1971:
291:
875:. The neurotransmitter chemical then diffuses across to receptors located on the membrane of the target cell. The neurotransmitter binds to these receptors and activates them. Depending on the type of receptors that are activated, the effect on the target cell can be to excite the target cell, inhibit it, or alter its metabolism in some way. This entire sequence of events often takes place in less than a thousandth of a second. Afterward, inside the presynaptic terminal, a new set of vesicles is moved into position next to the membrane, ready to be released when the next action potential arrives. The action potential is the final electrical step in the integration of synaptic messages at the scale of the neuron.
850:
203:. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites receive signals whereas axons transmit them). Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. In some species, axons can emanate from dendrites known as axon-carrying dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other.
350:
950:
can potentially become the axon. This alteration of polarity only occurs when the axon is cut at least 10 μm shorter than the other neurites. After the incision is made, the longest neurite will become the future axon and all the other neurites, including the original axon, will turn into dendrites. Imposing an external force on a neurite, causing it to elongate, will make it become an axon. Nonetheless, axonal development is achieved through a complex interplay between extracellular signaling, intracellular signaling and
840:
49:
1959:
separated from the axon origin. In many species some of the neurons have axons that emanate from the dendrite and not from the cell body, and these are known as axon-carrying dendrites. In many cases, an axon originates at an axon hillock on the soma; such axons are said to have "somatic origin". Some axons with somatic origin have a "proximal" initial segment adjacent the axon hillock, while others have a "distal" initial segment, separated from the soma by an extended axon hillock.
667:
656:
523:
744:, electrical currents produced at each node of Ranvier are conducted with little attenuation to the next node in line, where they remain strong enough to generate another action potential. Thus in a myelinated axon, action potentials effectively "jump" from node to node, bypassing the myelinated stretches in between, resulting in a propagation speed much faster than even the fastest unmyelinated axon can sustain.
1065:
900:(~250μs). 2. The voltage change is triphasic. 3. Activity recorded on a tetrode is seen on only one of the four recording wires. In recordings from freely moving rats, axonal signals have been isolated in white matter tracts including the alveus and the corpus callosum as well hippocampal gray matter.
949:
that are equivalent, yet only one of these neurites is destined to become the axon. It is unclear whether axon specification precedes axon elongation or vice versa, although recent evidence points to the latter. If an axon that is not fully developed is cut, the polarity can change and other neurites
857:
Most axons carry signals in the form of action potentials, which are discrete electrochemical impulses that travel rapidly along an axon, starting at the cell body and terminating at points where the axon makes synaptic contact with target cells. The defining characteristic of an action potential is
565:
The axon initial segment is unmyelinated and contains a specialized complex of proteins. It is between approximately 20 and 60 μm in length and functions as the site of action potential initiation. Both the position on the axon and the length of the AIS can change showing a degree of plasticity
1195:
play an important role in regulating the length of axons. Based on this observation, researchers developed an explicit model for axonal growth describing how motor proteins could affect the axon length on the molecular level. These studies suggest that motor proteins carry signaling molecules from
1958:
In other cases as seen in rat studies an axon originates from a dendrite; such axons are said to have "dendritic origin". Some axons with dendritic origin similarly have a "proximal" initial segment that starts directly at the axon origin, while others have a "distal" initial segment, discernibly
1274:
Later findings by other researchers identified two groups of Aa fibers that were sensory fibers. These were then introduced into a system (Lloyd classification) that only included sensory fibers (though some of these were mixed nerves and were also motor fibers). This system refers to the sensory
1169:
is a type of neurite outgrowth inhibitory component that is present in the central nervous system myelin membranes (found in an axon). It has a crucial role in restricting axonal regeneration in adult mammalian central nervous system. In recent studies, if Nogo-A is blocked and neutralized, it is
611:
in the cell. Microtubules form in the axoplasm at the axon hillock. They are arranged along the length of the axon, in overlapping sections, and all point in the same direction – towards the axon terminals. This is noted by the positive endings of the microtubules. This overlapping
866:
When an action potential reaches a presynaptic terminal, it activates the synaptic transmission process. The first step is rapid opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane of the axon, allowing calcium ions to flow inward across the membrane. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium
1214:
can be classified based on their physical features and signal conduction properties. Axons were known to have different thicknesses (from 0.1 to 20 μm) and these differences were thought to relate to the speed at which an action potential could travel along the axon – its
1190:
Axons vary largely in length from a few micrometers up to meters in some animals. This emphasizes that there must be a cellular length regulation mechanism allowing the neurons both to sense the length of their axons and to control their growth accordingly. It was discovered that
1914:
for this work in 1963. The formulae detailing axonal conductance were extended to vertebrates in the
Frankenhaeuser–Huxley equations. The understanding of the biochemical basis for action potential propagation has advanced further, and includes many details about individual
554:(AIS) is a structurally and functionally separate microdomain of the axon. One function of the initial segment is to separate the main part of an axon from the rest of the neuron; another function is to help initiate action potentials. Both of these functions support neuron
388:, which is specialized to conduct signals very rapidly, is close to 1 millimeter in diameter, the size of a small pencil lead. The numbers of axonal telodendria (the branching structures at the end of the axon) can also differ from one nerve fiber to the next. Axons in the
238:
of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear along the length of an axon as it extends; these are called
862:
characteristic allows action potentials to be transmitted from one end of a long axon to the other without any reduction in size. There are, however, some types of neurons with short axons that carry graded electrochemical signals, of variable amplitude.
612:
arrangement provides the routes for the transport of different materials from the cell body. Studies on the axoplasm has shown the movement of numerous vesicles of all sizes to be seen along cytoskeletal filaments – the microtubules, and
911:
In addition to propagating action potentials to axonal terminals, the axon is able to amplify the action potentials, which makes sure a secure propagation of sequential action potentials toward the axonal terminal. In terms of molecular mechanisms,
1154:
It has also been discovered through research that if the axons of a neuron were damaged, as long as the soma (the cell body of a neuron) is not damaged, the axons would regenerate and remake the synaptic connections with neurons with the help of
1227:
proved this hypothesis, and identified several types of nerve fiber, establishing a relationship between the diameter of an axon and its nerve conduction velocity. They published their findings in 1941 giving the first classification of axons.
871:(tiny containers enclosed by a lipid membrane) filled with a neurotransmitter chemical to fuse with the axon's membrane and empty their contents into the extracellular space. The neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic nerve through
566:
that can fine-tune the neuronal output. A longer AIS is associated with a greater excitability. Plasticity is also seen in the ability of the AIS to change its distribution and to maintain the activity of neural circuitry at a constant level.
1970:
806:
that function in the release of neurotransmitters. However, axonal varicosities are also present in neurodegenerative diseases where they interfere with the conduction of an action potential. Axonal varicosities are also the hallmark of
878:
Extracellular recordings of action potential propagation in axons has been demonstrated in freely moving animals. While extracellular somatic action potentials have been used to study cellular activity in freely moving animals such as
1767:
takes place at the part of the axon furthest from the cell body. This degeneration takes place quickly following the injury, with the part of the axon being sealed off at the membranes and broken down by macrophages. This is known as
740:, which are found periodically interspersed between segments of the myelin sheath. Therefore, at the point of the node of Ranvier, the axon is reduced in diameter. These nodes are areas where action potentials can be generated. In
907:
in the neurons. Although previous studies indicate an axonal origin of a single spike evoked by short-term pulses, physiological signals in vivo trigger the initiation of sequential spikes at the cell bodies of the neurons.
1045:
content are inversely correlated; when PGMS becomes enriched at the tip of a neurite, its f-actin content is substantially decreased. In addition, exposure to actin-depolimerizing drugs and toxin B (which inactivates
1084:. The filopodia are the mechanism by which the entire process adheres to surfaces and explores the surrounding environment. Actin plays a major role in the mobility of this system. Environments with high levels of
891:
can also be recorded. Extracellular recordings of axon action potential propagation is distinct from somatic action potentials in three ways: 1. The signal has a shorter peak-trough duration (~150μs) than of
1147:, are typically other neurons that are sometimes immature. When the axon has completed its growth at its connection to the target, the diameter of the axon can increase by up to five times, depending on the
485:
The structure of a neuron is seen to consist of two separate functional regions, or compartments – the cell body together with the dendrites as one region, and the axonal region as the other.
3192:
Fletcher TL, Banker GA (December 1989). "The establishment of polarity by hippocampal neurons: the relationship between the stage of a cell's development in situ and its subsequent development in culture".
647:. Dynein is minus-end directed. There are many forms of kinesin and dynein motor proteins, and each is thought to carry a different cargo. The studies on transport in the axon led to the naming of kinesin.
