neonatal resuscitation at every delivery; evaluate and provide postnatal care to healthy newborn infants; stabilize and provide care for infants born at 35 to 37 weeks'
514:
The long-term outlook for premature babies saved by NICUs has always been a concern. From the early years, it was reported that a higher proportion than normal grew up with disabilities, including
985:
who remain physiologically stable; and stabilize newborn infants who are ill and those born less than 35 weeks' gestation until transfer to a facility that can provide the appropriate level of
308:, followed in his footsteps, noting the limitations of infants in incubators and the importance of breastmilk and the mother's attachment to the child. Budin is known as the father of modern
593:
gynecologic and neonatal nursing found that effective communication between health care providers and parents in the NICU is critical for promoting parental involvement and reducing stress
1065:
Provide prompt and readily available access to a full range of pediatric medical subspecialists, pediatric surgical specialists, pediatric anesthesiologists, and pediatric ophthalmologists
240:
provider. Some units prefer new graduates who do not have experience in other units, so they may be trained in the specialty exclusively, while others prefer nurses with more experience.
1115:
Also known as 'Special Care Baby Units' (SCBU). These look after babies who need more care than healthy newborns but are relatively stable and mature. SCBU might provide tube-feeding,
938:
US Navy 090814-N-6326B-001 A mock set-up of the new pod design in the
Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit (NICU) at Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) is on display during an open house
1173:
recommended in
December 2019 that these units should care for at least 100 babies weighing less than 1.5 kg, and usually perform more than 2,000 intensive care days per year.
230:
may be required to hold a postgraduate degree. The
National Association of Neonatal Nurses recommends two years' experience working in a NICU before taking graduate classes.
2110:
3213:
923:
In Britain, the guidelines are issued by The British Association of Perinatal Medicine (BAPM), and in Canada, they are maintained by The Canadian Paediatric Society.
2844:
2450:. Kilpatrick, Sarah Jestin, 1955-, American Academy of Pediatrics,, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (Eighth ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL.
1005:
Previously, Level II units were subdivided into 2 categories (level IIA & level IIB) on the basis of their ability to provide assisted ventilation including
926:
Neonatal care is split into categories or "levels of care". these levels apply to the type of care needed and is determined by the governing body of the area.
284:, premature and ill infants were born and cared for at home and either lived or died without medical intervention. In the mid-nineteenth century, the infant
465:
2552:
1928:
369:
in Detroit, Michigan, successfully combined oxygen, heat, humidity, ease of accessibility, and ease of nursing care in 1931. It was not until after the
2515:
2604:
2127:
Franck, Linda; Oulton, Kate; Bruce, Elizabeth (March 2012). "Parental Involvement in Neonatal Pain Management: An Empirical and Conceptual Update".
3299:
107:
Neonatal refers to the first 28 days of life. Neonatal care, as known as specialized nurseries or intensive care, has been around since the 1960s.
2577:
356:
253:
260:, or administering antibiotics. NICU RNs undergo annual skills tests and are subject to additional training to maintain contemporary practice.
414:, which facilitates the oxygenation and ventilation of underdeveloped lungs, has been the most important development in neonatology to date.
3919:
2117:
1998: Abdiche M; Farges G; Delanaud S; Bach V; Villon P; Libert J P, Medical & biological engineering & computing 1998;36(2):241-5.
770:
is an incubator in a transportable form, and is used when a sick or premature baby is moved, e.g., from one hospital to another, as from a
726:
2882:
2001:
1091:
Maintain a full range of pediatric medical subspecialists, pediatric surgical subspecialists, and pediatric anesthesiologists at the site
1030:
Level II nurseries are required to be managed and staffed by a pediatrician, however many Level II special care nurseries are staffed by
406:
newborn tracheas: Barrie switched to plastic. This new endotracheal tube, based on Barrie's design, was known as the "St Thomas's tube".
233:
As with any registered nurse, local licensing or certifying bodies, as well as employers, may set requirements for continuing education.
1215:
monitors, transcutaneous monitors, ventilators, infusion pumps etc. This type of care is provided by skilled nurses and neonatologists.
3728:
301:
premature infants. France became a forerunner in assisting premature infants, in part due to its concerns about a falling birth rate.
2076:
Fanaroff and Martin (eds.) Neonatal-perinatal medicine: Diseases of the fetus and infant; 7th ed. (2002):1001-1011. St. Louis: Mosby.
1068:
Provide a full range of respiratory support that may include conventional and/or high-frequency ventilation and inhaled nitric oxide
256:
procedures, as well as chronic-care management or lower acuity cares associated with premature infants such as feeding intolerance,
1013:
and have all of the capabilities of a level I nursery. In addition to providing level I neonatal care, Level II units are able to:
345:
333:
1854:
1107:
can be confusing because different criteria are used to designate 'special' and 'intensive' neonatal care locally and nationally.
1027:
Stabilize infants born before 32-week gestation and weighing less than 1500 g until transfer to a neonatal intensive-care facility
2710:
2107:
1523:
1268:
736:
Observation: Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature, respiration, cardiac function,
3646:
2597:
1088:
Are located within an institution with the capability to provide surgical repair of complex congenital or acquired conditions
2091:
643:
365:
the United States, these were shown at commercial exhibitions, complete with babies inside, until 1931. A. Robert Bauer, at
3417:
3292:
889:
714:
559:
543:
1071:
Perform advanced imaging, with interpretation on an urgent basis, including computed tomography, MRI, and echocardiography
3673:
3585:
2805:
2790:
2730:
1144:
1006:
706:
249:
906:
236:
There are no mandated requirements to becoming an RN in an NICU, although neonatal nurses must have certification as a
690:
the baby's head and supplies oxygen. This is used for babies who can still breathe but need some respiratory support.
