616:
664:
452:
been moves to create better regulation. The United
Nations has operated a certification process for carbon offsets since 2001. This is called the Clean Development Mechanism. It aims to stimulate "sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets." The UK Government's Climate Change Committee says reported emissions reductions or removals may have happened anyway or. not last into the future. This is despite an improvement in standards globally and in the UK.
20:
595:
is important to state explicitly whether emissions are counted at the location of production or consumption. This helps to prevent double counting. The lengthy manufacturing chains of a globalised market might make this challenging. There are additional challenges with looking at renewable energy systems and electric vehicle batteries. This is because the necessary embodied energy and other effects of raw material extraction are often significant when measuring life-cycle emissions. However the local emissions at the place they are used may be small.
945:
1990:
957:
6157:
6145:
1205:
933:
335:
6181:
6169:
871:.This is in order to "support equity and global transition to a net zero economy, and any subsequent UN global goals which supersede the 2030 SDGs." The UNFCCC's Race to Zero campaign says emissions reductions and removals should "safeguard the rights of the most vulnerable people and communities". It says that organizations should disclose how they will support communities affected by climate impacts and climate transition.
295:. Radiative forcing is the change in the Earth's energy balance that they cause. However, these potent but short-lived gases will drive temperatures higher in the short term. This could possibly push the rise in temperature past the 1.5 °C threshold much earlier. A comprehensive net-zero emissions target would include all greenhouse gases. This would ensure that the world would also urgently reduce non-CO
672:
The lack of an enforcement mechanism surrounding these claims means that many are dubious. In many sectors such as steel, cement, and chemicals, the pathway to reaching net zero in terms of technology remains unclear. Further investment in research and innovation and further regulation will probably be necessary if net zero claims are to become more credible.
364:
says that residual emissions across most sectors should fall between 5-10% of an organization's baseline emissions. It should be even lower for some sectors with competitive alternatives like the power sector. Sectors such as heavy manufacturing where it is harder to mitigate emissions will probably have a higher percentage of residual emissions by 2050.
126:. Many countries and organizations are setting net zero targets. As of November 2023, around 145 countries had announced or are considering net zero targets, covering close to 90% of global emissions. They include some countries that were resistant to climate action in previous decades. Country-level net zero targets now cover 92% of global
554:
To achieve net zero, actors are encouraged to set net zero targets for 2050 or earlier. Long-term net zero targets should be supplemented by interim targets for every one to five years. The UN, UNFCCC, ISO, and SBTi all say that organizations should prioritize early, front-loaded emissions reduction.
451:
Loose regulation of claims by carbon offsetting schemes combined with the difficulties in calculating greenhouse gas sequestration and emissions reductions has also given rise to criticism. This argument is that this can result in schemes that do not adequately offset emissions in reality. There have
306:
Some authors say that carbon neutrality strategies focus only on carbon dioxide, but net zero includes all greenhouse gases. However some publications, such as the national strategy of France, use the term "carbon neutral" to mean net reductions of all greenhouse gases. The United States has pledged
594:
Cities and countries pose a challenge when it comes to calculating emissions. This is because the production of products and services within their boundaries might be linked to either internal consumption or exports. At the same time the population also consumes imported products and services. So it
440:, Kevin Smith likened carbon offsets to medieval indulgences. He said they allowed people to pay "offset companies to absolve them of their carbon sins." He said this permits a "business as usual" attitude that stifles required major changes. Many people have criticized offsets for playing a part in
429:
projects. Avoided emissions offsets result from actions that reduce emissions relative to a baseline or status quo. But they do not remove emissions from the atmosphere. Weak standards such as ISO and BSI "carbon neutrality" standards allow organizations to use avoided-emissions carbon credits. They
363:
Experts and net zero frameworks disagree over the exact percentage of residual emissions that may be allowed. Most guidance suggests this should be limited to a small fraction of total emissions. Sector-specific and geographical factors would determine how much. The
Science Based Targets initiative
153:
To date, 27 countries have enacted domestic net zero legislation. These are laws that legislatures have passed that contain net zero targets or equivalent. There is currently no national regulation in place that legally requires companies based in that country to achieve net zero. Several countries,
699:
in order to compensate for emissions made elsewhere. Many fossil fuel companies have made commitments to be net zero by 2050. At the same time they continue to increase greenhouse gas emissions by extracting and producing fossil fuels. They claim that they will use carbon credits and carbon capture
671:
More and more nations and private and public-sector organizations are committing to net zero. But the credibility of these claims remains low. There is no binding regulation requiring a transition to net zero. So the overwhelming majority of net zero commitments have been made on a voluntary basis.
3408:
The Race to Zero scheme outlines a set of criteria called the 'starting line', which is "the very minimum procedural requirements for a decent pledge", says Lang. The criteria include having a pledge, plan and published evidence of action taken towards reaching the target. Most states, regions or
866:
The concept of net zero has attracted criticism for the impact it could have on equity and distribution. The use of removals or carbon credits for offsetting has been particularly controversial. This is because of the possibility that offset projects themselves could have harmful effects. The ISO
471:
Since 2015, there has been significant growth in the number of actors pledging net zero emissions. Many standards have emerged that interpret the net zero concept and aim to measure progress towards net zero targets. Some of these standards are more robust than others. Some people have criticized
738:
economist Marc Lee said that net zero had the potential to be a dangerous distraction that reduced political pressure to reduce emissions. "A net zero target means less incentive to get to 'real zero' emissions from fossil fuels, an escape hatch that perpetuates business as usual and delays more
578:
The guidance from standards institutions says that organizations should choose a base year to measure emissions reductions against. This should be representative of their typical greenhouse gas profile. They should explain the choice of baseline and how they will account for changes in conditions
417:
means that removals must store greenhouse gases for the same period as the lifetime of the GHG emissions they balance. For example, methane has a lifetime of around 12 years in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide lasts between 300 and 1,000 years. Accordingly, removals that balance carbon dioxide must
685:
A consortium of climate scientists has tracked net zero commitments. Their research found that net pledges drafted in law or policy documentation have grown from 7% of countries in 2020 to 75% in 2023. However, very few have met the minimum requirements for a "decent pledge". The UN Race to Zero
542:
Corporate net zero targets vary in how widely they cover emissions related to the company's activities. This can greatly affect the volume of emissions that are counted. Some oil companies, for instance, claim that their operations (Scopes 1 and 2) produce net zero emissions. These claims do not
730:
at reducing emissions from 1988 to 2021, they said they " at the painful realisation that the idea of net zero has licensed a recklessly cavalier 'burn now, pay later' approach which has seen carbon emissions continue to soar". They concluded: "Current net zero policies will not keep warming to
537:
Scope 3 emission sources include emissions from suppliers and product users (also known as the "value chain"). Transportation of goods, and other indirect emissions are also part of this scope. Scope 3 emissions were estimated to represent 75% of all emissions reported to the Carbon
Disclosure
569:
On average, approximately 29% of companies in EU member states have formulated a respective target to achieve net zero or have already reached this goal. However, these numbers can vary significantly across different industries, countries, and firm sizes. External pressures, such as companies'
462:
Most of the carbon credits on the voluntary market today do not meet UN, UNFCCC, ISO or SBTi standards for permanent carbon dioxide removals. So significant investment in carbon capture and permanent geological storage will probably be necessary to achieve net-zero targets by mid-century.
499:. Non-state actors include cities, regional governments, financial institutions, and corporations. One of these is not financing new fossil fuel development. Another is supporting strong climate policy. And another is ensuring that business activities and investments do not contribute to
731:
within 1.5 °C because they were never intended to. They were and still are driven by a need to protect business as usual, not the climate. If we want to keep people safe then large and sustained cuts to carbon emissions need to happen now. The time for wishful thinking is over."