1170:
possible to induce long-distance axonal regeneration which leads to enhancement of functional recovery in rats and mouse spinal cord. This has yet to be done on humans. A recent study has also found that
3528:
Hedgecock EM, Culotti JG, Hall DH (January 1990). "The unc-5, unc-6, and unc-40 genes guide circumferential migrations of pioneer axons and mesodermal cells on the epidermis in C. elegans".
3436:
Serafini T, Kennedy TE, Galko MJ, Mirzayan C, Jessell TM, Tessier-Lavigne M (August 1994). "The netrins define a family of axon outgrowth-promoting proteins homologous to C. elegans UNC-6".
494:
The axonal region or compartment, includes the axon hillock, the initial segment, the rest of the axon, and the axon telodendria, and axon terminals. It also includes the myelin sheath. The
192:, and group C are unmyelinated. These groups include both sensory fibers and motor fibers. Another classification groups only the sensory fibers as Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV.
498:
that produce the neuronal proteins are absent in the axonal region. Proteins needed for the growth of the axon, and the removal of waste materials, need a framework for transport. This
1906:
also employed the squid giant axon (1939) and by 1952 they had obtained a full quantitative description of the ionic basis of the action potential, leading to the formulation of the
435:
Schwann cells form the myelin sheath of a myelinated axon. Oligodendrocytes form the insulating myelin in the CNS. Along myelinated nerve fibers, gaps in the myelin sheath known as
978:
netrin receptor is mutated, several neurites are irregularly projected out of neurons and finally a single axon is extended anteriorly. The neurotrophic factors –
1776:, particularly when axonal transport is impaired, this is known as Wallerian-like degeneration. Studies suggest that the degeneration happens as a result of the axonal protein
4347:
230:
but can also make contact with muscle or gland cells. In some circumstances, the axon of one neuron may form a synapse with the dendrites of the same neuron, resulting in an
1231:
Axons are classified in two systems. The first one introduced by
Erlanger and Gasser, grouped the fibers into three main groups using the letters A, B, and C. These groups,
782:. This makes multiple synaptic connections with other neurons possible. Sometimes the axon of a neuron may synapse onto dendrites of the same neuron, when it is known as an
1088:(CAMs) create an ideal environment for axonal growth. This seems to provide a "sticky" surface for axons to grow along. Examples of CAMs specific to neural systems include
1009:
at the tip of neutrites, is required for the elongation of axons. PMGS asymmetrically distributes to the tip of the neurite that is destined to become the future axon.
4469:"Perturbed interactions of mutant proteolipid protein/DM20 with cholesterol and lipid rafts in oligodendroglia: implications for dysmyelination in spastic paraplegia"
689:, or unmyelinated. This is the provision of an insulating layer, called a myelin sheath. The myelin membrane is unique in its relatively high lipid to protein ratio.
1132:. Some of these are surface bound to cells and thus act as short range attractants or repellents. Others are difusible ligands and thus can have long range effects.
246:
A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can target multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals. A bundle of axons make a
160:
to the cell body and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction can be the cause of many inherited and acquired
81:
4606:
125:
1050:) causes the formation of multiple axons. Consequently, the interruption of the actin network in a growth cone will promote its neurite to become the axon.
243:("in passing boutons") and can be in the hundreds or even the thousands along one axon. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches.
1823:
that axonal damage from a single mild traumatic brain injury, can leave a susceptibility to further damage, after repeated mild traumatic brain injuries.
4901:
4915:
Hsu K, Terakawa S (July 1996). "Fenestration in the myelin sheath of nerve fibers of the shrimp: a novel node of excitation for saltatory conduction".
1021:
is increased at the tip of destined axon. Disrupting the activity of PI3K inhibits axonal development. Activation of PI3K results in the production of
3617:
Da Silva JS, Hasegawa T, Miyagi T, Dotti CG, Abad-Rodriguez J (May 2005). "Asymmetric membrane ganglioside sialidase activity specifies axonal fate".
372:. Some axons can extend up to one meter or more while others extend as little as one millimeter. The longest axons in the human body are those of the
3481:"A ligand-gated association between cytoplasmic domains of UNC5 and DCC family receptors converts netrin-induced growth cone attraction to repulsion"
2992:"CLARITY reveals a more protracted temporal course of axon swelling and disconnection than previously described following traumatic brain injury"
1878:
was the first to describe the gaps or nodes found on axons and for this contribution these axonal features are now commonly referred to as the
4841:
Grant G (December 2006). "The 1932 and 1944 Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine: rewards for ground-breaking studies in neurophysiology".
380:
to the big toe of each foot. The diameter of axons is also variable. Most individual axons are microscopic in diameter (typically about one
4642:"Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries induce persistent changes in plasma protein and magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in the rat"
858:
that it is "all-or-nothing" – every action potential that an axon generates has essentially the same size and shape. This
4928:
1022:
4344:
4323:
534:
is the area formed from the cell body of the neuron as it extends to become the axon. It precedes the initial segment. The received
5088:
853:
Neurotransmitter released from presynaptic axon terminal, and transported across synaptic cleft to receptors on postsynaptic neuron
4355:
4749:
2151:
4533:
4298:
3176:
2831:
2749:
2721:
1911:
562:) of a neuron receive input signals at the basal region, and at the apical region the neuron's axon provides output signals.
1943:
has the largest axon known. Its size ranges from 0.5 (typically) to 1 mm in diameter and is used in the control of its
439:
occur at evenly spaced intervals. The myelination enables an especially rapid mode of electrical impulse propagation called
811:. Axonal damage is usually to the axon cytoskeleton disrupting transport. As a consequence protein accumulations such as
4618:
1025:(PtdIns) which can cause significant elongation of a neurite, converting it into an axon. As such, the overexpression of
903:
In fact, the generation of action potentials in vivo is sequential in nature, and these sequential spikes constitute the
1251:). The first group A, was subdivided into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta fibers – Aα, Aβ, Aγ, and Aδ. The
635:
carries cell waste materials from the axon terminal to the cell body. Outgoing and ingoing tracks use different sets of
4784:
2231:
542:
in the neuron are transmitted to the axon hillock for the generation of an action potential from the initial segment.
4895:
4814:
3761:
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the soma to the growth cone and vice versa whose concentration oscillates in time with a length-dependent frequency.
983:
938:
577:
in the initial segment where the action potential is initiated. The ion channels are accompanied by a high number of
5712:
5642:
1764:
659:
1886:, a Spanish anatomist, proposed that axons were the output components of neurons, describing their functionality.
5707:
5637:
5252:
3705:"The axonal glycoprotein TAG-1 is an immunoglobulin superfamily member with neurite outgrowth-promoting activity"
3372:
Arimura N, Kaibuchi K (March 2007). "Neuronal polarity: from extracellular signals to intracellular mechanisms".
3041:"Short duration waveforms recorded extracellularly from freely moving rats are representative of axonal activity"
2088:"Receptive fields, geometry and conduction block of sensory neurones in the central nervous system of the leech"
1947:
system. The fastest recorded conduction speed of 210 m/s, is found in the ensheathed axons of some pelagic
4516:
Matalon R, Michals-Matalon K, Surendran S, Tyring SK (2006). "Canavan
Disease: Studies on the Knockout Mouse".
4242:"Axonal conduction velocity changes following muscle tenotomy or deafferentation during development in the rat"
1101:
921:
812:
1894:
earlier developed the classification system for peripheral nerve fibers, based on axonal conduction velocity,
798:
In the normally developed brain, along the shaft of some axons are located pre-synaptic boutons also known as
5327:
4754:
1089:
966:
surrounding neurons play a prominent role in axonal development. These signaling molecules include proteins,
400:
extend. Elaborate branching allows for the simultaneous transmission of messages to a large number of target
76:
144:. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands. In certain
5322:
5310:
5081:
2282:"Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of the Axon Initial Segment and Node of Ranvier"
1756:. The dysfunction of axons in the nervous system is one of the major causes of many inherited and acquired
1619:
913:
574:
470:
in the CNS. Where these tracts cross the midline of the brain to connect opposite regions they are called
5362:
5300:
1863:
1816:
1581:
620:
539:
17:
632:
5357:
5004:"Heterogeneity of the Axon Initial Segment in Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells of Rodent Visual Cortex"
1874:
were the first to identify and characterize the axon initial segment. Kölliker named the axon in 1896.
