Grammatical gender

744: 4109: 4547:

Feminine nouns include female animates, three types of fish, some plants, the sun and other heavenly objects, some body parts and skin diseases, the soul, and some religious items. Words for part of a whole, as well as most other nouns that do not fall into any of the aforementioned classes, are neuter. The gender assignment of non-sex-differentiable things is complex. In general, those of no importance to the Kets are feminine, whereas objects of importance (e.g. fish, wood) are masculine. Mythology is again a significant factor.

3278: 3306: 3318: 5145:(bucket) and so forth. Many of the words where it is possible to choose gender are inanimate objects that one might suspect would be conjugated with the neuter gender. Nouns conjugated with the neuter gender cannot normally be conjugated as feminine or masculine in Norwegian. There is also a slight tendency towards using the masculine indefinite article even when choosing the feminine conjugation of a noun in many eastern Norwegian dialects. For instance, the word for "girl" is declined: 2699: 51: 915:) is masculine. Hence, if a neuter relative pronoun is used, the relative clause refers to "flowerbed", and if a masculine pronoun is used, the relative clause refers to "garden". Because of this, languages with gender distinction can often use pronouns where in English a noun would have to be repeated in order to avoid confusion. It does not, however, help in cases where the words are of the same grammatical gender. 5299: 1267:

by women, natural, round, or light" and male gender to objects "used by men, artificial, angular, or heavy." Apparent failures to reproduce the effect for German speakers has also led to a proposal that the effect is restricted to languages with a two-gender system, possibly because such languages are inclined towards a greater correspondence between grammatical and natural gender.

1402:

be used for long thin objects, another for flat objects, another for people, another for abstracts, etc.), although sometimes a noun is associated with a particular classifier more by convention than for any obvious reason. However it is also possible for a given noun to be usable with any of several classifiers; for example, the

4163:: Brunhild, Kriemhild and Hroswith became Brunhilde, Kriemhilde and Hroswitha. Slavic feminine given names: Olga (Russian), Małgorzata (Polish), Tetiana (Ukrainian), Oksana (Belarusian), Eliška (Czech), Bronislava (Slovak), Milica (Serbian), Darina (Bulgarian), Lucja (Croatian), Lamija (Bosnian) and Zala (Slovenian). 1192:. This makes some obviously feminine noun phrases like "a cute girl", "the well milking cow" or "the pregnant mares" sound strange to most Norwegian ears when spoken by Danes and people from Bergen since they are inflected in a way that sounds like the masculine declensions in South-Eastern Norwegian dialects. 1401:

Classifiers can be considered similar to genders or noun classes, in that a language which uses classifiers normally has a number of different ones, used with different sets of nouns. These sets depend largely on properties of the things that the nouns denote (for example, a particular classifier may

1262:

It has been shown that grammatical gender causes a number of cognitive effects. For example, when native speakers of gendered languages are asked to imagine an inanimate object speaking, whether its voice is male or female tends to correspond to the grammatical gender of the object in their language.

1020:

This is similar to systems with a masculine–feminine contrast, except that there is a third available gender, so nouns with sexless or unspecified-sex referents may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. There are also certain exceptional nouns whose gender does not follow the denoted sex, such as

6646:

Polish might be said to distinguish five genders: personal masculine (referring to male humans), animate non-personal masculine, inanimate masculine, feminine, and neuter. The animate–inanimate opposition for the masculine gender applies in the singular, and the personal–impersonal opposition, which

4960:

It is possible for a noun to have more than one gender. Such gender shifts are sometimes correlated with meaning shifts, and sometimes yield doublets with no difference in meaning. Moreover, gender shifts sometimes crosscuts number contrasts, such that the singular form of a noun has one gender, and

987:

Nouns that denote specifically male persons (or animals) are normally of masculine gender; those that denote specifically female persons (or animals) are normally of feminine gender; and nouns that denote something that does not have any sex, or do not specify the sex of their referent, have come to

6630:

In Russian, the different treatment of animate nouns involves their accusative case (and that of adjectives qualifying them) being formed identically to the genitive rather than to the nominative. In the singular that applies to masculine nouns only, but in the plural it applies in all genders. See

5370:

Related languages need not assign the same gender to a noun: this shows that gender can vary across related languages. Conversely, unrelated languages that are in contact can impact how a borrowed noun is assigned gender, with either the borrowing or the donor language determining the gender of the

1713:

match those of related words. Gender is one of the categories which frequently require agreement. In this case, nouns may be considered the "triggers" of the process, because they have an inherent gender, whereas related words that change their form to match the gender of the noun can be considered

1266:

Caveats of this research include the possibility of subjects' "using grammatical gender as a strategy for performing the task", and the fact that even for inanimate objects the gender of nouns is not always random. For example, in Spanish, female gender is often attributed to objects that are "used

3379:

In many languages, nouns are assigned to gender largely without any semantic basis—that is, not based on any feature (such as animacy or sex) of the person or thing that a noun represents. In such languages there may be a correlation, to a greater or lesser degree, between gender and the form of a

802:

division is only partially valid, and many nouns may belong to a gender category that contrasts with their meaning, e.g. the word for "manliness" could be of feminine gender, as it is in French with "la masculinité" and "la virilité". In such a case, the gender assignment can also be influenced by

778:

In a few languages, the assignment of any particular noun (i.e., nominal lexeme, that set of noun forms inflectable from a common lemma) to one grammatical gender is solely determined by that noun's meaning, or attributes, like biological sex, humanness, or animacy. However, the existence of words

6651:

In the singular, masculine animates (in the standard declension) have an accusative form identical to the genitive, and masculine inanimates have accusative identical to the nominative. The same applies to adjectives qualifying these nouns, the same as in Russian and Czech. Also, Polish masculine

6638:

A similar system applies in Czech, but the situation is somewhat different in the plural: Only masculine nouns are affected, and the distinctive feature is a distinct inflective ending for masculine animate nouns in the nominative plural and for adjectives and verbs agreeing with those nouns. See

6416:

However, these are relatively insignificant features compared with a typical language with full grammatical gender. English nouns are not generally considered to belong to gender classes in the way that French, German or Russian nouns are. There is no gender agreement in English between nouns and

4546:

has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and most gender assignment is based on semantics, but there are many inanimate nouns outside the neuter class. Masculine nouns include male animates, most fish, trees, the moon, large wooden objects, most living beings and some religious items.

4539:

has four genders: male human, female human, animal, and inanimate. However, there are about 80 nouns representing inanimate entities which are nonetheless animate in gender: heavenly objects (moon, rainbow), metal objects (hammer, ring), edible plants (sweet potato, pea), and non-metallic objects

3261:("animal, one head of cattle") are neuter, but most species names are masculine or feminine. When the sex of an animal is known, it will normally be referred to using gendered pronouns consistent with its sex; otherwise the pronouns will correspond to the gender of the noun denoting its species. 2974:

When a noun with conflicting natural and grammatical gender is the antecedent of a pronoun, it may not be clear which gender of pronoun to choose. There is a certain tendency to keep the grammatical gender when a close back-reference is made, but to switch to natural gender when the reference is

5379:

Nouns which have the same meanings in different languages need not have the same gender. This is particularly so in the case of things with no natural gender, such as sexless objects. For example, there is, by all appearances, nothing about a table that should cause it to be associated with any

4091:

Although gender inflection may be used to construct nouns and names for people of different sexes in languages that have grammatical gender, this alone does not constitute grammatical gender. Distinct words and names for men and women are also common in languages which do not have a grammatical

5098:

In Norwegian, many nouns can be either feminine or masculine according to the dialect, level of formality or whim of the speaker/writer. Even the two written forms of the language have many nouns whose gender is optional. Choosing the masculine gender will often seem more formal than using the

4912:) that they are no longer recognizable. Many German nouns, for example, do not indicate their gender through either meaning or form. In such cases a noun's gender must simply be memorized, and gender can be regarded as an integral part of each noun when considered as an entry in the speaker's 1093:

things (humans and animals) generally belong to one gender, and those that denote inanimate things to another (although there may be some deviation from that principle). Examples include earlier forms of Proto-Indo-European and the earliest family known to have split off from it, the extinct

4531:

In some languages, the gender of nouns can mostly be determined by physical (semantic) attributes, although there remain some nouns whose gender is not assigned in this way (Corbett calls this "semantic residue"). The world view (e.g. mythology) of the speakers may influence the division of

4553:

has two genders, masculine and feminine. However, the masculine also includes things which are tall or long and slender, or narrow (e.g. fish, snakes, arrows and slender trees), whereas the feminine gender has things which are short, squat or wide (e.g. turtles, houses, shields and squat

3229:

As regards the pronouns used to refer to animals, these generally agree in gender with the nouns denoting those animals, rather than the animals' sex (natural gender). In a language like English, which does not assign grammatical gender to nouns, the pronoun used for referring to objects

1207:

and most spoken dialects retain masculine, feminine and neuter even if their Scandinavian neighbors have lost one of the genders. As shown, the merger of masculine and feminine in these languages and dialects can be considered a reversal of the original split in Proto-Indo-European (see

1768:, a language with two gender categories: "natural" vs "grammatical". "Natural" gender can be masculine or feminine, while "grammatical" gender can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. This third, or "neuter" gender is reserved for abstract concepts derived from adjectives: such as 6738:). Such endings also appear on adjectives and past tense verbs. The two features are analogous to features of Russian and Czech respectively, except that those languages make an animate/inanimate distinction rather than personal/impersonal) . Examples of the Polish system: 1325:, such as sex, animacy, shape, although in some instances a noun can be placed in a particular class based purely on its grammatical behavior. Some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", but others use different definitions for each. 2555:

When a language has gendered pronouns, the use of a particular word as a dummy pronoun may involve the selection of a particular gender, even though there is no noun to agree with. In languages with a neuter gender, a neuter pronoun is usually used, as in German

6433:, a spelling convention borrowed from French). Gender agreement applies in effect only to pronouns, with the choice of pronoun determined through semantics and/or pragmatics rather than on any conventional assignment of particular nouns to particular genders. 5107:

in the late 19th century, Norwegians wrote in Danish, which has lost the feminine gender, thus usage of the masculine gender (corresponding exactly to Danish common gender in conjugation in Norwegian Bokmål) is more formal sounding to modern Norwegians.

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Ibrahim identifies several processes by which a language assigns a gender to a newly borrowed word; these processes follow patterns by which even children, through their subconscious recognition of patterns, can often correctly predict a noun's gender.

782:

In other languages, the division into genders usually correlates to some degree, at least for a certain set of nouns, such as those denoting humans, with some property or properties of the things that particular nouns denote. Such properties include

1780:("that which is good/bad"). Natural gender refers to the biological sex of most animals and people, while grammatical gender refers to certain phonetic characteristics (the sounds at the end, or beginning) of a noun. Among other lexical items, the 6147:. According to the theory, the animate gender, which (unlike the inanimate) had independent vocative and accusative forms, later split into masculine and feminine, thus originating the three-way classification into masculine, feminine and neuter. 4781:

That the masculine is seen in Icelandic as the most generic or 'unmarked' of the three genders can also be seen in the fact that the nouns for most professions are masculine. Even feminine job descriptions historically filled by women, like

5762:

argues that the cross-lingual retention of grammatical gender can change not only the lexis of the target language but also its morphology. For example, gender can indirectly influence the productivity of noun-patterns in what he calls the

4628:, the neuter is often used for indeterminate gender reference, particularly when the things referred to are not people. In some cases this may even apply when referring to people, particularly children. For example, in English, one may use 2329:

are used depending on whether the referent is male, female, or inanimate or non-human; this is in spite of the fact that English does not generally have grammatical gender). A parallel example is provided by the object suffixes of verbs in

697:

system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the

3049:(deprecative "creature") is feminine but can be used to refer to both man (masculine gender), woman (feminine gender), child (neuter gender) or even animate nouns (e.g. a dog being masculine). Similarly with other deprecatory nouns as 3093:

In the case of languages which have masculine and feminine genders, the relation between biological sex and grammatical gender tends to be less exact in the case of animals than in the case of people. In Spanish, for instance, a

2611:, where the referent is generally unknown. In this case the question is usually not which pronoun to use, but which gender to assign a given pronoun to (for such purposes as adjective agreement). For example, the French pronouns 4895:

is an example of such a language, with a division (in the plural) between masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine, and neuter. The rules for gender and number of coordinated phrases in that language are summarized at

872:. Gender class may be marked on the noun itself, but will also always be marked on other constituents in a noun phrase or sentence. If the noun is explicitly marked, both trigger and target may feature similar alternations. 4700:

However, when referring to previously unmentioned groups of people or when referring to people in a generic way, especially when using an indefinite pronoun like 'some' or 'all', the masculine plural is used. For example:

894:

In literature, gender can be used to "animate and personify inanimate nouns". Languages with gender distinction generally have fewer cases of ambiguity concerning, for example, pronominal reference. In the English phrase

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asks people to describe a noun, and attempts to measure whether it takes on gender-specific connotations depending on the speaker's native language. For example, one study found that German speakers describing a bridge

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In languages with masculine and feminine gender, the masculine is usually employed by default to refer to persons of unknown gender and to groups of people of mixed gender. Thus, in French the feminine plural pronoun

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classes animals along with inanimate objects, applies in the plural. (A few nouns denoting inanimate things are treated grammatically as animate and vice versa.) The manifestations of the differences are as follows:

1761:. Gender class may be marked on the noun itself, but can also be marked on other constituents in a noun phrase or sentence. If the noun is explicitly marked, both trigger and target may feature similar alternations. 713:

Whereas some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", others use different definitions for each. Many authors prefer "noun classes" when none of the inflections in a language relate to

2660:

of a noun, pronoun or noun phrase is a gender to which it would be expected to belong based on relevant attributes of its referent. Although grammatical gender can coincide with natural gender, it does not need to.

