493:, defended the theory of a premeditated, politically-motivated killing, claiming that Pasqua gave the order to shoot Schmitt. Pasqua sued for defamation and the book was withdrawn from the market. In July 1993, Schmitt's family filed a complaint against an unnamed plaintiff for premeditated homicide. Schmitt was asleep when the police entered the room, a fact verified by Évelyne Lambert beforehand. In her deposition, she stated that she had made "a terrible racket" by moving furniture, and that she had shaken Schmitt hard, telling him to wake up. The essence of the execution theory lies in the fact that there are no witnesses other than the two RAID officers watching Schmitt during the intervention, who saw him wake up. At the end of the investigation, the examining magistrate dismissed the case, ruling that the police officers had
87:
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54:
372:, present behind the scenes throughout the event, proclaimed his satisfaction at an impromptu press conference: "It was very important that the children were freed in good health. That was our first priority. Second being that the law remained in force, which wasn't to be ignored. The madman is dead". The identity card of the perpetrator was found in his clothes. A few hours before his death, Schmitt told Dreyfus what "H.B." stood for: Human Bomb. The controversy surrounding the death of Schmitt, whose family insisted he was killed in his sleep, erupted a few days later.
324:, then mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine - as well as Budget Minister and government spokesman - intervened in the negotiations to persuade Schmitt to continue releasing children; it was later discovered that Sarkozy asked to be filmed in front of the TV cameras. He left the school with a child in his arms and handed him over to his mother. Sarkozy entered the classroom seven times to negotiate, managing to get four children out. In September 1993, this intervention earned him a place in the prestigious
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61:
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charges placed near the doors and an explosive belt he was wearing. Dreyfus told the children
Schmitt was "hunting wolves". Schmitt stated he had no intent to hurt any of the children, but "would rather die than be taken alive", and threatened to use the children as shields to escape. The hostage specialists became worried as Schmitt appeared to lose interest in the money and discuss suicide.
308:, in which he demanded an 100 million franc ransom ($ 18 million) paid in gold and used banknotes and a large car in order to escape. He threatened to blow up the room if he didn't get the ransom, a threat made credible by his past demonstrations, as he had previously taken care to blow up several dustbins, deliberately leaving a signature on them. He also demanded to meet with a
474:
bomb, consisting of 21 sticks of dynamite spread around the classroom and wrapped around his stomach in
Chatterton, was not primed at this detonator). Police officer Daniel Boulanger fired the first shot, which was enough to neutralize Schmitt, and, to be on the safe side, two other "double tap" bullets, using a technique peculiar to intervention services.
570:, mayor of Neuilly, Minister of the Budget and government spokesman, was awarded the RAID medal following the hostage-taking. Sarkozy received national attention for his role in the hostage negotiations. His role in the negotiations with the hostage-taker became controversial, however, when he became a leading political figure and later the
366:
with mattresses and dragging them towards the exit. Two others, André Duquesnoy and Daniel
Boulanger, charged at Schmitt brandishing their silenced weapons. Schmitt was shot three times in the head from a distance of one meter by policeman Daniel Boulanger, with officials claiming that he woke up with a start and gestured to his detonator.