389:
was given freely until the end of the 1950s, when it was shown that the high concentrations reached inside incubators
3203:
2900:
2455:
1725:
3962:
2590:
401:
in London pioneered advances in resuscitation of the newborn. Barrie published his seminal paper on the subject in
3352:
3285:
3046:
2905:
2838:
751:
enclosed in plastic, with climate control equipment designed to keep them warm and limit their exposure to germs.
717:
is the leading cause of death in preterm infants, and the main treatments are CPAP, in addition to administering
574:
473:
advancements allow doctors to save low-birth-weight babies, it is almost invariably better to delay such births.
200:
1417:
3177:
920:
747:
Protection from cold temperature, infection, noise, drafts and excess handling: Incubators may be described as
237:
204:
3967:
3347:
2684:
2667:
1881:"Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants"
1229:
289:
3530:
2567:
1062:
Provide comprehensive care for infants born at all gestational ages and birth weights with critical illness
883:
489:
337:
219:
3833:
3087:
3021:
1239:
1139:
Also known as 'Local Neonatal Units', these can look after babies who need more advanced support such as
1035:
860:
191:
A pediatric nurse checking recently born triplets in an incubator at ECWA Evangel Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
3525:
2679:
2624:
2479:
895:
849:
563:
393:. Monitoring conditions in the incubator, and the baby itself, was to become a major area of research.
390:
195:
Healthcare institutions have varying entry-level requirements for neonatal nurses. Neonatal nurses are
3595:
2171:
3904:
3520:
3387:
3208:
3004:
2999:
2950:
1024:
Provide mechanical ventilation for a brief duration (<24 h) or continuous positive airway pressure
871:
551:
774:
to a larger medical facility with a proper neonatal intensive-care unit. It usually has a miniature
385:
windows of the unit. Much was learned about feeding—frequent, tiny feeds seemed best—and breathing.
215:
exam; others may require additional experience working in adult-health or medical/surgical nursing.
3914:
3437:
877:
2209:
Querido, DL; Christoffel, MM; Almeida, VS; Esteves, APVS; Andrade, M; Amim Jr., J (2 March 2018).
1021:
Provide care for infants who are feeding and growing stronger or convalescing after intensive care
3432:
3102:
2945:
2930:
2613:
1821:
1157:
555:
341:
115:
3663:
3182:
2984:
2557:
1234:
741:
710:
702:
508:
485:
2397:
2249:
606:
residency programs, but NICU experience is encouraged by other specialty residencies, such as
3422:
3187:
3108:
2345:
2152:
1692:
1194:
737:
504:
305:
281:
1584:
3957:
3641:
3580:
3480:
3454:
3039:
2859:
2308:
Martin JA, Menacker F (2007). "Expanded health data from the new birth certificate, 2004".
1140:
718:
411:
223:
149:
130:
1477:
816:
binding the limbs in a flexed position, and creating a quiet and comfortable environment.
8:
3909:
3894:
3082:
2989:
2910:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2738:
2655:
2639:
783:
366:
153:
122:
93:
20:
1059:
Provide comprehensive care for infants born <32 wks gestation and weighing <1500 g
635:
3402:
3131:
2962:
2895:
2812:
2773:
2748:
2673:
2473:
2429:
2377:
2281:
1982:
1905:
1880:
1669:
1644:
1625:
1604:
1364:
1339:
834:
825:
779:
775:
771:
619:
527:
227:
141:
1799:
1319:
1193:
and promotion of breastfeeding. This type of care can be given at home, subcenter and
456:
3616:
3555:
3377:
3234:
2980:
2780:
2758:
2743:
2634:
2461:
2451:
2421:
2369:
2317:
2273:
2232:
2191:
2144:
2140:
2023:
1974:
1966:
1910:
1829:
1803:
1674:
1629:
1617:
1609:
1562:
1369:
566:. An infant may spend a day of observation in a NICU or may spend many months there.
539:
444:
145:
48:
2433:
2381:
2285:
1986:
1388:
3977:
3972:
3510:
3485:
3092:
2763:
2493:
2411:
2359:
2263:
2222:
2183:
2136:
2048:
2013:
1958:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1795:
1664:
1656:
1599:
1552:
1495:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1244:
476:
370:
325:
196:
1327:. Neonatal intensive care: a history of excellence. National Institutes of Health.
211:
qualification. Some institutions may accept newly graduated RNs having passed the
37:
3934:
3884:
3813:
3788:
3758:
3668:
3575:
3515:
3118:
3016:
2890:
2114:
2095:
2088:
994:
901:
607:
2398:
Stark, A. R.; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn (2004).
2250:
Stark, A. R.; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn (2004).