6823:, nouns are classified primarily on the basis of their semantic properties. The highest-level classification of nouns is often described as being between "rational" and "nonrational". Nouns representing humans and 4975:

in Spanish, which may be either masculine or feminine, depending on whether it refers to a male or a female. It may also correspond to some other difference in the meaning of the word. For example, the German word

5949:

Grammatical gender is a common phenomenon in the world's languages. A typological survey of 174 languages revealed that over one fourth of them had grammatical gender. Gender systems rarely overlap with numerical

3313:, countries can have masculine (blue), feminine (red) or neuter (yellow) names. Countries with plural non-masculine names are green. There are no country names in Polish with plural masculine personal gender. 2527:

The two sentences above mean literally "much obliged"; the adjective agrees with the natural gender of the speaker, that is, with the gender of the first person pronoun which does not appear explicitly here.

4557:

In French, the distinction between the gender of a noun and the gender of the object it refers to is clear when nouns of different genders can be used for the same object, for example vélo (m.) = bicyclette

903:) refers to the whole garden or just the flowerbed. In German, in cases where the objects in question have different grammatical gender, gender distinction prevents such ambiguity. The word for "flowerbed" ( 4476:

In some languages, the gender of a noun is directly determined by its physical attributes (sex, animacy, etc.), and there are few or no exceptions to this rule. There are relatively few such languages. The

4140:"water") and this was reflected in feminine names originating in that period, like Emilia. Romance languages preserved this characteristic. For example, in Spanish, approximately 89% of nouns that end in 1434:

Grammatical gender can be realized as inflection and can be conditioned by other types of inflection, especially number inflection, where the singular-plural contrast can interact with gender inflection.

5734:

Rarely, the word retains the gender it had in the donor language. This tends to happen more frequently in more formal language such as scientific terms, where some knowledge of the donor language can be

6384:(neuter gender, mainly for objects, abstractions and animals). (There are also distinct personal and non-personal forms but no differentiation by natural gender in the case of certain interrogative and 1481:

affected by gender agreement, the circumstances in which it occurs, and the way words are marked for gender vary between languages. Gender inflection may interact with other grammatical categories like

6585:

mostly continue the Proto-Indo-European system of three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Gender correlates largely with noun endings (masculine nouns typically end in a consonant, feminines in

3345:: masculine/feminine/neuter. Standard Dutch has a three-gender structure, which fell in disuse in the North of the Netherlands but remains very much alive in Flanders and the South of the Netherlands. 4639:(which preserves a masculine–feminine–neuter distinction in both singular and plural), the neuter plural can be used for groups of people of mixed gender, when specific people are meant. For example: 1277: 2302:). Sometimes, however, there is no antecedent—the referent of the pronoun is deduced indirectly from the context: this is found with personal pronouns, as well as with indefinite and dummy pronouns. 923:

to merge, thereby making etymologically distinct words sound alike. In languages with gender distinction, however, these word pairs may still be distinguishable by their gender. For example, French

6827:

are considered rational, and other nouns (those representing animals and objects) are treated as nonrational. Within the rational class there are further subdivisions into masculine, feminine and

4119:

Given names are proper nouns and they follow the same gender grammatical rules as common nouns. In most Indo-European languages female grammatical gender is created using an "a" or an "e" ending.

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such as Italian and French, generally follow the gender of the Latin words from which they are derived. When nouns deviate from the rules for gender, there is usually an etymological explanation:

4171:

In some languages, nouns with human references have two forms, a male and a female one. This includes not only proper names, but also names for occupations and nationalities. Examples include:

6726:

In the plural, masculine personal nouns (but not other animate nouns) take accusatives that are identical to the genitives; they also typically take different endings in the nominative (e.g.

4511:, has three genders: one for all male humans, one for all female humans, and a third for all the remaining nouns. Gender is only marked in personal pronouns. Standard English pronouns (see 1562:, where the first consonant of a word changes into another in certain conditions. Gender is one of the factors that can cause one form of mutation (soft mutation). For instance, the word 3022:), it is common in speech. With one or more intervening sentences, the second form becomes even more likely. However, a switch to the natural gender is never possible with articles and 1165:), though not in pronouns that can operate under natural gender. Thus nouns denoting people are usually of common gender, whereas other nouns may be of either gender. Examples include 1302:), used 'big', 'dangerous', 'strong', and 'sturdy' more often. However, studies of this kind have been criticized on various grounds and yield an unclear pattern of results overall. 1161:

Here a masculine–feminine–neuter system previously existed, but the distinction between masculine and feminine genders has been lost in nouns (they have merged into what is called

5425:

nouns in closely related languages are likely to have the same gender, because they tend to inherit the gender of the original word in the parent language. For instance, in the

5710:, morphemic adaptations of English words into American Italian or British Italian are abundant with such cases. For example, the feminine gender of the British Italian word 4602:

does not have gendered forms. In the singular, however, the issue frequently arises when a person of unspecified or unknown gender is being referred to. In this case it the

1796:(feminine). Thus, in "natural gender", nouns referring to sexed beings who are male beings carry the masculine article, and female beings the feminine article (agreement). 4523:) are used for domestic animals if the sex of the animal is known, and sometimes for certain objects such as ships, e.g. "What happened to the Titanic? She (or it) sank." 1443:

The grammatical gender of a noun manifests itself in two principal ways: in the modifications that the noun itself undergoes, and in modifications of other related words (

775:

Depending on the language and the word, this assignment might bear some relationship with the meaning of the noun (e.g. "woman" is usually feminine), or may be arbitrary.

2576:

neuter gender.) In languages with only masculine and feminine genders, the dummy pronoun may be the masculine third person singular, as in the French for "it's raining":

2464:

In some cases the gender of a pronoun is not marked in the form of the pronoun itself, but is marked on other words by way of agreement. Thus the French word for "I" is

1188:

also uses common gender and neuter exclusively. The common gender in Bergen and in Danish is inflected with the same articles and suffixes as the masculine gender in

1521:

has a number of different declension patterns, and which pattern a particular noun follows may be highly correlated with its gender. For some instances of this, see

4598:

In English, the problem of gender determination does not arise in the plural, because gender in that language is reflected only in pronouns, and the plural pronoun

4591:

may refer to a group of males or masculine nouns, to a mixed group, or to a group of people of unknown genders. In such cases, one says that the feminine gender is

8471:

Di Garbo F, Olsson B, Wälchli B (eds.). 2019. Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity I: General issues and specific studies. Berlin: Language Science Press.

2470:, regardless of who is speaking; but this word becomes feminine or masculine depending on the sex of the speaker, as may be reflected through adjective agreement: 5502:

Some more examples of the above phenomena are given below. (These come mostly from the Slavic languages, where gender largely correlates with the noun ending.)

8493:

Di Garbo F, Olsson B, Wälchli B (eds.). 2019. Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity II: World-wide comparative studies. Berlin: Language Science Press.

6893: 2771: 6143:, the earliest attested Indo-European language. The classification of nouns based on animacy and inanimacy and the lack of gender are today characteristic of 2743: 2450:. Issues may arise in languages with gender-specific pronouns in cases when the gender of the referent is unknown or not specified; this is discussed under 6550:

above). In the past and to some degree still in the present, the masculine has been used as the "default" gender in English. The use of the plural pronoun

5177:("organ" as musical instrument), all of which are masculine in the singular but feminine in the plural. These anomalies may have a historical explanation ( 4730:

An example contrasting the two ways to refer to groups is the following, taken from advertisements of Christian congregations announcing their meetings:

3234:) is often used for animals also. However, if the sex of the animal is known, and particularly in the case of companion animals, the gendered pronouns ( 2750: 4567:

There are certain situations where the assignment of gender to a noun, pronoun or noun phrase may not be straightforward. This includes in particular:

2975:

further away. For example, in German, the sentences "The girl has come home from school. She is now doing her homework" can be translated in two ways:

1232:, for example, within the masculine and sometimes feminine and neuter genders, there is a further division between animate and inanimate nouns—and in 5345: 2146:, these languages neutralize the gender opposition in the plural, itself a marked category. So adjectives and pronouns have three forms in singular ( 5944: 2383:

Not all languages have gendered pronouns. In languages that never had grammatical gender, there is normally just one word for "he" and "she", like

960: 759:

change their form depending on the noun to which they refer. Spanish nouns have two genders: masculine and feminine, represented here by the nouns

672: 4468:

In some languages, gender is determined by strictly semantic criteria, but in other languages, semantic criteria only partially determine gender.

3371:

In most languages that have grammatical gender, a combination of these three types of criteria is found, although one type may be more prevalent.

2757: 7063:

suggests a neuter noun, but there is no way to cross-check it and there are indeed a few masculine nouns using the same ending in their plural (

6495:

comes down to whether the pronoun is intended to designate a woman, a man, or someone or something else. There are certain exceptions, however:

2264:, allow doubly marked forms both for number and gender. In these languages, each noun has a definite gender no matter the number. For example, 1386:, where it is common for all nouns to require a classifier when being quantified—for example, the equivalent of "three people" is often "three 1374:

to be applied to the noun. They are not regularly used in English or other European languages, although they parallel the use of words such as

988:

belong to one or other of the genders, in a way that may appear arbitrary. Examples of languages with such a system include most of the modern

6472:(of French provenance), but this is seldom used today, surviving mostly in either historical contexts or with disparaging or humorous intent. 6475:

The gender of an English pronoun typically coincides with the natural gender of its referent, rather than with the grammatical gender of its

5263:

of their final consonant can change gender in their plural form, as a palatalized final consonant is often a marker of a feminine noun, e.g.

2739: 7329: 1292:) more often used the words 'beautiful', 'elegant', 'pretty', and 'slender', while Spanish speakers, whose word for bridge is masculine ( 6339:, Modern English has a much less pervasive gender system, primarily based on natural gender and reflected essentially in pronouns only. 4887:

In languages which preserve a three-way gender division in the plural, the rules for determining the gender (and sometimes number) of a

5401:. (Even within a given language, nouns that denote the same concept may differ in gender—for example, of three German words for "car", 6558:

may be used for a baby but not normally for an older child or adult. (Other genderless pronouns exist, such as the impersonal pronoun

5794:(each ⌂ represents a slot where a radical is inserted) because of the feminine gender of the matched words for "brush" such as Arabic 5725:

If the borrowed word happens to have a suffix that the borrowing language uses as a gender marker, the suffix tends to dictate gender.

4585:

always designates an all-female group of people (or stands for a group of nouns all of feminine gender), but the masculine equivalent

2548:, such as English (because in pro-drop languages the position of the argument can be left empty). Examples in English are the uses of 6888: 4496:; the masculine encompasses all other nouns (e.g. man, boy, pot, broom...). In this language, feminine nouns are always marked with 8355:

Noun classes and categorization: Proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983

3085:("mute") can be used deprecatively as described previously, and then can be used for verbs marked for the male and female genders. 4382:

To complicate matters, Greek often offers additional informal versions of these. The corresponding for English are the following:

1694:) of the noun, and sometimes a noun can be modified to produce (for example) masculine and feminine words of similar meaning. See 1140:

means 'apple wood'). So if one wants to refer to a certain table that is made of wood from an apple tree, one cannot use the word

1027:, meaning "girl", which is neuter. This is because it is actually a diminutive of "Magd" and all diminutive forms with the suffix 919:

Moreover, grammatical gender may serve to distinguish homophones. It is a quite common phenomenon in language development for two

115: 6627:

and inanimate nouns: Polish in the plural, and Russian in the accusative case, differentiate between human and non-human nouns.