341:
slitting their throats) if the authorities failed to respond promptly, but this threat was not carried out. The authorities decided to call in a doctor for health and psychological reasons, but especially for the sake of inspecting the layout of the room. Before finding a military doctor, it was decided to bring in an emergency doctor from
358:
evacuate the hostages from the room. To ensure that
Schmitt would be asleep when the assault takes place, the RAID men poured a sleeping pill (Gamma OH with hypnovel, the effectiveness of which was tested on one of their own) into the coffee regularly brought to Schmitt. As a precaution, Évelyne Lambert (then a doctor and captain in the
544:, co-written with BĂ©atrice Casanova (Flammarion), which recounts the hostage-taking of which she was a victim, and the torment this tragedy caused her in particular. The media learned afterwards that she cracked under the pressure and left the classroom after thirty-eight hours. According to the investigators, she was a victim of
365:
On the morning of
Saturday 15 May, Schmitt dozed off. Évelyne Lambert checked that he was asleep, shaking him and getting the children to move the furniture noisily. She then gave the agreed signal. At 7.25 a.m., ten RAID officers entered the classroom. Eight of them went to the girls, covering them
473:
According to the testimonies of the two police officers charged with neutralizing
Schmitt if he woke up during the intervention, a child, frightened by the arrival of the hooded RAID men, screamed, which woke up Schmitt, who then gestured towards his detonator (the investigation would show that the
357:
After nearly two days of the hostage situation
Schmitt began to show signs of fatigue. RAID decided to take action when he fell asleep. The plan was for the RAID men to enter the room while he was asleep and while two men hold him at gunpoint, ready to neutralize him if he wakes up, the others will
450:
A few days before the hostage-taking, Schmitt asked his sister to photograph him. On 3 May, he wrote on his computer the letters he would give to the police, saying that "to avoid the fate reserved for a child hostage taker, I will not allow myself to be taken alive, and I am determined to blow up
340:
During the negotiations, Schmitt gradually released 15 of the children, eventually keeping only six, despite the fact that he had specified in his first ransom demand that none of the children would be released until he had obtained the requested sum. He also threatened to execute the children (by
598:
program on 6 June 2005, Pierre Lyon-Caen looked back at the affair, referring to
Sarkozy: "He had the reflex, which shows the political animal, to bring in the only PR man with him, a member of the spokesmans office at the Paris Fire Brigade, who had a camera." According to the program, Sarkozy's
348:
Schmitt, eager for media coverage, had a radio and television set installed. Through
Sarkozy, he had a TF1 journalist, Jean-Pierre About, summoned. With the help of a periscope, the police identified Schmitt's ignition device: several explosive charges placed close to the door, several explosive
427:
named France Système
Maintenance Hardware SARL. In 1987, a conflict broke out between Schmitt and his associates who wanted to take control of the company, losing part of the company's clientele with its revenue collapsing. A few months later, the company was under judicial liquidation, with 10
454:
On 7 May, Schmitt wrote to the press to announce an attack in a Neuilly parking lot. The next day, an underground parking lot was bombed in Neuilly, causing only material damage. He left a leaflet signed "H.B." calling for the resignation of the Head of State and the
312:
journalist. At the time, the man was known only as "Human Bomb" or "H.B.", a name he gave himself. Investigators tried to identify the hostage-taker, but were unable to do so until the hostage-taking was over. Schmitt was described as being "remarkably calm".
443:, but was laid off after a year. A second company he founded also went bankrupt, leading to Schmitt being banned for a period of five years from managing or controlling a business enterprise. Schmitt remained registered as unemployed with the
1497:
292:
On Thursday, 13 May 1993 at 9:27 a.m., Érick Schmitt, dressed in black and wearing a motorcycle helmet and balaclava burst into kindergarten number 8 of the Commandant Charcot school complex on Rue de la Ferme in
521:). Born on 28 April 1963 in Maine-et-Loire, she became a teacher at the Commandant-Charcot kindergarten in Neuilly (92) in September 1992. Shortly after the hostage-taking, she and Évelyne Lambert were awarded the
767:
459:. RAID negotiator Michel Marie saw the hostage taking as the desperate act of a man at his wits' end, wanting fame and a way to accomplish suicide by proxy. A childhood friend of Schmitt later stated to
640:"Il était très important que les enfants soient libérés en bonne santé. C'était notre objectif essentiel. Le second, qui n'était pas négligeable, était que force reste à la loi. Le forcené est mort."
362:), who had stayed with the teacher to look after the children, was kept in the dark. She was to make sure that Schmitt was asleep, and give a signal to let the police know that they could intervene.
301:
and explosives, he took the children and their teacher, Laurence Dreyfus, hostage. In order to not be identified, the man did not speak at the start of the hostage-taking and communicated by fax.
275:
assault. There were no other casualties. The police response to the crisis was controversial due to the circumstances under which Schmitt was killed and the involvement of future French president
32:
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moved into position at 10:45. RAID chief Louis Bayon and his negotiator Michel Marie convinced two fathers to negotiate with Schmitt. By early afternoon, five children had been freed. At 3 p.m.,
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Numerous media outlets arrived as early as 10.30 a.m. to cover the event. Journalists camped outside the school, and the hostage-taking became a national event.
151:
1357:
673:"Il a le réflexe, qui montre l'animal politique, de faire venir le seul homme de communication, le pompier chargé de la communication, qui avait une caméra."
587:
263:
took place from 13–15 May 1993, when Érick Schmitt (calling himself the "Human Bomb"), a depressed and unemployed businessman, held a kindergarten class in
1892:
659:
Béatrice Patrie, director of the journal, as well as Marie-Anne Baulon, Anne Crenier, Jean-Claude Bouvier, Alain Vogelweith and Denis Chausserie-Laprée.