718:, and Wolfgang Knorr argue that the concept of net zero has been harmful for emissions reductions. This is because it allows actors to defer present-day emissions reductions by relying on future, unproved technological fixes. Examples are carbon offsetting, carbon dioxide removal and
522:
The
Greenhouse Gas Protocol is a group of standards that are the most common in GHG accounting. These standards reflect a number of accounting principles. They include relevance, completeness, consistency, transparency, and accuracy. The standards divide emissions into three scopes:
879:
As of
November 2023, around 145 countries had announced or are considering net zero targets, covering close to 90% of global emissions. They include some countries that were resistant to climate action in previous decades. Country-level net zero targets now cover 92% of global
1280:
Fankhauser, Sam; Smith, Stephen M.; Allen, Myles; Axelsson, Kaya; Hale, Thomas; Hepburn, Cameron; Kendall, J. Michael; Khosla, Radhika; Lezaun, Javier; Mitchell-Larson, Eli; Obersteiner, Michael; Rajamani, Lavanya; Rickaby, Rosalind; Seddon, Nathalie; Wetzer, Thom (2022).
558:
Many companies often claim a commitment to reach net zero emissions by the year 2050. These promises are often made at the corporate level. Both governments and international agencies encourage businesses to contribute to a national, or international, net zero pledge. The
2829:
Hua, Fangyuan; Bruijnzeel, L. Adrian; Meli, Paula; Martin, Philip A.; Zhang, Jun; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Miao, Xinran; Wang, Weiyi; McEvoy, Christopher; Peña-Arancibia, Jorge Luis; Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Smith, Pete; Edwards, David P.; Balmford, Andrew (20 May 2022).
355:
Robust net zero standards require actors to reduce their own emissions as much as possible following science-based pathways. They must then balance their residual emissions using removals and offsets. This typically involves shifting from fossil fuels to
342:
A given actor may plan to achieve net zero emissions through a combination of approaches. These would include (1) actions to reduce their own emissions, (2) actions to reduce the emissions of others (third parties), and (3) actions to directly
302:
Some targets aim to reach net zero emissions only for carbon dioxide. Others aim to reach net zero emissions of all greenhouse gases. Robust net zero standards state that all greenhouse gases should be covered by a given actor's targets.
145:
emissions are covered by some sort of net zero target, credible targets cover only 7% of emissions. This low credibility reflects a lack of binding regulation. It is also due to the need for continued innovation and investment to make
1041:
are not left behind in the transition to renewable energy. The green transition is a top priority for Europe. The EU Member States want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels, and become climate neutral by
246:
in the atmosphere would decline. This would be at a rate just fast enough to compensate for this deep ocean adjustment. The result would be approximately constant global average surface temperatures over decades or centuries.
4560:
412:
Strong standards such as the ISO and BSI "net zero" standards only allow removal-based offsets that have the same permanence as the greenhouse gases that they balance. The term for this concept is "like for like" removals.
325:
are often used as if they mean the same thing. In some contexts, however, they have different meanings from each other. The sections below explain this. People often use these terms without rigorous standard definitions.
694:
One of the main reasons for the low credibility of many net zero claims is their heavy reliance on carbon credits. Carbon credits are often used for offsetting. They reduce or remove emissions of carbon dioxide or other
555:
They say they should aim to halve emissions by 2030. Specific emissions reduction targets and pathways may look different for different sectors. Some may be able to decarbonize more quickly and easily than others.
792:
and provided 10 recommendations to ensure greater credibility and accountability for carbon neutrality pledges such as requiring non-state actors to publicly disclose and report verifiable information (e.g.
4605:
3372:
3676:
4227:
4055:
858:) by the recommendations of the UN report and found that many these pledges were largely unsubstantiated and more than half of cities had no plan for tracking and reporting compliance with pledges.
455:
There has also been criticisms of non-native and monocultural forest plantations as carbon offsets. This is because of their "limited—and at times negative—effects on native biodiversity" and other
3746:
4489:
3642:
722:. "The problems come when it is assumed that these can be deployed at vast scale. This effectively serves as a blank cheque for the continued burning of fossil fuels and the acceleration of
603:
Leading standards and guidance allow official accreditation bodies to certify products as carbon neutral but not as net zero. The rationale behind this is that until organizations and their
3608:
1169:
the
Presidency has set a goal of reducing carbon emissions by 50% to 52% compared to 2005 levels by 2030, a carbon free power sector by 2035, and for the entire economy to be net zero by
338:
The terms 'carbon neutral' and 'net zero' are often used interchangeably by politicians, businesses and scientists. Some experts use the terms differently, as illustrated by this graphic.
587:. This should include all organizations they have financed, invested in, or insured. Countries and regions should include both territorial emissions released within their boundaries and
291:
does. Therefore there is no need to reduce them to zero to halt global warming. This is because reductions in emissions of short-lived gases cause an immediate decline in the resulting
915:. However, according to the World Resources Institute, all of these countries have net positive greenhouse gas emissions. These countries generally have a high level of forestation.
3969:
3976:
686:
campaign calls them "starting line criteria". This states that they must have a "plan and published evidence of action taken towards reaching the target" besides a stated pledge.
238:
emissions could continue. However global average surface temperatures would continue to increase for many centuries due to the gradual adjustment of deep ocean temperatures. If CO
1037:
by 2050 and to demonstrate that economies will develop without increasing resource usage. However, the Green Deal has measures to ensure that nations that are already reliant on
3019:
1795:
Allen, Myles R.; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Girardin, CĂ©cile A.J.; Jenkins, Stuart; Malhi, Yadvinder; Mitchell-Larson, Eli; Peters, Glen P.; Rajamani, Lavanya (17 October 2022).
527:
Scope 1 covers all direct GHG emissions within a corporate boundary (owned or controlled by a company). It includes fuel burned by the company, use of company vehicles, and
5881:
1190:
voted in 2022 to draft new rules banning gas furnaces and water heaters, and requiring zero emission appliances in 2030. By 2022, four states have gas bans in new buildings.
534:
Scope 2 covers indirect GHG emissions from consumption of purchased electricity, heat, cooling or steam. As of 2010, at least one third of global GHG emissions are Scope 2.
3548:
3337:
647:
The
International Monetary Fund estimates that compared to current government policies, shifting policies to bring emissions to net zero by 2050 would result in global
543:
cover the emissions produced when the oil is burned by its customers, which are 70 - 90% of oil-related emissions. This is because they count as Scope 3 emissions.
141:
Net zero claims vary enormously in how credible they are, but most have low credibility despite the increasing number of commitments and targets. While 61% of global
6057:
375:
is a
British standard for measuring carbon neutrality. According to these standards, carbon neutrality is a short-term target, and net zero is a longer-term target.
5725:
5182:
3480:
212:
The idea of net zero emissions is often confused with "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere". This is a term that dates from the 1992
563:
says that global investment in low carbon substitutes for fossil fuels needs to reach US$ 4 trillion annually by 2030 for the world to get to net zero by 2050.
1016:
643:
Percentage change in world GDP in a net zero scenario. The solid line shows the increase in GDP that would result from efforts to reduce emissions to net zero.
570:
exposure to risks associated with climate change and its perception as a problem, can influence a company's ambition to adopt specific targets and strategies.
4133:
1770:
651:(GDP) being 7 percent higher. In its estimates, the cost of emissions reductions in 2050 is less than 2% of world GDP, and the cost savings from reducing the
5898:
3364:
481:
213:
3668:
3506:
2487:
4063:
3809:
3738:
5334:
5150:
4346:
3911:
5329:
4331:
4212:
3709:
130:, 88% of emissions, and 89% of the world population. 65% of the largest 2,000 publicly traded companies by annual revenue have net zero targets. Among
3294:
5197:
4276:"Cabinet approves India's Updated Nationally Determined Contribution to be communicated to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"
3886:
3634:
3776:
2750:
667:
Status of net-zero carbon emissions targets as of
October, 2023 . The inclusion criteria for net-zero commitments may vary from country to country.