2227:
2210:
2187:
2156:
686:
Additional items of equipment used to evaluate and treat sick neonates include:
16:
Intensive care unit specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants
3924:
3808:
3748:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3357:
3229:
3072:
2849:
1116:
1104:
787:
730:
515:
398:
2465:
1962:
3951:
3929:
3899:
3879:
3738:
3713:
3636:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3449:
3342:
2957:
2940:
2195:
2172:"The Sacred Hour: Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth"
1970:
1833:
1613:
1512:
1321:
Conceptualization and initiation of a neonatal intensive care nursery in 1960
855:
755:
680:
586:
497:
481:
461:
324:
Another factor that contributed to the development of modern neonatology was
97:
2211:"Assistance flowchart for pain management in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit"
1946:
1513:
ABREGE HISTORIQUE DE L'ETABLISSEMENT DE L'HOPITAL DES ENFANS-TROUVES A PARIS
652:
569:
3768:
3763:
3743:
3723:
3709:
3653:
3500:
3382:
3332:
3266:
3167:
3034:
3026:
2972:
2874:
2864:
2768:
2725:
2720:
2425:
2416:
2399:
2373:
2364:
2347:
2321:
2277:
2268:
2251:
2236:
2148:
2027:
2018:
1978:
1914:
1807:
1621:
1566:
1452:
1373:
1293:
1165:
1124:
759:
675:) is an apparatus used to maintain environmental conditions suitable for a
531:
329:
309:
257:
218:
Some countries offer postgraduate degrees in neonatal nursing, such as the
2582:
2563:
Equipment used in the NICU – interactive parent friendly information
2098:
Created 1/25/2002 / Last modified 6/9/2002. Retrieved on September 2, 2009
1678:
1557:
1540:
1338:
Whitfield, Jonathan M.; Peters, Beverly A.; Shoemaker, Craig (July 2004).
656:
187:
3874:
3869:
3843:
3733:
3718:
3699:
3658:
3626:
3621:
3459:
3337:
3277:
3249:
3172:
2753:
1766:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 1225 – via harpweek.com.
1660:
1249:
1224:
1170:
1120:
1031:
844:
722:
126:
111:
55:
1645:"Professor Pierre Budin (1846-1907) of Paris, and modern perinatal care"
1424:. Boston: Council of International Neonatal Nurses. 2009. Archived from
1181:
India has 3-tier system based on weight and gestational age of neonate.
272:
66:
3853:
3798:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3631:
3505:
3367:
3362:
3318:
3256:
3239:
3151:
3067:
3011:
2817:
990:
603:
599:
2346:
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus And Newborn (2012).
1726:"Baby Incubators, The Strand Magazine (London), 12, pp. 770-776, 1896"
997:, nurse practitioners, and other advanced practice registered nurses.
807:
future, or even affect the relationship they have with their parents.
3838:
3704:
3683:
3565:
3490:
3442:
3372:
3327:
3244:
3126:
3062:
2000:
Haward, Marlyse F.; Lantos, John; Janvier, Annie; POST Group (2020).
1425:
982:
422:
208:
161:
157:
133:
1131:. In a SCBU, a nurse can be assigned up to four babies to care for.
288:
was first developed, based on the incubators used for chicken eggs.
3889:
3828:
3818:
3753:
3590:
3570:
3495:
3146:
3097:
3077:
2935:
2854:
2629:
1128:
986:
866:
748:
615:
328:
and his permanent installment of premature babies in incubators at
285:
244:
977:
Level I units are typically referred to as the well baby nursery.
762:
to prevent too great a loss from skin and respiratory evaporation.
360:
Children's hospital at the Oskar-Ziethen Hospital, Berlin, in 1989
3848:
3823:
3600:
3261:
3141:
1541:"The incubator and the medical discovery of the premature infant"
1340:"Conference summary: a celebration of a century of neonatal care"
1190:
1161:
989:
care. Required provider types for well newborn nurseries include
676:
611:
523:
101:
2572:
2516:"NHS England: More centralisation needed to cut neonatal deaths"
2208:
1496:"Neonatology on the Web: Cadogan - An Essay upon Nursing - 1749"
507:, in which all the blood is removed and replaced, are rare now.
207:(BSN) degree. Some countries or institutions may also require a
3773:
3560:
3545:
3308:
2715:
535:
386:
1786:
Barrie, Herbert (March 1963). "Resuscitation of the newborn".
802:
Mother uses the common skin to skin technique with her infant.
292:
is generally considered to be the father of the incubator (or
3678:
1999:
839:
212:
137:
2568:
Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
1762:
Harvey, George, ed. (6 August 1904). "Incubator Graduates".
1745:"Les couveuses d'enfants, Le Figaro, 27 February 1896, p. 2"
1649:
Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition
798:
110:
The first American newborn intensive care unit, designed by
3464:
3136:
2822:
1947:"Comprehensive NICU Parental Education: Beyond Baby Basics"
1042:
547:
434:
164:
disciplines and specialists are available at larger units.
3214:
European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
1742:
1478:"Digitale Bibliothek - MĂĽnchener Digitalisierungszentrum"
522:
Besides prematurity and extreme low birth-weight, common
503:
Some major problems of the NICU have almost disappeared.
2558:
NeonatalICU.com - Expecting a Preterm Infant in the NICU
1337:
484:
weighing 990 grams (35 ounces), intubated and requiring
968:, Regional neonatal intensive-care unit (Regional NICU)
1855:"UAB Hospital delivers record-breaking premature baby"
1080:
The highest level of neonatal care provided occurs at
830:
Common diagnoses and pathologies in the NICU include:
2845:
Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
2307:
1693:"Neonatology on the Web: Pierre Budin - The Nursling"
550:. In general, the leading cause of death in NICUs is
1094:
Facilitate transport and provide outreach education.
