527:), bradykinesia, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive decline, all of which are accelerated through neuronal cell death. The idea that neurovascular impairments may contribute to early neuronal cell loss in Huntington’s disease has been attracting significant attention in the HD community. Reduced cerebral blood flow, increased small vessel density, and increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability–all traits of neurovascular dysfunction–have been reported in both rodent and patient post-mortem tissue. Preliminary findings support that neurovascular alterations occur in Huntington's disease and may contribute to its early neuropathology. It has also been proposed that neurovascular dysregulation manifests earlier in Huntington's than other pathologies, triggering innate immune signaling and a reduction of protein levels critical for maintaining the blood–brain barrier. While neurovascular failure in HD
408:(OCT) is an imaging technique that utilizes low-coherence interferometry to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues. It can, thus, provide information about the microstructure and vascular network of the neurovascular unit. More specifically, OCT has been used to study cerebral blood flow dynamics, changes in vessel diameter, and blood–brain barrier integrity. It also has real-time imaging capabilities and can, thus, be effectively applied in both clinical and preclinical settings. Downsides of optical coherence tomography include limited depth penetration in highly scattering tissues and a lower resolution in increasing depth, which can limit its application in deep brain regions.
279:(ATP), which requires glucose and oxygen. These need to be delivered to areas in the brain with consistency via cerebral blood flow. In order for the brain to receive enough blood flow when in high demand, coupling occurs between neurons and CBF. Neurovascular coupling encompasses the changes in cerebral blood flow that occur in response to the level of neuronal activity. When the brain needs to exert more energy, there is an associated increase in the level of blood flow to compensate for this. The brain does not have a place where it stores energy, and, therefore, the response of blood flow has to be immediate so that crucial functions for continued life can persist. Difficulties arise when
455:
dysfunction is a feature not only of cerebrovascular pathologies, such as stroke, but also of neurodegenerative conditions, such as
Alzheimer's disease. While studies are still ongoing to determine the precise effects of neurovascular failure, there is emerging evidence that neurovascular dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the degeneration of the nervous system, which contrasts the typical view that neurodegeneration is caused by intrinsic neuronal effects. The breakdown of neurovascular coupling (e.g., modulations in neuronal activity that cause changes in local blood flow) and the
370:, on the other hand, provides 3D information by scanning a focused electron beam across the sample's surface, allowing for the visualization of the topography of neurovascular unit components. Electron microscopy techniques are, thus, invaluable for studying the precise cellular and subcellular interactions within the NVU. However, it requires sample preparation involving fixation, dehydration, and staining, which can introduce artifacts, and it is not suitable for live or large-scale imaging due to its time-consuming nature.
239:
is facilitated by the neck arteries. Segmented vascular resistance, or the amount of flow control that each section of the brain maintains, is measured as the ratio of the blood pressure gradient to blood flow volume. The blood flow within the NVU is a low resistance channel that allows blood to be distributed to different parts of the body. The cells of the NVU sense the needs of neural tissue and release many different mediators that engage in signaling pathways and initiate effector systems such as the
772:
vasoconstriction. Vasomotor interneurons established contacts with local microvessels and received somatic and dendritic afferents from acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (5-HT) pathways, varying by interneuron subtype. Our results demonstrate the capability of specific subsets of cortical GABA interneurons to transmute neuronal signals into vascular responses and suggest that they could serve as local integrators of neurovascular coupling for subcortical vasoactive pathways.
61:(NINDS). In prior years, the importance of both neurons and cerebral vasculature was well known; however, their interconnected relationship was not. The two were long considered distinct entities which, for the most part, operated independently. Since 2001, though, the rapid increase of scientific papers citing the neurovascular unit represents the growing understanding of the interactions that occur between the brain’s cells and blood vessels.
117:
267:. Endothelial cells form the wall of the BBB, while mural cells exist on the outer surface of this layer of endothelial cells. The mural cells also have their own abluminal layer which hosts pericytes that work to maintain the permeability of the barrier, and the epithelial cells filter the amount of toxins entering. These cells connect to different segments of the vascular tree that exist within the brain.
446:(VEGF); in addition to this, the upregulation of astrocyte receptors in endothelial cells can stimulate endothelial proliferation and migration, which can dangerously increase blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Ultimately, vascular dysfunction results in decreased cerebral blood flow and abnormalities in the blood–brain barrier, which poses a threat to the normal functioning of the brain.
504:
However, considering that AD seems to include a combination of vascular and neurodegenerative processes and that disruption to the vascular physiology occurs early in the disease process, targeting the vascular component may help potentially decelerate the pathologic progression of AD. Currently, only a few vascular targets have been the subject of large-scale randomised controlled trials.
167:, can, thus, measure and locate activity in the brain with precision. Imaging of the brain also allows researchers to better understand the neurovascular unit and its many complexities. Furthermore, any impediments to the function of the neurovascular system will prevent neurons from receiving the appropriate nutrients. A complete stoppage for only a few minutes, which could be caused by
499:. Destruction of the organization of the blood–brain barrier, decreased cerebral blood flow, and the establishment of an inflammatory context often result in neuronal damage since these factors promote the aggregation of β-amyloid peptide in the brain. During a review of various consortium data, it was shown that more than 30% of AD cases exhibit
422:
disease, diabetes, and/or high cholesterol), poor lifestyle choices, genetic changes during pregnancy, physical trauma, and other specific genetic characteristics are generally at higher risk. In particular, neurovascular failure can be caused by problems arising in the blood vessels, including blockages (
503:
on post-mortem examination, and almost all have evidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, microvascular degeneration, and white matter lesions. Despite this data, it is still insufficient to reach a pathologic diagnosis, making it unclear whether AD is a cause or a consequence of neuronal dysfunction.