1745:
5177:
5124:
3069:
679:
3604:
4450:"Renewable energy for sustainable development in India: current status, future prospects, challenges, employment, and investment opportunities"
4299:
485:
436:
has been criticized on several fronts. One important concern is that offsets may delay active emissions reductions. In a 2007 report from the
700:
technology in order to continue extracting and burning fossil fuels. The UN has condemned such pledges as dangerous examples of greenwashing.
495:
The "United
Nations High-Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities" has made several recommendations for
4833:
3190:
1150:
961:
851:
751:
1879:
315:
Countries, local governments, corporations, and financial institutions may all announce pledges for achieving to reach net zero emissions.
191:
5066:
1472:
739:
meaningful climate action," he said. "Rather than gambling on carbon removal technologies of the future, Canada should plan for a managed
4950:
3244:"Determinants of firms' initiative and inertia in pursuing climate neutrality strategies—Theoretical explanations and empirical evidence"
3209:"Determinants of firms' initiative and inertia in pursuing climate neutrality strategies—Theoretical explanations and empirical evidence"
2696:
820:
4108:
5219:
5167:
4572:
4374:
3409:
cities that have made pledges have not met the starting line criteria. "We saw no movement whatsoever" in almost every case, says Lang.
3165:
980:(EU) climate neutral in 2050. The plan is to review each existing law on its climate merits, and also introduce new legislation on the
766:
3775:(Report). NewClimate Institute/Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit/University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/University of Oxford.
307:
to achieve "net zero" emissions by 2050. As of March 2021 it had not specified which greenhouse gases will be included in its target.
39:: Since many climate pledges are not backed by policies, policies announced as of 2022 would limit temperature rise to around 2.5°C.
6098:
5214:
4789:
2138:
588:
187:
607:
are on track for net zero, allowing a product to claim to be net zero at this point would be disingenuous and lead to greenwashing.
107:
with the same meaning. However, in some cases, these terms have different meanings from each other. For example, some standards for
5429:
5140:
4858:
4635:
2091:
119:
require reducing emissions to more than 90% and then only offsetting the remaining 10% or less to fall in line with 1.5°C targets.
4593:
5785:
5574:
4732:
1176:
by April 2023, 22 states, plus Washington DC and Puerto Rico had set legislative or executive targets for clean power production.
759:
709:
3540:
2998:
2462:
2305:
371:
publish "carbon neutrality" standards that have higher tolerance for residual emissions than "net zero" standards. For example,
5434:
5397:
5251:
5236:
5145:
4794:
4738:
3094:
1414:
1146:
1139:
1076:
75:). To reach net zero targets requires actions to reduce emissions. One example would be by shifting from fossil fuel energy to
2954:
6093:
5231:
3113:
2967:
2726:
1698:
31:'s proposal for reducing energy-related emissions to net zero by 2050 is consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5°C.
6115:
5061:
5056:
816:
4204:
1771:"Federal Act on Climate Protection Goals, Innovation and Strengthening Energy Security - Climate Change Laws of the World"
1119:
The Sustainable Energy Policy, which sets out the government's policies to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency.
6207:
5596:
5374:
5192:
5114:
5104:
5087:
4994:
4801:
5119:
3578:
6217:
6025:
5886:
5843:
5339:
2665:
1106:
6212:
5952:
5828:
5645:
4838:
4561:
FACT SHEET: President Biden to Catalyze Global Climate Action through the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate
2640:
1064:
815:
After the release of the report, Net Zero Tracker, a research consortium that includes the NewClimate Institute, the
2623:
1724:
6185:
5823:
5803:
5750:
5702:
4754:
3944:
489:
3318:
2280:
1669:
1641:
682:, has criticized net zero claims by fossil fuel companies, describing them "delusional and based on bad science".
5942:
5893:
5319:
5281:
5226:
4686:
4513:
4228:"India: Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022, Allowing for a Carbon Credit Trading System, Comes into Force"
2940:
4425:
182:. This stated that the world must "achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by
6010:
5294:
5041:
3801:
1419:
1223:
1187:
2512:
1091:
India has set a goal of reducing carbon emissions by 50% by 2030 and for the entire economy to be net zero by
887:
According to World Population Review, a number of countries have net zero, or net negative carbon emissions:
6120:
5655:
5187:
1019:
was passed, which legislated that greenhouse gas emissions should be 55% lower in 2030 compared to 1990. The
868:
546:
Robust net zero standards require Scope 3 emissions to be counted, but "carbon neutrality" standards do not.
284:
183:
56:
3856:
3698:
3320:
3276:
Huovila, A., Siikavirta, H., Antuña Rozado, C., Rökman, J., Tuominen, P., Paiho, S., Hedman, Å., Ylén, P.: "
2092:
United Nations’ High‑Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities (2022).
1023:
package is a large set of proposed legislation detailing how the European Union plans to reach this target.
71:
refers to emissions of all greenhouse gases, and in others it refers only to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO
6103:
5775:
5304:
5299:
5204:
5071:
4628:
1613:
1586:
1003:, stated that the European Green Deal would be Europe's "man on the moon moment". On 13 December 2019, the
615:
2909:
1183:
with gas or diesel) by 2035 in light duty vehicles, and no longer be bought by federal government by 2027.
5314:
5157:
3768:
1978:
1228:
1099:
560:
186:
of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century". The term "net zero" gained popularity after the
28:
831:
issued a report evaluating the climate neutrality pledges of 116 of 713 regional governments, of 241 of
754:(COP27), the High-Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities of the
35:: Net-zero pledges and other pledges to reduce emissions would limit temperature rise to around 1.7°C.
6173:
5937:
5740:
5697:
5470:
5392:
5246:
1123:
1060:
1053:
727:
433:
398:
388:
283:
assume that some of these emissions such as methane from farming are harder to phase out. Emissions of
112:
80:
4323:
2832:"The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches"
2332:
360:
sources. Residual emissions are emissions that are not practical to reduce for technological reasons.
6042:
5717:
5692:
5665:
5627:
5544:
5362:
5209:
5162:
4912:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4056:"€33 trillion investor group: strong EU climate targets key to economic recovery & future growth"
3442:
3422:
1253:
652:
242:
emissions that result directly from human activities are reduced to net zero, the concentration of CO
5557:
4275:
4251:
3457:
1112:
The Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategy (LTLEDS), which outlines India's long-term vision for
6052:
6047:
6037:
5978:
5818:
5324:
5289:
5172:
5099:
4940:
4769:
4705:
4666:
4398:
3321:"Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Cities and Regions"
2805:"United Nations online platform for voluntary cancellation of certified emission reductions (CERs)"
1443:
794:
1642:"Big companies keep increasing their climate commitments—especially when governments tell them to"
663:
506:
65% of the largest 2,000 publicly traded companies by annual revenue have net zero targets. Among
6161:
6083:
5993:
5735:
5707:
5387:
5036:
5014:
4621:
3699:
Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Cities and Regions
2095:
Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Cities and Regions
781:
715:
437:
4084:
1157:
are neutral compared to the absorption of carbon dioxide, and often called "net zero". Like the
1071:
are neutral compared to the absorption of carbon dioxide, and often called "net zero". Like the
162:
The idea of net zero came out of research in the late 2000s into how the atmosphere, oceans and
5760:
5580:
5522:
5439:
5424:
5309:
4945:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
2598:
2201:
881:
648:
394:
384:
344:
127:
60:
2093:
6149:
5795:
5672:
5480:
4930:
4853:
2573:
1699:"More companies setting 'net-zero' climate targets, but few have credible plans, report says"
1287:
1210:
785:
740:
580:
511:
135:
3481:"Exclusive: How just 25 oil companies are set to blow the world's 1.5 °C carbon budget"
3044:
134:
companies, the percentage is 63%. Company targets can result from both voluntary action and
5988:
5866:
5527:
5092:
5019:
2843:
2418:
2378:
2344:
2021:
1916:
1359:
1296:
1000:
828:
805:
510:
companies the percentage is 63%. Company targets can result from both voluntary action and
422:
421:
Carbon credits can also fund initiatives that aim to avoid emissions. One example would be
218:
194:
in 2018, this report stated that "Reaching and sustaining net zero global anthropogenic CO
2146:
1994:
1989:
1903:
Solomon, Susan; Plattner, Gian-Kasper; Knutti, Reto; Friedlingstein, Pierre (2009-02-10).