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in liabilities. The failure of his company led him into a spiral of depression. Unable to pay the bills for his apartments, he was forced to sell it.
304:
Aimé Touitou, director of the Hauts-de-Seine police force, began to negotiate with the hostage-taker, who gave the teacher a letter addressed to the
1084:
86:
53:
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that he could not believe he had done it, and that he believed Schmitt simply wanted to kill himself and could not find the courage to do it.
1605:
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with his family in 1963. At the age of 16, he joined the French Army, where he learned to handle weapons and explosives. After becoming a
1887:
981:
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as a maintenance inspector in the Paris region. His neighbors noted him to be isolated. He founded a small computer company based in
1917:
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1233:""Human Bomb" : il y a 30 ans, le Biterrois Erick Schmitt prenait en otage 21 enfants et leur institutrice Ă Neuilly"
829:""Human Bomb" : il y a 30 ans, le Biterrois Erick Schmitt prenait en otage 21 enfants et leur institutrice Ă Neuilly"
1907:
1235:["Human Bomb": 30 years ago, Erick Schmitt from BĂ©ziers took 21 children and their teacher hostage in Neuilly.].
1009:
831:["Human Bomb": 30 years ago, Erick Schmitt from BĂ©ziers took 21 children and their teacher hostage in Neuilly.].
1055:
297:, where 21 children aged three to four were working with their teacher to make necklaces for Mother's Day. Armed with a
1912:
1857:
873:
582:
national police director Aimé Touitou claimed that Nicolas Sarkozy imposed himself on the crisis unit and journalists.
982:"Prise d'otages de la maternelle de Neuilly : il y a 30 ans, la ville des Hauts-de-Seine basculait dans l'effroi"
1872:
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923:
902:
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305:
27:
1170:"Human Bomb : qui Ă©tait Erick Schmitt, alias "H. B.", le preneur d'otages de la maternelle de Neuilly ?"
1922:
1862:
984:[Neuilly kindergarten hostage crisis: 30 years ago, the town of Hauts-de-Seine plunged into terror].
144:
1437:
578:
in July 2004, journalist Jean-Pierre About, former Nanterre public prosecutor Pierre Lyon-Caen and former
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1409:
734:
490:
478:
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1089:
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1172:[Human Bomb: who was Erick Schmitt, alias "H. B.", the Neuilly kindergarten hostage-taker?].
317:
272:
1531:"Nicolas Sarkozy entretient une histoire d'amour avec le Raid depuis l'affaire "Human Bomb" en 1993"
607:
In 2005, writer and playwright Emmanuel Darley drew inspiration from this event for a play entitled
1902:
1852:
1535:
416:, he left the army in 1974 at age 23 before moving to Paris. That same year, he divorced his wife.
1533:[Nicolas Sarkozy has had a love affair with Raid since the "Human Bomb" affair in 1993].
1303:
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8:
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For an article published in June 1993 in "Justice", the magazine of the left-leaning
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537:. She subsequently left the French Ministry of Education to become a psychologist.
522:
440:
1813:
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136:
1715:"Millau : "Être humain", un récit sensible autour d'un terrible fait divers"
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Laurence Dreyfus, the teacher, was dubbed by the media "l'institutrice-courage" (
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612:
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1718:[Millau: "Being Human", a sensitive story based on a horrific event].
1681:"Super Sarko face à Human Bomb : les réécritures successives de l'épopée"
1627:
1846:
1573:
551:
Schmitt's sister later died by suicide, not having recovered from the event.
166:
153:
23:
1684:[Super Sarko versus Human Bomb: successive rewritings of the epic].
1442:
1333:
1360:[Immense controversy after the "neutralization" of Erick Schmitt].
615:
drew inspiration from the hostage crisis for a short story about a couple,
429:
401:
271:
and strapped with explosives, and was eventually killed on 15 May during a
451:
everything if I fail". He then cleaned his room and wiped his hard drive.
1362:
1205:
396:, where his father was a non-commissioned officer in the army. After the
1720:
1237:
833:
768:"Gunman takes infants hostage: Man with pistol holds up nursery school"
461:
409:
1329:"Affaire HB: six magistrats condamnés pour diffamation envers Pasqua"
298:
268:
219:
1748:
1635:
1394:
1331:[HB affair: six magistrates convicted of defaming Pasqua].