238:
and the perivascular compartment, form the network of the NVU. Arterioles are made up of pial vessels and arterioles, and the perivascular compartment includes perivascular macrophages in addition to Mato, pial, and mast cells. Cerebral blood flow is a critical component of this overall system and it
1387:
Measurements of vasodilatory responses and electrophysiological recordings reveal that, in response to PGD2 application, adenosine release induces A2A receptor (A2AR)-mediated dilation of blood vessels and activation of
Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus (VLPO) sleep-promoting neurons. Collectively, our
421:
Neurovascular failure, or neurovascular disease, refers to a range of conditions that negatively affect the function of blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord. While the exact mechanisms behind neurovascular disease are unknown, people with inherited conditions (such as a family history of heart
459:
of the NVU is commonly observed across a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including
Alzheimer’s disease. The combination of recent hypotheses and evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of the NVU may contribute to cognitive impairment and be an initiating trigger for
454:
Efficient blood supply to the brain is extremely significant to its normal functioning, and improper blood flow can lead to potentially devastating neurological consequences. Alterations of vascular regulatory mechanisms lead to brain dysfunction and disease. The emerging view is that neurovascular
108:
in a multidimensional process involving the many cells of the neurovascular unit, along with multiple signaling molecules. The interactions between the components of the NVU allow it to sense neurons' needs of oxygen and glucose and, in turn, trigger the appropriate vasodilatory or vasoconstrictive
334:
Fluorescence microscopy is a widely used imaging technique that utilizes fluorescent probes to visualize specific molecules or structures within the neurovascular unit. It allows researchers to label and track cellular components, such as neurons, astrocytes, and blood vessel markers, with high
771:
The expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in interneurons induces dilation, while somatostatin (SOM) induces contraction. Direct perfusion of VIP and NO donors onto the slices caused microvessel dilation, whereas neuropeptide Y (NPY) and SOM induced
393:(dMRI) provides insights into the brain's structural connectivity by tracking the diffusion of water molecules in its tissue. MRI, in general, has excellent spatial resolution and can be used for both human and animal studies, making it a valuable tool for studying the neurovascular unit
381:(MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the brain's anatomy and function. It can provide information about blood flow, oxygenation levels, and structural characteristics of the neurovascular unit. The
464:, there is still much to be investigated, especially with respect to the effect of neurovasculature on neurological diseases; namely, whether the initiating event occurs at the neuronal level and "mobilizes" vascular response or the vascular event triggers neuronal dysfunction.
495:. There is growing support for the vascular hypothesis of AD, which posits that blood vessels are the origin for a variety of pathogenic pathways that lead to neuronal damage and AD. Vascular risk factors can result in dysregulation of the neurovascular unit and
531:
is still being tested, recent work supports clinical application. For example, immunohistological assays revealed vessel aberrations in brain tissue, establishing the early onset of such aberrations as a potential biomarker for early
Huntington's diagnosis.
859:
Cerebellar stellate and
Purkinje cells play distinct roles in neurovascular coupling by dilating and constricting neighboring microvessels, respectively. This highlights the specialized functions of different neuron types in regulating cerebral blood
259:(BBB), which plays an important role in maintaining the microenvironment of the brain. In addition to regulating the exit and entrance of blood, the blood–brain barrier also filters toxins that may cause inflammation, injury, and disease. The overall
32:
in order to deliver the requisite nutrients to activated neurons. The NVU addresses the brain's unique dilemma of having high energy demands yet low energy storage capacity. In order to function properly, the brain must receive substrates for energy
109:
responses. Neuronal activity as well as astrocytes can therefore participate in CNV, both by inducing vasodilation and vasoconstriction.Thus, the NVU provides the architecture behind neurovascular coupling, which connects neuronal activity to
295:
brain slices maintained in survival conditions. Ultimately, neurovascular coupling promotes brain health by moderating proper cerebral blood flow. There is still much more to be discovered about it, though; and, due to the difficulty of
45:
do not have the same ability as, for example, muscle cells, which can use up their energy reserves and refill them later; therefore, cerebral metabolism must be driven in the moment. The neurovascular unit facilitates this
247:
to increase blood flow through vasodilation or to reduce blood flow by vasoconstriction. This is recognized as a multidimensional response that operates across the cerebrovascular network as a whole.
1338:
Using infrared videomicroscopy on ex vivo brain slices, we established that glucose induces vasodilation specifically in the
Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus (VLPO) via astrocytic release of adenosine.
397:. It has limited temporal resolution, though, and its ability to visualize finer cellular and molecular details within the neurovascular unit is relatively lower compared to microscopy techniques.
287:
and potential disorders. Furthermore, modern imaging techniques have allowed researchers to view and study cerebral blood flow in a noninvasive manner. However, imaging deep brain structures
1388:
results elucidate the PGD2 signaling pathway in the VLPO, demonstrating its role in controlling local blood flow and activating sleep-promoting neurons via astrocyte-derived adenosine.
460:
neurological manifestations of diseases such as
Alzheimer's and dementia. Ultimately, despite the vast amount of current literature supporting vascular contributions to neurological
442:, signaling pathways involved in neurovascular coupling are impaired. Neuronal injury is often preceded by the expression and release of pro-angiogenic factors, such as
479:, a neurodegenerative disease with progressive impairment of behavioral and cognitive functions. Neuropathologically, there are two major indicators of Alzheimer's:
343:, researchers can simultaneously examine multiple cellular components and molecular pathways of the neurovascular unit. However, limited tissue penetration depth,
326:
also allow the NVU itself to be studied by providing visual insights into the complex interactions between neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels in the brain.