1813:
1796:
1520:
19:
8:
6005:
5780:
5004:
4999:
4155:
3998:
1977:
Levin, Kelly; Fransen, Taryn; Schumer, Clea; Davis, Chantal; Boehm, Sophie (2023-03-20).
1026:
1012:
985:
973:
969:
925:
855:
723:
584:
3319:
UN High‑Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non‑State Entities.
2990:
2848:
2721:. Oscar Reyes, Timothy Byakola, Carbon Trade Watch. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
2422:
2348:
2034:
2025:
2009:
1993: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1920:
1363:
1300:
1015:
voted to support the deal as well, with requests for higher ambition. A year later, the
762:
5833:
5765:
5682:
5532:
5497:
5449:
5444:
5009:
3243:
3208:
2889:
2444:
1947:
1904:
1836:
1233:
1029:'s climate change strategy, launched in 2020, is focused on a promise to make Europe a
809:
566:
Some analyses have raised concerns that net zero cannot be achieved worldwide by 2050.
357:
76:
6067:
5730:
5475:
5241:
5024:
4987:
4774:
4728:
4471:
4179:
4132:
Jaeger, Carlo; Mielke, Jahel; SchĂĽtze, Franziska; Teitge, Jonas; Wolf, Sarah (2021).
3919:
3514:
3395:
3259:
3224:
2963:
2894:
2881:
2873:
2732:
2722:
2448:
2436:
2360:
2039:
1952:
1934:
1840:
1828:
1393:
1385:
1162:
1084:
1030:
801:
769:
528:
456:
292:
272:
202:
4490:"National Electric Mobility Mission Plan | BEE | Department of Heavy Industry (DHI)"
3338:"Steel, cement, chemicals: How industry heavyweights aim to become climate friendly"
6110:
5677:
5660:
5601:
5492:
5256:
4970:
4843:
4779:
4461:
4031:
3437:
3251:
3216:
2863:
2853:
2426:
2352:
2029:
1942:
1924:
1818:
1808:
1476:
1375:
1367:
1304:
1218:
1154:
1068:
1004:
981:
798:
777:
426:
216:. The two concepts are not the same. This is because the carbon cycle continuously
4538:"National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 | ESCAP Policy Documents Management"
1880:"Explainer: Will global warming 'stop' as soon as net-zero emissions are reached?"
6062:
5983:
5947:
5876:
5850:
5838:
5755:
5687:
5562:
5419:
5031:
4982:
4960:
4537:
1113:
744:
675:
496:
179:
147:
44:
4023:
3999:"International investors enter Poland renewable energy market after rule change"
3277:
2356:
591:
related to products and services imported and consumed within their boundaries.
397:
from the atmosphere and sequester it. Alternatively or in addition they can buy
6015:
5871:
5813:
5808:
5650:
5539:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5109:
5046:
4784:
4764:
4723:
4644:
4300:"India Updates its Nationally Determined Contribution to Tackle Climate Change"
3705:
3575:"Dangerous Distractions: Canada's carbon emissions and the pathway to net zero"
3139:
2431:
2406:
2405:
Buck, Holly Jean; Carton, Wim; Lund, Jens Friis; Markusson, Nils (April 2023).
2099:
1371:
1309:
1282:
1158:
1072:
1034:
977:
847:
755:
719:
696:
477:
402:
287:
such as methane do not accumulate in the climate system in the same way that CO
171:
142:
123:
84:
4466:
4021:
3970:
Climate change law in Europe: What do new EU climate laws mean for the courts?
3968:
Higham, Catherine; Setzer, Joana; Narulla, Harj; Bradeen, Emily (March 2023).
3635:"COP27 - Corporate climate pledges rife with greenwashing - U.N. expert group"
944:
6201:
6088:
6020:
5745:
5567:
5552:
5487:
5382:
4475:
4370:
3923:
3739:"COP27: Cities with net zero promises falling short on tracking, report says"
3734:
3664:
3630:
3574:
3518:
3263:
3228:
2877:
2736:
2440:
2364:
2043:
1938:
1832:
1389:
500:
406:
280:
268:
63:
of these gases are in balance over a given period. It is often called simply
4592:'California plans to phase out new gas heaters by 2030' (23 September 2022)
4449:
2858:
2831:
1929:
5973:
5770:
5414:
5404:
5051:
4935:
4848:
2885:
2255:
1956:
1496:
1397:
1380:
1347:
1343:
1038:
989:
789:
604:
473:
441:
372:
226:
emissions into vegetation and the ocean. This happens even after current CO
163:
4022:
Geden, Oliver; Schenuit, Felix; Stiftung Wissenschaft Und Politik (2020).
3365:"Global oil companies have committed to 'net zero' emissions. It's a sham"
3191:"Halfway Between Kyoto and 2050: Zero Carbon Is a Highly Unlikely Outcome"
2779:
2716:
2543:
178:
emissions are reduced to net zero. Net zero was basic to the goals of the
6000:
5517:
5509:
4759:
1823:
956:
824:
773:
772:
released a report that stated that the carbon neutrality pledges of many
743:
and invest public resources in bona fide solutions like renewables and a
507:
131:
2804:
1481:
6032:
5409:
4433:
2943:(PDF) (Report). World Resources Institute. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
2868:
2718:
The carbon neutral myth : offset indulgences for your climate sins
1020:
993:
904:
867:
Net Zero Guidelines say that net zero strategies should align with the
538:
Project, though that percentage varies widely amongst business sectors.
4035:
222:
or absorbs a small percentage of cumulative historical human-caused CO
4977:
3255:
3220:
3092:
2939:
Ranganathan, J.; Corbier, L.; Bhatia, P.; Schmitz, S.; et al. (2004)
2641:"Methane and climate change – Global Methane Tracker 2022 – Analysis"
445:
368:
205:
would halt anthropogenic global warming on multi-decadal timescales (
23:
Estimated global warming by 2100 associated with various scenarios:
3831:
3295:"Benefits of Accelerating the Climate Transition Outweigh the Costs"
3070:"Emissions targets in the oil and gas sector: How do they stack up?"
1475:(Report). OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers. Paris: OECD.
334:
3912:"European Green Deal to press ahead despite Polish targets opt-out"
2991:"Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard"
1979:"What Does "Net-Zero Emissions" Mean? 8 Common Questions, Answered"
1902:
1746:"Evolving regulation of companies in climate change framework laws"
1122:
The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, which aims to promote
1109:(NDCs), which set out India's emissions reduction targets for 2030.
932:
912:
1794:
1346:; Geden, Oliver; Cowie, Annette; Reisinger, Andy (16 March 2021).
122:
In the last few years, net zero has become the main framework for
4955:
4613:
3977:
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
3669:"UN experts demand crackdown on greenwashing of net zero pledges"
3507:"UN experts demand crackdown on greenwashing of net zero pledges"
3074:
Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment
2751:"Dutch Ad Watchdog Tells Shell to Pull 'Carbon Neutral' Campaign"
1750:
Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment
1180:
1098:
The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2022, which empowers the
892:
264:
3458:"Which major oil companies have set net-zero emissions targets?"