1269:
928:
489:, authors Alain Vogelweith and BĂ©atrice Patrie, two members of the
225:
1824:
1835:
1803:
1646:
439:, then at an engineering school, the Institut de Maintenance des
389:
380:
325:
1085:"French police kill hostage taker; children and teacher safe"
986:
1469:[Don't call her "the courageous teacher" any more].
1358:"Vive polémique après la " neutralisation " d'Erick Schmitt"
1663:(Television production). Lundi investigation (in French).
420:
309:
1203:[When the mayor of Neuilly negotiated with HB].
1262:"Human Bomb, une prise d'otage à Neuilly - L'intégrale"
1054:
Caviglioli, François; Gattegno, Hervé (20 May 1993).
960:
Human Bomb, prise d’otages à la maternelle de Neuilly
1596:"Sarkozy Wins the Chance to Prove His Critics Wrong"
794:
792:
790:
650:
The power source for the detonator was not in place.
267:, France, hostage for two days. He was armed with a
889:Kara, Alexandre; Martinat, Philippe (12 May 2010).
468:
1812:
1713:
1679:
1634:. Season 4. Episode 10 (in French). 15 July 2004.
1053:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
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964:Human Bomb, hostage-taking at Neuilly kindergarten
435:Schmitt later worked as an external consultant at
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761:
759:
757:
1844:
1774:
1410:"Teacher Hailed as Ordeal Ends at French School"
1226:
1224:
735:"Ransom Readied in French School Hostage Crisis"
599:attitude led Schmitt to break off negotiations.
1785:] (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique.
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1030:
1190:
1128:]. Collection EnquĂŞte (in French). Paris:
1010:"Hostage crisis ends in France: "Madman dead'"
953:
951:
949:
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754:
1221:
1201:"Quand le maire de Neuilly négociait avec HB"
728:
726:
724:
481:, six magistrates were convicted of defaming
1775:Patrie, BĂ©atrice; Vogelweith, Alain (1994).
1628:"Human Bomb: Prise d'otages Ă la maternelle"
1467:"Ne l'appelez plus "l'institutrice courage""
1104:
895:DSK-Sarkozy, the duel. Comparative biography
891:DSK-Sarkozy, le duel. Biographie comparative
888:
1893:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1993
1435:
1393:] (Television production) (in French).
966:] (Television production) (in French).
944:
924:"1993: French police rescue child hostages"
506:
1587:
1259:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
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897:] (in French). Max Milo. p. 149.
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533:, then Prime Minister, invited her to the
388:Érick Schmitt was born on 31 July 1951 in
123:Prise d'otages de la maternelle de Neuilly
73:Neuilly-sur-Seine (ĂŽle-de-France (region))
1500:[HB. The Human Bomb of Neuilly].
1326:
1290:
1260:Hondelatte, Christophe (5 October 2018).
918:
916:
914:
858:HB 46 heures qui ont bouleversé la France
554:
93:
60:
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1119:
957:
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379:
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1506:(in French). p. 26. Archived from
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1167:
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1122:Nicolas Sarkozy: La fringale du pouvoir
732:
574:. Interviewed on the French TV program
1845:
1810:
1677:
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1496:Steinlen, Claire (23 September 2007).
1391:H.B. Human Bomb - Hostage Kindergarten
1384:
1302:] (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine:
1230:
1064:(in French). No. 1486. p. 29
1058:[How to become a Human Bomb].
911:
826:
398:exodus of French settlers from Algeria
1746:[Philipppe Djian in comics].
1593:
1464:
1436:Le Vaillant, Luc (17 February 1997).
1387:H.B. Human Bomb - Maternelle en otage
1385:Poubel, Patrick (25 September 2007).
1120:Emmanuel, William (10 January 2007).
856:About, Jean-Pierre (5 October 2005).
855:
800:"Kidnapper Of French Toddlers Killed"
765:
695:Verdeilhan, Dominique (24 May 2017).
1529:Tronche, SĂ©bastien (22 March 2012).
1126:Nicolas Sarkozy: A craving for power
1783:The unlawful death of Erick Schmitt
1778:La mort hors la loi d'Erick Schmitt
1744:"Philipppe Djian en bande dessinée"
1678:Rochat, SĂ©bastien (29 April 2011).