1732:
In order of degree of severity, injury to a nerve in the peripheral nervous system can be described as
758:
An axon can divide into many branches called telodendria (Greek for 'end of tree'). At the end of each
507:
349:
5867:
5717:
5652:
5280:
4727:
3110:"Axons amplify somatic incomplete spikes into uniform amplitudes in mouse cortical pyramidal neurons"
1773:
1545:
1211:
1205:
1148:
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of the cerebral cortex which contains the neuronal cell bodies. A similar arrangement is seen in the
432:
259:
165:
157:
1883:
1866:
is generally credited with the discovery of the axon by distinguishing it from the dendrites. Swiss
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5373:
2823:
1907:
1639:
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808:
64:
4520:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 576. pp. 77–93, discussion 361–3.
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5346:
5074:
4567:"Further evidence for altered myelin biosynthesis and glutamatergic dysfunction in schizophrenia"
2333:"Ankyrin G Membrane Partners Drive the Establishment and Maintenance of the Axon Initial Segment"
1997:
700:. In the central nervous system the myelin sheath is provided by another type of glial cell, the
393:
707:
The composition of myelin is different in the two types. In the CNS the major myelin protein is
5814:
5341:
5105:
3422:
2431:
Rasband MN (August 2010). "The axon initial segment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity".
1827:
1808:
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1224:
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389:
251:
169:
88:
2713:
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5597:
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2012:
1932:
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1757:
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also provide a sticky substrate for axons to grow along. Examples of these molecules include
1076:, which is at the tip of the axon. The growth cone has a broad sheet-like extension called a
1047:
786:. Some synaptic junctions appear along the length of an axon as it extends; these are called
392:(CNS) typically show multiple telodendria, with many synaptic end points. In comparison, the
161:
149:
31:
4885:
4640:
Wright DK, Brady RD, Kamnaksh A, Trezise J, Sun M, McDonald SJ, et al. (October 2019).
3273:"Experimental observations on the development of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture"
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1811:
can result in widespread lesions to nerve tracts damaging the axons in a condition known as
5797:
5694:
5624:
5450:
5305:
4963:
4653:
4157:
4039:
3790:
3779:"Laser-based single-axon transection for high-content axon injury and regeneration studies"
3669:
3121:
2856:
2483:"Axon Initial Segment Cytoskeleton: Architecture, Development, and Role in Neuron Polarity"
1674:
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groups as Types and uses Roman numerals: Type Ia, Type Ib, Type II, Type III, and Type IV.
1248:
1244:
1236:
1109:
967:
963:
741:
712:
440:
153:
3930:"Kinesin-5 regulates the growth of the axon by acting as a brake on its microtubule array"
3660:
Bradke F, Dotti CG (March 1999). "The role of local actin instability in axon formation".
2938:"Rapid and Reversible Development of Axonal Varicosities: A New Form of Neural Plasticity"
704:. Schwann cells myelinate a single axon. An oligodendrocyte can myelinate up to 50 axons.
214:. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely. The end branches of an axon are called
8:
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4315:
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1992:
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The development of the axon to its target, is one of the six major stages in the overall
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708:
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185:
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790:("in passing boutons") and can be in the hundreds or even the thousands along one axon.
384:(μm) across). The largest mammalian axons can reach a diameter of up to 20 μm. The
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Huang EJ, Reichardt LF (2003). "Trk receptors: roles in neuronal signal transduction".
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Rishal I, Kam N, Perry RB, Shinder V, Fisher EM, Schiavo G, Fainzilber M (June 2012).
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Höfflin F, Jack A, Riedel C, Mack-Bucher J, Roos J, Corcelli C, et al. (2017).
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4418:"Endogenous Nmnat2 is an essential survival factor for maintenance of healthy axons"
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Gensel JC, Nakamura S, Guan Z, van
Rooijen N, Ankeny DP, Popovich PG (March 2009).
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4201:"Properties of fast and slow motor units in hind limb and tail muscles of the rat"
3681:
3098:
Rongjing Ge, Hao Qian, Na Chen and Jin-Hui Wang* (2014) Molecular Brain 7(26):1-16
1854:. However, medical sources generally use "nerve fiber" to refer to the axon only.
839:
5592:
5561:
5556:
5438:
5433:
5257:
4467:
Krämer-Albers EM, Gehrig-Burger K, Thiele C, Trotter J, Nave KA (November 2006).
4434:
4351:
4135:
3994:
3803:
3134:
2906:
2331:
Leterrier C, Clerc N, Rueda-Boroni F, Montersino A, Dargent B, Castets F (2017).
1887:
1879:
1586:
1414:
1406:
1220:
1156:
1136:
859:
815:
can build up in a swelling resulting in a number of varicosities along the axon.
729:
724:
701:
475:
428:
320:
271:
69:
3421:
express UNC-6 to provide global and local netrin cues for guiding migrations in
974:(also known as UNC-6) a secreted protein, functions in axon formation. When the
48:
5882:
5852:
5809:
5629:
5587:
5565:
5485:
5368:
5192:
5097:
5059:
at the
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center – "Slide 3
4665:
4169:
3849:
3703:
Furley AJ, Morton SB, Manalo D, Karagogeos D, Dodd J, Jessell TM (April 1990).
3418:
2250:
2037:"Axons emanating from dendrites: phylogenetic repercussions with Cajalian hues"
1944:
1936:
1891:
1797:
1539:
1484:
1192:
1105:
987:
893:
559:
397:
365:
255:
226:
connection. Axons usually make contact with other neurons at junctions called
145:
141:
4976:
4951:
4854:
4583:
4566:
4051:
3479:
Hong K, Hinck L, Nishiyama M, Poo MM, Tessier-Lavigne M, Stein E (June 1999).
2954:
2782:
2656:
1796:
is the abnormal formation of the myelin sheath. This is implicated in several
1793:
222:
or end-foot which joins the dendrite or cell body of another neuron forming a
5901:
5531:
5516:
5197:
5020:
4101:
3057:
2602:
2549:
2349:
2298:
2053:
1903:
1801:
1558:
1402:
1179:
1144:
1140:
1077:
1059:
904:
830:
763:
753:
675:
636:
613:
555:
511:
455:
373:
327:
235:
219:
4824:
4525:
2709:
Essential cell biology: an introduction to the molecular biology of the cell
767:
419:
is a layer of a fatty insulating substance, which is formed by two types of
5777:
5699:
5612:
5493:
5423:
5202:
5125:
5039:
4985:
4862:
4683:
4592:
4543:
4502:
4453:
4402:
4177:
4120:
4069:
4012:
3963:
3914:
3857:
3822:
3689:
3638:
3592:
3506:
3393:
3355:
3288:
3249:
3153:
3076:
3025:
2973:
2884:
2868:
2800:
2675:
2621:
2567:
2518:
2499:
2452:
2417:
2368:
2317:
2258:
2207:
2072:
2007:
1928:
1899:
1871:
1835:
1719:
1314:
1252:
1097:
991:
951:
884:
697:
671:
624:
616:, in both directions between the axon and its terminals and the cell body.
531:
495:
451:
424:
412:
358:
332:
315:
310:
267:
4936:
4316:"Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology"
4275:
4226:
3945:
3730:
3549:
3457:
3337:
3306:
3214:
3089:
Rongjing Ge, Hao Qian and Jin-Hui Wang* (2011) Molecular Brain 4(19), 1~11
2121:
5792:
5607:
5511:
5469:
5401:
5396:
5217:
5155:
5150:
5120:
5060:
4205:
Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences
2849:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2822:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins. p.
1940:
1916:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1166:
1121:
1093:
1073:
1026:
998:
942:
897:
888:
880:
834:
803:
503:
467:
459:
377:
354:
275:
263:
247:
215:
4929:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199607)30:3<397::AID-NEU8>3.0.CO;2-#
5862:
5551:
5428:
5391:
4466:
3241:
1745:
1615:
1577:
1410:
1171:
872:
679:
463:
381:
300:
133:
4807:
Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function
3007:
2230:
Debanne D, Campanac E, Bialowas A, Carlier E, Alcaraz G (April 2011).
1178:
receptor are capable of promoting axon recovery, also however causing
849:
396:
axon is characterized by a single T-shaped branch node from which two
94:
5877:
5262:
5235:
4887:
The Brain, the
Nervous System, and Their Diseases [3 volumes]
4515:
4293:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–189.
3881:"Macrophages promote axon regeneration with concurrent neurotoxicity"
3414:
2876:
2767:"Oligodendroglial membrane dynamics in relation to myelin biogenesis"
1948:
1081:
1042:
1002:
693:
608:
586:
420:
290:
4085:"A frequency-dependent decoding mechanism for axonal length sensing"
3385:
2444:
2330:
2146:(4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 61–65.
1029:
that dephosphorylate PtdIns leads into the failure of polarization.