6116:

makes use of gender in pronouns, which are generally marked for natural gender, but lacks a system of gender concord within the

4049:

are frequently constructed with affixes that identify the sex of the bearer. Common feminine suffixes used in English names are

2496:

expressions in other languages), such agreement may take place even though the pronoun does not in fact appear. For example, in

8449:

Iturrioz, J. L. (1986) "Structure, meaning and function: a functional analysis of gender and other classificatory techniques".

7990:

Grönberg, Anna Gunnarsdotter (2002). "Masculine generics in current Icelandic". In Hellinger, Marlis; Bußmann, Hamumod (eds.).

3403:

are mostly feminine, regardless of their meaning. Nouns that end in some other vowel are assigned a gender either according to

87: 5380:

particular gender, and different languages' words for "table" are found to have various genders: feminine, as with the French

2764: 8535: 8498: 8476: 8398: 8266: 7649: 7579: 7111:

is the regular ending for masculine and feminine nouns, both are in fact used to form plurals of nouns of all three genders (

6189:

However, many languages reduced the number of genders to two. Some lost the neuter, leaving masculine and feminine like most

2890: 5227:, which have the endings of the feminine singular, but have feminine plural agreement. (This is related to the forms of the 779:

that denote male and female, such as the difference between "aunt" and "uncle" is not enough to constitute a gender system.

4492:, which has two asymmetrical genders. The feminine includes all living beings of female sex (e.g. woman, girl, cow...) and 3994:

nouns; for example, to produce nouns with a similar meaning but referring to someone of a different sex. Thus, in Spanish,

665: 6878: 94: 8456:

Mercier, Adele (2002) "L'homme et la factrice: sur la logique du genre en français". "Dialogue", Volume 41, Issue 3, 2002

4897: 2720: 1497:

The gender of a noun may affect the modifications that the noun itself undergoes, particularly the way in which the noun

68: 8082: 7883: 6182:(two Romance language exceptions). In them, there is a high but not absolute correlation between grammatical gender and 3281:

In the French language, countries can have masculine (green) or feminine (purple) names. Except for certain islands and

2629:("something") are all treated as masculine—this is in spite of the fact that the last two correspond to feminine nouns ( 2544:) is nonexistent, but when a reference to the argument is nevertheless syntactically required. They occur mostly in non- 8344: 7383: 7246:, 8. edition, p. 152f.) for example states that all German pluralia tantum have a gender, but it can not be determined. 6898: 2588:

means "he", or "it" when referring to masculine nouns); although some languages use the feminine, as in the equivalent

8544: 4982:

meaning "lake" is masculine, whereas the identical word meaning "sea" is feminine. The meanings of the Norwegian noun

2685:("man") is masculine; these attributions occur solely due to the semantically inherent gender character of each noun. 8417: 8291: 8159: 8096: 7999: 7791: 7476: 4829:(which has an overall common–neuter gender system), masculinity may be argued to be a marked feature, because in the 2790: 817:

Gender is considered an inherent quality of nouns, and it affects the forms of other related words, a process called

134: 5667:

can be masculine or feminine, depending on the dialect. All these words mean "sea" and are descended from the Latin

2728: 821:. Nouns may be considered the "triggers" of the process, whereas other words will be the "target" of these changes. 101: 7857: 5047:) which are etymologically unrelated. One is masculine and means "finger"; the other is feminine and means "soil". 3407:, by analogy, or by some other convention. These rules may override semantics in some cases: for example, the noun 730:

Languages with grammatical gender usually have two to four different genders, but some are attested with up to 20.

17: 30:

This article is about grammatical rules of agreement with nouns. For uses of language associated with gender, see

8020: 7687: 6056: 658: 6546:

Problems arise when selecting a personal pronoun to refer to someone of unspecified or unknown gender (see also

2154: 2142:

In some languages the gender is distinguished only in singular number but not in plural. In terms of linguistic

884:

In a language with explicit inflections for gender, it is easy to express gender distinctions in animate beings.

8588: 7820: 5970:, these characteristics correlate positively with the presence of grammatical gender in the world's languages: 4632:

to refer to a child, particularly when speaking generically rather than about a particular child of known sex.

2724: 83: 72: 8567: 7599: 7565: 7455:

Janhunen, Juha (1999). "Grammatical gender from east to west". In Unterbeck, Barbara; Rissanen, Matti (eds.).

4880:, where a gender-like distinction is made in the plural between "masculine personal" and all other cases (see 4802:), have been replaced with masculine ones as men have started becoming more represented in these professions: 2421:

to differentiate between people and inanimate objects, but even this distinction is often absent. (In written

2314:

of the referent. Indeed, in most European languages, personal pronouns are gendered; for example English (the

743: 6052: 1328:

Many authors prefer "noun classes" when none of the inflections in a language relate to sex, such as when an

722:. According to one definition: "Genders are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words." 5905:, also feminine. The result of this neologism might have been, more generally, the strengthening of Israeli 814:

Usually each noun is assigned to one of the genders, and few or no nouns can occur in more than one gender.

7692: 6238:, have nearly completely lost grammatical gender (retaining only some traces, such as the English pronouns 6227: 6136: 5661:

is generally masculine (except in some poetic contexts and among sea workers), whereas the Catalan cognate

3460:("problem") is masculine in Spanish because it was derived from a Greek noun of the neuter gender, whereas 3269:

There are multiple theoretical approaches to the position and structure of gender in syntactic structures.

1174: 1034: 799: 4855:

would normally be the default for a person of unknown gender, although in practice the indefinite pronoun

1709:, or concord, is a grammatical process in which certain words change their form so that values of certain 936: 8583: 8282: 7492: 6535: 3728: 634: 7714: 3796:, which might be confused for a feminine singular noun. Gender may also be predictable from the type of 1559: 1199:

common gender, as the declensions follow a different pattern from both the Norwegian written languages.

8426:

Greenberg, J. H. (1978) "How does a language acquire gender markers?" In J. H. Greenberg et al. (eds.)

8366: 7841: 6461: 5260: 4888: 3720: 715: 6436:

Only a relatively small number of English nouns have distinct male and female forms; many of them are

887:

Grammatical gender "can be a valuable tool of disambiguation", rendering clarity about antecedents or

6903: 6362: 6107: 6068: 5988: 5159:

Sometimes a noun's gender can change between its plural and singular forms, as with the French words

3726: 3718: 2315: 419: 369: 306: 286: 6186:

class. Many linguists believe that to be true of the middle and late stages of Proto-Indo-European.

6071:

also have extensive systems of noun classes, which can be grouped into several grammatical genders.

1690:

Additionally, in many languages, gender is often closely correlated with the basic unmodified form (

1382:

in phrases like "three pieces of paper" or "thirty head of cattle". They are a prominent feature of

6385: 6347: 5324: 4969:

Gender shift may be associated with a difference in the sex of the referent, as with nouns such as

4934:, in conjunction with each noun—for example, a learner of French may learn the word for "chair" as 3987: 3797: 3354: 2926: 2709: 1730: 837: 804: 502: 445: 440: 258: 206: 7493:"Male Animate Gender in Polish- definition (Męskożywotny – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia)" 6120:

which is one of the central elements of grammatical gender in most other Indo-European languages.

3713: 706:. The values present in a given language, of which there are usually two or three, are called the 8088: 7571: 7528: 6913: 6883: 6563: 6231: 6194: 6129: 5996: 4927: 4909: 4830: 4614: 3839:

tend to be feminine, whereas others tend to be masculine, but there are many exceptions to this (

2713: 2451: 2295: 1706: 1444: 1178: 818: 612: 497: 450: 339: 61: 39: 35: 8521: 7293: 7235:, 6. edition, 2008, p. 121) for example states that German pluralia tantum do not have a gender. 5522:", also meaning "month") is masculine. In Polish, another Slavic language, the word for moon is 4540:(whistle, ball). Many have a round shape or can be explained by the role they play in mythology. 1925:

are marked with "feminine" articles, while all others use the "generic" or "masculine" articles.

747:

The grammatical gender of a noun affects the form of other words related to it. For example, in

108: 6099: 6095: 6064: 5959: 5341: 4108: 2331: 1146:

with a feminine gender, and if one wants to refer to an apple tree in a garden, one cannot use

1134:

means 'apple tree'), but if it is masculine, it means that it is dead, no longer living (e.g.,

617: 589: 550: 530: 485: 480: 349: 8561: 7783: 7635: 6380:(common gender, used for people or animals of unknown, irrelevant, or non-binary gender), and 2842:, and this suffix always makes the noun grammatically neuter. Hence the grammatical gender of 8464: 8078: 7974: 7607: 6562:, but they are not generally substitutable for a personal pronoun.) For more information see 6032: 5759: 5728:

If the borrowed word rhymes with one or more native words, the latter tend to dictate gender.

5707: 3991: 3473: 3432: 2625: 2489: 1726: 1370:

used in some languages together with a noun, principally to enable numbers and certain other

1271: 1257: 1009: 833: 490: 253: 7994:. Vol. 2. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 163–186. 5739:

Sometimes the gender of a word switches with time. For example, the Russian modern loanword

4006:

means "girl". This paradigm can be exploited for making new words: from the masculine nouns

3174:

for the male and the female of a species are more frequent for common pets or farm animals,

8216: 7302: 6476: 6465: 6214:. Others merged feminine and masculine into a common gender but retained the neuter, as in 5255:.) In other cases, the anomaly can be explained by the form of the noun, as is the case in 4609:

has been traditional. Since the 18th century it has been prescribed to use the masculine (

2848:

is neuter, although its natural gender is feminine (because it refers to a female person).

2669:

This usually means masculine or feminine, depending on the referent's sex. For example, in

2613: 2447: 2299: 1710: 1391: 1383: 1103: 1078: 1001: 699: 424: 414: 150: 8084:

Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond

5567:("thousand") is masculine, whereas the cognate in Russian, тысяча, is feminine, while the 3444:"communist" is masculine when it refers or could refer to a man, even though it ends with 2568:

is the neuter third person singular pronoun. (English behaves similarly, because the word

8: 8125: 6908: 6844: 6820: 6207: 6048: 4478: 3384: 2915: 2497: 2394: 1332:–inanimate distinction is made. Note, however, that the word "gender" derives from Latin 1241: 1122:), the same word can have two genders according to the context. For example, if the word 1095: 1066: 582: 510: 174: 31: 7673:

Sera et al. (2002) and Vigliocco et al. (2005), cited in Pavlidou & Alvanoudi (2013)

6793:

A few nouns have both personal and impersonal forms, depending on meaning (for example,

6603:) but there are many exceptions, particularly in the case of nouns whose stems end in a 5706:

The borrowed word tends to take the gender of the native word it replaces. According to

5124: 5104: 5055:

In other cases, a word may be usable in multiple genders indifferently. For example, in

4092:

gender system for nouns in general. English, for example, has feminine suffixes such as

3051: 1204: 1189: 6918: 6851:

words used when addressing a relative often specify the speaker's gender. For example,

6800: 6632: 6171: 6091: 6075: 5978: 5963: 5568: 5454: 5393: 5350: 5056: 4636: 4625: 3908:

preceded by double consonants. Certain suffixes are quite reliable indicators, such as

3801: 3367:

according to arbitrary convention (lexical, possibly rooted in the language's history).