1082:
487:La Mort hors la loi d’Érick Schmitt
261:Neuilly kindergarten hostage crisis
42:Neuilly kindergarten hostage crisis
13:
1768:
1694:from the original on 30 April 2011
1608:from the original on 17 April 2009
1355:
76:Show map of ĂŽle-de-France (region)
14:
1934:
1888:Political controversies in France
1498:"HB. La Bombe Humaine de Neuilly"
1440:[Hostage to his legend].
1327:Leauthier, Alain (8 March 1995).
1168:Choquet, Isabelle (11 May 2023).
958:Kouchner, Laurent (14 May 2018).
469:Controversy over Schmitt's death
92:
85:
59:
52:
1736:
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1558:Gopnik, Adam (20 August 2007).
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1320:
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1231:Gougis, Richard (13 May 2023).
1076:
1056:"Comment on devient Human Bomb"
1002:
974:
862:HB 46 hours that changed France
827:Gougis, Richard (13 May 2023).
662:
653:
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1594:Smith, Craig S. (7 May 2007).
1465:Demey, Juliette (4 May 2013).
1209:(in French). 19 September 2007
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542:Chronique d'une prise d'otages
445:Agence nationale pour l'emploi
384:Schmitt's ID photo, dated 1990
375:
1:
1918:20th century in ĂŽle-de-France
1408:Tempest, Rone (16 May 1993).
766:Nundy, Julian (13 May 1993).
733:Tempest, Rone (15 May 1993).
681:
16:1993 hostage crisis in France
1898:Attacks on schools in France
1724:(in French). 6 February 2020
1083:Cue, Eduardo (15 May 1993).
500:
7:
1878:Deaths by firearm in France
1473:(in French). Archived from
697:Les magistrats sur le divan
491:Syndicat de la magistrature
479:Syndicat de la magistrature
10:
1939:
1908:Law enforcement operations
1823:] (in French). Paris:
1090:United Press International
106:Neuilly-sur-Seine (France)
1913:History of Hauts-de-Seine
1858:May 1993 events in France
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186:May 13–15, 1993
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1873:Hostage taking in France
1752:(in French). 3 July 2008
1272:. Event occurs at 38:55
990:(in French). 13 May 2013
701:Magistrates on the couch
622:
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457:Minister of the Interior
419:He was then employed by
306:Minister of the Interior
1815:H. B., la Bombe humaine
1811:Caster, Sylvie (1993).
540:In 1997, she published
447:in BĂ©ziers for a year.
28:Infobox civilian attack
20:
1632:Faites entrer l'accusé
1356:B., M. (6 July 2000).
672:
639:
576:Faites entrer l'accusé
564:
563:2003 photo of Sarkozy.
555:Nicolas Sarkozy's role
516:the courageous teacher
385:
345:: Catherine Ferracci.
332:popularity barometer.
33:considered for merging
1923:Attacks on preschools
1863:1993 crimes in France
1438:"Otage de sa légende"
1061:Le Nouvel Observateur
562:
495:acted in self-defense
383:
1821:H.B., The human bomb
1661:Lundi investigation
1292:Péchenard, Frédéric
864:] (in French).
805:The Washington Post
703:] (in French).
588:Lundi Investigation
572:President of France
527:François Mitterrand
485:. In the 1993 book
237:1 (the perpetrator)
163: /
1883:1993 controversies
1601:The New York Times
1510:on 9 November 2023
1300:Guard of the peace
1296:Gardien de la paix
1266:Hondelatte Raconte
705:Éditions du Rocher
565:
546:Stockholm syndrome
386:
360:Paris Fire Brigade
167:48.8772°N 2.2536°E
109:Show map of France
1868:Neuilly-sur-Seine
1415:Los Angeles Times
1313:978-2-7499-0715-4
1139:978-2-08-068908-5
740:Los Angeles Times
295:Neuilly-sur-Seine
265:Neuilly-sur-Seine
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133:Neuilly-sur-Seine
100:Neuilly-sur-Seine
67:Neuilly-sur-Seine
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1560:"The Human Bomb"
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531:Édouard Balladur
523:Legion of Honour
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1903:May 1993 crimes
1853:Nicolas Sarkozy
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1769:Further reading
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1132:. p. 107.
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322:Nicolas Sarkozy
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1667:. 6 June 2005.
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1565:The New Yorker
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1477:on 15 May 2013
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1306:. p. 48.
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875:978-2702135617
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707:. p. 84.