666:
655:
5541:
5526:
5521:
5245:
5240:
5167:
5162:
4152:
3630:
3322:"Mechanical tension can specify axonal fate in hippocampal neurons"
3039:
Robbins AA, Fox SE, Holmes GL, Scott RC, Barry JM (November 2013).
2174:"The development of the corpus callosum in the healthy human brain"
1851:
1786:
causes the multitude of neurological symptoms found in the disease
1174:
activated through a specific inflammatory pathway activated by the
1129:
1125:
604:
522:
295:
211:
207:
200:
4565:
Tkachev D, Mimmack ML, Huffaker SJ, Ryan M, Bahn S (August 2007).
2586:"Structural and Functional Plasticity at the Axon Initial Segment"
1064:
27:
Long projection on a neuron that conducts signals to other neurons
5804:
5765:
5066:
3320:
Lamoureux P, Ruthel G, Buxbaum RE, Heidemann SR (November 2002).
3228:
Jiang H, Rao Y (May 2005). "Axon formation: fate versus growth".
1976:
Recordings in the hippocampus from different cell types and axons
1847:
1117:
946:
843:
783:
640:
231:
227:
223:
1834:, and is one of the many treatments used for different kinds of
526:
Detail showing microtubules at axon hillock and initial segment.
5464:
5419:
5184:
3319:
1895:
1777:
1175:
971:
737:
686:
644:
416:
408:
401:
337:
189:
129:
4776:
2229:
1955:
100–120 m/s for the fastest myelinated vertebrate axon.)
1041:
filament content will become the axon. PGMS concentration and
3878:
1038:
975:
369:
5001:
3702:
3435:
2990:
Weber MT, Arena JD, Xiao R, Wolf JA, Johnson VE (May 2019).
2765:
Ozgen, H; Baron, W; Hoekstra, D; Kahya, N (September 2016).
152:), such as those for touch and warmth, the axons are called
5411:
5227:
3616:
3171:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 520–524.
2640:"Activity-dependent regulation of excitable axonal domains"
1018:
1006:
454:
in the brain. The myelin gives the white appearance to the
4639:
4564:
2847:
Hess A, Young JZ (November 1952). "The nodes of
Ranvier".
3836:
Schwab ME (February 2004). "Nogo and axon regeneration".
3777:
Kunik D, Dion C, Ozaki T, Levin LA, Costantino S (2011).
1952:
1951:
and the usual range is between 90 and 200 meters/s (
1820:
990:(NTF3) are also involved in axon development and bind to
692:
In the peripheral nervous system axons are myelinated by
569:
The AIS is highly specialized for the fast conduction of
1830:
is an artificial means of guiding axon growth to enable
945:
neurons suggest that neurons initially produce multiple
585:
that anchor them to the cytoskeleton. Interactions with
156:
and the electrical impulse travels along these from the
4133:
2764:
589:
are important as it is the major organizer in the AIS.
136:, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as
1846:
Some general dictionaries define "nerve fiber" as any
1271:
having the Aα, Aβ, and Aγ nerve fibers, respectively.
766:(also called a terminal bouton or synaptic bouton, or
3976:
3478:
3038:
2744:(4th ed.). New York: Garland. pp. 979–981.
1405:
are innervated by type Ia, Ib and II sensory fibers,
1072:
Growing axons move through their environment via the
962:
The extracellular signals that propagate through the
4571:
3527:
1772:. Dying back of an axon can also take place in many
407:
There are two types of axons in the nervous system:
199:
from the cell body of a neuron; the other type is a
128:) is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or
4138:, Kruse K (May 2019). "Sound of an axon's growth".
3776:
1068:
Axon of nine-day-old mouse with growth cone visible
970:, and extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules.
670:Cross section of an axon: (1) Axon (2) Nucleus (3)
502:is provided for in the axoplasm by arrangements of
218:. The swollen end of a telodendron is known as the
4082:
4025:
3979:"A motor-driven mechanism for cell-length sensing"
2989:
2171:
4028:"Delayed feedback model of axonal length sensing"
3108:Chen N, Yu J, Qian H, Ge R, Wang JH (July 2010).
2534:"Electrogenic tuning of the axon initial segment"
2531:
1780:, being prevented from reaching all of the axon.
1760:that affect both peripheral and central neurons.
5899:
4829:Kölliker would give the "axon" its name in 1896.
2384:"The Axon Initial Segment: An Updated Viewpoint"
631:needed for growth to the axon terminal. Ingoing
364:Axons are the primary transmission lines of the
3612:
3610:
3371:
3367:
3365:
2532:Clark BD, Goldberg EM, Rudy B (December 2009).
1143:of neuronal axon growth. These cells that help
1005:(PMGS), which is involved in the activation of
1001:-converting enzyme plasma membrane ganglioside
4366:
4288:
3570:
3191:
2172:Luders E, Thompson PM, Toga AW (August 2010).
1910:. Hodgkin and Huxley were awarded jointly the
1763:When an axon is crushed, an active process of
573:. This is achieved by a high concentration of
5082:
4415:
2480:
2279:
1283:Lower motor neurons have two kind of fibers:
1108:superfamily. Another set of molecules called
558:, in which dendrites (and, in some cases the
4360:
3607:
3362:
3270:
3107:
2712:(2nd ed.). New York: Garland. pp.
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
802:and these have been found in regions of the
643:, and ingoing return traffic is provided by
206:Axons are covered by a membrane known as an
4914:
4843:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
4369:"Wallerian degeneration, wld(s), and nmnat"
4289:Pocock G, Richards CD, et al. (2004).
3659:
1401:innervate different types of nerve fibers.
1017:During axonal development, the activity of
623:from the cell body along the axon, carries
5089:
5075:
4949:
4599:
4198:
2637:
2583:
2030:
2028:
1023:phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
1012:
957:
466:. Bundles of myelinated axons make up the
450:form the bulk of the neural tissue called
274:, formed of some 200 million axons in the
47:
5029:
5019:
4975:
4884:Hellier, Jennifer L. (16 December 2014).
4673:
4582:
4492:
4443:
4433:
4392:
4265:
4216:
4151:
4110:
4100:
4059:
4002:
3953:
3927:
3904:
3812:
3802:
3720:
3496:
3345:
3296:
3143:
3133:
3066:
3056:
3015:
2963:
2953:
2846:
2790:
2690:
2665:
2655:
2633:
2631:
2611:
2601:
2579:
2577:
2557:
2508:
2498:
2407:
2381:
2358:
2348:
2307:
2297:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2197:
2111:
2062:
2052:
927:
545:
3585:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161629
3227:
2985:
2983:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2034:
1713:
1592:
1549:
1489:
1255:of the different motor fibers, were the
1063:
1032:
848:
838:
665:
654:
521:
482:, and this has around 20 million axons.
348:
4883:
4877:
4809:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
4356:University of California, San Francisco
4239:
4026:Karamched BR, Bressloff PC (May 2015).
3751:
3745:
3166:
3160:
2739:
2705:
2430:
2025:
736:) are short unmyelinated segments of a
14:
5900:
4943:
4804:
4409:
4367:Coleman MP, Freeman MR (1 June 2010).
4313:
3835:
3696:
2813:
2807:
2735:
2733:
2628:
2574:
2214:
2141:
1819:. It has been shown in studies on the
1409:by type II and III sensory fibers and
793:
662:of a myelinated axon in cross-section.
5070:
4997:
4995:
4840:
4416:Gilley J, Coleman MP (January 2010).
2980:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2758:
2644:The Journal of Physiological Sciences
2467:
2273:
2160:
404:within a single region of the brain.
210:; the cytoplasm of an axon is called
4338:
3928:Myers KA, Baas PW (September 2007).
2771:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
1962:
1642:has two kinds of peripheral fibers:
1185:
818:
685:In the nervous system, axons may be
639:. Outgoing transport is provided by
4904:from the original on 14 March 2018.
4385:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153248
4083:Bressloff PC, Karamched BR (2015).
2730:
2085:
1931:have been extensively studied. The
1417:by type III and IV sensory fibers.
718:
592:
173:
24:
5096:
5008:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
4992:
4950:Salzer JL, Zalc B (October 2016).
4785:American Psychological Association
4089:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2935:
2924:
2899:
2590:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2337:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2286:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
1210:The axons of neurons in the human
924:in response to short-term pulses.
176:into three types –
25:
5919:
5050:
4345:Trauma and Wallerian Degeneration
4326:from the original on 12 June 2018
4199:Andrew BL, Part NJ (April 1972).
3408:
3271:Goslin K, Banker G (April 1989).