2463:"How can companies handle so-called 'residual emissions'? - CDP"
393:
To balance residual emissions, actors may take direct action to
5968:
4347:"India Outlines a Long-Term Decarbonization Strategy at COP 27"
1471:
Jeudy-Hugo, Sirini; Re, Luca Lo; Falduto, Chiara (2021-10-27).
1008:
908:
900:
888:
4573:
Clean Energy States Alliance, Table of clean electricity goals
3539:
Dyke, James; Watson, Robert; Wolfgang, Knorr (22 April 2021).
2488:"The net-zero transition for hard-to-abate sectors | McKinsey"
47:, the world was on a trajectory for global warming of 3.5°C.
5882:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
4965:
3887:"EU Commission unveils 'European Green Deal': The key points"
3541:"Climate scientists: concept of net zero is a dangerous trap"
3278:
Carbon-neutral cities: Critical review of theory and practice
3020:
CDP Technical Note: Relevance of Scope 3 Categories by Sector
1905:"Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions"
1731:
1558:
1179:
all cars or light vehicles will have zero emissions (i.e. no
1161:, and countries worldwide, the United States has implemented
1080:
896:
726:", they said. By tracing the history of previous failures in
3605:"Net zero emissions: muddying the waters or real solutions?"
1854:
1279:
4077:
1170:
1165:
measures and law reform at both federal and state levels:
1092:
1087:
measures and law reform at both federal and state levels:
710:
Carbon offsets and credits § Limitations and drawbacks
444:. This argument appeared in a 2021 watchdog ruling against
4375:"COP27: India lays out plan for long-term decarbonization"
3967:
1007:
decided to press ahead with the plan, with an opt-out for
972:, approved in 2020, is a set of policy initiatives by the
430:
do not specify how permanent or durable a credit must be.
154:
for example Switzerland, are developing such legislation.
6058:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
4514:"National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 – Policies"
4131:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3045:"Inside Top Oil Exporter Saudi Arabia's Plan to Go Green"
2574:"PAS 2060 - Carbon Neutrality Standard and Certification"
2548:
1348:"Net-zero emissions targets are vague: three ways to fix"
1342:
230:
emissions are reduced to zero. If the concentration of CO
4180:"COP26: India PM Narendra Modi pledges net zero by 2070"
4134:"The European Green Deal – More Than Climate Neutrality"
3855:
Tamma, Paola; Schaart, Eline; Gurzu, Anca (2019-12-11).
2941:
GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard
2694:
1976:
418:
last much longer than removals that balance methane.
2828:
2404:
1670:"Taking stock: A global assessment of net zero targets"
157:
4205:"India's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions"
3873:
3420:
3396:"Net-zero pledges are growing — how serious are they?"
192:
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15)
5899:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4448:
Kumar. J, Charles Rajesh; Majid, M. A. (2020-01-07).
1415:"What does carbon neutral mean and what is net zero?"
1254:"Key findings – World Energy Outlook 2022 – Analysis"
884:, 88% of emissions and 89% of the world population.
255:
It will be quicker to reach net-zero emissions for CO
3025:(Report). Carbon Disclosure Project. 2022. p. 6
2666:"The Atmosphere: Getting a Handle on Carbon Dioxide"
1200:
812:) that substantiates compliance with such pledges.
4399:"India's Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategy"
4324:"India's long-term low-carbon development strategy"
4085:"Europe needs to forge ahead with renewable energy"
3093:Race to Zero Expert Peer Review Group (June 2022).
1473:
Understanding countries' net-zero emissions targets
1470:
788:around the world often amount to nothing more than
767:
Canadian Minister of Environment and Climate Change
4332:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
4213:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
3538:
2306:"Carbon neutral and net zero – what do they mean?"
3854:
1283:"The meaning of net zero and how to get it right"
6199:
6099:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
4252:"The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022"
3436:Goodward, Jenna; Kelly, Alexia (1 August 2010).
4232:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
3363:Berman, Tzeporah; Nathan, Taft (3 March 2021).
2704:(Government Report). UK Government. p. 38.
2337:International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
1909:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
680:Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative
3242:Unger, Benedikt; Nippa, Michael (2024-01-26).
3207:Unger, Benedikt; Nippa, Michael (2024-01-26).
1797:"Net Zero: Science, Origins, and Implications"
517:
486:International Organization for Standardization
378:
4834:History of climate change policy and politics
4629:
4447:
3532:
3435:
2014:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2007:
1693:
1691:
752:2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference
689:
234:in the atmosphere were kept constant, some CO
16:Rate of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions
4426:"Draft: National Energy Policy - NITI Aayog"
3663:
3629:
3362:
2331:Murray, Joy; Dey, Christopher (2009-03-01).
869:United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
4951:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3607:. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
3577:. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
952:emissions per capita in the European Union.
821:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
583:should also include emissions within their
573:
6180:
6168:
5625:
4636:
4622:
3241:
3206:
1877:
1801:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1688:
1444:"A Beginner's Guide to Climate Neutrality"
1102:to specify a carbon credit trading scheme.
999:The president of the European Commission,
854:(whose pledges cover more than 90% of the
250:
5920:
5726:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
4859:United Nations Climate Change conferences
4465:
3945:"Parliament supports European Green Deal"
3393:
2893:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2670:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
2430:
2407:"Why residual emissions matter right now"
2330:
2033:
1946:
1928:
1822:
1812:
1480:
1379:
1308:
598:
345:remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
318:In climate change discussions, the terms
188:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5430:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
3598:
3596:
3568:
3566:
2962:. World Resources Institute. p. 6.
2774:
2772:
955:
943:
931:
852:25 countries with the greatest emissions
662:
614:
333:
18:
5786:National Adaptation Programme of Action
5575:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
3942:
3163:
2698:Voluntary Carbon Markets and Offsetting
2513:"Unlocking the "Hard to Abate" Sectors"
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
976:with the overarching aim of making the
6200:
5435:Economics of climate change mitigation
5398:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
4911:
4739:Scientific consensus on climate change
4369:
3909:
3733:
3504:
3478:
3356:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2383:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1674:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit
1664:
1662:
1636:
1634:
1608:
1606:
1581:
1579:
1525:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit
1147:Carbon neutrality in the United States
1140:Carbon neutrality in the United States
492:(SBTi) promote more robust standards.
399:carbon credits that "offset" emissions
6094:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
5919:
5624:
5360:
4910:
4822:
4703:
4655:
4617:
3884:
3796:
3794:
3769:Recommendations and current realities
3593:
3581:from the original on 20 November 2021
3563:
3394:Sanderson, Katharine (20 June 2023).
3248:Business Strategy and the Environment
3213:Business Strategy and the Environment
2952:
2769:
2714:
2568:
2566:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2400:
2398:
1873:
1871:
1814:10.1146/annurev-environ-112320-105050
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1275:
1273:
835:cities with populations greater than
401:. Carbon credits can be used to fund
350:
275:. The net-zero target date for non-CO
6116:Representative Concentration Pathway
5057:Tipping points in the climate system
4733:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
3611:from the original on 2 November 2021
3551:from the original on 2 November 2021
3001:from the original on 31 January 2021
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1466:
1464:
1438:
1436:
1409:
1407:
861:
817:Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit
170:emissions. This research found that
158:History and scientific justification
5887:Nationally determined contributions
5597:Individual action on climate change
4802:World energy supply and consumption
3857:"Europe's Green Deal plan unveiled"
3667:; Jessop, Simon (8 November 2022).
3633:; Jessop, Simon (8 November 2022).
3602:
3572:
2926:
2683:
2616:
2591:
2219:
2161:
2106:
2050:
2035:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054843
1963:
1659:
1631:
1603:
1576:
1107:Nationally Determined Contributions
874:
819:, the Data-Driven EnviroLab of the
741:wind down of fossil fuel production
655:are approximately 9% of world GDP.