362:
provides details of the neurovascular unit at the nanometer scale by using a focused beam of electrons instead of light, enabling higher resolution imaging.
2103:
Lin CY, Hsu YH, Lin MH, Yang TH, Chen HM, Chen YC, et al. (December 2013). "Neurovascular abnormalities in humans and mice with
Huntington's disease".
2600:
Hsiao HY, Chen YC, Huang CH, Chen CC, Hsu YH, Chen HM, et al. (August 2015). "Aberrant astrocytes impair vascular reactivity in
Huntington disease".
339:
offers excellent spatial resolution, allowing for detailed visualization of cellular morphology and localized molecular interactions. By using different
1863:
385:(fMRI) allows researchers to study brain activity by measuring changes in blood oxygenation associated with neural activity, thus classifying it as a
1449:
Mai-Morente SP, Marset VM, Blanco F, Isasi EE, Abudara V (May 2021). "A nuclear fluorescent dye identifies pericytes at the neurovascular unit".
100:
mechanism of homeostasis that increases blood supply to neural tissue when necessary. This mechanism controls oxygen and nutrient levels using
2230:
Soto-Rojas LO, Pacheco-Herrero M, MartĂnez-GĂłmez PA, Campa-CĂłrdoba BB, Apátiga-PĂ©rez R, Villegas-Rojas MM, et al. (February 2021).
263:
unit functions as a defense for the central nervous system. Encompassed within the BBB are two types of blood vessels: endothelial and
155:
The temporal and spatial link between cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity allows the former to serve as a proxy for the latter.
366:
images thin tissue sections, providing detailed information about the fine cellular structures, including synapses and organelles.
322:
The neurovascular unit enables imaging techniques to measure neuronal activity by tracking blood flow. Various other types of
2645:"Cerebrovascular and blood-brain barrier impairments in Huntington's disease: Potential implications for its pathophysiology"
382:
160:
1697:
386:
1825:
Anagnostakou V, Ughi GJ, Puri AS, Gounis MJ (October 2021). "Optical
Coherence Tomography for Neurovascular Disorders".
443:
1048:
Ahmad A, Patel V, Xiao J, Khan MM (November 2020). "The Role of Neurovascular System in Neurodegenerative Diseases".
363:
2508:
Jakel RJ, Maragos WF (June 2000). "Neuronal cell death in Huntington's disease: a potential role for dopamine".
784:
Carmignoto G, GĂłmez-Gonzalo M (May 2010). "The contribution of astrocyte signalling to neurovascular coupling".
1351:
283:
proteins are present in higher concentrations, as there is an associated increase in blood flow that leads to
2148:"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment, clinical Alzheimer's disease, and dementia in older persons"
1290:
Scharbarg E, Daenens M, Lemaître F, Geoffroy H, Guille-Collignon M, Gallopin T, et al. (January 2016).
405:
367:
164:
492:
1350:
Scharbarg E, Walter A, Lecoin L, Gallopin T, Lemaître F, Guille-Collignon M, et al. (March 2023).
378:
2643:
Drouin-Ouellet J, Sawiak SJ, Cisbani G, Lagacé M, Kuan WL, Saint-Pierre M, et al. (August 2015).
2327:
Kalaria RN, Ballard C (1999). "Overlap between pathology of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia".
574:"The Neurovascular Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease"
176:
515:(HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal repetition of the CAG
2553:"Complex relationships between cerebral blood flow and brain atrophy in early Huntington's disease"
144:
2057:
Iadecola C (May 2004). "Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer's disease".
1599:"Serial section scanning electron microscopy of adult brain tissue using focused ion beam milling"
1356:
Controls Local Blood Flow and Sleep-Promoting Neurons in the VLPO via Astrocyte-Derived Adenosine"
1243:"Cortical GABA interneurons in neurovascular coupling: relays for subcortical vasoactive pathways"
733:"Cortical GABA interneurons in neurovascular coupling: relays for subcortical vasoactive pathways"
930:"Neurovascular coupling in humans: Physiology, methodological advances and clinical implications"
512:
500:
256:
184:
1775:"Optical coherence tomography: an emerging technology for biomedical imaging and optical biopsy"
480:
472:
276:
244:
180:
97:
2644:
1241:
Cauli B, Tong XK, Rancillac A, Serluca N, Lambolez B, Rossier J, et al. (October 2004).
731:
Cauli B, Tong XK, Rancillac A, Serluca N, Lambolez B, Rossier J, et al. (October 2004).
196:
89:
874:"Vascular tone and neurovascular coupling: considerations toward an improved in vitro model"
2754:
1303:
1192:
Rancillac A, Rossier J, Guille M, Tong XK, Geoffroy H, Amatore C, et al. (June 2006).
1156:
996:
Rancillac A, Rossier J, Guille M, Tong XK, Geoffroy H, Amatore C, et al. (June 2006).
819:
Rancillac A, Rossier J, Guille M, Tong XK, Geoffroy H, Amatore C, et al. (June 2006).
