673:
840:
bureaucratic. Also, the label of the New
Christian can be based on rumors originating from dubious genealogies, slander, and intrigue. "In the book" Account of the Cruelties exercised by the inquisition in Portugal, 1708, "the author writes that" the New Christian label is based in mere presumptions, padded and swollen with inventions and lies. " The latter, being a book that does not identify the author is not properly accepted, but that of its analysis provides "logic" with descriptions that in their evaluation correspond, interconnect, hidden missing facts, in the form that the Inquisition reported the procedures.
43:
761:
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initiates persecutions to Jews, passing by the
Council of Toledo in 633, and in the 6th council applies the "Placitum" that distinguished or guarded the converted Jews to Christianity, until the 6° degree of kinship or consanguinity until the invasion of the Moors in 711. The reconquest was then given and persecutions continued, modifying some characteristics until in the reign of John II (1425–1454) they would reach Peace. At the end of the fifteenth century, he would return to Spain.
489:
105:
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According to António José Saraiva, a
Portuguese literature teacher and historian, "The reality of the dichotomy between Old and New Christian only existed in the Inquisitorial taxonomy. The religious or ethnic definition of the New Christians was, in the last analysis, merely formal and bureaucratic.
843:
Several Roman
Emperors persecuted Christians as anti-Romanesque (see the story of St. Sebastian). In 313, Emperor Constantine was converted to Christianity and would become the official religion of the Empire. Jews existed in the Iberian Peninsula from before Christianity, brought in from Eastern
847:
In 409, they invaded the
Iberian Peninsula several barbarian tribes, Germanic Swabi, Vandals, Alans following the Visigoths that were allies of the Romans, establishing the Hispano-Visigothic Kingdom. The Visigothic Kings were Aryans. The First German-Roman Emperor would become Alaric II, who
839:
The reading of this subject at a glance refers immediately to the understanding: "The only reality of the dichotomy between Old and New
Christian only existed in the Inquisitorial taxonomy. The religious or ethnic definition of the new Christians was, in the last analysis, merely formal and
868:, in 1536 as a way of dealing with social tensions, supposedly justified by the need to fight heresy. Communities believed correctly that many New Christians were secretly practising their former religions to any extent possible, becoming crypto-Jews and
410:(converts to Christianity) whom they considered being tainted by their non-Spanish bloodlines-even though the overwhelming majority of Spain's Muslims were also indigenous Iberians, descendants of native Iberians who earlier
549:
in 1492 and a similar
Portuguese decree in 1497, the remaining Jewish population in Iberia became officially Christian by default. The New Christians, especially those of Jewish origin, were always under suspicion of being
651:, and the New Christian descendants of former Muslims weren't expelled until over a century later, even so, in the meantime, different waves of Iberian Muslims and New Christians of Moorish origin left and settled across
1059:
Kadens, Emily. “A Marine
Insurance Fraud in the Star Chamber.” Star Chamber Matters: An Early Modern Court and Its Records, edited by K. J. Kesselring and Natalie Mears, University of London Press, 2021, pp. 155–74.
523:), social restrictions on where one could live, legal restrictions of entry into the professions and the clergy, legal restrictions and prohibition of immigration to and settlement in the newly colonized
362:
Also, the label of the New
Christian can be based on rumors originating from dubious genealogies, slander and intrigue." By law, the category of New Christians included recent converts and their known
735:
of Spain. As a result of the
Alhambra Decree and persecution in prior years, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled. Following the Catholic
457:("cleanliness of blood") also excluded New Christians from society—universities, emigration to the New World, many professions—regardless of their sincerity as converts.
371:
694:, Sephardim (Iberian Jews) and Moors (Iberian Muslims) sometimes converted to Christianity, usually as the result of coercion: physical, economic, and social pressures.
1471:
530:
In addition to the above restrictions and discrimination endured by New Christians, the Spanish Crown and Church authorities also subjected New Christians to
1424:
Uchmany, Eva Alexandra. "The Participation of New Christians and Crypto-Jews in the Conquest, Colonization, and Trade of Spanish America, 1521-1660." In
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attesting to untainted Old Christian pedigrees. The descendants of these, who could not return to Judaism, became the modern-day Christian-professing
813:
437:. Portuguese New Christians were alleged to have been partners with an English factor in Italy in a notable 17th century marine insurance swindle.
698:
604:(it is only in the modern era that a nascent community, the Neo-Western Sephardim, is currently returning to Judaism from among this population).