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617:Mise en bouche
613:Philippe Djian
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580:Hauts-de-Seine
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535:HĂ´tel Matignon
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483:Charles Pasqua
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400:following the
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1018:. 16 May 1993
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932:. 15 May 1993
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868:. p. 7.
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808:. 15 May 1993
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55:
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40:
34:
30:
29:
25:
19:
1834:– via
1828:. Retrieved
1820:
1814:
1802:– via
1796:. Retrieved
1782:
1777:
1754:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1719:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1685:
1673:
1660:
1655:
1645:– via
1639:. Retrieved
1631:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1599:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1563:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1534:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1501:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1470:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1441:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1413:
1403:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1361:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1332:
1322:
1304:Michel Lafon
1299:
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1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1265:
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1236:
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1180:. Retrieved
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992:. Retrieved
985:
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934:. Retrieved
927:
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866:Calmann-LĂ©vy
861:
857:
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839:. Retrieved
832:
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810:. Retrieved
803:
777:. Retrieved
771:
744:. Retrieved
738:
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402:Algerian War
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26:
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1728:12 November
1539:(in French)
1481:12 November
1446:(in French)
1370:10 November
1366:(in French)
1363:Le Parisien
1337:(in French)
1268:(Podcast).
1241:(in French)
1213:18 December
1206:Le Parisien
1182:28 November
1178:(in French)
837:(in French)
611:. In 2003,
609:ĂŠtre humain
591: [
376:Perpetrator
250:Perpetrator
203:Attack type
170: /
145:Coordinates
22:‹ The
1847:Categories
1721:Midi Libre
1543:6 November
1536:franceinfo
1514:9 November
1443:Libération
1334:Libération
1245:9 December
1238:Midi Libre
1130:Flammarion
841:9 December
834:Midi Libre
682:References
462:Midi Libre
194:1993-05-15
190:1993-05-13
155:48°52′38″N
1641:24 August
1612:8 January
1579:17 August
1574:0028-792X
1421:17 August
1276:24 August
1096:17 August
1022:17 August
936:17 August
812:17 August
779:17 August
746:17 August
501:Aftermath
299:flare gun
269:flare gun
220:Flare gun
158:2°15′13″E
31:is being
1692:Archived
1636:France 2
1606:Archived
1395:France 2
1294:(2007).
1270:Europe 1
1068:17 April
929:BBC News
428:million
226:dynamite
192: –
139:, France
129:Location
35:. ›
24:template
1836:Gallica
1830:5 March
1804:Gallica
1798:5 March
1698:25 July
1647:YouTube
1450:29 July
994:19 June
510:
437:Thomson
410:BĂ©ziers
390:Burdeau
242:Injured
214:Weapons
188: (
1789:
1756:11 May
1665:Canal+
1572:
1341:15 May
1310:
1136:
901:
872:
711:
669:French
636:French
430:francs
353:15 May
336:14 May
326:Sofres
288:13 May
283:Events
234:Deaths
1825:Arléa
1819:[
1781:[
1749:L'Obs
1471:leJDD
1389:[
1298:[
1124:[
987:CNews
962:[
893:[
860:[
699:[
623:Notes
603:Media
595:]
585:In a
408:near
1832:2024
1800:2024
1787:ISBN
1758:2023
1730:2023
1700:2011
1643:2023
1614:2008
1581:2023
1570:ISSN
1545:2023
1516:2023
1483:2014
1452:2015
1423:2023
1372:2023
1343:2018
1308:ISBN
1278:2023
1247:2023
1215:2012
1184:2023
1134:ISBN
1098:2023
1070:2019
1024:2023
996:2018
938:2023
899:ISBN
870:ISBN
843:2023
814:2023
781:2023
748:2023
709:ISBN
507:lit.
406:Cers
343:SAMU
318:RAID
273:RAID
259:The
183:Date
1175:RTL
525:by
421:IBM
310:TF1
1849::
1630:.
1604:.
1598:.
1568:.
1562:.
1412:.
1264:.
1223:^
1192:^
1148:^
1106:^
1087:.
1032:^
1012:.
968:C8
946:^
926:.
913:^
802:.
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770:.
756:^
737:.
723:^
671::
638::
619:.
593:fr
548:.
529:.
497:.
392:,
279:.
135:,
1838:.
1806:.
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1583:.
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1026:.
998:.
970:.
940:.
907:.
878:.
845:.
816:.
783:.
750:.
717:.
519:'
513:'
328:-
245:0
196:)
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