2128:
1243:include both the sensory fibers (
1199:
1080:which contain protrusions called
984:brain-derived neurotrophic factor
939:development of the nervous system
844:Synaptic connections from an axon
747:
376:, which run from the base of the
353:A dissected human brain, showing
4218:10.1113/expphysiol.1972.sp002151
1969:
1939:has the longest known axon. The
1922:
489:
289:
5253:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
4908:
4834:
4798:
4769:
4742:
4715:
4690:
4633:
4558:
4509:
4460:
4307:
4282:
4233:
4192:
4127:
4076:
4019:
3970:
3921:
3872:
3838:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
3829:
3770:
3756:(Sixth ed.). p. 947.
3653:
3564:
3521:
3472:
3429:
3313:
3264:
3221:
3185:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3032:
2840:
2638:Susuki K, Kuba H (March 2016).
2525:
1752:. Axonal injury can also cause
1104:, all of which are part of the
517:
195:An axon is one of two types of
4485:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3581-06.2006
4258:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013085
3897:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3992-08.2009
2907:"Medical Definition of bouton"
2481:Jones SL, Svitkina TM (2016).
2424:
2400:10.1523/jneurosci.1922-17.2018
2375:
2324:
2280:Nelson AD, Jenkins PM (2017).
2190:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5122-09.2010
2104:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011643
2079:
1841:
1159:. This is also referred to as
932:
813:amyloid-beta precursor protein
650:
508:type IV intermediate filaments
474:. The largest of these is the
446:The myelinated axons from the
53:An axon of a multipolar neuron
13:
1:
4373:Annual Review of Neuroscience
3754:Molecular biology of the cell
3682:10.1126/science.283.5409.1931
3573:Annual Review of Biochemistry
3498:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80804-1
2742:Molecular biology of the cell
2382:Leterrier C (February 2018).
2018:
1748:is considered a mild form of
914:voltage-gated sodium channels
575:voltage-gated sodium channels
344:Structure of a typical neuron
4781:APA Dictionary of Psychology
4435:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000300
4314:Dawodu ST (16 August 2017).
3995:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.05.013
3804:10.1371/journal.pone.0026832
3722:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90223-2
3542:10.1016/0896-6273(90)90444-K
3450:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90420-0
3374:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
3207:10.1016/0012-1606(89)90269-8
3135:10.1371/journal.pone.0011868
3045:Frontiers in Neural Circuits
2818:Langman's medical embryology
2433:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1633:
1620:anterior spinothalamic tract
1096: – an axonal
1037:The neurite with the lowest
7:
5363:Postganglionic nerve fibers
4473:The Journal of Neuroscience
4240:Russell NJ (January 1980).
3934:The Journal of Cell Biology
3885:The Journal of Neuroscience
3326:The Journal of Cell Biology
3277:The Journal of Cell Biology
2388:The Journal of Neuroscience
2178:The Journal of Neuroscience
1981:
1864:Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters
1850:, including both axons and
1817:persistent vegetative state
1582:lateral spinothalamic tract
941:. Studies done on cultured
916:in the axons possess lower
368:, and as bundles they form
10:
5924:
5657:
5358:Preganglionic nerve fibers
4755:Taber's Medical Dictionary
4666:10.1038/s41598-019-51267-w
4170:10.1103/PhysRevE.99.050401
3850:10.1016/j.conb.2004.01.004
2251:10.1152/physrev.00048.2009
1868:Rüdolf Albert von Kölliker
1857:
1774:neurodegenerative diseases
1717:
1546:cutaneous mechanoreceptors
1388:
1203:
1057:
883:, axonal activity in both
828:
822:
770:). Axon terminals contain
751:
722:
596:
281:
270:tract in the brain is the
29:
5868:Olfactory receptor neuron
5823:
5764:
5757:
5693:
5623:
5580:
5540:
5532:Neurofibril/neurofilament
5502:
5484:
5477:
5463:
5410:
5382:
5288:
5279:
5226:
5183:
5176:
5113:
5104:
4977:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.074
4855:10.1080/09647040600638981
4728:Oxford English Dictionary
4607:"Brain Injury, Traumatic"
4584:10.1017/S1461145706007334
4246:The Journal of Physiology
4052:10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.055
3169:Principles of development
2955:10.3389/fnmol.2021.610857
2783:10.1007/s00018-016-2228-8
2657:10.1007/s12576-015-0413-4
2584:Yamada R, Kuba H (2016).
2092:The Journal of Physiology
2041:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
1590:
1494:
1492:
1212:peripheral nervous system
1206:Nerve conduction velocity
1053:
433:peripheral nervous system
260:peripheral nervous system
87:
75:
63:
58:
46:
41:
5021:10.3389/fncel.2017.00332
4102:10.3389/fncel.2015.00281
3058:10.3389/fncir.2013.00181
2603:10.3389/fncel.2016.00250
2550:10.1177/1073858409341973
2350:10.3389/fncel.2017.00006
2299:10.3389/fncel.2017.00136
2144:Fundamental neuroscience
2086:Yau KW (December 1976).
2054:10.3389/fnana.2014.00133
1640:autonomic nervous system
1381:Intrafusal muscle fibers
1339:Extrafusal muscle fibers
1278:
1247:) and the motor fibers (
809:traumatic brain injuries
4917:Journal of Neurobiology
4526:10.1007/0-387-30172-0_6
3752:Alberts, Bruce (2015).
3167:Wolpert, Lewis (2015).
2911:www.merriam-webster.com
1998:Giant axonal neuropathy
1538:Secondary receptors of
1086:cell adhesion molecules
1013:Intracellular signaling
958:Extracellular signaling
711:, and in the PNS it is
579:cell adhesion molecules
394:cerebellar granule cell
197:cytoplasmic protrusions
5815:Neuromuscular junction
5678:III or Aδ or fast pain
3289:10.1083/jcb.108.4.1507
2869:10.1098/rspb.1952.0063
2142:Squire, Larry (2013).
1884:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1828:nerve guidance conduit
1809:traumatic brain injury
1784:Demyelination of axons
1770:Wallerian degeneration
1758:neurological disorders
1542:(flower-spray ending).
1364:Gamma (γ) motor neuron
1322:Alpha (α) motor neuron
1100: – and
1069:
928:Development and growth
854:
846:
682:
663:
552:axonal initial segment
546:Axonal initial segment
527:
478:that connects the two
390:central nervous system
361:
252:central nervous system
162:neurological disorders
150:pseudounipolar neurons
89:Anatomical terminology
5057:Histology image: 3_09
3946:10.1083/jcb.200702074
3338:10.1083/jcb.200207174
3195:Developmental Biology
2239:Physiological Reviews
2013:Single-unit recording
1933:longfin inshore squid
1876:Louis-Antoine Ranvier
1815:. This can lead to a
1813:diffuse axonal injury
1754:central chromatolysis
1750:diffuse axonal injury
1728:Demyelinating disease
1724:Peripheral neuropathy
1714:Clinical significance
1694:postganglionic fibers
1575:of touch and pressure
1487:(annulospiral ending)
1483:Primary receptors of
1346:Beta (β) motor neuron
1204:Further information:
1067:
1033:Cytoskeletal dynamics
867:concentration causes
852:
842:
829:Further information:
669:
658:
621:anterograde transport
607:is the equivalent of
525:
352:
188:. Groups A and B are
164:that affect both the
154:afferent nerve fibers
32:Axon (disambiguation)
5833:Meissner's corpuscle
5798:Postsynaptic density
5695:Efferent nerve fiber
5683:IV or C or slow pain
5625:Afferent nerve fiber
5451:Satellite glial cell
4134:Folz F, Wettmann L,
2500:10.1155/2016/6808293
2035:Triarhou LC (2014).
1908:Hodgkin–Huxley model
1675:preganglionic fibers
1421:Sensory fiber types
1217:conductance velocity
1110:extracellular matrix
968:neurotrophic factors
964:extracellular matrix
742:saltatory conduction
713:myelin basic protein
633:retrograde transport
480:cerebral hemispheres
441:saltatory conduction
234:. At a synapse, the
186:group C nerve fibers
182:group B nerve fibers
178:group A nerve fibers
126:spelling differences
30:For other uses, see
5838:Merkel nerve ending
4968:2016CBio...26.R971S
4658:2019NatSR...914626W
4162:2019PhRvE..99e0401F
4044:2015BpJ...108.2408K
4032:Biophysical Journal
3795:2011PLoSO...626832K
3674:1999Sci...283.1931B
3619:Nature Neuroscience
3230:Nature Neuroscience
3126:2010PLoSO...511868C
2861:1952RSPSB.140..301H
2814:Sadler, T. (2010).