610:
369:British Standards Institution (BSI)
83:their residual emissions by buying
13:
6026:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
4643:
4454:Energy, Sustainability and Society
3791:
3164:Stanley, Andrew (September 2021).
2563:
2531:
2395:
2008:Pierrehumbert, R.T. (2014-05-30).
1868:
1847:
1317:
1270:
279:emissions is later partly because
198:emissions and declining net non-CO
14:
6229:
5953:Satellite temperature measurement
5558:forestry for carbon sequestration
4839:History of climate change science
3943:Benakis, Theodoros (2020-01-15).
3812:from the original on Dec 26, 2023
2695:Climate Change Committee (2022).
2333:"The carbon neutral free for all"
2202:"IWA 42:2022 Net zero guidelines"
1614:"CAT net zero target evaluations"
1587:"CAT net zero target evaluations"
1538:
1461:
1433:
1404:
918:
466:
263:plus other greenhouse gases like
6179:
6167:
6156:
6155:
6143:
5804:Climate Change Performance Index
5183:Destruction of cultural heritage
4598:
4586:
4577:
4566:
4554:
4530:
4506:
4482:
4441:
4418:
4391:
4363:
4339:
4316:
4292:
3802:"Carbon-Negative Countries 2024"
3505:Morton, Adam (8 November 2022).
3479:Ferris, Nick (26 January 2023).
3375:from the original on 6 July 2021
3188:
1988:
1203:
1138:This section is an excerpt from
1132:
1065:India's greenhouse gas emissions
1052:This section is an excerpt from
940:emissions in the European Union.
924:This section is an excerpt from
490:Science Based Targets initiative
472:weak standards for facilitating
320:net zero, carbon neutrality, and
5943:Instrumental temperature record
5894:Sustainable Development Goal 13
4268:
4244:
4220:
4197:
4172:
4148:
4125:
4101:
4048:
4015:
3991:
3961:
3936:
3910:Rankin, Jennifer (2019-12-13).
3903:
3848:
3824:
3779:from the original on 2023-03-25
3761:
3749:from the original on 2023-05-10
3727:
3715:from the original on 2023-03-17
3691:
3679:from the original on 2023-02-28
3657:
3645:from the original on 2023-05-10
3623:
3498:
3472:
3450:
3429:
3414:
3387:
3330:
3312:
3287:
3270:
3235:
3200:
3182:
3157:
3132:
3106:
3086:
3062:
3037:
3012:
2983:
2946:
2902:
2822:
2797:
2743:
2708:
2658:
2633:
2505:
2480:
2455:
2371:
2324:
2298:
2273:
2010:"Short-Lived Climate Pollution"
2001:
1896:
1878:Hausfather, Zeke (2021-04-29).
1788:
1763:
1738:
1717:
714:Climate scientists James Dyke,
6011:Climate variability and change
5361:
5042:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3885:Simon, Frédéric (2019-12-11).
2379:"Untangling our climate goals"
2139:"UNFCCC Race to Zero Campaign"
1513:
1489:
1420:Natural History Museum, London
1246:
1224:Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance
1188:California Air Resources Board
658:
310:
1:
6121:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
5656:Climate emergency declaration
4604:S&P Global (9 June 2022)
3282:Journal of Cleaner Production
3140:"Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis"
3114:"Carbon neutral verification"
2956:GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance
2281:"Net Zero vs. Carbon Neutral"
1448:United Nations Climate Change
1239:
1151:U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
758:formed the previous March by
747:from fossil fuels," he said.
629: Chronic damages avoided
329:
79:sources. Organizations often
57:emissions of greenhouse gases
6104:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
5330:Middle East and North Africa
4656:
4542:policy.asiapacificenergy.org
3421:Collins English Dictionary.
3284:, Volume 341, 20 March 2022.
2809:offset.climateneutralnow.org
964:by jurisdiction (as of 2015)
703:
549:
109:carbon neutral certification
59:due to human activities and
7:
5178:Depopulation of settlements
4823:
4024:"Unconventional Mitigation"
2357:10.1016/j.ijggc.2008.07.004
2285:Corporate Finance Institute
1521:"Net Zero: A short history"
1229:Carbon Neutrality Coalition
1196:
635: Acute damages avoided
561:International Energy Agency
518:Scopes of emissions sources
379:Carbon removals and offsets
90:People often use the terms
29:International Energy Agency
10:
6234:
6208:Climate change and society
5938:Global surface temperature
5829:Popular culture depictions
5741:Ecosystem-based adaptation
5471:Carbon capture and storage
5393:Carbon offsets and credits
4704:
3603:Lee, Marc (17 June 2021).
3573:Lee, Marc (17 June 2021).
3423:"Carbon offset definition"
2432:10.1038/s41558-022-01592-2
1855:"Global Warming of 1.5 °C"
1372:10.1038/d41586-021-00662-3
1310:10.1038/s41558-021-01245-w
1181:internal combustion engine
1137:
1124:electric vehicles in India
1061:Carbon neutrality in India
1054:Carbon neutrality in India
1051:
1011:. On 15 January 2020, the
923:
795:greenhouse gas inventories
707:
690:The role of carbon credits
389:Carbon offsets and credits
382:
6218:Climate change mitigation
6150:Climate change portal
6137:
6076:
6043:Extreme event attribution
5961:
5930:
5926:
5915:
5859:
5794:
5716:
5666:School Strike for Climate
5638:
5634:
5620:
5589:
5545:Climate-smart agriculture
5506:
5463:
5373:
5369:
5356:
5280:
5133:
5080:
4923:
4919:
4906:
4829:
4818:
4747:
4716:
4712:
4699:
4682:Climate change adaptation
4677:Climate change mitigation
4672:Effects of climate change
4662:
4651:
4467:10.1186/s13705-019-0232-1
3443:World Resources Institute
2517:World Resources Institute
1983:World Resources Institute
1079:and countries worldwide,
848:publicly listed companies
653:effects of climate change
641: Costs of mitigation
55:describe the state where
6213:Greenhouse gas emissions
6053:Global warming potential
5860:International agreements
5507:Preserving and enhancing
4941:Arctic methane emissions
4863:Years in climate change
4770:Greenhouse gas emissions
4667:Causes of climate change
4089:European Investment Bank
4003:European Investment Bank
3836:www.climatewatchdata.org
3438:"Bottom Line on Offsets"
1618:climateactiontracker.org
1591:climateactiontracker.org
1046:
962:carbon dioxide emissions
574:Comprehensive accounting
6084:Climate change scenario
5736:Disaster risk reduction
5388:Carbon emission trading
5198:U.S. insurance industry
5168:Civilizational collapse
5015:sea surface temperature
4494:evyatra.beeindia.gov.in
3806:World Population Review
2995:Greenhouse Gas Protocol
2859:10.1126/science.abl4649
2256:"The Net-Zero Standard"
1930:10.1073/pnas.0812721106
1497:"The Net-Zero Standard"
736:Dangerous Distractions,
581:Financial organizations
438:Transnational Institute
251:Types of greenhouse gas
6077:Research and modelling
5761:Nature-based solutions
5581:Nature-based solutions
5523:Carbon dioxide removal
5440:Fossil fuel divestment
5425:Climate risk insurance
5335:Small island countries
4946:Arctic sea ice decline
2914:climate-pact.europa.eu
2624:"Race to Zero Lexicon"
965:
953:
941:
786:financial institutions
765:and chaired by former
760:U.N. Secretary-General
668:
649:gross domestic product
644:
599:Standards for products
385:Carbon dioxide removal
339:
48:
6038:Earth's energy budget
5921:Background and theory
5809:Climate crisis (term)
5481:Fossil fuel phase-out
5375:Economics and finance
5340:by individual country
5282:By country and region
5257:Security and conflict
5252:Psychological impacts
4931:Abrupt climate change
4854:Charles David Keeling
4687:By country and region
4583:Executive Order 14057
2715:Smith, Kevin (2007).