516:
336:
175:, can result in permanent damage and death. Dysfunction in the NVU is also associated with
2367:"The Neurovascular Unit in Dementia: An Opinion on Current Research and Future Directions"
8:
1402:"Miniature Fluorescence Microscopy for Imaging Brain Activity in Freely-Behaving Animals"
359:
110:
29:
2758:
2433:
2174:
2147:
1307:
1194:"Glutamatergic Control of Microvascular Tone by Distinct GABA Neurons in the Cerebellum"
1160:
998:"Glutamatergic Control of Microvascular Tone by Distinct GABA Neurons in the Cerebellum"
821:"Glutamatergic Control of Microvascular Tone by Distinct GABA Neurons in the Cerebellum"
2804:
2775:
2742:
2718:
2691:
2672:
2625:
2577:
2552:
2533:
2490:
2442:
2417:
2393:
2366:
2258:
2231:
2128:
2082:
2031:
2006:
1979:
1952:
1923:
1898:
1838:
1799:
1774:
1747:
1722:
1674:
1647:
1623:
1598:
1574:
1547:
1523:
1498:
1426:
1401:
1324:
1291:
1267:
1242:
1218:
1193:
1120:
1095:
1073:
1022:
997:
954:
929:
900:
873:
845:
820:
757:
732:
713:
652:
625:
598:
573:
240:
168:
140:
2521:
797:
2780:
2723:
2664:
2617:
2582:
2568:
2525:
2482:
2447:
2398:
2344:
2340:
2309:
2263:
2206:
2179:
2120:
2074:
2036:
2007:"Neurovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in dementia and Alzheimer's disease"
1984:
1928:
1842:
1804:
1752:
1679:
1628:
1579:
1528:
1476:
1431:
1378:
1329:
1272:
1223:
1174:
1125:
1077:
1065:
1027:
959:
905:
850:
801:
762:
705:
657:
603:
496:
439:
128:
2741:
Garcia FJ, Sun N, Lee H, Godlewski B, Mathys H, Galani K, et al. (March 2022).
2676:
2629:
2537:
2494:
2229:
2116:
2086:
717:
302:
research, the growing body of knowledge on neurovascular coupling relies heavily on
2770:
2762:
2713:
2703:
2656:
2609:
2572:
2564:
2517:
2474:
2437:
2429:
2388:
2378:
2336:
2299:
2253:
2243:
2169:
2159:
2132:
2112:
2066:
2026:
2018:
1974:
1964:
1918:
1910:
1834:
1794:
1786:
1742:
1734:
1669:
1659:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1569:
1559:
1518:
1510:
1466:
1458:
1421:
1413:
1370:
1319:
1311:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1164:
1115:
1107:
1057:
1017:
1013:
1009:
949:
941:
895:
885:
840:
836:
832:
793:
752:
748:
744:
695:
647:
637:
593:
585:
260:
105:
113:
and highlights the interdependence of their development, structure, and function.
2304:
2287:
2164:
2022:
1953:"Neurovascular dysfunction in vascular dementia, Alzheimer's and atherosclerosis"
1374:
589:
488:
456:
1111:
2766:
2198:
1417:
1061:
978:
344:
2708:
2383:
1969:
1738:
1564:
1471:
1400:
Chen S, Wang Z, Zhang D, Wang A, Chen L, Cheng H, et al. (October 2020).
1169:
1144:
642:
2798:
1664:
1178:
945:
890:
390:
348:
215:
172:
136:
77:
53:
The neurovascular unit was formalized as a concept in 2001, at the inaugural
1292:"Astrocyte-derived adenosine is central to the hypnogenic effect of glucose"
50:
delivery and, thus, ensures that neuronal activity can continue seamlessly.
2784:
2727:
2668:
2621:
2586:
2529:
2486:
2451:
2402:
2348:
2313:
2267:
2210:
2183:
2124:
2078:
2040:
1988:
1932:
1846:
1808:
1790:
1756:
1683:
1632:
1583:
1532:
1480:
1435:
1382:
1333:
1276:
1227:
1129:
1069:
1031:
963:
909:
854:
805:
766:
709:
661:
607:
528:
484:
323:
317:
284:
156:
101:
1914:
1899:"Pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit: disease cause or consequence?"
1514:
2418:"Huntington disease: a single-gene degenerative disorder of the striatum"
2248:
928:
Phillips AA, Chan FH, Zheng MM, Krassioukov AV, Ainslie PN (April 2016).
340:
280:
207:
148:
69:
626:"Neurovascular Coupling in Development and Disease: Focus on Astrocytes"
700:
683:
520:
435:
427:
264:
93:
73:
34:
2660:
2613:
2478:
2013:. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID).
1462:
1315:
1043:
1041:
523:(Htt). Common features of Huntington's include involuntary movements (
923:
921:
919:
461:
235:
227:
223:
132:
125:
121:
116:
85:
65:
2285:
2070:
1648:"Large Volume Electron Microscopy and Neural Microcircuit Analysis"
1038:
476:
431:
423:
211:
159:
techniques that directly or indirectly monitor blood flow, such as
81:
2286:
Rius-Pérez S, Tormos AM, Pérez S, Taléns-Visconti R (March 2018).
916:
2642:
304:
298:
38:
2152:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
2011:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
1289:
234:
with synaptic junctions for signaling. Cerebral vessels, namely
524:
351:
negatively impact the potential for long-term imaging studies.
231:
206:
The neurovascular unit is made up of vascular cells (including
42:
1773:
Fujimoto JG, Pitris C, Boppart SA, Brezinski ME (2000-01-01).
1772:
2692:"Impaired Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Huntington's Disease"
1349:
58:
25:
2690:
Chan ST, Mercaldo ND, Kwong KK, Hersch SM, Rosas HD (2021).
1497:
Sanderson MJ, Smith I, Parker I, Bootman MD (October 2014).
1448:
927:
2288:"Vascular pathology: Cause or effect in Alzheimer disease?"
2232:"The Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease"
2004:
1702:
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
1496:
219:
2465:
Novak MJ, Tabrizi SJ (June 2010). "Huntington's disease".
2005:
Nelson AR, Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV (May 2016).
1824:
1721:
Mueller BA, Lim KO, Hemmy L, Camchong J (September 2015).