1993:Ganglionic eminence
1765:axonal degeneration
1647:
1422:
1308:Conduction velocity
1288:
1257:lower motor neurons
1149:speed of conduction
980:nerve growth factor
800:axonal varicosities
794:Axonal varicosities
778:for release at the
709:proteolipid protein
458:in contrast to the
172:. Nerve fibers are
5873:Photoreceptor cell
5843:Pacinian corpuscle
5774:Electrical synapse
5728:Lower motor neuron
5723:Upper motor neuron
5444:Internodal segment
5384:Connective tissues
5354:Autonomic ganglion
4646:Scientific Reports
4350:2 May 2006 at the
3242:10.1038/nn0505-544
2942:Front Mol Neurosci
2740:Alberts B (2002).
2706:Alberts B (2004).
2538:The Neuroscientist
2153:978-0-12-385-870-2
1935:, often used as a
1898:, fiber size etc.
1788:multiple sclerosis
1645:
1573:Free nerve endings
1515:Golgi tendon organ
1420:
1287:Motor fiber types
1286:
1269:gamma motor neuron
1261:alpha motor neuron
1259: –
1114:adhesion molecules
1070:
855:
847:
788:en passant boutons
734:myelin sheath gaps
683:
664:
528:
362:
241:en passant boutons
5895:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5858:Free nerve ending
5825:Sensory receptors
5753:
5752:
5668:Ib or Golgi or Aα
5576:
5575:
5459:
5458:
5336:Ramus communicans
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5141:Commissural fiber
5136:Association fiber
5131:Projection fibers
4962:(20): R971–R975.
4805:Finger S (1994).
4535:978-0-387-30171-6
4518:N-Acetylaspartate
4300:978-0-19-858527-5
4140:Physical Review E
3178:978-0-19-967814-3
3008:10.1111/bpa.12677
2833:978-0-7817-9069-7
2751:978-0-8153-4072-0
2723:978-0-8153-3481-1
2487:Neural Plasticity
2232:"Axon physiology"
1988:Electrophysiology
1963:Additional images
1862:German anatomist
1832:neuroregeneration
1711:
1710:
1631:
1630:
1449:sensory receptors
1399:sensory receptors
1386:
1385:
1265:beta motor neuron
1186:Length regulation
1161:neuroregeneration
922:refractory period
869:synaptic vesicles
819:Action potentials
772:synaptic vesicles
629:membrane proteins
583:scaffold proteins
536:action potentials
264:placental mammals
138:action potentials
109:(from Greek ἄξων
103:
102:
98:
16:(Redirected from
5915:
5788:Synaptic vesicle
5783:Chemical synapse
5762:
5761:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5286:
5285:
5181:
5180:
5111:
5110:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5068:
5067:
5044:
5043:
5033:
5023:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4617:. Archived from
4603:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4479:(45): 11743–52.
4464:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4364:
4358:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4291:Human Physiology
4286:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4155:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4104:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4006:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3806:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3724:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3668:(5409): 1931–4.
3657:
3651:
3650:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3500:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3433:
3427:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2957:
2933:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2777:(17): 3291–310.
2762:
2756:
2755:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2703:
2688:
2687:
2669:
2659:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2394:(9): 2135–2145.
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2352:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2236:
2227:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2184:(33): 10985–90.
2169:
2158:
2157:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2032:
2003:Neuronal tracing
1973:
1880:nodes of Ranvier
1848:neuronal process
1798:leukodystrophies
1648:
1644:
1624:Warmth receptors
1461:thermoreceptors
1423:
1419:
1407:mechanoreceptors
1393:
1392:
1289:
1285:
825:Action potential
776:neurotransmitter
730:Nodes of Ranvier
719:Nodes of Ranvier
599:Axonal transport
593:Axonal transport
500:axonal transport
448:cortical neurons
437:nodes of Ranvier
429:oligodendrocytes
386:squid giant axon
293:
95:edit on Wikidata
92:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5887:
5819:
5749:
5698:
5689:
5673:II or Aβ and Aγ
5628:
5619:
5572:
5562:Apical dendrite
5557:Dendritic spine
5536:
5498:
5468:
5455:
5439:Node of Ranvier
5434:Myelin incisure
5406:
5378:
5267:
5258:Oligodendrocyte
5241:Ependymal cells
5222:
5172:
5100:
5095:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5000:
4993:
4956:Current Biology
4948:
4944:
4913:
4909:
4898:
4882:
4878:
4839:
4835:
4817:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4702:Merriam-Webster
4696:
4695:
4691:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4563:
4559:
4536:
4514:
4510:
4465:
4461:
4428:(1): e1000300.
4414:
4410:
4365:
4361:
4352:Wayback Machine
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4287:
4283:
4238:
4234:
4197:
4193:
4146:(5–1): 050401.
4132:
4128:
4081:
4077:
4024:
4020:
3975:
3971:
3926:
3922:
3891:(12): 3956–68.
3877:
3873:
3834:
3830:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3750:
3746:
3701:
3697:
3658:
3654:
3615:
3608:
3569:
3565:
3526:
3522:
3477:
3473:
3434:
3430:
3419:pioneer neurons
3413:
3409:
3386:10.1038/nrn2056
3370:
3363:
3318:
3314:
3269:
3265:
3226:
3222:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3165:
3161:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3037:
3033:
2988:
2981:
2934:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2855:(900): 301–20.
2845:
2841:
2834:
2812:
2808:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2704:
2691:
2636:
2629:
2582:
2575:
2530:
2526:
2479:
2468:
2445:10.1038/nrn2852
2429:
2425:
2380:
2376:
2329:
2325:
2278:
2274:
2234:
2228:
2215:
2170:
2161:
2154:
2140:
2129:
2084:
2080:
2033:
2026:
2021:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1965:
1949:Penaeid shrimps
1925:
1888:Joseph Erlanger
1860:
1844:
1730:
1718:Main articles:
1716:
1669:velocity (m/s)
1668:
1660:
1655:
1654:Erlanger-Gasser
1636:
1622:
1587:thermoreceptors
1584:
1576:
1543:
1460:
1459:Nociceptors and
1443:
1435:
1430:
1429:Erlanger-Gasser
1415:thermoreceptors
1395:
1390:
1389:
1310:(meters/second)
1309:
1301:
1296:
1295:Erlanger-Gasser
1281:
1208:
1202:
1188:
1182:in the neuron.
1157:guidepost cells
1137:guidepost cells
1062:
1056:
1035:
1015:
960:
935:
930:
894:pyramidal cells
837:
827:
821:
796:
774:that store the
756:
750:
738:myelinated axon
732:(also known as
727:
725:Node of Ranvier
721:
702:oligodendrocyte
653:
601:
595:
548:
520:
492:
476:corpus callosum
398:parallel fibers
347:
346:
345:
342:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
322:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
284:
272:corpus callosum
170:central neurons
146:sensory neurons
142:nerve cell body
99:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5921:
5911:
5910:
5908:Neurohistology
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5883:Taste receptor
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5853:Muscle spindle
5850:
5848:Ruffini ending
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5810:Ribbon synapse
5807:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5630:Sensory neuron
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5600:
5598:Pseudounipolar
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5566:Basal dendrite
5559:
5554:
5546:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5517:Axon terminals
5514:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5479:
5472:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5369:Nerve fascicle
5366:
5360:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5292:
5290:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5098:Nervous tissue
5094:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5052:
5051:External links
5049:
5046:
5045:
4991:
4942:
4923:(3): 397–409.
4907:
4896:
4876:
4833:
4815:
4797:
4768:
4741:
4714:
4689:
4632:
4621:on 26 May 2011
4611:Medcyclopaedia
4598:
4557:
4534:
4508:
4459:
4408:
4359:
4337:
4306:
4299:
4281:
4232:
4191:
4126:
4075:
4038:(9): 2408–19.
4018:
3969:
3940:(6): 1081–91.
3920:
3871:
3828:
3789:(11): e26832.
3769:
3762:
3744:
3695:
3652:
3631:10.1038/nn1442
3606:
3563:
3520:
3471:
3428:
3407:
3380:(3): 194–205.
3361:
3332:(3): 499–508.
3312:
3283:(4): 1507–16.
3263:
3220:
3184:
3177:
3159:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3031:
3002:(3): 437–450.
2979:
2923:
2898:
2839:
2832:
2806:
2757:
2750:
2729:
2722:
2689:
2627:
2573:
2524:
2466:
2423:
2374:
2323:
2272:
2245:(2): 555–602.