269:
now called the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
554:. Complications of extreme prematurity may include
182:
19:"NICU" redirects here. For neurological units, see
1723:
1714:, Le Petit Marseillais, 21 May 1890, retronews.fr.
1000:
2126:
2074:Respiratory distress syndrome and its management.
972:
3949:
2494:http://www.bliss.org.uk/different-levels-of-care
2298:Toward Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy (1993)
1878:
1578:
1576:
697:Possible functions of a neonatal incubator are:
254:hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
2084:
2082:
1743:Docteur Maurice de Fleury (27 February 1896).
1269:"A Brief History of Advances in Neonatal Care"
248:resuscitation, advanced interventions such as
3803:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
3293:
2598:
1573:
1447:
1445:
1443:
42:A premature infant in an incubator. 1978, USA
2108:Humidity control tool for neonatal incubator
2089:neonatology.org --> Equipment in the NICU
1879:Almadhoob, A; Ohlsson, A (27 January 2020).
2612:
2079:
2072:Rodriguez RJ, Martin RJ, and Fanaroff, AA.
1885:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1075:
3307:
3300:
3286:
2605:
2591:
2518:. Health Service Journal. 19 December 2019
2393:
2391:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
1440:
790:, and oxygen supply built into its frame.
558:, chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia (see
36:
2553:Life in the NICU: what parents can expect
2415:
2363:
2267:
2226:
2017:
1904:
1668:
1603:
1583:Philip, Alistair G. S. (1 October 2005).
1556:
1363:
1150:
1134:
1110:
96:(ICU) specializing in the care of ill or
2169:
2101:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1311:
1043:Level III (neonatal intensive-care unit)
933:
797:
642:
634:
598:NICU rotations are essential aspects of
568:
475:
455:
433:
421:
417:
355:
271:
243:Intensive-care nurses undergo intensive
186:
2388:
2328:
1724:James Walter Smith (30 December 2023).
1412:
1410:
1273:NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE AWARENESS MONTH
1050:level III neonatal intensive-care units
705:by head hood or nasal cannula, or even
3950:
1944:
1785:
1761:
1582:
1331:
819:
758:by providing fluid and keeping a high
451:
426:Neonatal intensive-care unit from 1980
3281:
2586:
1538:
1527:
1317:
962:, Neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU)
3418:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
3093:Recombinant activated protein C
1642:
1407:
890:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
715:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
560:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
544:infant respiratory distress syndrome
438:Neonatal intensive-care unit in 2009
2806:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
2791:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
2731:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
1380:
1145:continuous positive airway pressure
1009:. Level II units are also known as
1007:continuous positive airway pressure
707:continuous positive airway pressure
250:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
179:, "pertaining to birth or origin".
13:
2176:Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews
2002:"Helping Parents Cope in the NICU"
1945:Mosher, Sara L. (1 January 2017).
1605:10.1203/01.PDR.0000151693.46655.66
1386:
907:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
793:
683:or for some ill full-term babies.
199:(RNs), and therefore must have an
14:
3989:
3204:Society of Critical Care Medicine
2901:Ventilator-associated lung injury
2546:
2170:Phillips, Raylene (1 June 2013).
1776:J Am Med Assoc. 1937;108(22):1874
1294:"Nurses for a Healthier Tomorrow"
1209:
1098:
913:
810:
2215:Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem
2141:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01434.x
2049:"Medical Definition of ISOLETTE"
1422:Global Unity for Neonatal Nurses
1200:
929:
573:Premature infant in the NICU at
183:Nursing and neonatal populations
114:, was opened in October 1960 at
3353:Breastfeeding and mental health
2906:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
2839:Critical illness polyneuropathy
2573:The Academy of Neonatal Nursing
2530:
2508:
2498:
2486:
2440:
2301:
2292:
2243:
2202:
2163:
2120:
2066:
2041:
1993:
1938:
1921:
1872:
1847:
1814:
1779:
1770:
1755:
1736:
1717:
1703:
1685:
1636:
1517:
1506:
1457:Nurses for a Healthier Tomorrow
1318:Gluck, Louis (7 October 1985).