1191:
995:
818:
1240:
730:
275:
Cellular processes critically rely on the production of
2743:"Single-cell dissection of the human brain vasculature"
2689:
1720:
985:. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences.
783:
59:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
2740:
1596:
438:). In response to pathogenic stimuli, such as tissue
255:
The cells of the neurovascular unit also make up the
1950:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1820:
1818:
681:
2196:
1645:
1548:"Brain Ultrastructure: Putting the Pieces Together"
449:
120:A schematic of the neurovascular unit (NVU), where
2599:
2281:
2279:
2277:
1597:Knott G, Marchman H, Wall D, Lich B (March 2008).
1047:
1881:
1815:
1492:
1490:
1399:
619:
617:
291:is challenging. Therefore, NVC can be studied on
2796:
2052:
2050:
1951:Shabir O, Berwick J, Francis SE (October 2018).
1858:
1856:
1768:
1766:
1545:
623:
567:
565:
2360:
2358:
2274:
2205:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2145:
1723:"Diffusion MRI and its Role in Neuropsychology"
1089:
1087:
682:Muoio V, Persson PB, Sendeski MM (April 2014).
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
400:
308:techniques for imaging the neurovascular unit.
2550:
2364:
2326:
2000:
1998:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1870:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania
1487:
614:
2102:
2047:
1903:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
1853:
1763:
1142:
934:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
373:
88:. Together these function in the homeostatic
2551:Chen JJ, Salat DH, Rosas HD (January 2012).
2507:
2464:
2355:
1084:
677:
675:
673:
671:
542:
64:The neurovascular unit consists of neurons,
2236:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2197:Kumar A, Sidhu J, Goyal A, Tsao JW (2023).
2098:
2096:
1995:
1939:
1552:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
1093:
979:"Chapter 5, Control of Cerebral Blood Flow"
630:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
41:–in specific areas, quantities, and times.
2329:Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders
1100:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
865:
329:
2774:
2717:
2707:
2576:
2441:
2392:
2382:
2303:
2257:
2247:
2173:
2163:
2030:
1978:
1968:
1922:
1897:Stanimirovic DB, Friedman A (July 2012).
1798:
1746:
1673:
1663:
1622:
1573:
1563:
1522:
1470:
1425:
1323:
1266:
1217:
1168:
1119:
1021:
953:
899:
889:
844:
756:
699:
684:"The neurovascular unit - concept review"
668:
651:
641:
597:
270:
2415:
2093:
2056:
571:
416:
411:
201:
115:
976:
507:
96:. Cerebral hyperaemia is a fundamental
2797:
1646:Kubota Y, Sohn J, Kawaguchi Y (2018).
871:
624:Stackhouse TL, Mishra A (2021-07-12).
467:
354:
250:
1143:Pasley BN, Freeman RD (2008-03-11).
491:, or around blood vessels, known as
487:peptide (Aβ) in the brain, known as
387:blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging
2146:Kapasi A, Schneider JA (May 2016).
13:
2422:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
1839:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.008
1698:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)"
1094:Daneman R, Prat A (January 2015).
444:vascular endothelial growth factor
24:) comprises the components of the
14:
2816:
2434:10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/pnopoulos
1546:Nahirney PC, Tremblay ME (2021).
798:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.11.007
2569:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.112
2341:10.1097/00002093-199912003-00017
475:(AD) is the most common type of
450:Effects of neurovascular failure
364:Transmission electron microscopy
2734:
2683:
2636:
2593:
2544:
2501:
2458:
2409:
2371:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
2320:
2223:
2190:
2139:
2117:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.019
1714:
1690:
1639:
1590:
1539:
1442:
1393:
1343:
1283:
1234:
1185:
1136:
989:
2365:Beishon L, Panerai RB (2021).
1615:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3189-07.2008
1259:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3065-04.2004
1210:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5515-05.2006
1014:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5515-05.2006
970:
837:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5515-05.2006
812:
777:
749:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3065-04.2004
724:
483:(NFTs) and an accumulation of
243:; these mediators trigger the
1:
2522:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01568-x
572:Iadecola C (September 2017).
535:
147:(APCs) and border-associated
2305:10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.07.008
2165:10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.023
2059:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2023:10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.016
1652:Frontiers in Neural Circuits
1503:Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
1375:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00660
878:Frontiers in Neuroenergetics
590:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.030
406:Optical coherence tomography
401:Optical coherence tomography
368:Scanning electron microscopy
245:vascular smooth muscle cells
76:), the vasomotor apparatus (
55:Stroke Progress Review Group
7:
1603:The Journal of Neuroscience
1247:The Journal of Neuroscience
1198:The Journal of Neuroscience
1112:10.1101/cshperspect.a020412
1002:The Journal of Neuroscience
825:The Journal of Neuroscience
737:The Journal of Neuroscience
190:
28:that collectively regulate
10:
2821:
2767:10.1038/s41586-022-04521-7
2416:Nopoulos PC (March 2016).
1418:10.1007/s12264-020-00561-z
1062:10.1007/s12035-020-02023-z
389:(BOLD imaging) technique.