2213:
2159:
2152:
2127:
2078:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1945:jet propulsion
1937:model organism
1924:
1921:
1892:Herbert Gasser
1859:
1856:
1843:
1840:
1800:, and also in
1794:Dysmyelination
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1656:Classification
1652:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1540:muscle spindle
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:muscle spindle
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:Mechanoceptors
1454:
1453:Proprioceptors
1451:
1445:
1444:velocity (m/s)
1440:
1437:
1432:
1431:Classification
1427:
1403:Proprioceptors
1394:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1297:Classification
1293:
1280:
1277:
1201:
1200:Classification
1198:
1193:motor proteins
1187:
1184:
1139:assist in the
1106:immunoglobulin
1058:Main article:
1055:
1052:
1034:
1031:
1014:
1011:
988:neurotrophin-3
959:
956:
934:
931:
929:
926:
860:all-or-nothing
823:Main article:
820:
817:
795:
792:
752:Main article:
749:
748:Axon terminals
746:
723:Main article:
720:
717:
652:
649:
637:motor proteins
614:neurofilaments
597:Main article:
594:
591:
571:nerve impulses
547:
544:
519:
516:
512:neurofilaments
491:
488:
366:nervous system
343:
336:
331:
326:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
287:
286:
285:
283:
280:
266:, the largest
140:away from the
101:
100:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5920:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5744:
5743:γ motorneuron
5741:
5739:
5738:β motorneuron
5736:
5734:
5733:α motorneuron
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5087:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4996:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4952:"Myelination"
4946:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4899:
4897:9781610693387
4893:
4889:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4849:(4): 341–57.
4848:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4816:9780195146943
4812:
4808:
4801:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4777:"nerve fiber"
4772:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4750:"nerve fiber"
4745:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4723:"nerve fibre"
4718:
4703:
4699:
4698:"nerve fiber"
4693:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4577:(4): 557–63.
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:(1): 245–67.
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4211:(2): 213–25.
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:(6): 608–16.
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3844:(1): 118–24.
3843:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3763:9780815344643
3759:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3715:(1): 157–70.
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:(5): 606–15.
3624:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3491:(7): 927–41.
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:(3): 409–24.
3443:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:(2): 446–54.
3200:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:(7): e11868.
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:Gu C (2021).
2932:
2930:
2928:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2650:(2): 99–104.
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:(6): 651–68.
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:(8): 552–62.
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:(3): 513–38.
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:invertebrates
1927:The axons in
1923:Other animals
1920:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:Andrew Huxley
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1802:schizophrenia
1799:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:muscle fibers
1312:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:motor neurons
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1183:
1181:
1180:neurotoxicity
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:axon guidance
1142:
1138:
1135:Cells called
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:lamellipodium
1075:
1066:
1061:
1060:Axon guidance
1051:
1049:
1048:Rho-signaling
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
992:Trk receptors
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
955:
953:
948:
944:
940:
925:
923:
919:
915:
909:
906:
905:digital codes
901:
899:
895:
890:
886:
882:
876:
874:
870:
864:
861:
851:
845:
841:
836:
832:
831:Neural coding
826:
816:
814:
810:
805:
801:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:axon terminal
761:
755:
754:Axon terminal
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
716:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
698:Schwann cells
695:
690:
688:
681:
677:
676:Myelin sheath
673:
668:
661:
657:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
610:
606:
600:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
563:
561:
557:
556:cell polarity
553:
543:
541:
537:
533:
524:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:Axonal region
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Schwann cells
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:sciatic nerve
371:
367:
360:
356:
351:
339:
338:Myelin sheath
334:
329:
328:Axon terminal
324:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:axon terminal
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
96:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5778:Gap junction
5700:Motor neuron
5503:
5494:Axon hillock
5470:nerve fibers
5424:Schwann cell
5334:
5317:
5295:
5213:Medium spiny
5126:White matter
5114:Tissue Types
5011:
5007:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4890:. ABC-CLIO.
4886:
4879:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4828:
4806:
4800:
4788:. Retrieved
4780:
4771:
4759:. Retrieved
4753:
4744:
4732:. Retrieved
4726:
4717:
4705:. Retrieved
4701:
4692:
4652:(1): 14626.
4649:
4645:
4635:
4623:. Retrieved
4619:the original
4610:
4601:
4574:
4570:
4560:
4517:
4511:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4425:
4422:PLOS Biology
4421:
4411:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4319:
4309:
4290:
4284:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4035:
4031:
4021:
3986:
3983:Cell Reports
3982:
3972:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3753:
3747:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3622:
3618:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3536:(1): 61–85.
3533:
3529:
3523:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3410:
3377:
3373:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3236:(5): 544–6.
3233:
3229:
3223:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3051:(181): 181.
3048:
3044:
3034:
2999:
2996:Brain Pathol
2995:
2945:
2941:
2916:21 September
2914:. Retrieved
2910:
2901:
2852:
2851:. Series B.
2848:
2842:
2817:
2809:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2741:
2708:
2647:
2643:
2593:
2589:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2490:
2486:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2242:
2238:
2181:
2177:
2143:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2044:
2040:
2008:Pioneer axon
1957:
1926:
1917:ion channels
1900:Alan Hodgkin
1872:Robert Remak
1861:
1845:
1836:nerve injury
1825:
1806:
1792:
1782:
1762:
1731:
1720:Nerve injury
1646:Fiber types
1637:
1396:
1282:
1273:
1230:
1216:
1209:
1189:
1165:
1153:
1134:
1098:glycoprotein
1071:
1036:
1027:phosphatases
1016:
996:
961:
952:cytoskeletal
936:
920:and shorter
910:
902:
898:interneurons
896:(~500μs) or
877:
865:
856:
799:
797:
787:
759:
757:
733:
728:
706:
691:
684:
672:Schwann cell
625:mitochondria
618:
602:
568:
564:
551:
549:
532:axon hillock
529:
518:Axon hillock
504:microtubules
496:Nissl bodies
493:
484:
471:
468:nerve tracts
452:white matter
445:
413:unmyelinated
406:
363:
359:white matter
333:Schwann cell
311:Axon hillock
305:
268:white matter
245:
240:
205:
194:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
104:
36:
5793:Active zone
5758:Termination
5608:Interneuron
5512:Telodendron
5420:Myelination
5402:Endoneurium
5397:Perineurium
5218:Interneuron
5208:Von Economo
5156:Decussation
5151:Nerve tract
5121:Grey matter
5061:Spinal cord
2493:: 6808293.
1941:giant squid
1912:Nobel Prize
1896:myelination
1870:and German
1842:Terminology
1742:neurotmesis
1738:axonotmesis
1734:neurapraxia
1616:Nociceptors
1578:Nociceptors
1447:Associated
1411:nociceptors
1313:Associated
1172:macrophages
1122:fibronectin
1074:growth cone
999:ganglioside
986:(BDNF) and
943:hippocampal
933:Development
889:gray matter
881:place cells
835:Active zone
804:hippocampus
760:telodendron
694:glial cells
651:Myelination
472:commissures
460:grey matter
421:glial cells
378:spinal cord
355:grey matter
276:human brain
248:nerve tract
216:telodendria
134:vertebrates
115:nerve fiber
113:, axis) or
59:Identifiers
18:Nerve fibre
5863:Nociceptor
5603:Multipolar
5552:Nissl body
5429:Neurilemma
5392:Epineurium
5177:Cell Types
4252:: 347–60.
4153:1807.04799
3579:: 609–42.
3424:C. elegans
2948:: 610857.
2019:References
1746:Concussion
1667:Conduction
1442:Conduction
1397:Different
1151:required.
954:dynamics.