1184:
1001:Level II (special care nursery)
649:Hospital Regional de Apatzingán
201:Associate of Science in Nursing
2129:Journal of Nursing Scholarship
1929:"Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit"
1897:10.1002/14651858.CD010333.pub3
1585:"The evolution of neonatology"
1488:
1470:
1356:10.1080/08998280.2004.11927977
1286:
1261:
1056:Provide sustained life support
973:Level I (well newborn nursery)
921:American Academy of Pediatrics
679:(newborn baby). It is used in
391:caused some babies to go blind
351:
205:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
1:
3348:Breastfeeding and medications
2685:Geriatric intensive-care unit
2668:Pediatric intensive care unit
2448:Guidelines for perinatal care
1800:10.1016/s0140-6736(63)91290-x
1255:
1230:Pediatric intensive-care unit
647:Dräger Isolette C2000 at the
3910:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
3531:Infant cognitive development
3428:Neonatal intensive care unit
3088:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
3031:Nutritional supplementation
2662:Neonatal intensive care unit
2578:Pre Conception& Neonatal
1418:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1103:The terminology used in the
1036:neonatal nurse practitioners
884:Periventricular leukomalacia
630:
625:
575:McMaster Children's Hospital
526:cared for in a NICU include
490:neonatal intensive-care unit
220:Master of Science in Nursing
78:neonatal intensive care unit
31:Neonatal intensive care unit
7:
3834:Supplemental nursing system
3188:Water-electrolyte imbalance
3022:Early goal-directed therapy
2228:10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0265
2188:10.1053/j.nainr.2013.04.001
1393:Online Etymology Dictionary
1240:Neonatal nurse practitioner
1218:
861:Intraventricular hemorrhage
10:
3994:
3586:Prenatal development table
3526:Irritant diaper dermatitis
3040:Total parenteral nutrition
2973:Life-supporting treatments
2680:Critical illness insurance
896:Retinopathy of prematurity
850:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
823:
780:cardio-respiratory monitor
564:retinopathy of prematurity
263:
18:
3905:Prenatal cocaine exposure
3862:
3693:Infant care and equipment
3692:
3610:Socialization and Culture
3609:
3521:Infant visual development
3473:
3388:Infant and toddler safety
3316:
3222:
3209:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
3196:
3160:
3117:
3055:
3005:Ventricular assist device
3000:Intra-aortic balloon pump
2971:
2951:Pulmonary artery catheter
2923:
2873:
2831:
2700:
2693:
2648:
2620:
2400:"Levels of neonatal care"
2348:"Levels of neonatal care"
2252:"Levels of Neonatal Care"
1963:10.1891/0730-0832.36.1.18
872:Necrotizing enterocolitis
639:An early incubator, 1909.
552:necrotizing enterocolitis
546:due to immaturity of the
63:
47:
35:
30:
3915:Parental child abduction
3438:Oral rehydration therapy
2536:Singh, Meharban (2010).
1176:
1076:Level IV (regional NICU)
878:Patent ductus arteriosus
468:NICU in Honolulu, Hawaii
466:Kapiolani Medical Center
3963:Intensive care medicine
3920:Parental responsibility
3433:Newborn care and safety
3103:Stress ulcer prevention
3047:Therapeutic hypothermia
2946:Central venous catheter
2614:Intensive care medicine
2053:www.merriam-webster.com
1545:Journal of Perinatology
1158:therapeutic hypothermia
1123:to treat infection and
556:intracranial hemorrhage
460:A new mother holds her
375:special-care baby units
312:, and his seminal work
304:After Tarnier retired,
116:Yale New Haven Hospital
3664:Grandparent visitation
3178:Level of consciousness
2985:mechanical ventilation
2883:Methicillin-resistant
2478:: CS1 maint: others (
2417:10.1542/peds.2004-1697
2365:10.1542/peds.2012-1999
2269:10.1542/peds.2004-1697
2221:(suppl 3): 1281–1289.
2019:10.1542/peds.2019-3567
1482:digitale-sammlungen.de
1235:Embrace (organization)
1151:Level 3 Neonatal Units
1135:Level 2 Neonatal Units
1111:Level 1 Neonatal Units
1011:special care nurseries
979:Well newborn nurseries
956:, Special care nursery
950:, Well newborn nursery
939:
803:
711:mechanical ventilation
703:oxygen supplementation
660:
640:
577:
509:Rhesus incompatibility
492:
486:mechanical ventilation
469:
439:
427:
361:
277:
238:neonatal resuscitation
192:
154:respiratory therapists
86:intensive care nursery
3423:Infant sleep training
2885:Staphylococcus aureus
1558:10.1038/sj.jp.7200377
1539:Baker, J. P. (2000).
1195:primary health centre
937:
824:Further information:
801:
701:Oxygenation, through
646:
638:
572:
505:Exchange transfusions
479:
459:
437:
425:
418:Increasing technology
359:
282:Industrial Revolution
275:
190:
121:An NICU is typically
3968:Hospital departments
3581:Prenatal development
3481:Attachment parenting
3455:Shaken baby syndrome
2860:Stress hyperglycemia
2701:Organ system failure
2635:Medical specialities
1661:10.1136/fn.73.3.F193
1643:Dunn, P. M. (1995).
1141:parenteral nutrition
721:and stabilizing the
719:pulmonary surfactant
412:pulmonary surfactant
150:physician assistants
84:), also known as an
3895:Infant ear piercing
3223:Related specialties
3183:Acid–base imbalance
3119:ICU scoring systems
2990:Tracheal intubation
2801:Respiratory failure
2796:Acute liver failure
2786:Acute renal failure
2656:Intensive care unit
2640:Respiratory therapy
2538:Care of the Newborn
2310:Natl Vital Stat Rep
1822:"Dr Herbert Barrie"
1711:Un Bébé en Couveuse
1298:www.nursesource.org
820:Patient populations
768:transport incubator
452:Changing priorities
367:Henry Ford Hospital
142:nurse practitioners
94:intensive care unit
21:Neurointensive care
3403:Infant food safety
3132:Glasgow Coma Scale
3083:Intravenous fluids
2963:Screening cultures
2931:Arterial blood gas
2896:Refeeding syndrome
2813:Neonatal infection
2774:Vasodilatory shock
2749:Distributive shock
2674:Coronary care unit
2113:2016-03-09 at the
2094:2009-04-13 at the
1592:Pediatric Research
940:
835:Esophageal atresia
826:Neonatal infection
804:
772:community hospital
661:
641:
620:emergency medicine
578:
528:perinatal asphyxia
493:
470:
440:
428:
362:
278:
228:nurse practitioner
222:(MSN) and various
193:
3945:
3944:
3805:
3642:Children's rights
3556:Object permanence
3378:Failure to thrive
3275:
3274:
3235:Internal medicine
2981:Airway management
2919:
2918:
2759:Obstructive shock
2744:Cardiogenic shock
1428:on 26 August 2010
1387:Harper, Douglas.