2608: 2493: 2418: 2404: 2335: 2150: 1691: 1502: 1483: 1406: 1046: 905: 374: 354: 299: 275: 4908:

In some languages, any gender markers have been so eroded over time (possibly through

4849:, "my little brother"). In spite of this, the third-person singular masculine pronoun 2865: 2813: 2807:

of a noun does not always coincide with its natural gender. An example of this is the

2644:

For other situations in which such a "default" gender assignment may be required, see

8494: 8472: 8413: 8394: 8340: 8287: 8235: 8165: 8155: 8092: 7995: 7816: 7787: 7776: 7645: 7575: 7472: 7460: 6804: 6441: 6418: 6330: 6295: 6279: 6190: 6179: 6144: 6083: 6079: 6044: 6036: 6024: 5955: 5426: 5100: 4884:), a group is treated as masculine personal if it contains at least one male person. 4550: 4058: 3451: 2834: 2607:

A similar, apparently arbitrary gender assignment may need to be made in the case of

2545: 2541: 2272: 2206:

nouns (lacking a singular form) cannot be assigned a gender. Example with Bulgarian:

1200: 1062: 1058: 1054: 989: 853: 577: 570: 560: 525: 515: 455: 389: 329: 311: 199: 8529: 6803:

in the computing sense). For more information on the above inflection patterns, see

5858:), matches the feminine gender of the parallel pre-existent European words: Yiddish 5751:) "whisky" was originally feminine, then masculine, and today it has become neuter. 5183:

used to be feminine in the singular too) or result from slightly different notions (

4100:), and also distinguishes male and female personal names, as in the above examples. 3349:

There are three main ways by which natural languages categorize nouns into genders:

3063: 1784:

changes its form according to this categorization. In the singular, the article is:

8501: 8480: 8225: 8212:"Gender assignment and gender agreement: Evidence from pronominal gender languages" 7866: 7641: 7464: 6640: 6608: 6582: 6539: 6534:), particularly countries and ships, and sometimes other vehicles or machines. See 6503:

is usually used, but when the sex of the animal is known, it may be referred to as

6314: 6287: 6283: 6215: 6211: 6198: 6175: 6151: 6140: 6103: 6087: 6060: 6040: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6008: 6000: 5435:, whereas the words for "moon" are feminine, being derived from the Latin feminine 5228: 4931: 4826: 4621: 3573:(meaning "little, young") are always neuter, even if they refer to people, as with 3510: 3388: 3075: 3045: 2937: 2670: 2619: 2414: 1781: 1765: 1573: 1522: 1518: 1506: 1487: 1403: 1344:) which originally meant "kind", so it does not necessarily have a sexual meaning. 1229: 1196: 1170: 1115: 1070: 1050: 997: 993: 748: 520: 384: 169: 8263: 5917:) as a productive feminine locative suffix (combined with the influence of Polish 3069: 2880:(neuter), meaning "woman" (the word is now pejorative and generally replaced with 1263:

This has been observed for speakers of Spanish, French, and German, among others.

8388: 8270: 7683: 7105:

do not make any such indications because they are ambiguous themselves: although

6828: 6620: 6616: 6511:(particularly when expressing an emotional connection with the animal, as with a 6303: 6219: 6167: 6012: 6004: 5967: 5951: 5429:, the words for "sun" are masculine, being derived from the Latin masculine noun 5256: 4877: 4508: 4077: 3830: 3708: 3554: 3310: 3246: 3081: 2948: 2872: 2824: 2808: 2422: 2202: 1514: 1478: 1353: 1281: 1236:, also sometimes between nouns denoting humans and non-humans. (For details, see 1166: 1128:(meaning 'wood' or 'tree') is feminine, it means that it is a living tree (e.g., 1107: 718:. According to one estimate, gender is used in approximately half of the world's 565: 434: 396: 236: 218: 194: 189: 7529:"What Are the 4 Genders? 7 Other Types, Gender Identity & 7 Sexuality Types" 6268: 3431:("person") is always feminine, even when it refers to a boy or a man, a kind of 2681: 2334:, which correspond to object pronouns, and which also inflect for gender in the 8379: 7225: 6612: 6604: 6542:; it is also in decline, and advised against by most journalistic style guides. 6460:, for instance, derive directly or indirectly from Latin). English has no live 6291: 6223: 6163: 6113: 5275:("small boys"), with the adjective showing agreement for both feminine gender ( 4892: 4536: 4054: 3671: 3317: 2959: 2898: 2589: 2427: 2390: 2261: 1754: 1555: 1240:.) A human–non-human (or "rational–non-rational") distinction is also found in 1233: 1090: 1074: 911: 865: 629: 460: 379: 263: 184: 8374:

Corbett, Greville G. (1994). "Gender and gender systems". In Asher, R. (ed.).

8230: 8211: 7468: 7457:

Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs: Gender in Grammar and Cognition

3419:("member") is always masculine, even when it refers to a girl or a woman, and 3305: 3277: 2859: 2675: 2310:

With personal pronouns, the gender of the pronoun is likely to agree with the

8577: 8459: 8239: 6848: 6832: 6567: 6374: 6299: 5764: 5314: 5215:("arm"). These are masculine in the singular, but form the irregular plurals 4603: 4489: 4148:

are classified as feminine; the same is true for 98% of given names with the

4046: 3765: 3529:(friend) can be masculine or feminine according to the person they refer to. 3057: 2637: 2537: 2455: 2399: 2385: 2172: 1582:"son" remains unchanged. Adjectives are affected by gender in a similar way. 1494:

pattern followed by the noun itself will be different for different genders.

1395: 1321:

A noun may belong to a given class because of characteristic features of its

344: 8509: 8488: 8169: 7027:"the eagle"). This does not happen if the noun is preceded by an adjective ( 6335:

Although grammatical gender was a fully productive inflectional category in

6274: 4515:) are very similar in this respect, although the English gendered pronouns ( 2417:. These languages might only have different pronouns and inflections in the 1564: 1531:, which has two possible genders: when it is masculine (meaning "lake") its 1033:

are neuter. Examples of languages with such a system include later forms of

8551: 8505: 8484: 5703:

If the noun is animate, natural gender tends to dictate grammatical gender.

5334: 5200: 5190: 5111:

The word for "sun" can be another example. One might decline it masculine:

4543: 3761: 2876: 2819: 1426:

is frequently used as an alternative to various more specific classifiers.

1359: 1316: 931: 594: 429: 243: 211: 179: 8410:

Fossilized Second Language Grammars: The Acquisition of Grammatical Gender

6262: 6256: 8112: 7812: 6807:. For certain rules concerning the treatment of mixed-gender groups, see 6336: 6307: 6117: 5519: 4155:

In the Germanic languages the female names have been Latinized by adding

3737:) are of feminine gender, the only significant exceptions being the word 3043:

This phenomenon is quite popular in Slavic languages: for example Polish

2855: 2573: 1527: 925: 686: 8252: 6516: 6150:

Many Indo-European languages retained the three genders, including most

3040:("this little girl" – with female demonstrative pronoun and adjective). 2433: 1792: 1786: 1578: 7870: 6512: 6422: 6183: 4917: 4777:

is more specific and emphasises the individuality of the group members.

4592: 4493: 3596: 3558: 3171: 2584: 2564: 2540:

is a type of pronoun used when a particular verb argument (such as the

2466: 2143: 1758: 1742: 1734: 1718: 1498: 1491: 1456: 1371: 1225: 869: 849: 841: 825: 752: 694: 644: 639: 624: 555: 364: 270: 226: 3380:

noun (such as the vowel or consonant or syllable with which it ends).

3088: 2600: 2409: 1455:

Grammatical gender manifests itself when words related to a noun like

8015: 6937:

The word for "manliness" has feminine grammatical gender in Spanish (

6426: 6235: 4940:(meaning "the chair"); this carries the information that the noun is 3404: 3361: 3119: 1738: 1464: 888: 845: 808: 334: 231: 7855:

Kramer, R. (2016). "The location of gender features in the syntax".

6317:

can be argued to have added new genders to the classical three (see

5035:

with one gender each. For example, Bulgarian has a pair of homonyms

3647:"coward"), always produces masculine nouns. And the German suffixes 3158:. To specify the sex of an animal, an adjective may be added, as in 2698: 736:

include masculine and feminine; masculine, feminine, and neuter; or

50: 8264:

The Original Nominal System of Proto-Indoeuropean – Case and Gender

6437: 6159: 5846:

Similarly, argues Zuckermann, the Israeli neologism for "library",

5731:

The default assignment is the borrowing language's unmarked gender.

5276: 5028: 4921: 3514: 2688: 1532: 1367: 1322: 1215: 1119: 1042: 719: 359: 7664:

Boroditsky et al. (2003), cited in Pavlidou & Alvanoudi (2013)

5938: 5457:.) However, there are exceptions to this principle. For instance, 4122:

Classical Latin typically made a grammatical feminine gender with

4024:"doctor", it was straightforward to make the feminine equivalents 2298:

in gender with the noun or noun phrase to which they refer (their

6624: 5422: 5032: 5027:

It is a matter of analysis how to draw the line between a single

4913: 3095: 3019: 1750: 1722: 1469: 1460: 1329: 920: 861: 829: 784: 756: 737: 164: 8387:

Foley, William A.; Van Valin, Robert D. Jr (13 September 1984).

6623:, also make certain additional grammatical distinctions between 5677: 4574:

references to people or things of unknown or unspecified gender.

4166: 3360:

according to logical or symbolic similarities in their meaning (

2604:, which means "she", or "it" when referring to feminine nouns). 7884:

Namepedia Blog – Why Most European Names Ending in A Are Female

7261: 6869:

means female's father's sister or female's brother's daughter.

6350:

forms depending on the natural gender of the referent, such as

4301:

Greek nationality names have five possibilities for 'English'.

3749: 3550: 3397:

or a consonant are mostly masculine, whereas those that end in

3018:

Though the second sentence may appear grammatically incorrect (

1251: 1185: 291: 8018:[Agreement of the predicate with a multiple subject]. 6206:

and Italian nouns with so-called "mobile gender"), as well as

5552:("tram") is masculine, whereas the cognate loanword in Czech, 5487:

is neuter. Likewise, the word for "boat" is neuter in German (

2956:(masculine), meaning "unpleasant (usually old and ugly) woman" 2664: 1421: 8181: 8179: 8131: 8037: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7239: 6824: 6373:(feminine gender, for women, girls, and female animals), the 6155: 5716:"bag" was induced by the feminine gender of the Italian word 5619:

is masculine. The Spanish form contrasts with the Portuguese

4898:

Czech declension § Gender and number of compound phrases

3734: 3114:(feminine), regardless of their biological sex. In Russian a 3105: 1558:, gender marking is mostly lost on nouns; however, Welsh has 1510: 1335: 1005: 788: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 6522:

Certain nonhuman things can be referred to with the pronoun

6342:

There are a few traces of gender marking in Modern English:

5954:

systems. Gender and noun class systems are usually found in

5893:, as well as of the pre-existent Arabic word for "library": 5095:) without any change in meaning and no preference in usage. 4454:) "England", while the less formal are derived from Italian 3026:

pronouns or adjectives. Thus it can never be correct to say

7384:"Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is grammatical gender?" 6132:, but not English, provide examples of grammatical gender. 5374: 3941:

is part of the root of the word, it can be feminine, as in

1746: 1541:, but when it is feminine (meaning "sea"), the genitive is 1363: 857: 811:

of the noun, or in some cases can be apparently arbitrary.

34:. For methods of minimizing the use of gendered forms, see 8176: 7429: 6554:

with singular reference is common in practice. The neuter

6517:§ Gender contrasts on human versus sentient referents 6369:(masculine gender, used for men, boys, and male animals), 6197:. A few traces of the neuter remain, such as the distinct 6074:

Conversely, grammatical gender is usually absent from the

5974:

location in an area with languages featuring noun classes;

5693: 5441:. (This contrasts with the genders found in German, where 4112:

Statistical data on the Spanish nouns and names ending in

3611:"piece of dough"), or personal nouns from abstract nouns ( 2137: 7725: 7406: 3297:, the gender depends on whether the country name ends in 3115: 792: 8545:"The morphology of gender in Hebrew and Arabic numerals" 7944: 7942: 7929: 7927: 7745: 7743: 7633: 7598:

Pavlidou, Theodossia-Soula; Alvanoudi, Angeliki (2013).

7545: 7509: 7394: 6598: 6592: 6586: 4952:

is the feminine singular form of the definite article).

3971:

are almost all feminine, with a few exceptions, such as

880:

Three possible functions of grammatical gender include:

8297: 6808: 6547: 5682:

Borrowed words are assigned gender in one of two ways:

5099:

feminine. This might be because before the creation of

5090: 5078: 5071:, "wilderness") may be either masculine (definite form 5066: 4930:

are often encouraged to memorize a modifier, usually a

4755:'All welcome' is understood to be more general whereas 4274:) "doctor" for both, but with informal female variants 3902:

are feminine), note the many masculine nouns ending in

3272: 2740:"grammatical gender" different from natural gender 2645: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2213: 1717:

These related words can be, depending on the language:

824:

These related words can be, depending on the language:

7773:

These examples are based on an example in French from

6894:

Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender

5754: 4726:'Some people have the habit of talking to themselves.' 3935:"cleaning") indicates a masculine noun; however, when 1695: 1415: 1409: 899:", only context tells us whether the relative clause ( 8054: 7954: 7939: 7924: 7912: 7900: 7888: 7755: 7740: 6974: 6799:

may behave as an impersonal noun when it refers to a

5930: 5870: 5807: 5280: 5270: 5264: 4562: 3221: 3207: 3135: 3123: 2929: 1015: 8191: 5912: 5900: 5853: 5795: 5774: 4103: 3821: 3810: 3791: 3779: 3743: 3374: 2364: 2344: 2277: 2265: 1525:. A concrete example is provided by the German word 8253:

How did genders and cases develop in Indo-European?