873:exocytosis
687:myelinated
680:Neurilemma
464:cerebellum
409:myelinated
382:micrometer
190:myelinated
166:peripheral
5878:Hair cell
5412:Neuroglia
5374:Funiculus
5263:Microglia
5236:Astrocyte
5193:Pyramidal
5146:Lemniscus
4186:118682719
3415:Neuroglia
1852:dendrites
1807:A severe
1634:Autonomic
1249:efferents
1245:afferents
1082:filopodia
1003:sialidase
918:threshold
696:known as
619:Outgoing
609:cytoplasm
587:ankyrin-G
538:that are
510:known as
431:. In the
158:periphery
5902:Category
5663:Ia or Aα
5593:Unipolar
5542:Dendrite
5527:Axolemma
5522:Axoplasm
5306:Ganglion
5246:Tanycyte
5198:Purkinje
5185:Neuronal
5168:Meninges
5163:Neuropil
5040:29170630
4986:27780071
4902:Archived
4871:37676544
4863:16997762
4825:27151391
4790:21 April
4761:21 April
4734:21 April
4707:21 April
4684:31602002
4593:17291371
4552:44405442
4544:16802706
4503:17093095
4454:20126265
4403:20345246
4348:Archived
4324:Archived
4320:Medscape
4178:31212501
4136:Morigi G
4121:26257607
4070:25954897
4013:22773964
3964:17846176
3915:19321792
3858:15018947
3823:22073205
3783:PLOS ONE
3739:28813676
3690:10082468
3647:25227765
3639:15834419
3601:10217268
3593:12676795
3558:23974242
3515:18043414
3507:10399920
3466:22666205
3402:15556921
3394:17311006
3356:12417580
3258:27728967
3250:15856056
3154:20686619
3114:PLOS ONE
3077:24348338
3026:30444552
2974:33613192
2893:11963512
2885:13003931
2801:27141942
2684:18862030
2676:26464228
2667:10717305
2622:27826229
2568:20007821
2519:27493806
2461:23996233
2453:20631711
2418:29378864
2369:28184187
2318:28536506
2267:13916255
2259:21527732
2208:20720105
2073:25477788
1982:See also
1707:0.5–2.0
1659:Diameter
1434:Diameter
1300:Diameter
1221:Erlanger
1176:Dectin-1
1141:guidance
1130:perlecan
1126:tenascin
947:neurites
768:end-foot
605:axoplasm
296:Dendrite
256:fascicle
254:, and a
236:membrane
228:synapses
224:synaptic
212:axoplasm
208:axolemma
201:dendrite
5805:Autapse
5766:Synapse
5613:Renshaw
5588:Bipolar
5465:Neurons
5318:Ventral
5289:General
5203:Granule
5031:5684645
5014:: 332.
4964:Bibcode
4937:8807532
4675:6787341
4654:Bibcode
4625:20 June
4494:6674790
4445:2811159
4394:5223592
4330:14 July
4276:7359413
4267:1279120
4227:4482075
4158:Bibcode
4112:4508512
4095:: 281.
4061:4423051
4040:Bibcode
4004:3389498
3955:2064629
3906:2693768
3866:9672315
3814:3206876
3791:Bibcode
3731:2317872
3670:Bibcode
3662:Science
3550:2310575
3458:8062384
3347:2173080
3307:2925793
3298:2115496
3215:2583372
3145:2912328
3122:Bibcode
3068:3831546
3017:6482960
2965:7886671
2857:Bibcode
2792:4967101
2714:584–587
2613:5078684
2596:: 250.
2559:2951114
2510:4967436
2409:6596274
2360:5266712
2309:5422562
2292:: 136.
2199:3197828
2122:1018277
2113:1307715
2064:4235383
2047:: 133.
1858:History
1701:0.2–1.5
1612:0.5–2.0
1606:0.2–1.5
1391:Sensory
1241:group C
1237:group B
1233:group A
1118:laminin
1043:f-actin
982:(NGF),
784:autapse
780:synapse
641:kinesin
415:axons.
402:neurons
323:Ranvier
321:Node of
316:Nucleus
282:Anatomy
258:in the
250:in the
232:autapse
174:classed
70:D001369
5658:fibers
5296:Dorsal
5038:
5028:
4984:
4935:
4894:
4869:
4861:
4823:
4813:
4682:
4672:
4591:
4550:
4542:
4532:
4501:
4491:
4452:
4442:
4401:
4391:
4297:
4274:
4264:
4225:
4184:
4176:
4119:
4109:
4068:
4058:
4011:
4001:
3962:
3952:
3913:
3903:
3864:
3856:
3821:
3811:
3760:
3737:
3729:
3688:
3645:
3637:
3599:
3591:
3556:
3548:
3530:Neuron
3513:
3505:
3464:
3456:
3400:
3392:
3354:
3344:
3305:
3295:
3256:
3248:
3213:
3175:
3152:
3142:
3075:
3065:
3024:
3014:
2972:
2962:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2830:
2799:
2789:
2748:
2720:
2682:
2674:
2664:
2620:
2610:
2566:
2556:
2517:
2507:
2459:
2451:
2416:
2406:
2367:
2357:
2316:
2306:
2265:
2257:
2206:
2196:
2150:
2120:
2110:
2071:
2061:
1778:NMNAT2
1726:, and
1664:Myelin
1511:80–120
1480:80–120
1439:Myelin
1335:80–120
1305:Myelin
1267:, and
1239:, and
1225:Gasser
1167:Nogo-A
1128:, and
1054:Growth
972:Netrin
762:is an
645:dynein
540:summed
456:tissue
417:Myelin
370:nerves
184:, and
130:neuron
124:: see
5581:Types
5478:Parts
5347:White
5328:Ramus
5311:Ramus
5228:Glial
4867:S2CID
4548:S2CID
4182:S2CID
4148:arXiv
3862:S2CID
3735:S2CID
3643:S2CID
3597:S2CID
3554:S2CID
3511:S2CID
3462:S2CID
3398:S2CID
3254:S2CID
2889:S2CID
2877:82721
2873:JSTOR
2680:S2CID
2457:S2CID
2343:: 6.
2263:S2CID
2235:(PDF)
1740:, or
1688:3–15
1585:Cold
1535:33–75
1505:13–20
1474:13–20
1329:13–20
1279:Motor
1094:TAG-1
1090:N-CAM
1039:actin
976:UNC-5
885:white
262:. In
132:, in
122:fibre
119:nerve
93:[
82:67308
5504:Axon
5486:Soma
5342:Gray
5323:Root
5301:Root
5036:PMID
4982:PMID
4933:PMID
4892:ISBN
4859:PMID
4821:OCLC
4811:ISBN
4792:2023
4763:2023
4736:2023
4709:2023
4680:PMID
4627:2018
4589:PMID
4540:PMID
4530:ISBN
4499:PMID
4450:PMID
4399:PMID
4332:2018
4295:ISBN
4272:PMID
4223:PMID
4174:PMID
4117:PMID
4066:PMID
4009:PMID
3960:PMID
3911:PMID
3854:PMID
3819:PMID
3758:ISBN
3727:PMID
3709:Cell
3686:PMID
3635:PMID
3589:PMID
3546:PMID
3503:PMID
3485:Cell
3454:PMID
3438:Cell
3417:and
3390:PMID
3352:PMID
3303:PMID
3246:PMID
3211:PMID
3173:ISBN
3150:PMID
3073:PMID
3022:PMID
2970:PMID
2918:2024
2881:PMID
2828:ISBN
2797:PMID
2746:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2672:PMID
2618:PMID
2564:PMID
2515:PMID
2491:2016
2449:PMID
2414:PMID
2365:PMID
2314:PMID
2255:PMID
2204:PMID
2148:ISBN
2118:PMID
2069:PMID
1902:and
1890:and
1661:(μm)
1651:Type
1638:The
1569:3–30
1566:Thin
1555:III
1544:All
1529:6–12
1436:(μm)
1426:Type
1413:and
1377:4–24
1302:(μm)
1292:Type
1223:and
1019:PI3K
1007:TrkA
997:The
887:and
833:and
678:(5)
674:(4)
627:and
603:The
581:and
560:soma
550:The
530:The
506:and
427:and
411:and
357:and
306:Axon
301:Soma
168:and
117:(or
111:áxōn
107:axon
65:MeSH
42:Axon
5718:SVE
5713:GVE
5708:GSE
5653:SVA
5648:SSA
5643:GVA
5638:GSA
5281:PNS
5106:CNS
5026:PMC
5016:doi
4972:doi
4925:doi
4851:doi
4670:PMC
4662:doi
4579:doi
4522:doi
4489:PMC
4481:doi
4440:PMC
4430:doi
4389:PMC
4381:doi
4262:PMC
4254:doi
4250:298
4213:doi
4166:doi
4107:PMC
4097:doi
4056:PMC
4048:doi
4036:108
3999:PMC
3991:doi
3950:PMC
3942:doi
3938:178
3901:PMC
3893:doi
3846:doi
3809:PMC
3799:doi
3717:doi
3678:doi
3666:283
3627:doi
3581:doi
3538:doi
3493:doi
3446:doi
3382:doi
3342:PMC
3334:doi
3330:159
3293:PMC
3285:doi
3281:108
3238:doi
3203:doi
3199:136
3140:PMC
3130:doi
3063:PMC
3053:doi
3012:PMC
3004:doi
2960:PMC
2950:doi
2865:doi
2853:140
2824:300
2787:PMC
2779:doi
2662:PMC
2652:doi
2608:PMC
2598:doi
2554:PMC
2546:doi
2505:PMC
2495:doi
2441:doi
2404:PMC
2396:doi
2355:PMC
2345:doi
2304:PMC
2294:doi
2247:doi
2194:PMC
2186:doi
2108:PMC
2100:doi
2096:263
2059:PMC
2049:doi
1821:rat
1685:Yes
1682:1–5
1618:of
1598:IV
1580:of
1563:1–5
1532:Yes
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1499:Ib
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