995:family physicians
540:neonatal jaundice
445:Caesarian section
197:registered nurses
74:
73:
3985:
3801:
3486:Baby-led weaning
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3278:
2996:Cardiac devices
2850:Decubitus ulcers
2764:Neurogenic shock
2698:
2697:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2469:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2419:
2410:(5): 1341–1347.
2395:
2386:
2385:
2367:
2343:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2271:
2262:(5): 1341–1347.
2247:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2124:
2118:
2105:
2099:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2021:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1951:Neonatal Network
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1655:(3): F193–F195.
1640:
1634:
1633:
1607:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1536:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1453:"Neonatal Nurse"
1449:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1395:. Douglas Harper
1384:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1265:
1245:Neonatal nursing
482:premature infant
371:Second World War
290:Stephane Tarnier
276:Stéphane Tarnier
67:edit on Wikidata
59:
58:
40:
28:
27:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3935:Paternity fraud
3885:Closed adoption
3858:
3814:Infant clothing
3789:Haberman Feeder
3759:Car seat safety
3688:
3669:Infant swimming
3647:UN Child rights
3605:
3516:Gestational age
3469:
3312:
3306:
3276:
3271:
3218:
3192:
3156:
3113:
3073:Antithrombotics
3051:
3035:Enteral feeding
3017:Kidney dialysis
2967:
2915:
2891:Oxygen toxicity
2869:
2827:
2689:
2644:
2616:
2611:
2549:
2544:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2471:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2396:
2389:
2344:
2329:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2248:
2244:
2207:
2203:
2168:
2164:
2125:
2121:
2115:Wayback Machine
2106:
2102:
2096:Wayback Machine
2087:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
1998:
1994:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1891:(1): CD010333.
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1794:(7282): 650–5.
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1764:Harper's Weekly
1760:
1756:
1741:
1737:
1730:neonatology.net
1722:
1718:
1708:
1704:
1697:neonatology.org
1691:
1690:
1686:
1641:
1637:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1500:neonatology.org
1494:
1493:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1187:
1179:
1153:
1137:
1113:
1101:
1078:
1045:
1003:
975:
932:
916:
902:Neonatal sepsis
828:
822:
813:
796:
794:Pain management
633:
628:
608:family practice
454:
420:
354:
266:
185:
129:and staffed by
125:by one or more
70:
54:
53:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3991:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3925:Parenting plan
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3809:Infant carrier
3806:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:Baby transport
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:Infant massage
3410:
3408:Infant formula
3405:
3400:
3398:Infant feeding
3395:
3393:Infant bathing
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3358:Bottle feeding
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3311:and their care
3305:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3230:Anesthesiology
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:APACHE II
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2958:Blood cultures
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2707:Shock sequence
2704:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Health science
2621:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2547:External links
2545:
2543:
2542:
2529:
2507:
2497:
2492:Bliss website
2485:
2456:
2439:
2387:
2358:(3): 587–597.
2327:
2300:
2291:
2242:
2201:
2162:
2119:
2100:
2078:
2065:
2040:
1992:
1937:
1920:
1871:
1846:
1828:. 8 May 2017.
1813:
1778:
1769:
1754:
1735:
1716:
1702:
1684:
1635:
1598:(4): 799–815.
1572:
1551:(5): 321–328.
1526:
1516:
1505:
1487:
1469:
1439:
1406:
1379:
1350:(3): 255–258.
1330:
1310:
1285:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:Level III care
1208:
1202:
1199:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1152:
1149:
1136:
1133:
1117:oxygen therapy
1112:
1109:
1105:United Kingdom
1100:
1099:United Kingdom
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1082:regional NICUs
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1032:neonatologists
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1002:
999:
974:
971:
970:
969:
963:
957:
951:
931:
928:
915:
914:Levels of care
912:
911:
910:
904:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
864:
858:
853:
847:
842:
837:
821:
818:
812:
811:Relieving pain
809:
795:
792:
788:pulse oximeter
764:
763:
752:
745:
742:brain activity
734:
731:blood pressure
681:preterm births
632:
629:
627:
624:
516:cerebral palsy
462:premature baby
453:
450:
419:
416:
399:Herbert Barrie
353:
350:
265:
262:
184:
181:
127:neonatologists
72:
71:
64:
61:
60:
51:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3990:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Open adoption
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:Child neglect
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Hidden camera
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Child custody
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Nursery rhyme
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Kangaroo care
3539:
3537:
3536:Infant crying
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Preterm birth
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Breastfeeding
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:Organisations
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:SAPS III
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Arterial line
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:Complications
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Organ failure
2779:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Severe sepsis
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:General terms
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2539:
2533:
2517:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2457:9781610020886
2453:
2449:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:. Hot Topic.