7309: 6989: 5962:languages, whereas classifiers are more typical of 5154: 4613:), but other solutions are now often preferred—see 4449: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4371: 4356: 4341: 4326: 4311: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4242: 4230: 3472:("broadcast signal") are feminine because they are 3450:. Nouns in Spanish and Portuguese, as in the other 3438:In other cases, meaning takes precedence: the noun 3089:

Gender contrasts on human versus sentient referents

75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8412:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 299. 7775: 7003:Exception: Feminine nouns beginning with stressed 6468:. An example of such a marker might be the suffix 6365:(and their possessive forms) are gender specific: 5686:via criteria determined by the borrowing language; 5279:of initial consonant) and plural number (suffixed 4903: 4891:noun phrase ("... and ...") may be quite complex. 4463: 3986:Nouns can sometimes vary their form to enable the 3497:are feminine. They derive from Latin feminines in 3488:respectively, both grammatically feminine nouns. 2446:For more on these different types of pronoun, see 1547:, because feminine nouns do not take the genitive 7597: 5586:("origin") is masculine, but its close relatives 5340:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 5199:usually refers to the collection of columns in a 2651: 1576:. This only occurs with feminine singular nouns: 1473:) according to the gender of noun they refer to ( 8575: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8023:of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic 6864: 6858: 6852: 6234:). Finally, some languages, such as English and 6139:had two genders (animate and inanimate), as did 5945:List of languages by type of grammatical genders 5626: 5620: 5587: 5470: 5463:("milk") is masculine in Italian (as are French 4961:plural form of the noun has a different gender. 4262:) "actor" for both male and female in Greek and 3420: 3408: 2971:Normally, such exceptions are a small minority. 2918: 2689:Grammatical gender need not match natural gender 2531: 2516: 2505: 1907:In "grammatical" gender, most words that end in 1586:Soft initial mutation caused by gender in Welsh 1554:Gender is sometimes reflected in other ways. In 1216:Other types of division or subdivision of gender 961:List of languages by type of grammatical genders 8568:The Exceptions: European Male Names Ending in A 7688:"How does our language shape the way we think?" 7634:Chi-Yue Chiu; Ying-yi Hong (16 December 2013). 7629: 7627: 7625: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7178: 7169: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7133: 7124: 7115: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7073: 7064: 7055: 7049: 6135:Research indicates that the earliest stages of 5939:Distribution of gender in the world's languages 5572: 5396: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5127:. The same goes for a lot of common words like 5118: 5112: 5084: 5072: 5060: 5042: 5036: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4809: 4803: 4789: 4783: 4756: 4734: 4705: 4643: 3553:often carry a specific gender. For example, in 3033:("a girl" – with female indefinite article) or 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2189: 2159: 8443:Grammatical gender: Its Origin and Development 8386: 8137: 7835: 5689:via criteria determined by the donor language. 5640:("ape") is feminine, whereas the Spanish word 5599: 5593: 5482: 4920:, which typically indicate the gender of noun 1305: 982: 8066: 7778:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage 7557: 7330:"Masculine or Feminine? (And Why It Matters)" 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6968: 6938: 6781:("good cheeses"; nominative and accusative); 6658:, whereas in the case of inanimates some use 6201: 5924: 5801: 5746: 5740: 5717: 5711: 5678:How languages assign gender to borrowed words 5662: 5656: 5641: 5635: 5614: 5613:("team") is feminine, while the Spanish word 5581: 5538: 5532: 5513: 5507: 5494: 5476: 5458: 5259:. Masculine nouns which form their plural by 5238: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 4970: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4455: 4167:Differentiation of nouns with human referents 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3541: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3492: 3483: 3477: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3445: 3439: 3426: 3414: 3398: 3392: 3214: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3165: 3159: 3146:) (feminine). In French, a giraffe is always 3141: 3129: 3109: 3099: 2940: 2443:is usually used for "he" and "she" as well.) 2438: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1775: 1769: 1293: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1084: 766: 760: 666: 8531:Gender in English pronouns: Myth and reality 8407: 8376:The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 8185: 8016:"Shoda přísudku s podmětem několikanásobným" 7622: 7442: 7423: 6962: 6956: 6944: 6794: 6782: 6776: 6767: 6761: 6752: 6746: 6733: 6727: 6714: 6713:("good cheese"; nominative and accusative); 6708: 6699: 6693: 6684: 6678: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6607:. However, some of the languages, including 6536:Gender in English § Metaphorical gender 5918: 5906: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5847: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5813: 5768: 5650: 5608: 5562: 5547: 5523: 5488: 5464: 5448: 5442: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5387: 5381: 5194: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 4977: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4680:) had met in the forest when the old woman ( 4595:, whereas the masculine gender is unmarked. 4586: 4580: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3834: 3816: 3805: 3786: 3773: 3756: 3738: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3590: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3256: 3250: 3242:) may be used as they would be for a human. 3153: 3147: 3034: 3027: 2998: 2979: 2951: 2887: 2881: 2843: 2837: 2828: 2630: 2577: 2557: 2552:in "It's raining" and "It's nice to relax." 2480: 2471: 2374: 2354: 2195: 2183: 2177: 2165: 1542: 1536: 1390:people". A more general type of classifier ( 1252:How gender contrasts can influence cognition 1028: 1022: 946: 940: 8527: 7806: 7593: 7591: 7256: 7254: 6983: 6950: 5668: 5553: 5436: 5430: 5250: 5244: 5232: 5231:Latin neuter nouns from which they derive: 4620:In languages with a neuter gender, such as 4526: 4471: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4365: 4350: 4335: 4320: 4305: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4236: 4224: 4135: 4129: 4123: 3699: 3693: 3692:are always masculine, whereas those ending 3687: 3681: 3675: 3504: 3498: 2962: 2907: 2901: 2727:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2665:Grammatical gender can match natural gender 2593: 1669: 1655: 1645: 1630: 1620: 1607: 1333: 965:Common systems of gender contrast include: 8077: 8042:(in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 2005 7682: 7033:"the beautiful eagle"), or in the plural ( 6766:("good dogs"; nominative and accusative); 6538:. This usage is considered a metaphorical 5984:moderate to high morphological complexity; 5288: 5203:). Further examples are the Italian words 2886:, originally 'lady', feminine of obsolete 1701: 897:a flowerbed in the garden which I maintain 673: 659: 8522:An overview of the grammar of Old English 8510:http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/237 8489:http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/223 8229: 7563: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7262:"WALS Online - Chapter Number of Genders" 7224:There are different views whether or not 6889:Gender neutrality in genderless languages 6879:Gender agreement in binomial nomenclature 6809:§ Contextual determination of gender 6548:§ Contextual determination of gender 6195:Vulgar Latin § Loss of neuter gender 5531:Russian also has two words for "potato": 5453:"moon" is masculine, as well as in other 5000:is "an assembly". (The parliament is the 4653:) höfðu hist í skóginum þegar kerlingin ( 3752:") and certain masculine personal names ( 2791:Learn how and when to remove this message 2646:§ Contextual determination of gender 2437:for "it", but in the colloquial language 1930:Example of grammatical gender in Spanish 1220:Some gender contrasts are referred to as 1184:The dialect of the old Norwegian capital 1156: 972:masculine–feminine–neuter gender contrast 135:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Grammatical system of noun classification 8154:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7989: 7588: 7454: 7251: 6429:, with the occasional exception such as 5375:Gender can vary across related languages 5031:word with multiple genders and a set of 4815: 4745: 4737: 4716: 4708: 4689: 4662: 4107: 3764:). However, many masculine nouns have a 3509:. The opposite is correct with Northern 3316: 3304: 3276: 2007: 1961: 1825: 1696:§ Form-based morphological criteria 909:) is neuter, whereas that for "garden" ( 742: 8440: 8390:Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar 8373: 8360: 8334: 8309: 8303: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8149: 8060: 7960: 7948: 7933: 7918: 7906: 7894: 7761: 7749: 7551: 7515: 7400: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7315: 7291: 6652:animates always form their genitive in 5694:Borrowing language can determine gender 4839:) for naturally masculine nouns (as in 4819: 4799: 4795: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4442:). The formal forms come from the name 2923:(masculine), meaning "voluptuous woman" 2138:Gender inflection and number inflection 2102: 2060: 2056: 1965: 1875: 1871: 1829: 14: 8576: 8152:Linguistic diversity in space and time 7854: 7278: 4512: 3711:, nouns whose singular form ends in a 3264: 8536:Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg 7782:. Merriam-Webster Inc. 1994. p. 7378: 7376: 7374: 7362: 6318: 5655:is feminine, but the Spanish cognate 4881: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4741: 4720: 4712: 4677: 4673: 4650: 4646: 3953:. On the other hand, nouns ending in 2479:("I am strong", spoken by a female); 2106: 2040: 2011: 1945: 1800:Example of natural gender in Spanish 1598: 1595: 1592: 1450: 1237: 733: 8528:Wagner, Susanne (Winter 2002–2003). 7676: 7347: 6324: 5995:Grammatical gender is found in many 5292: 4715:) hafa þann sið að tala við sjálfa ( 4688:) was a young girl and the emperor ( 4062: 3667:in English) produce feminine nouns. 3273:Categorization of nouns into genders 2725:adding citations to reliable sources 2692: 2305: 2188:) but only one in plural (Bulgarian 73:adding citations to reliable sources 44: 8562:doi: Grammatical Features Inventory 8315: 8029: 7564:McWhorter, John H. (1 April 2014). 7327: 7112: 6863:means opposite-gender sibling, and 6576: 5907: 5895: 5859: 5848: 5819: 5780: 5769: 5755:Donor language can determine gender 4946:, and that it is feminine (because 3840: 3817: 3806: 3787: 3774: 3757: 3753: 3739: 3586: 3175: 2375: 2355: 2258: 2147: 1347: 954: 791:" or non-humanness, and biological 24: 8542: 7972: 7600:"Grammatical Gender and Cognition" 7371: 6899:Gender-neutral language in English 5767:" language: the Israeli neologism 5330:for transliterated languages, and 5310:of its non-English content, using 4563:Contextual determination of gender 3785:("male professor") has the plural 3004:(n.) ist aus der Schule gekommen. 2985:(n.) ist aus der Schule gekommen. 2562:("it rains, it's raining"), where 2504:" very grateful", said by a male: 1209: 1099: 1038: 1016:Masculine–feminine–neuter contrast 969:masculine–feminine gender contrast 25: 8600: 8515: 8039:Diccionario panhispánico de dudas 7807:López-Arias, Julio (1996). "10". 5493:), but common gender in Swedish ( 4988:have diverged further: masculine 4104:Differentiation of personal names 3375:Form-based morphological criteria 1299: 1177:), and to some extent Dutch (see 975:animate–inanimate gender contrast 798:However, in most languages, this 8441:Ibrahim, Muhammad Hasan (1973). 8408:Franceschina, Florencia (2005). 7858:Language and Linguistics Compass 6940:hombría, virilidad, masculinidad 6751:("good customers"; nominative); 6123: 5297: 5155:Associated with number contrasts 5148:En jente, jenta, jenter, jentene 4955: 3152:, whereas an elephant is always 2967:(neuter), meaning "a young girl" 2906:(masculine) meaning "girl", and 2697: 2454:, and in relation to English at 2362:"I love you", said to a female: 1438: 1429: 1289: 300:Singulative-Collective-Plurative 49: 8328: 8275: 8257: 8246: 8143: 8118: 8105: 8021:Institute of the Czech Language 8008: 7983: 7966: 7877: 7848: 7829: 7800: 7767: 7707: 7667: 7658: 7521: 7485: 7448: 7042: 7021:despite their feminine gender ( 7015:"eagle", also take the article 6997: 6931: 6838: 6831:. For further information, see 6683:("good customer"; nominative); 6057:Australian Aboriginal languages 4904:Arbitrary conventional criteria 4873:usually make this unnecessary. 4814:'nursery school teacher' (both 4794:'nursery school teacher' (both 4661:) var ung stúlka og keisarinn ( 4464:Meaning-based semantic criteria 2817:("girl"); this is derived from 2652:Grammatical vs. natural gender 2431:is used for "he" and "she" and 1714:the "target" of these changes. 1509:. For example, a language like 1310: 693:system is a specific form of a 60:needs additional citations for 8435:A Course in Modern Linguistics 8393:. Cambridge University Press. 8286:, 15th edition, 2003, p. 356. 