2599:"Net zero guidelines"
2411:Nature Climate Change
2260:Science Based Targets
1501:Science Based Targets
1288:Nature Climate Change
1211:Climate change portal
959:
947:
935:
666:
623: Net GDP benefit
618:
589:consumption emissions
512:government regulation
395:remove carbon dioxide
383:Further information:
337:
136:government regulation
22:
5867:Glasgow Climate Pact
5528:Carbon sequestration
5093:Mass mortality event
4156:"Net Zero Coalition"
3737:(15 November 2022).
3096:Interpretation Guide
2953:Sotos, Mary (2015).
2310:World Economic Forum
1725:"Get Net Zero Right"
1017:European Climate Law
1001:Ursula von der Leyen
829:University of Oxford
810:financial securities
782:regional governments
734:In his 2021 report,
579:since the baseline.
259:alone rather than CO
174:will only stop if CO
6006:Climate sensitivity
5781:The Adaptation Fund
5237:Infectious diseases
5134:Social and economic
4606:Market Intelligence
4113:consilium.europa.eu
3745:. Thomson Reuters.
3641:. Thomson Reuters.
2849:2022Sci...376..839H
2423:2023NatCC..13..351B
2349:2009IJGGC...3..237M
2026:2014AREPS..42..341P
1921:2009PNAS..106.1704S
1482:10.1787/8d25a20c-en
1364:2021Natur.591..365R
1301:2022NatCC..12...15F
1153:to the point where
1149:refers to reducing
1067:to the point where
1063:refers to reducing
1027:European Commission
1013:European Parliament
986:building renovation
974:European Commission
970:European Green Deal
926:European Green Deal
856:gross world product
825:Net Zero Initiative
724:habitat destruction
166:were reacting to CO
5577:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
5549:Forest management
5533:Direct air capture
5498:Sustainable energy
5455:Net zero emissions
5450:Low-carbon economy
5445:Green Climate Fund
5232:Indigenous peoples
5125:Plant biodiversity
4913:Effects and issues
4351:www.globaldata.com
4028:SWP Research Paper
3460:. 16 December 2020
3166:"Net Zero by 2050"
2519:. 24 February 2020
1563:netzerotracker.net
1559:"Net Zero Tracker"
1450:. 26 February 2021
1234:Low-carbon economy
1100:central government
966:
954:
942:
669:
645:
529:fugitive emissions
457:ecosystem services
358:sustainable energy
351:Reducing emissions
340:
323:climate neutrality
117:net zero standards
104:climate neutrality
92:net zero emissions
77:sustainable energy
53:net zero emissions
49:
43:: Before the 2015
6195:
6194:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6068:Radiative forcing
5911:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5731:Adaptive capacity
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5476:Energy transition
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5062:Tropical cyclones
4988:Urban heat island
4902:
4901:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4775:Carbon accounting
4729:Greenhouse effect
4695:
4694:
4036:10.18449/2020RP08
3949:European Interest
3342:Clean Energy Wire
3120:. 13 January 2020
2969:978-1-56973-850-4
2842:(6595): 839–844.
2728:978-90-71007-18-7
1676:. 25 October 2021
1358:(7850): 365–368.
1163:carbon neutrality
1085:carbon neutrality
936:Development of CO
862:Equity and impact
778:local governments
770:Catherine McKenna
434:Carbon offsetting
423:energy efficiency
405:projects such as
293:radiative forcing
285:short-lived gases
273:fluorinated gases
203:radiative forcing
113:carbon offsetting
97:carbon neutrality
67:. In some cases,
6225:
6183:
6182:
6171:
6170:
6159:
6158:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6111:Paleoclimatology
5928:
5927:
5917:
5916:
5678:Ecological grief
5661:Climate movement
5636:
5635:
5622:
5621:
5602:Plant-based diet
5493:Renewable energy
5371:
5370:
5358:
5357:
5193:Economic impacts
5115:Invasive species
4971:Coastal flooding
4921:
4920:
4908:
4907:
4844:Svante Arrhenius
4820:
4819:
4790:from agriculture
4780:Carbon footprint
4765:Greenhouse gases
4714:
4713:
4701:
4700:
4653:
4652:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4563:(April 20, 2023)
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4403:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4062:. Archived from
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3974:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3882:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3773:Net Zero Tracker
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3703:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3545:The Conversation
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3256:10.1002/bse.3698
3239:
3233:
3232:
3221:10.1002/bse.3698
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2950:
2944:
2937:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2780:"CDM: About CDM"
2776:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2757:. 27 August 2021
2747:
2741:
2740:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2578:www.bsigroup.com
2570:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2544:"ISO/FDIS 14068"
2540:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2492:www.mckinsey.com
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2434:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2312:. 23 August 2022
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2252:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2198:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2145:. Archived from
2135:
2104:
2103:
2089:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1932:
1915:(6): 1704–1709.
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1826:
1816:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1775:climate-laws.org
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1555:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1383:
1340:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1250:
1219:Carbon footprint
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1155:carbon emissions
1083:has implemented
1069:carbon emissions
1035:greenhouse gases
1005:European Council
982:circular economy
875:Country examples
846:
842:
838:
834:
799:carbon footprint
763:AntĂłnio Guterres
697:greenhouse gases
640:
634:
628:
622:
611:Financial impact
497:non-state actors
427:renewable energy
347:(carbon sinks).
6233:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6144:
6142:
6125:
6072:
6063:Orbital forcing
5957:
5922:
5903:
5877:Paris Agreement
5855:
5851:Warming stripes
5790:
5756:Managed retreat
5751:Loss and damage
5712:
5646:Business action
5630:
5608:
5585:
5508:
5502:
5459:
5420:Climate finance
5365:
5344:
5276:
5129:
5105:Extinction risk
5081:Flora and fauna
5076:
5037:Permafrost thaw
5032:Ozone depletion
4961:Extreme weather
4915:
4898:
4825:
4806:
4743:
4708:
4691:
4658:
4647:
4642:
4612:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4546:
4544:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4446:
4442:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4410:
4408:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4383:
4381:
4368:
4364:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4308:
4306:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4284:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4260:
4258:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4236:
4234:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4130:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4093:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4067:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4040:
4038:
4020:
4016:
4007:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3953:
3951:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3893:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3863:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3838:
3832:"Climate Watch"
3830:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3601:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3571:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3419:
3415:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3275:
3271:
3240:
3236:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3118:carbontrust.com
3112:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2927:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2542:
2541:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2107:
2090:
2051:
2006:
2002:
1975:
1964:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1876:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1341:
1318:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1114:decarbonisation
1057:
1049:
1044:
1043:
951:
939:
929:
921:
877:
864:
844:
840:
836:
832:
745:just transition
712:
706:
692:
678:, chair of the
676:Tzeporah Berman
661:
642:
638:
636:
632:
630:
626:
624:
620:
613:
601:
576:
552:
520:
488:(ISO), and the
469:
391:
381:
353:
332:
313:
298:
290:
278:
262:
258:
253:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
207:high confidence
201:
197:
180:Paris Agreement
177:
169:
160:
148:decarbonization
111:allow a lot of
74:
45:Paris Agreement
17:
12:
11:
5:
6231:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6177:
6165:
6153:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6018:
6016:Cloud feedback
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5874:
5872:Kyoto Protocol
5869:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5826:
5824:Media coverage
5821:
5816:
5814:Climate spiral
5811:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5703:Public opinion
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5658:
5653:
5651:Climate action
5648:
5642:
5640:
5632:
5631:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5563:REDD and REDD+
5560:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5540:Carbon farming
5537:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5272:Water security
5269:
5267:Water scarcity
5264:
5262:Urban flooding
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5110:Forest dieback
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5047:Sea level rise
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5020:stratification
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4785:Carbon leakage
4782:
4777:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4726:
4724:Climate system
4720:
4718:
4710:
4709:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4645:Climate change
4641:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4576:
4565:
4553:
4529:
4505:
4481:
4440:
4417:
4390:
4373:(2022-11-14).