379:Magnetic resonance imaging
374:Magnetic resonance imaging
315:
311:
194:
177:neurodegenerative diseases
2709:10.3389/fphys.2021.663898
2384:10.3389/fnagi.2021.721937
1970:10.1186/s12868-018-0465-5
1864:"Cerebrovascular Disease"
1739:10.1007/s11065-015-9291-z
1565:10.3389/fcell.2021.629503
1499:"Fluorescence microscopy"
1451:Journal of Neurochemistry
1363:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
1170:10.4249/scholarpedia.5340
1096:"The blood-brain barrier"
643:10.3389/fcell.2021.702832
1665:10.3389/fncir.2018.00098
1145:"Neurovascular coupling"
983:The Cerebral Circulation
946:10.1177/0271678X15617954
891:10.3389/fnene.2010.00016
145:antigen-presenting cells
139:. Also, resident in the
2696:Frontiers in Physiology
2510:Trends in Neurosciences
501:cerebrovascular disease
481:neurofibrillary tangles
330:Fluorescence microscopy
124:processes surround the
2335:(Suppl 3): S115–S123.
2105:Experimental Neurology
1791:10.1038/sj.neo.7900071
1727:Neuropsychology Review
1050:Molecular Neurobiology
786:Brain Research Reviews
277:adenosine triphosphate
271:Neurovascular coupling
152:
98:central nervous system
1915:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.25
1515:10.1101/pdb.top071795
1509:(10): pdb.top071795.
1406:Neuroscience Bulletin
417:Neurovascular failure
412:Clinical significance
316:Further information:
202:Anatomical components
197:Haemodynamic response
195:Further information:
119:
90:haemodynamic response
2249:10.3390/ijms22042022
517:trinucleotide repeat
513:Huntington's disease
508:Huntington's disease
337:Fluorescence imaging
185:Huntington's disease
2759:2022Natur.603..893G
2649:Annals of Neurology
2602:Annals of Neurology
2199:"Alzheimer Disease"
1308:2016NatSR...619107S
1161:2008SchpJ...3.5340P
977:Cipolla MJ (2009).
473:Alzheimer's disease
468:Alzheimer's disease
426:), clot formation (
360:Electron microscopy
355:Electron microscopy
257:blood–brain barrier
251:Blood–brain barrier
216:smooth muscle cells
111:cerebral blood flow
78:smooth muscle cells
30:cerebral blood flow
1472:20.500.12008/26846
1296:Scientific Reports
872:Filosa JA (2010).
701:10.1111/apha.12250
493:amyloid angiopathy
169:arterial occlusion
153:
141:perivascular space
18:neurovascular unit
2753:(7903): 893–899.
2661:10.1002/ana.24406
2614:10.1002/ana.24428
2479:10.1136/bmj.c3109
1829:. Brain imaging.
1609:(12): 2959–2964.
1463:10.1111/jnc.15193
1412:(10): 1182–1190.
1316:10.1038/srep19107
1253:(41): 8940–8949.
1204:(26): 6997–7006.
1056:(11): 4373–4393.
1008:(26): 6997–7006.
831:(26): 6997–7006.
743:(41): 8940–8949.
688:Acta Physiologica
129:basement membrane
2812:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2563:(2): 1043–1051.
2548:
2542:
2541:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1957:BMC Neuroscience
1948:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1909:(7): 1207–1221.
1894:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1457:(4): 1377–1391.
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1369:(6): 1063–1070.
1360:
1352:"Prostaglandin D
1347:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1025:
993:
987:
986:
974:
968:
967:
957:
925:
914:
913:
903:
893:
869:
863:
862:
848:
816:
810:
809:
792:(1–2): 138–148.
781:
775:
774:
760:
728:
722:
721:
703:
679:
666:
665:
655:
645:
621:
612:
611:
601:
569:
434:), and rupture (
261:microvasculature
106:vasoconstriction
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2739:
2735:
2688:
2684:
2641:
2637:
2598:
2594:
2549:
2545:
2506:
2502:
2463:
2459:
2414:
2410:
2363:
2356:
2325:
2321:
2284:
2275:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2195:
2191:
2144:
2140:
2101:
2094:
2071:10.1038/nrn1387
2055:
2048:
2003:
1996:
1949:
1940:
1895:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1823:
1816:
1771:
1764:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1644:
1640:
1595:
1591:
1544:
1540:
1495:
1488:
1447:
1443:
1398:
1394:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1288:
1284:
1239:
1235:
1190:
1186:
1141:
1137:
1092:
1085:
1046:
1039:
994:
990:
975:
971:
926:
917:
870:
866:
817:
813:
782:
778:
729:
725:
680:
669:
622:
615:
570:
543:
538:
521:Huntingtin gene
510:
489:amyloid plaques
470:
457:pathophysiology
452:
419:
414:
403:
376:
357:
332:
320:
314:
273:
253:
241:myogenic effect
204:
199:
193:
135:, creating the
68:, vasculature (
12:
11:
5:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2791:
2790:
2733:
2682:
2655:(2): 160–177.
2635:
2608:(2): 178–192.
2592:
2543:
2516:(6): 239–245.
2500:
2457:
2408:
2354:
2319:
2298:(2): 112–120.
2273:
2222:
2189:
2158:(5): 878–886.
2138:
2092:
2065:(5): 347–360.
2046:
2017:(5): 887–900.
1994:
1938:
1880:
1852:
1814:
1762:
1733:(3): 250–271.
1713:
1689:
1638:
1589:
1538:
1486:
1441:
1392:
1353:
1342:
1282:
1233:
1184:
1135:
1106:(1): a020412.
1083:
1037:
988:
969:
940:(4): 647–664.
915:
864:
811:
776:
723:
694:(4): 790–798.
667:
613:
540:
539:
537:
534:
509:
506:
469:
466:
451:
448:
430:), narrowing (
418:
415:
413:
410:
402:
399:
383:functional MRI
375:
372:
356:
353:
345:photobleaching
331:
328:
313:
310:
272:
269:
252:
249:
203:
200:
192:
189:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1869:
1868:Penn Medicine
1865:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:(1–2): 9–25.