7809:Test Yourself: Spanish Grammar 7715:"Y Treigladau – The Mutations" 7321: 7295:A course in modern linguistics 7218: 7093:"horn"). However, the endings 6392:for persons, corresponding to 5512:("moon") is feminine, whereas 5346:multilingual support templates 5050: 4482: 3914:, which when added to a verb ( 3321:Gender in European languages: 3249:, a few general words such as 2679:("woman") is feminine whereas 2342:"I love you", said to a male: 2289: 1245: 264:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking) 13: 1: 8468:, William Morrow and Company. 8361:Corbett, Greville G. (1991). 8337:Spanish: An Essential Grammar 8318:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary 8210:Audring, Jenny (2008-10-01). 7211: 5631:, both of which are feminine. 5189:in the singular is usually a 5083:) or feminine (definite form 4994:is "a thing", whereas neuter 4964: 4481:use this system as described 2912:(feminine) meaning "stallion" 2532:Indefinite and dummy pronouns 2485:(the same spoken by a male). 978:common–neuter gender contrast 8428:Universals of Human Language 7836:L'Huillier, Monique (1999). 7637:Social Psychology of Culture 6814: 6228:Gender in Danish and Swedish 5386:; masculine, as with German 5114:En sol, solen, soler, solene 4833:there is a distinct ending ( 2934:(masculine), meaning "woman" 2869:(masculine), meaning "woman" 2598:(where the dummy pronoun is 2515:the same, said by a female: 1422: 1175:Gender in Danish and Swedish 875: 7: 8433:Hockett, Charles F. (1958) 8283:The Chicago Manual of Style 7367:. Lingua. pp. 105–111. 6990: 6975: 6872: 5931: 5913: 5901: 5871: 5854: 5808: 5796: 5775: 5747: 5604:from Galician are feminine. 5120:Ei sol, sola, soler, solene 5091: 5079: 5067: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4372: 4357: 4342: 4327: 4312: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4243: 4231: 4018:"member of parliament" and 3822: 3811: 3792: 3780: 3744: 3538:(His daughter is my friend) 3222: 3208: 3136: 3124: 2365: 2345: 2338:(though not in the first): 2250: 2238: 2226: 2214: 1764:As an example, we consider 1306:Related linguistic concepts 1195:The same does not apply to 1102:). Modern examples include 983:Masculine–feminine contrast 725: 380:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart) 10: 8605: 8564:at Surrey Morphology Group 8367:Cambridge University Press 8357:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. 8353:Craig, Colette G. (1986). 8138:Foley & Van Valin 1984 7976:The Morphosyntax of Gender 7842:Cambridge University Press 7048:The characteristic ending 6857:means 'sister of female', 6698:("good dog"; nominative); 6361:The third-person singular 6346:Some words take different 6328: 5942: 5243:, with nominative plurals 5024:are the regional courts.) 4831:weak adjectival declension 4507:Another African language, 3635:"convict") or adjectives ( 1590: 1416: 1410: 1351: 1314: 1255: 1085:Animate–inanimate contrast 958: 939:, but disagree in gender: 29: 8430:, Vol. 4, pp. 47–82. 8231:10.1007/s11525-009-9124-y 8150:Nichols, Johanna (1992). 7469:10.1515/9783110802603.689 7292:Hockett, Charles (1958). 7200: 7194: 7188: 7179: 7170: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7081:are plurals of masculine 7074: 7065: 7056: 7050: 6984: 6969: 6904:Gender-specific job title 6757:(accusative and genitive) 6704:(accusative and genitive) 6689:(accusative and genitive) 5925: 5741: 5539: 5533: 5514: 5508: 5481:is feminine and Romanian 5085: 5073: 5061: 5037: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4366: 4351: 4336: 4321: 4306: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4237: 4225: 4199:English occupation names 3589:). Similarly, the suffix 3517:. For example, the words 3353:according to their form ( 3215: 3201: 3164:("a female cheetah"), or 3142: 3130: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2190: 2166: 2160: 2153: 2089: 2043: 1994: 1948: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1858: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1641: 1603: 1224:; for some examples, see 7233:Grammatisches Kompendium 6924: 6313:On the other hand, some 5537:which is masculine, and 4928:Second-language learners 4916:. (This is reflected in 4867:or its possessive forms 4527:Mostly semantic criteria 4472:Strict semantic criteria 4218:for both male and female 4194:for both male and female 3990:of differently gendered 3929:; nettoyer "to clean" → 3915: 3826:) are always masculine. 3599:from uncountable nouns ( 2945:(neuter), meaning "girl" 2851:Other examples include: 1490:. In some languages the 1152:with a masculine gender. 935:("skin") are homophones 503:Serial verb construction 8335:Bradley, Peter (2004). 8089:Oxford University Press 7992:Gender across languages 7838:Advanced French Grammar 7572:Oxford University Press 6958:Männlichkeit, Virilität 6914:Grammatical conjugation 6884:Gender-neutral language 6865: 6859: 6853: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6564:Gender-neutral language 6310:have lost it entirely. 6232:Gender in Dutch grammar 6130:Indo-European languages 5997:Indo-European languages 5546:In Polish the loanword 5447:"sun" is feminine, and 5289:Gender across languages 4615:Gender-neutral language 4571:groups of mixed gender; 4488:Another example is the 4250:Greek occupation names 2864: 2858: 2452:Gender-neutral language 2270:"children" is feminine 1849:the.MASC.SG grandfather 1702:As agreement or concord 1596:After definite article 1179:Gender in Dutch grammar 1089:Here nouns that denote 734:Common gender divisions 441:Honorifics (politeness) 40:Gender (disambiguation) 36:Gender-neutral language 8506:10.5281/zenodo.3446230 8485:10.5281/zenodo.3446224 7363:Dixon, Robert (1968). 7228:always have a gender: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6795: 6783: 6777: 6768: 6762: 6753: 6747: 6734: 6728: 6715: 6709: 6700: 6694: 6685: 6679: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6222:(and, to some extent, 6202: 6043:, etc.), and in other 5919: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5814: 5802: 5718: 5712: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5642: 5636: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5573: 5563: 5554: 5548: 5524: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5388: 5382: 5281: 5271: 5265: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5195: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5119: 5113: 5043: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4841: 4835: 4810: 4804: 4790: 4784: 4757: 4735: 4706: 4644: 4587: 4581: 4456: 4175:English proper names: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3835: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3591: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3546:(His son is my friend) 3543:Kurrê wî hevalê min e. 3542: 3534: 3525: 3519: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3491:Most Spanish nouns in 3484: 3478: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3446: 3440: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3399: 3393: 3346: 3335:: masculine/feminine. 3314: 3302: 3257: 3251: 3194: 3188: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3110: 3100: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3036: 3029: 2999: 2980: 2963: 2952: 2941: 2930: 2919: 2908: 2902: 2888: 2882: 2875: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2818: 2812: 2680: 2674: 2636: 2635:meaning "person", and 2631: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2599: 2594: 2583: 2578: 2563: 2558: 2517: 2506: 2490:null-subject languages 2481: 2472: 2465: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2408: 2398: 2384: 2278: 2266: 2196: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2112: 2095: 2066: 2049: 2017: 2000: 1971: 1954: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1895:the.FEM.SG grandmother 1881: 1864: 1835: 1818: 1791: 1785: 1776: 1770: 1711:grammatical categories 1670: 1656: 1646: 1631: 1621: 1608: 1577: 1563: 1543: 1537: 1526: 1334: 1294: 1285: 1157:Common–neuter contrast 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1029: 1023: 947: 941: 930: 924: 910: 904: 772: 767: 761: 618:Polypersonal agreement 38:. For other uses, see 8589:Linguistic morphology 8465:The Language Instinct 8382:. pp. 1347–1353. 7608:James Cook University 6946:masculinité, virilité 6479:. The choice between 6162:, Ancient and Modern 6069:Niger–Congo languages 6055:, as well as several 6033:Afroasiatic languages 5966:. Thus, according to 5823: painting brush 5786:) is fitted into the 5528:, which is masculine. 5407:is masculine whereas 5392:; or neuter, as with 5193:, whereas the plural 4696:) was only a prince.' 4111: 3704:are always feminine. 3585:("young woman") (see 3535:Keça wî hevala min e. 3433:form-meaning mismatch 3340:: animate/inanimate. 3320: 3308: 3280: 3020:constructio ad sensum 2200:) . As a consequence 1392:classifier handshapes 1258:Linguistic relativity 1010:Afroasiatic languages 746: 254:Genitive construction 8111:In a translation of 7728:. 2002. pp. 1–2 7303:Macmillan Publishers 7231:Wilfried Kürschner ( 7147:"factory", feminine 6843:In the Austronesian 6035:(which includes the 5981:-marking morphology; 5598:(from Asturian) and 5308:specify the language 5306:This section should 3800:: for instance, the 3766:"broken" plural form 3391:, nouns that end in 3325:: no gender system. 3037:diese kleine Mädchen 2721:improve this section 2448:Third-person pronoun 1935:"Grammatical" gender 1568:"girl" changes into 1384:East Asian languages 1104:Algonquian languages 1002:Indo-Aryan languages 700:grammatical category 507:Traditional grammar 475:Syntax relationships 151:Grammatical features 84:"Grammatical gender" 69:improve this article 8126:Alexander Vertinsky 8079:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 7328:Jackson, Steven B. 7153:"woman" and neuter 6909:Generic antecedents 6845:Wuvulu-Aua language 6821:Dravidian languages 6400:, and the singular 6137:Proto-Indo-European 6110:language families. 6053:Northeast Caucasian 5964:isolating languages 5673:, which was neuter. 5592:(from Portuguese), 5475:), whereas Spanish 5269:("small boy"), but 4924:where applicable.) 4593:semantically marked 4479:Dravidian languages 4223:Greek proper names 3265:Syntactic structure 2609:indefinite pronouns 1931: 1801: 1741:, past and passive 1604:Masculine singular 1587: 1467:change their form ( 1242:Dravidian languages 1096:Anatolian languages 1035:Proto-Indo-European 848:, past and passive 425:Comparison (degree) 175:Dative construction 32:Language and gender 8584:Grammatical gender 8316:Hafford, James A. 8269:2013-10-30 at the 7871:10.1111/lnc3.12226 7198:"hand" and neuter 6919:Polarity of gender 6633:Russian declension 6442:Germanic languages 6378:they/them/their(s) 5760:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 5708:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 5543:which is feminine. 5455:Germanic languages 4861:and the reflexive 4805:hjúkrunarfræðingur 4669:) óbreyttur prins. 4626:Germanic languages 4117: 3833:, nouns ending in 3674:, nouns ending in 3561:with the suffixes 3347: 3315: 3303: 3170:("a male zebra"). 3161:un guepardo hembra 3104:(masculine) and a 3012:(f.) Hausaufgaben. 2993:(n.) Hausaufgaben. 2805:grammatical gender 2641:meaning "thing"). 2595:mae hi'n bwrw glaw 2546:pro-drop languages 2031:the.MASC.PL dishes 1929: 1799: 1642:Feminine singular 1585: 1451:As noun inflection 1407:Chinese classifier 1394:) can be found in 1340:(also the root of 1047:Germanic languages 773: 755:, adjectives, and 710:of that language. 691:grammatical gender 375:Grammatical aspect 8570:at NamepediA Blog 8499:978-3-96110-181-8 8477:978-3-96110-179-5 8400:978-0-521-26904-9 8186:Franceschina 2005 7651:978-1-317-71018-9 7581:978-0-19-936160-1 7567:The Language Hoax 7554:, pp. 20–21. 7518:, pp. 27–28. 7461:Mouton de Gruyter 7459:. Vol. 124. 7443:Franceschina 2005 7424:Franceschina 2005 7403:, p. 27, 52. 7192:"king", feminine 6805:Polish morphology 6452:in words such as 6417:their modifiers ( 6408:corresponding to 6386:relative pronouns 6363:personal pronouns 6331:Gender in English 6325:Germanic: English 6191:Romance languages 6045:language families 5634:The Italian word 5580:The Spanish word 5506:The Russian word 5427:Romance languages 5368: 5367: 5348:may also be used. 5229:second declension 5101:Norwegian Nynorsk 4045:In the same way, 4000:means "boy", and 3872:are masculine as 3823:faʿʿala, yufaʿʿil 3804:of Stem II (e.g. 3717:(traditionally a 3659:(comparable with 3452:Romance languages 3330:: common/neuter. 3079:("wuss, klutz"); 3008:(f.) macht jetzt 2989:(n.) macht jetzt 2895:, meaning 'lord') 2835:diminutive suffix 2801: 2800: 2793: 2775: 2316:personal pronouns 2306:Personal pronouns 2282:"door" is neuter 2273:singularia tantum 2257:Other languages, 2242:, "spectacles"), 2135: 2134: 2126:the.FEM.PL guitar 2080:the.FEM.SG guitar 1904: 1903: 1898:"the grandmother" 1852:"the grandfather" 1790:(masculine), and 1688: 1687: 1535:singular form is 1358:A classifier, or 1228:. In some of the 1201:Norwegian Nynorsk 1055:Romance languages 990:Romance languages 683: 682: 578:Topic and Comment 561:Thematic relation 456:Reflexive pronoun 370:Tense–aspect–mood 330:Associated motion 312:Universal grinder 145: 144: 137: 119: 16:(Redirected from 8596: 8558: 8556: 8550:. Archived from 8549: 8539: 8446: 8423: 8404: 8383: 8370: 8350: 8322: 8321: 8313: 8307: 8306:, pp. 8–11. 8301: 8295: 8279: 8273: 8261: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8233: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8174: 8173: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8128:, 1920s or 1930s 8122: 8116: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8075: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7937: 7931: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7781: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7719: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7684:Boroditsky, Lera 7680: 7674: 7671: 7665: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7642:Psychology Press 7631: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7604: 7595: 7586: 7585: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7427: 7421: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7380: 7369: 7368: 7360: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7334:Psychology Today 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7300: 7289: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7258: 7249: 7222: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7184: 7176: 7175: 7167: 7166: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7071: 7070: 7062: 7061: 7053: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7001: 6995: 6994:), among others. 