4371:Dickie, Gloria
4362:
4338:
4315:
4291:
4267:
4243:
4219:
4196:
4171:
4160:United Nations
4147:
4138:Intereconomics
4124:
4100:
4076:
4047:
4014:
3990:
3960:
3935:
3902:
3872:
3847:
3823:
3790:
3760:
3735:Dickie, Gloria
3726:
3706:United Nations
3690:
3665:Dickie, Gloria
3656:
3631:Dickie, Gloria
3622:
3592:
3562:
3531:
3497:
3485:Energy Monitor
3471:
3449:
3428:
3413:
3386:
3355:
3344:. 28 June 2019
3329:
3311:
3286:
3269:
3234:
3199:
3189:Smil, Vaclav.
3181:
3156:
3131:
3105:
3085:
3061:
3036:
3011:
2982:
2968:
2945:
2925:
2910:"GHG Protocol"
2901:
2821:
2796:
2784:cdm.unfccc.int
2768:
2742:
2727:
2707:
2682:
2657:
2632:
2615:
2590:
2562:
2530:
2504:
2479:
2454:
2417:(4): 351–358.
2394:
2370:
2343:(2): 237–248.
2323:
2297:
2272:
2218:
2160:
2105:
2100:United Nations
2049:
2020:(1): 341–379.
2000:
1962:
1895:
1867:
1846:
1807:(1): 849–887.
1787:
1762:
1737:
1716:
1705:. 11 June 2023
1687:
1658:
1630:
1602:
1575:
1537:
1512:
1488:
1460:
1432:
1403:
1316:
1269:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1159:European Union
1144:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1073:European Union
1058:
1050:
1048:
1045:
992:, farming and
978:European Union
949:
937:
930:
922:
920:
919:European Union
917:
876:
873:
863:
860:
756:United Nations
728:climate policy
720:geoengineering
705:
702:
691:
688:
660:
657:
637:
631:
625:
619:
612:
609:
600:
597:
575:
572:
551:
548:
540:
539:
535:
532:
519:
516:
468:
467:Implementation
465:
403:carbon removal
380:
377:
352:
349:
331:
328:
312:
309:
296:
288:
276:
260:
256:
252:
249:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
214:Rio Convention
199:
195:
190:published its
175:
172:global warming
167:
159:
156:
143:carbon dioxide
124:climate action
85:carbon credits
72:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6230:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6188:
6187:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6089:Climate model
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6021:Cloud forcing
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5914:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5796:Communication
5793:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5776:Vulnerability
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5746:Flood control
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5619:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5568:reforestation
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:afforestation
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5488:Nuclear power
5486:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:Carbon budget
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5220:Mental health
5218:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5151:United States
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:deoxygenation
5003:
5001:
5000:acidification
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4821:
4817:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4795:from wetlands
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Deforestation
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4580:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4435:
4427:
4421:
4407:
4400:
4394:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4334:
4333:
4325:
4319:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4200:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4066:on 2023-01-09
4065:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3597:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3459:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3397:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3322:
3315:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3192:
3185:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3021:
3015:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2756:
2755:Bloomberg.com
2752:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2149:on 2023-11-29
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
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5931:Measurements
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5510:carbon sinks
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5405:Carbon price
5227:Human rights
5052:Season creep
5010:heat content
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4849:James Hansen
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5979:atmospheric
5844:video games
5518:Blue carbon
5141:Agriculture
5120:Marine life
5067:Water cycle
5025:temperature
4760:Fossil fuel
3979:. p. 3
3402:10 November
3029:January 20,
2869:10810/62203
2603:www.iso.org
2467:www.cdp.net
2206:www.iso.org
1033:emitter of
659:Credibility
508:Fortune 500
311:Terminology
132:Fortune 500
33:Yellow dots
6202:Categories
6033:Cryosphere
5994:permafrost
5766:Resilience
5718:Adaptation
5693:Litigation
5683:Governance
5628:adaptation
5410:Carbon tax
5363:Mitigation
5300:Antarctica
5188:Disability
4547:2023-08-28
4523:2023-08-28
4499:2023-08-28
4434:NITI Aayog
4411:2023-08-28
4406:unfccc.int
4384:2023-08-28
4356:2023-08-28
4309:2023-08-28
4285:2023-08-28
4280:pib.gov.in
4261:2023-08-28
4237:2023-08-28
4190:2023-08-26
4165:2022-12-23
4118:2022-12-23
4094:2022-12-23
4070:2021-05-20
4041:2021-05-20
4008:2021-05-20
3975:(Report).
3954:2020-01-20
3929:2019-12-29
3896:2019-12-29
3866:2019-12-29
3841:2024-03-01
3783:2 December
3753:2 December
3719:2 December
3704:(Report).
3683:2 December
3649:2 December
3615:2 November
3585:2 November
3555:2 November
3305:2024-02-27
3175:2023-09-06
3150:2023-09-06
3146:. May 2021
3079:2023-08-26
3055:2023-08-26
3005:2016-02-28
2919:2022-12-27
2814:2 December
2789:2 December
2761:2 December
2388:2023-08-11
2143:unfccc.int
1889:2023-09-09
1596:2024-03-21
1506:2023-12-13
1454:2023-08-20
1426:2023-08-20
1263:2023-09-01
1240:References
1021:Fit for 55
994:innovation
905:Madagascar
823:, and the
806:prospectus
802:accounting
716:Bob Watson
708:See also:
415:Permanence
330:Approaches
219:sequesters
150:possible.
25:Green dots
6048:Feedbacks
5819:Education
5320:Caribbean
5315:Australia
5242:Migration
5205:Fisheries
5146:Livestock
5072:Wildfires
4978:Heat wave
4476:2192-0567
3924:0261-3077
3519:0261-3077
3264:0964-4733
3229:0964-4733
2895:247521598
2878:0036-8075
2737:778008109
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2441:1758-6798
2365:1750-5836
2044:0084-6597
1995:CC BY 4.0
1939:0027-8424
1841:251891777
1833:1543-5938
1390:1476-4687
839:, and of
704:Criticism
585:portfolio
550:Timeframe
281:modellers
69:emissions
37:Blue dots
6174:Glossary
6162:Category
5984:biologic
5698:Politics
5590:Personal
5295:Americas
5158:Children
4924:Physical
4717:Overview
4657:Overview
4460:(1): 2.
4304:The Wire
4184:BBC News
3861:POLITICO
3810:Archived
3777:Archived
3747:Archived
3710:Archived
3677:Archived
3643:Archived
3609:Archived
3579:Archived
3549:Archived
3398:. Nature
3373:Archived
2999:Archived
2886:35298279
2555:29 March
1997:license.
1957:19179281
1860:17 April
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1623:29 March
1568:17 April
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1398:33727725
1197:See also
1031:net-zero
913:Suriname
65:net zero
61:removals
41:Red dots
5989:oceanic
5839:fiction
5688:Justice
5639:Society
5247:Poverty
4956:Drought
4824:History
4748:Sources
4379:Reuters
3983:2 April
3816:Jan 28,
3743:Reuters
3639:Reuters
3524:31 July
3490:31 July
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3379:10 July
3348:31 July
3124:20 July
2844:Bibcode
2836:Science
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1703:AP News
1646:Fortune
1360:Bibcode
1297:Bibcode
960:Global
893:Comoros
850:in the
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750:At the
299:gases.
265:methane
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5969:Albedo
5962:Theory
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5464:Energy
5325:Europe
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5290:Africa
5215:Health
5210:Gender
5163:Cities
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4995:Oceans
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5100:Birds
4966:Flood
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