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
984:
980:
973:
965:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
922:
920:
911:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
861:
856:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
773:
768:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
676:
674:
672:
663:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
618:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
541:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
465:
463:
458:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
409:
407:
398:
396:
392:
391:Diffusion MRI
388:
384:
380:
371:
369:
365:
361:
352:
350:
349:phototoxicity
346:
342:
338:
335:specificity.
327:
325:
319:
309:
307:
306:
301:
300:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
268:
266:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
198:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:heart failure
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:glia limitans
134:
130:
127:
123:
118:
114:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:and vascular
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
51:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2428:(1): 91–98.
2425:
2421:
2411:
2374:
2370:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2295:
2291:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2214:. Retrieved
2202:
2192:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2108:
2104:
2062:
2058:
2014:
2010:
1960:
1956:
1906:
1902:
1872:. Retrieved
1867:
1830:
1827:Neuroscience
1826:
1782:
1778:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1506:
1502:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1386:
1366:
1362:
1345:
1337:
1302:(1): 19107.
1299:
1295:
1285:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1152:
1149:Scholarpedia
1148:
1138:
1103:
1099:
1053:
1049:
1005:
1001:
991:
982:
972:
937:
933:
881:
877:
867:
858:
828:
824:
814:
789:
785:
779:
770:
740:
736:
726:
691:
687:
633:
629:
584:(1): 17–42.
581:
577:
529:pathogenesis
511:
471:
453:
420:
404:
394:
377:
358:
341:fluorophores
333:
324:neuroimaging
321:
318:Neuroimaging
303:
297:
292:
288:
285:hypertension
274:
254:
205:
157:Neuroimaging
154:
102:vasodilation
92:of cerebral
63:
54:
52:
47:
21:
17:
15:
2242:(4): 2022.
1833:: 134–144.
1155:(3): 5340.
519:within the
281:angiotensin
265:mural cells
208:endothelium
181:Alzheimer's
149:macrophages
74:mural cells
70:endothelial
2702:: 663898.
2557:NeuroImage
2377:: 721937.
2292:Neurologia
2216:2023-06-19
2203:StatPearls
1874:2023-06-19
1707:2023-06-19
1558:: 629503.
636:: 702832.
536:References
462:phenotypes
436:hemorrhage
428:thrombosis
236:arterioles
224:astrocytes
179:including
94:hyperaemia
66:astrocytes
35:metabolism
2805:Neurology
2473:: c3109.
2111:: 20–30.
1963:(1): 62.
1779:Neoplasia
1179:1941-6016
1078:220843844
485:amyloid β
228:microglia
212:pericytes
165:PET scans
133:pericytes
126:capillary
122:astrocyte
86:microglia
82:pericytes
2799:Category
2785:35158371
2728:34366879
2677:15993646
2669:25866151
2630:30714012
2622:25914140
2587:21945790
2538:25754639
2530:10838590
2495:16061768
2487:20591965
2452:27069383
2403:34393765
2349:10609690
2314:26385017
2268:33670754
2211:29763097
2184:26769363
2175:11062590
2125:24036415
2087:36555564
2079:15100718
2041:26705676
1989:30333009
1933:22395208
1847:34126186
1809:10933065
1757:26255305
1684:30483066
1633:18353998
1584:33681208
1533:25275114
1481:32974913
1436:32797396
1383:36847485
1334:26755200
1277:15483113
1228:16807329
1130:25561720
1070:32725516
1032:16807329
964:26661243
910:20802803
855:16807329
806:19948187
767:15483113
718:25274791
710:24629161
662:34327206
608:28957666
477:dementia
432:stenosis
424:embolism
191:Function
37:–mainly
2776:9680899
2755:Bibcode
2719:8334185
2578:3787075
2443:4826775
2394:8355558
2259:7922832
2133:9613243
2032:4821735
1980:6192291
1924:3390807
1800:1531864
1748:4807614
1675:6240581
1624:6670719
1575:7930431
1524:4711767
1427:7532237
1325:4709579
1304:Bibcode
1268:6730057
1219:6673912
1157:Bibcode
1121:4292164
1023:6673912
955:4821024
901:2928708
846:6673912
758:6730057
653:8313501
599:5657612
497:hypoxia
440:hypoxia
395:in vivo
312:Imaging
305:ex vivo
299:in vivo
293:ex vivo
289:in vivo
232:neurons
230:), and
151:(BAMs).
84:), and
57:of the
43:Neurons
39:glucose
2783:
2773:
2747:Nature
2726:
2716:
2675:
2667:
2628:
2620:
2585:
2575:
2536:
2528:
2493:
2485:
2450:
2440:
2401:
2391:
2347:
2312:
2266:
2256:
2209:
2182:
2172:
2131:
2123:
2085:
2077:
2039:
2029:
1987:
1977:
1931:
1921:
1845:
1807:
1797:
1755:
1745:
1682:
1672:
1658:: 98.
1631:
1621:
1582:
1572:
1531:
1521:
1479:
1434:
1424:
1381:
1332:
1322:
1275:
1265:
1226:
1216:
1177:
1128:
1118:
1076:
1068:
1030:
1020:
962:
952:
908:
898:
853:
843:
804:
765:
755:
716:
708:
660:
650:
606:
596:
578:Neuron
525:chorea
347:, and
214:, and
48:ad hoc
2673:S2CID
2626:S2CID
2534:S2CID
2491:S2CID
2129:S2CID
2083:S2CID
1359:(PDF)
1074:S2CID
860:flow.