6993: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6935: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6829:collective nouns 6798: 6786: 6780: 6771: 6765: 6756: 6754:dobrych klientów 6750: 6737: 6731: 6718: 6712: 6703: 6697: 6688: 6682: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6641:Czech declension 6602: 6596: 6590: 6583:Slavic languages 6577:Slavic languages 6540:figure of speech 6315:Slavic languages 6212:Celtic languages 6205: 6152:Slavic languages 6041:Berber languages 6031:, for example), 5934: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5867: biblioték 5864: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5843:, all feminine. 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5721: 5715: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5649:The French word 5645: 5639: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5607:The French word 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5576: 5566: 5561:The Polish word 5557: 5551: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5527: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5391: 5385: 5363: 5360: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5301: 5300: 5293: 5284: 5274: 5268: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5198: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5171:("delight") and 5170: 5164: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5125:Norwegian Bokmål 5122: 5116: 5105:Norwegian Bokmål 5094: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4974: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4932:definite article 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4838: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4811:leikskólakennari 4807: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4590: 4584: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4064: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3732: 3724: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3594: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3545: 3537: 3528: 3522: 3511:Kurdish language 3508: 3502: 3496: 3487: 3481: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3449: 3443: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3402: 3396: 3383:For example, in 3260: 3254: 3225: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3203: 3198:"bull", Russian 3197: 3191: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3113: 3103: 3039: 3032: 3014: 2995: 2966: 2955: 2944: 2933: 2922: 2911: 2905: 2894: 2885: 2847: 2841: 2832: 2796: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2733: 2701: 2693: 2634: 2597: 2581: 2561: 2523: 2512: 2484: 2478: 2442: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2358: 2357: 2351: 2281: 2269: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2181: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2149: 2108: 2104: 2062: 2058: 2013: 2009: 1985:the.MASC.SG dish 1967: 1963: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1877: 1873: 1831: 1827: 1805:"Natural" gender 1802: 1798: 1782:definite article 1779: 1773: 1681: 1663: 1649: 1634: 1624: 1611: 1588: 1584: 1574:definite article 1560:initial mutation 1546: 1540: 1523:Latin declension 1425: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1348:Noun classifiers 1339: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1280: 1230:Slavic languages 1205:Norwegian Bokmål 1190:Norwegian Bokmål 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1116:Kurdish language 1051:Slavic languages 1032: 1026: 998:Celtic languages 994:Baltic languages 955:Gender contrasts 950: 944: 938: 901:which I maintain 770: 764: 675: 668: 661: 409:General features 324:Related to verbs 159:Related to nouns 147: 146: 140: 133: 129: 126: 120: 118: 77: 53: 45: 21: 18:Neuter (grammar) 8604: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8574: 8573: 8554: 8547: 8518: 8508:. Open Access. 8487:. Open Access. 8420: 8401: 8347: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8314: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8280: 8276: 8271:Wayback Machine 8262: 8258: 8251: 8247: 8208: 8204: 8196: 8192: 8184: 8177: 8162: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8123: 8119: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8076: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8045: 8043: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8002: 7988: 7984: 7971: 7967: 7959: 7955: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7925: 7917: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7882: 7878: 7865:(11): 661–677. 7853: 7849: 7834: 7830: 7823: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7748: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7717: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7698: 7696: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7644:. p. 120. 7632: 7623: 7613: 7611: 7602: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7562: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7537: 7535: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7501: 7499: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7479: 7463:. p. 689. 7453: 7449: 7441: 7430: 7422: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7382: 7381: 7372: 7361: 7348: 7338: 7336: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7298: 7290: 7279: 7270: 7268: 7260: 7259: 7252: 7244:Duden Grammatik 7226:pluralia tantum 7223: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7208: 7186:from masculine 7141:from masculine 7047: 7043: 7030:la bella águila 7002: 6998: 6977: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6875: 6841: 6817: 6787:(genitive only) 6772:(genitive only) 6719:(genitive only) 6686:dobrego klienta 6591:and neuters in 6579: 6352:waiter/waitress 6333: 6327: 6199:Spanish pronoun 6126: 6108:Native American 5987:non-accusative 5977:preference for 5968:Johanna Nichols 5947: 5941: 5866: 5865: – transl. 5862: 5822: 5783: 5757: 5696: 5680: 5469:and Portuguese 5413:is neuter, and 5377: 5371:borrowed word. 5364: 5358: 5355: 5349: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5325:transliteration 5321: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5257:Scottish Gaelic 5157: 5117:, or feminine: 5053: 4967: 4958: 4906: 4565: 4529: 4474: 4466: 4169: 4106: 3623:"punishment" → 3597:countable nouns 3377: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3311:Polish language 3275: 3267: 3172:Different names 3167:una cebra macho 3091: 2927:Scottish Gaelic 2797: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2734: 2732: 2718: 2702: 2691: 2667: 2654: 2623:("no-one") and 2572:comes from the 2534: 2425:, for example, 2308: 2292: 2284:pluralia tantum 2203:pluralia tantum 2140: 2131: 2118: 2110: 2085: 2072: 2064: 2036: 2023: 2015: 1990: 1977: 1969: 1906: 1900: 1887: 1879: 1854: 1841: 1833: 1755:complementizers 1704: 1684:"the big girl" 1599:With adjective 1479:parts of speech 1453: 1441: 1432: 1356: 1354:Noun classifier 1350: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1276: 1260: 1254: 1218: 1159: 1087: 1018: 985: 963: 957: 878: 866:complementizers 787:or inanimacy, " 771:, respectively. 740:and inanimate. 728: 679: 650: 649: 608: 600: 599: 546: 538: 537: 476: 468: 467: 437:(verbal number) 435:Pluractionality 410: 402: 401: 325: 317: 316: 296: 237:Collective noun 219:Construct state 160: 141: 130: 124: 121: 78: 76: 66: 54: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8602: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8572: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8557:on 2008-04-14. 8540: 8534:(PhD thesis). 8525: 8524:at ucalgary.ca 8517: 8516:External links 8514: 8513: 8512: 8491: 8469: 8460:Pinker, Steven 8457: 8454: 8447: 8438: 8431: 8424: 8418: 8405: 8399: 8384: 8380:Pergamon Press 8371: 8358: 8351: 8346:978-0415286435 8345: 8339:(1 ed.). 8330: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8308: 8296: 8274: 8256: 8245: 8202: 8190: 8175: 8160: 8142: 8140:, p. 326. 8130: 8117: 8104: 8097: 8065: 8053: 8028: 8007: 8000: 7982: 7979:. p. 144. 7973:Kramer, Ruth. 7965: 7953: 7938: 7923: 7911: 7899: 7887: 7876: 7847: 7844:. p. 401. 7828: 7821: 7815:. p. 85. 7811:(1 ed.). 7799: 7792: 7766: 7754: 7739: 7706: 7686:(2009-06-11). 7675: 7666: 7657: 7650: 7621: 7587: 7580: 7556: 7544: 7520: 7508: 7484: 7477: 7447: 7428: 7405: 7393: 7370: 7346: 7320: 7308: 7305:. p. 231. 7277: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7236: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7041: 7039:"the eagles"). 6996: 6976:muzhestvennost 6970:мужественность 6929: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6871: 6840: 6837: 6816: 6813: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6773: 6758: 6748:dobrzy klienci 6740: 6739: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6705: 6690: 6672: 6671: 6605:soft consonant 6578: 6575: 6544: 6543: 6520: 6499:With animals, 6444:(the suffixes 6414: 6413: 6359: 6329:Main article: 6326: 6323: 6125: 6122: 6114:Modern English 6065:Kalaw Lagaw Ya 5993: 5992: 5985: 5982: 5975: 5940: 5937: 5756: 5753: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5704: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5647: 5632: 5605: 5578: 5559: 5558:, is feminine. 5544: 5529: 5419:is feminine.) 5376: 5373: 5366: 5365: 5344:. Knowledge's 5305: 5303: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5272:balaich bheaga 5261:palatalization 5156: 5153: 5052: 5049: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4905: 4902: 4779: 4778: 4728: 4727: 4698: 4697: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4528: 4525: 4473: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4362: 4347: 4332: 4317: 4299: 4248: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4182: 4168: 4165: 4105: 4102: 4047:personal names 3772:; for example 3629:"apprentice", 3595:, which makes 3548: 3547: 3539: 3466:("photo") and 3376: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3358: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3255:("animal") or 3090: 3087: 3016: 3015: 2996: 2969: 2968: 2957: 2946: 2935: 2924: 2913: 2896: 2870: 2799: 2798: 2705: 2703: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2666: 2663: 2658:natural gender 2653: 2650: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2513: 2381: 2380: 2360: 2312:natural gender 2307: 2304: 2291: 2288: 2262:Serbo-Croatian 2218:, "pincers"), 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2111: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2065: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2016: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1970: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1902: 1901: 1880: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1834: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1703: 1700: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1667: 1664: 1653: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1637:"the big son" 1635: 1628: 1625: 1615: 1612: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1452: 1449: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1396:sign languages 1352:Main article: 1349: 1346: 1315:Main article: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1253: 1250: 1217: 1214: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1086: 1083: 1017: 1014: 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 973: 970: 956: 953: 917: 916: 892: 885: 877: 874: 727: 724: 681: 680: 678: 677: 670: 663: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 630:Empty category 627: 622: 621: 620: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 592: 587: 586: 585: 575: 574: 573: 568: 558: 553: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 534: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 505: 500: 495: 494: 493: 488: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 464: 463: 461:Reflexive verb 458: 448: 443: 438: 432: 427: 422: 417: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 394: 393: 392: 387: 382: 377: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 304: 303: 302: 297: 295: 294: 289: 284: 280: 273: 268: 267: 266: 261: 251: 246: 241: 240: 239: 234: 229: 221: 216: 215: 214: 204: 203: 202: 197: 192: 187: 185:Quirky subject 182: 177: 167: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 143: 142: 57: 55: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8601: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8543:Horesh, Uri. 8541: 8537: 8533: 8532: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8419:90-272-5298-X 8415: 8411: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8338: 8333: 8332: 8320:. p. 63. 8319: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8292:0-226-10403-6 8289: 8285: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8260: 8254: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8224:(2): 93–116. 8223: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8194: 8188:, p. 77. 8187: 8182: 8180: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8161:0-226-58056-3 8157: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8127: 8124:In a song of 8121: 8115:stories, 1915 8114: 8108: 8100: 8098:9780199812790 8094: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8063:, p. 61. 