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1207:
1201:Level II care
1198:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:are able to:
1051:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
991:pediatricians
988:
984:
980:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
944:
936:
930:United States
927:
924:
922:
908:
905:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
865:
862:
859:
857:
856:Hydrocephalus
854:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
827:
817:
808:
800:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
761:
757:
756:fluid balance
753:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:
698:
695:
691:
687:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
658:
654:
650:
645:
637:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
588:
582:
576:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:birth defects
529:
525:
520:
517:
512:
510:
506:
501:
499:
498:kangaroo care
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
467:
463:
458:
449:
446:
436:
432:
424:
415:
413:
407:
404:
400:
394:
392:
388:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
358:
349:
348:World Fairs.
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:Martin Couney
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
270:
261:
259:
255:
251:
246:
241:
239:
234:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
189:
180:
178:
175:, "new", and
174:
170:
165:
163:
160:. Many other
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
108:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
68:
62:
57:
52:
50:
46:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3863:Other topics
3802:
3769:Cradle board
3764:Cloth diaper
3724:Baby shampoo
3710:Baby monitor
3700:Baby bouncer
3654:Circumcision
3501:Birth defect
3427:
3383:Immunization
3333:Birth weight
3267:Traumatology
3168:Hemodynamics
3142:SAPS II
3109:Vasopressors
3027:Induced coma
2884:
2875:Iatrogenesis
2865:Stress ulcer
2769:Spinal shock
2726:Septic shock
2661:
2537:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2510:
2500:
2488:
2447:
2442:
2407:
2403:
2355:
2351:
2316:(12): 1–22.
2313:
2309:
2303:
2294:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2182:(2): 67–72.
2179:
2175:
2165:
2135:(1): 45–54.
2132:
2128:
2122:
2103:
2073:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2009:
2005:
1995:
1957:(1): 18–25.
1954:
1950:
1940:
1923:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1749:retronews.fr
1748:
1738:
1729:
1719:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1595:
1591:
1548:
1544:
1519:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1421:
1397:. Retrieved
1392:
1382:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1320:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1213:
1204:
1188:
1185:Level I care
1180:
1166:nitric oxide
1164:and inhaled
1154:
1138:
1125:phototherapy
1114:
1102:
1081:
1079:
1049:
1046:
1010:
1004:
978:
976:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
925:
917:
829:
814:
805:
767:
765:
760:air humidity
754:Maintaining
696:
692:
688:
685:
672:
668:
664:
662:
648:
597:
595:
591:
583:
579:
521:
513:
502:
494:
471:
441:
429:
408:
402:
395:
383:
378:
374:
363:
330:Coney Island
323:
318:Le Nourisson
317:
314:The Nursling
313:
310:perinatology
306:Pierre Budin
303:
298:
293:
279:
267:
258:phototherapy
242:
235:
232:
217:
194:
176:
172:
168:
166:
120:
109:
106:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:
25:
3958:Neonatology
3875:Babywearing
3870:Baby shower
3844:Swim diaper
3734:Baby walker
3719:Baby powder
3659:Foster care
3627:Child abuse
3622:Babysitting
3474:Development
3460:Soy formula
3338:Breast pump
3250:Pulmonology
3173:Hypotension
3068:Antibiotics
2911:Dialytrauma
2754:Anaphylaxis
2522:23 February
1344:Proceedings
1250:Bubble CPAP
1225:Neonatology
1171:NHS England
1160:, neonatal
1121:antibiotics
845:Bradycardia
738:oxygenation
727:blood salts
723:blood sugar
352:Early years
280:Before the
171:comes from
146:pharmacists
112:Louis Gluck
56:neonatology
3952:Categories
3854:Travel cot
3799:Infant bed
3794:High chair
3784:Baby wipes
3779:Diaper bag
3744:Baby swing
3632:Child care
3617:Attachment
3506:Childbirth
3368:Cradle cap
3319:Pediatrics
3257:Pediatrics
3240:Cardiology
3161:Physiology
3063:Analgesics
3012:Chest tube
2841:/ myopathy
2818:Polytrauma
2694:Conditions
2540:. pp. 4-5.
2466:1003865165
2404:Pediatrics
2352:Pediatrics
2256:Pediatrics
2006:Pediatrics
1788:The Lancet
1462:26 October
1432:26 October
1399:26 October
1389:"neonatal"
1303:28 October
1256:References
776:ventilator
709:(CPAP) or
673:humidicrib
653:Apatzingán
587:breastfeed
403:The Lancet
224:doctorates
158:dietitians
134:physicians
3930:Paternity
3839:Swaddling
3705:Baby gate
3684:Wet nurse
3674:Milk bank
3566:Parenting
3491:Baby talk
3443:Pedialyte
3373:Esotropia
3328:Baby food
3245:Neurology
3098:Sedatives
3078:Inotropes
2924:Diagnosis
2474:cite book
2196:1527-3369
2157:940915801
1971:1539-2880
1834:0140-0460
1826:The Times
1630:207051353
1614:0031-3998
983:gestation
960:Level III
749:bassinets
665:incubator
659:, Mexico.