714:S2CID
26:brain
2781:PMID
2724:PMID
2665:PMID
2618:PMID
2583:PMID
2526:PMID
2483:PMID
2448:PMID
2399:PMID
2345:PMID
2310:PMID
2264:PMID
2207:PMID
2180:PMID
2156:1862
2121:PMID
2075:PMID
2037:PMID
2015:1862
1985:PMID
1929:PMID
1843:PMID
1805:PMID
1753:PMID
1680:PMID
1629:PMID
1580:PMID
1529:PMID
1507:2014
1477:PMID
1432:PMID
1379:PMID
1330:PMID
1273:PMID
1224:PMID
1175:ISSN
1126:PMID
1066:PMID
1028:PMID
960:PMID
906:PMID
851:PMID
802:PMID
763:PMID
706:PMID
658:PMID
604:PMID
226:and
220:glia
183:and
163:and
161:fMRI
143:are
131:and
104:and
80:and
16:The
2771:PMC
2763:doi
2751:603
2714:PMC
2704:doi
2657:doi
2610:doi
2573:PMC
2565:doi
2518:doi
2475:doi
2471:340
2467:BMJ
2438:PMC
2430:doi
2389:PMC
2379:doi
2337:doi
2300:doi
2254:PMC
2244:doi
2170:PMC
2160:doi
2113:doi
2109:250
2067:doi
2027:PMC
2019:doi
1975:PMC
1965:doi
1919:PMC
1911:doi
1835:doi
1831:474
1795:PMC
1787:doi
1743:PMC
1735:doi
1670:PMC
1660:doi
1619:PMC
1611:doi
1570:PMC
1560:doi
1519:PMC
1511:doi
1467:hdl
1459:doi
1455:157
1422:PMC
1414:doi
1371:doi
1320:PMC
1312:doi
1263:PMC
1255:doi
1214:PMC
1206:doi
1165:doi
1116:PMC
1108:doi
1058:doi
1018:PMC
1010:doi
950:PMC
942:doi
896:PMC
886:doi
841:PMC
833:doi
794:doi
753:PMC
745:doi
696:doi
692:210
648:PMC
638:doi
594:PMC
586:doi
218:),
171:or
22:NVU
2801::
2779:.
2769:.
2761:.
2749:.
2745:.
2722:.
2712:.
2700:12
2698:.
2694:.
2671:.
2663:.
2653:78
2651:.
2647:.
2624:.
2616:.
2606:78
2604:.
2581:.
2571:.
2561:59
2559:.
2555:.
2532:.
2524:.
2514:23
2512:.
2489:.
2481:.
2469:.
2446:.
2436:.
2426:18
2424:.
2420:.
2397:.
2387:.
2375:13
2373:.
2369:.
2357:^
2343:.
2333:13
2331:.
2308:.
2296:33
2294:.
2290:.
2276:^
2262:.
2252:.
2240:22
2238:.
2234:.
2201:.
2178:.
2168:.
2154:.
2150:.
2127:.
2119:.
2107:.
2095:^
2081:.
2073:.
2061:.
2049:^
2035:.
2025:.
2009:.
1997:^
1983:.
1973:.
1961:19
1959:.
1955:.
1941:^
1927:.
1917:.
1907:32
1905:.
1901:.
1883:^
1866:.
1855:^
1841:.
1817:^
1803:.
1793:.
1781:.
1777:.
1765:^
1751:.
1741:.
1731:25
1729:.
1725:.
1700:.
1678:.
1668:.
1656:12
1654:.
1650:.
1627:.
1617:.
1607:28
1605:.
1601:.
1578:.
1568:.
1554:.
1550:.
1527:.
1517:.
1505:.
1501:.
1489:^
1475:.
1465:.
1453:.
1430:.
1420:.
1410:36
1408:.
1404:.
1385:.
1377:.
1367:14
1365:.
1361:.
1336:.
1328:.
1318:.
1310:.
1298:.
1294:.
1271:.
1261:.
1251:24
1249:.
1245:.
1222:.
1212:.
1202:26
1200:.
1196:.
1173:.
1163:.
1151:.
1147:.
1124:.
1114:.
1102:.
1098:.
1086:^
1072:.
1064:.
1054:57
1052:.
1040:^
1026:.
1016:.
1006:26
1004:.
1000:.
981:.
958:.
948:.
938:36
936:.
932:.
918:^
904:.
894:.
884:.
880:.
876:.
857:.
849:.
839:.
829:26
827:.
823:.
800:.
790:63
788:.
769:.
761:.
751:.
741:24
739:.
735:.
712:.
704:.
690:.
686:.
670:^
656:.
646:.
632:.
628:.
616:^
602:.
592:.
582:96
580:.
576:.
544:^
210:,
187:.
2787:.
2765::
2757::
2730:.
2706::
2679:.
2659::
2632:.
2612::
2589:.
2567::
2540:.
2520::
2497:.
2477::
2454:.
2432::
2405:.
2381::
2351:.
2339::
2316:.
2302::
2270:.
2246::
2219:.
2186:.
2162::
2135:.
2115::
2089:.
2069::
2063:5
2043:.
2021::
1991:.
1967::
1935:.
1913::
1877:.
1849:.
1837::
1811:.
1789::
1783:2
1759:.
1737::
1710:.
1686:.
1662::
1635:.
1613::
1586:.
1562::
1556:9
1535:.
1513::
1483:.
1469::
1461::
1438:.
1416::
1373::
1354:2
1314::
1306::
1300:6
1279:.
1257::
1230:.
1208::
1181:.
1167::
1159::
1153:3
1132:.
1110::
1104:7
1080:.
1060::
1034:.
1012::
966:.
944::
912:.
888::
882:2
835::
808:.
796::
747::
720:.
698::
664:.
640::
634:9
610:.
588::
222:(
20:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