8062: 8057: 8041: 8040: 8032: 8024: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8003: 8001:90-272-1842-0 7997: 7993: 7986: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7963:, p. 19. 7962: 7957: 7951:, p. 14. 7950: 7945: 7943: 7936:, p. 32. 7935: 7930: 7928: 7921:, p. 13. 7920: 7915: 7909:, p. 12. 7908: 7903: 7897:, p. 11. 7896: 7891: 7885: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7824: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7803: 7795: 7793:0-87779-132-5 7789: 7785: 7780: 7779: 7770: 7764:, p. 27. 7763: 7758: 7752:, p. 18. 7751: 7746: 7744: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7710: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7670: 7661: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7610: 7609: 7601: 7594: 7592: 7583: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7560: 7553: 7548: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7480: 7478:9783110802603 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7445:, p. 78. 7444: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7426:, p. 72. 7425: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7402: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7312: 7304: 7297: 7296: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7217: 7183: 7174: 7165: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7078: 7069: 7060: 7045: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7000: 6992: 6982:) and Hindi ( 6980: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6833:Tamil grammar 6830: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6785: 6784:dobrych serów 6779: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6730: 6725: 6724: 6717: 6711: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356:widow/widower 6353: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6124:Indo-European 6121: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5960:agglutinating 5957: 5953: 5946: 5936: 5933: 5921: 5915: 5903: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5856: 5844: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5793: 5790:noun-pattern 5789: 5777: 5766: 5761: 5752: 5749: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5646:is masculine. 5644: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5601:origem/ orixe 5596: 5590: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5545: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5520:crescent moon 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5372: 5362: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5326: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5058: 5048: 5045: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5016: 5012:"; the other 5010: 5006:, "the Great 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4962: 4956:Gender shifts 4953: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4871: 4870:sin/sitt/sina 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4812: 4806: 4792: 4786: 4785:hjúkrunarkona 4775: 4753: 4744:) velkomnir ( 4733: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4670: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490:Dizi language 4486: 4484: 4480: 4469: 4461: 4458: 4452: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4374: 4363: 4359: 4348: 4344: 4333: 4329: 4318: 4314: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4249: 4245: 4233: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3947:("beach") or 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3813: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3751: 3746: 3736: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3641:"cowardly" → 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579:("girl") and 3577: 3571: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3523:(member) and 3521: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503:, accusative 3501: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3485:radiodifusión 3480: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3355:morphological 3352: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3270: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3210: 3205: 3196: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2863:(neuter) and 2862: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2795: 2792: 2784: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: – 2741: 2737: 2736:Find sources: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2706:This section 2704: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2662: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2626:quelque chose 2622: 2621: 2617:("someone"), 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538:dummy pronoun 2529: 2522: 2521: 2518:muito obrigad 2514: 2511: 2510: 2507:muito obrigad 2503: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2492:(and in some 2491: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2336:second person 2333: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2294:Pronouns may 2287: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2263: 2255: 2254:, "gills"). 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2130: 2129:"the guitars" 2127: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1944: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1439:As inflection 1436: 1430:Manifestation 1427: 1424: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1318: 1303: 1296: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:common gender 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 977: 974: 971: 968: 967: 966: 962: 952: 949: 943: 934: 933: 928: 927: 922: 914: 913: 908: 907: 902: 898: 893: 890: 886: 883: 882: 881: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 815: 812: 810: 806: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 780: 776: 769: 763: 758: 754: 750: 745: 741: 739: 735: 731: 723: 721: 717: 716:sex or gender 711: 709: 705: 701: 696: 692: 688: 676: 671: 669: 664: 662: 657: 656: 654: 653: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 635:Incorporation 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 619: 616: 615: 614: 611: 610: 604: 603: 596: 593: 591: 588: 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 548: 542: 541: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 482: 479: 478: 472: 471: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 406: 405: 398: 395: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 345:Evidentiality 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 321: 320: 313: 310: 308: 305: 301: 298: 293: 290: 288: 285: 282: 281: 279: 278: 277: 274: 272: 269: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 223:Countability 222: 220: 217: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 156: 155: 152: 149: 148: 139: 136: 128: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: – 85: 81: 80:Find sources: 74: 70: 64: 63: 58:This article 56: 52: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8552:the original 8530: 8463: 8450: 8442: 8437:, Macmillan. 8434: 8427: 8409: 8389: 8375: 8362: 8354: 8336: 8329:Bibliography 8317: 8311: 8304:Corbett 1991 8299: 8281: 8277: 8259: 8248: 8221: 8215: 8205: 8200:, p. 2. 8198:Corbett 1991 8193: 8151: 8145: 8133: 8120: 8107: 8087:. New York: 8083: 8061:Ibrahim 1973 8056: 8044:. Retrieved 8038: 8031: 8019: 8010: 7991: 7985: 7975: 7968: 7961:Corbett 1991 7956: 7949:Corbett 1991 7934:Corbett 1991 7919:Corbett 1991 7914: 7907:Corbett 1991 7902: 7895:Corbett 1991 7890: 7879: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7837: 7831: 7808: 7802: 7777: 7769: 7762:Bradley 2004 7757: 7750:Bradley 2004 7730:. Retrieved 7721: 7709: 7697:. Retrieved 7691: 7678: 7669: 7660: 7636: 7612:. Retrieved 7606: 7566: 7559: 7552:Corbett 1991 7547: 7536:. Retrieved 7532: 7523: 7516:Ibrahim 1973 7511: 7500:. Retrieved 7496: 7487: 7456: 7450: 7401:Bradley 2004 7396: 7387: 7365:Noun Classes 7364: 7337:. Retrieved 7333: 7323: 7318:, p. 4. 7316:Corbett 1991 7311: 7294: 7269:. Retrieved 7265: 7243: 7232: 7220: 7181: 7172: 7163: 7159:"insect" or 7136: 7127: 7118: 7076: 7067: 7058: 7044: 6999: 6967:), Russian ( 6933: 6842: 6839:Austronesian 6818: 6792: 6775:impersonal: 6769:dobrych psów 6760:impersonal: 6732:rather than 6716:dobrego sera 6680:dobry klient 6645: 6637: 6629: 6580: 6569: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6515:). See also 6508: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6469: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6435: 6431:blond/blonde 6430: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6334: 6312: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6188: 6184:declensional 6149: 6134: 6127: 6112: 6100:Sino-Tibetan 6096:Austronesian 6073: 5994: 5948: 5923:and Russian 5890:bibliothèque 5845: 5791: 5787: 5784: brush 5758: 5738: 5697: 5681: 5501: 5421: 5378: 5369: 5356: 5342:ISO 639 code 5338:}} 5332:{{ 5328:}} 5322:{{ 5318:}} 5312:{{ 5307: 5209:("egg") and 5201:church organ 5191:barrel organ 5158: 5110: 5097: 5054: 5026: 4968: 4959: 4926: 4918:dictionaries 4907: 4886: 4875: 4843: 4824: 4808:'nurse' and 4788:'nurse' and 4780: 4766:) velkomin ( 4729: 4699: 4634: 4629: 4619: 4610: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4577: 4566: 4532:categories. 4530: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4475: 4467: 4381: 4232:Konstantinos 4226:Κωνσταντίνος 4215: 4209: 4203: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4170: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4080:origin (cf. 4073: 4069: 4065: 4050: 4044: 3985: 3923:"to park" → 3828: 3802:verbal nouns 3778: 3769: 3768:ending in a 3714:tāʾ marbūṭah 3712: 3706: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3617:"teaching", 3549: 3490: 3437: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3348: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3268: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3213: 3212:) "ram" and 3199: 3183: 3179: 3092: 3042: 3030:eine Mädchen 3023: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2970: 2850: 2823:("maiden"), 2804: 2802: 2787: 2778: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2735: 2719:Please help 2707: 2668: 2657: 2655: 2643: 2606: 2569: 2554: 2549: 2535: 2526: 2519: 2508: 2487: 2482:je suis fort 2474: 2473:je suis fort 2463: 2457: 2445: 2419:third person 2382: 2367: 2363: 2347: 2343: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2293: 2283: 2271: 2256: 2230:, "pants"), 2201: 2141: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2100: 2096: 2083:"the guitar" 2082: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2054: 2050: 2034:"the dishes" 2033: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2005: 2001: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1959: 1955: 1905: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1869: 1865: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1823: 1819: 1763: 1716: 1705: 1689: 1676: 1672: 1658: 1617: 1569: 1553: 1548: 1496: 1474: 1468: 1454: 1442: 1433: 1400: 1387: 1379: 1375: 1360:measure word 1357: 1341: 1327: 1320: 1317:Noun classes 1311:Noun classes 1272:kind of test 1269: 1265: 1261: 1221: 1219: 1194: 1183: 1162: 1160: 1114:In Northern 1088: 1019: 986: 964: 929:("pot") and 918: 900: 896: 879: 823: 816: 813: 797: 781: 777: 774: 732: 729: 712: 707: 703: 690: 684: 595:Veridicality 486:Transitivity 430:Egophoricity 248: 244:Definiteness 212:Measure word 200:Instrumental 180:Dative shift 131: 122: 112: 105: 98: 91: 79: 67:Please help 62:verification 59: 8113:Jack London 8025:(in Czech). 7813:McGraw-Hill 7722:Learn Welsh 7699:20 December 7614:20 December 7533:MedicineNet 7036:las aguilas 6961:), Polish ( 6955:), German ( 6943:), French ( 6707:inanimate: 6701:dobrego psa 6423:determiners 6337:Old English 6254:—Afrikaans 6118:noun phrase 5999:(including 5887:and French 5837:and French 5266:balach beag 5051:Meaningless 4889:coordinated 4494:diminutives 4334:masculine: 4244:Konstantina 4238:Κωνσταντίνα 3818:فعّل، يفعّل 3770:tāʾ marbūṭa 3725:, becoming 3559:diminutives 3155:un éléphant 3122:are always 3101:un guepardo 3024:attributive 2931:boireannach 2856:Old English 2574:Old English 2290:On pronouns 1885:grandmother 1839:grandfather 1759:adpositions 1743:participles 1735:possessives 1731:quantifiers 1719:determiners 1457:determiners 1372:determiners 1021:the German 1008:), and the 870:adpositions 850:participles 842:possessives 838:quantifiers 826:determiners 819:"agreement" 753:determiners 687:linguistics 531:Predicative 451:Reciprocity 420:Boundedness 340:Conjugation 307:Specificity 125:August 2021 8578:Categories 8378:. Oxford: 8217:Morphology 7822:0844223743 7538:2024-03-26 7502:2016-01-24 7497:sjp.pwn.pl 7271:2022-08-01 7212:References 7087:"leg" and 6949:), Latin ( 6778:dobre sery 6745:personal: 6695:dobry pies 6477:antecedent 6462:productive 6427:adjectives 6371:she/her(s) 6367:he/him/his 6208:Hindustani 5952:classifier 5943:See also: 5884:Bibliothek 5878:biblioteka 5872:bibliotéka 5869:, Russian 5806:, Russian 5800:, Yiddish 5577:is neuter. 5165:("love"), 5029:polysemous 5021:Borgarting 4965:Meaningful 4415:englezikos 4409:εγγλέζικος 4349:feminine: 4134:"forest", 4012:"lawyer", 3988:derivation 3798:derivation 3605:"dough" → 3479:fotografía 3385:Portuguese 3323:Light blue 3287:Mozambique 3192:"cow" and 3186:, Spanish 3149:une girafe 3108:is always 3098:is always 2916:Portuguese 2751:newspapers 2592:sentence: 2498:Portuguese 2494:elliptical 2395:Indonesian 2300:antecedent 2170:or German 2144:markedness 1988:"the dish" 1946:Masculine 1813:Masculine 1739:adjectives 1666:"the girl" 1632:y mab mawr 1572:after the 1492:declension 1465:adjectives 1388:classifier 1256:See also: 1226:Noun class 1067:Neapolitan 959:See also: 906:Blumenbeet 889:homophones 846:adjectives 805:morphology 695:noun class 645:Markedness 640:Inflection 625:Declension 556:Mirativity 365:Mirativity 271:Noun class 259:Possession 227:Count noun 207:Classifier 195:Comitative 190:Nominative 95:newspapers 8445:. 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