657:Michoacán
631:Incubator
626:Equipment
604:obstetric
600:pediatric
286:incubator
209:midwifery
203:(ASN) or
167:The term
162:ancillary
98:premature
92:), is an
49:Specialty
3890:Cry room
3829:Stroller
3819:Pacifier
3754:Bassinet
3729:Baby toy
3591:Teething
3571:Peekaboo
3511:Crawling
3496:Babbling
3317:Health (
2936:Catheter
2855:Fungemia
2630:Medicine
2434:73328320
2426:15520119
2382:35731456
2374:22926177
2322:17489475
2286:73328320
2278:15520119
2237:29972525
2153:ProQuest
2149:22339845
2111:Archived
2092:Archived
2058:30 April
2028:32471844
1987:22133255
1979:28137349
1915:31986231
1859:UAB News
1808:13969541
1622:15718376
1567:10920793
1374:16200108
1219:See also
1129:jaundice
987:neonatal
966:Level IV
954:Level II
867:Jaundice
669:isolette
616:pharmacy
530:, major
524:diseases
294:isolette
245:didactic
169:neonatal
131:resident
123:directed
100:newborn
3978:Infancy
3973:Nursing
3849:Teether
3824:Playpen
3601:Weaning
3596:Walking
3309:Infants
3262:Surgery
2033:9 March
1906:6989790
1864:30 June
1839:8 March
1679:8535881
1670:2528458
1365:1200660
1278:9 March
1191:asepsis
1162:surgery
948:Level I
784:IV pump
677:neonate
612:surgery
488:in the
264:History
102:infants
3774:Diaper
3561:Parent
3546:Mother
2737:Other
2716:Sepsis
2670:(PICU)
2664:(NICU)
2464:
2454:
2432:
2424:
2380:
2372:
2320:
2284:
2276:
2235:
2194:
2155:
2147:
2026:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1913:
1903:
1832:
1806:
1677:
1667:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1565:
1372:
1362:
740:, and
729:, and
618:, and
562:), or
542:, and
536:sepsis
387:Oxygen
344:, and
299:helped
156:, and
138:nurses
3679:Nanny
3363:Colic
3105:drugs
3056:Drugs
2739:shock
2676:(CCU)
2658:(ICU)
2505:2008.
2430:S2CID
2378:S2CID
2282:S2CID
2012:(6).
1983:S2CID
1932:(PDF)
1626:S2CID
1588:(PDF)
1325:(PDF)
1177:India
1018:basis
909:(TTN)
898:(ROP)
892:(RDS)
886:(PVL)
880:(PDA)
874:(NEC)
863:(IVH)
852:(BPD)
840:Apnea
548:lungs
379:SCBUs
373:that
213:NCLEX
177:natal
65:[
3576:Play
3465:SIDS
3152:SOFA
3137:PIM2
2983:and
2823:Coma
2711:SIRS
2524:2020
2480:link
2462:OCLC
2452:ISBN
2422:PMID
2370:PMID
2318:PMID
2274:PMID
2233:PMID
2192:ISSN
2145:PMID
2060:2024
2035:2023
2024:PMID
1975:PMID
1967:ISSN
1911:PMID
1866:2024
1841:2018
1830:ISSN
1804:PMID
1675:PMID
1618:PMID
1610:ISSN
1563:PMID
1464:2010
1434:2010
1401:2010
1370:PMID
1305:2017
1280:2023
1143:and
1127:for
1034:and
667:(or
602:and
346:1904
342:1901
338:1898
334:1897
226:. A
82:NICU
3739:Bib
2412:doi
2408:114
2360:doi
2356:130
2264:doi
2260:114
2223:doi
2184:doi
2137:doi
2014:doi
2010:145
1959:doi
1901:PMC
1893:doi
1796:doi
1792:281
1665:PMC
1657:doi
1600:doi
1553:doi
1360:PMC
1352:doi
671:or
663:An
651:in
464:at
252:or
173:neo
90:ICN
3954::
2476:}}
2472:{{
2460:.
2428:.
2420:.
2406:.
2402:.
2390:^
2376:.
2368:.
2354:.
2350:.
2330:^
2314:55
2312:.
2280:.
2272:.
2258:.
2254:.
2231:.
2219:71
2217:.
2213:.
2190:.
2180:13
2174:.
2151:.
2143:.
2133:44
2131:.
2081:^
2051:.
2022:.
2008:.
2004:.
1981:.
1973:.
1965:.
1955:36
1953:.
1949:.
1909:.
1899:.
1887:.
1883:.
1857:.
1824:.
1802:.
1790:.
1747:.
1728:.
1695:.
1673:.
1663:.
1653:73
1651:.
1647:.
1624:.
1616:.
1608:.
1596:58
1594:.
1590:.
1575:^
1561:.
1549:20
1547:.
1543:.
1529:^
1498:.
1480:.
1455:.
1442:^
1420:.
1409:^
1391:.
1368:.
1358:.
1348:17
1346:.
1342:.
1296:.
1271:.
1197:.
1119:,
993:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
766:A
725:,
713:.
655:,
622:.
614:,
610:,
538:,
534:,
480:A
340:,
336:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
118:.
76:A
3712:/
3321:)
3301:e
3294:t
3287:v
2606:e
2599:t
2592:v
2526:.
2482:)
2468:.
2436:.
2414::
2384:.
2362::
2324:.
2288:.
2266::
2239:.
2225::
2198:.
2186::
2159:.
2139::
2062:.
2037:.
2016::
1989:.
1961::
1934:.
1917:.
1895::
1889:1
1868:.
1843:.
1810:.
1798::
1751:.
1732:.
1699:.
1681:.
1659::
1632:.
1602::
1569:.
1555::
1502:.
1484:.
1466:.
1436:.
1403:.
1376:.
1354::
1307:.
1282:.
1038:.
744:.
733:.
496:"
377:(
316:(
88:(
80:(
69:]
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