246:
Because the conversions were achieved in part through coercion and also with the threat of expulsion, especially when it came to the Jews, the
306:, and openly practiced Judaism, which furthered suspicion of Jewish crypsis. Nevertheless, a significant number of those "New Christians" of
1259:
615:, other Jewish-origin New Christians opted to migrate out of the Iberian Peninsula in a continuous flow between the 1600s to 1800s towards
917:
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Despite the discrimination and legal restrictions, many Jewish-origin New Christians found ways of circumventing these restrictions for
122:
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and settlement in the Iberian colonies of the New World by falsifying or buying "cleanliness of blood" documentation or attaining
310:
ancestry were deemed by Spanish society as sincerely Catholic and they still managed to attain prominence, whether religious (St.
227:
or be expelled from Spain. Most of the history of the "New Christians" refers to the Jewish converts, who were generally known as
740:
114:
1520:
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994:
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743:. There is no universally agreed figure of Morisco population, but Christiane Stallaert put the number at around one million
1540:
1362:
Novinsky, Anita. "A Historical Bias: The New Christian Collaboration with the Dutch Invaders of Brazil (17th Century)." In
370:'s reign, it included any person with any fraction of New Christian blood "from time immemorial". In Portugal, in 1772,
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descendants with any fraction New Christian blood up to the third generation, the fourth generation being exempted. In
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was created to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and to investigate allegations of heresy. This became a political issue in
86:
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709:(Jewish quarters) of the cities and sparked many conversions, a trend that continued throughout the 15th century.
519:, abuses of those already-limited civil rights, social and sometimes legal restrictions on whom one could marry (
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776:. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency.
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286:. Sometimes "New Christians" travelled to territories controlled by Protestant enemies of Spain, such as the
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Through Cracks in the Wall: Modern Inquisitions and New Christian Letrados in the Iberian Atlantic World
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In the 14th century, there was increasing pressure, especially against the Jews, that culminated in the
213:. The Alhambra Decree of 1492, also known as the Edict of Expulsion, was an anti-Jewish law made by the
1515:
1407:, eds. Josep M. Solà-Solé, Samuel G. Armistead, and Joseph H. Silverman. Barcelona: Puvil-Editor, 1980.
516:
214:
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Hispania Judaica: Studies on the History, Language, and Literature of the Jews in the Hispanic World
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Quiroz, Alfonso W. "The Expropriation of Portuguese New Christians in Spanish America, 1635-1649."
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as a religion. For those of Moorish origin, it was a manifestation of racial anti-Berberism and/or
51:
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515:, the consequences of legal or social categorization as a New Christian included restrictions of
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the people who were being thrust out were native (sic) to the peninsula as the Christian Kings.
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197:. The term was used from the 15th century onwards primarily to describe the descendants of the
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Migrating Merchants. Trade, Nation, and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Hamburg and Portugal
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Jewish and Muslim converts to Catholicism in Spain and Portugal starting in the 15th century
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Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 2, by Antonio Baião, in Portuguese
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Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 1, by Antonio Baião, in Portuguese
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8:
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1428:, edited by Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, 186–202. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.
1414:, edited by Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, 125–148. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.
1333:, edited by Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, 203–212. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.
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Etnogénesis y etnicidad en España: una aproximación histórico-antropológica al casticismo
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Novinsky, Anita. "Some Theoretical Considerations about the New Christian Problem," in
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The Spain of Fernando de Rojas; the intellectual and social landscape of "La Celestina"
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distinguish them as a unique group, separated from ethnic Jews and Iberian Muslims.
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Pulido Serrano, Juan Ignacio. "Plural Identities: The Portuguese New Christians."
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The Old Christians wanted to legally and socially distinguish themselves from the
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The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765
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The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765
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The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765
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The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765
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The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765
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Over a hundred thousand of Spain's Jews converted to Catholicism as a result of
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Böhm, Günter. "Crypto-Jews and New Christians in Colonial Peru and Chile." In
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and other cities in which many Jews were massacred. These riots destroyed the
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747:(New Christians and their descendants) at the beginning of the 16th century.
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Those Jews forcibly convetred to Christianity were knows as new Christians
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Other derogatory terms applied to each of the converting groups included
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Although Iberian Muslims were protected in the treaty signed at the
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Alhambra Decree of the expulsion of the Jewish population from Spain
1459:
Trial of Gabriel de Granada by the Inquisition in Mexico, 1642–1645
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decreed an end to the legal distinction between New Christians and
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Also as a result of the unceasing trials and persecutions by the
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In practice, for New Christians of Jewish origin, the concept of
363:
234:
189:) was a socio-religious designation and legal distinction in the
1260:"The Quintanar of Persiles y Sigismunda and the Archival Record"
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for actual or alleged practice of the family's former religion.
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have just labeled this article as needing attention, please add
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The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450 to 1800
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1366:, II.141-154. Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies, 1972.
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Portrait of a New Christian: Fernão Álvares Melo (1569-1632)
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itself and their respective empires abroad, particularly in
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The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800
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The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800
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The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800
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The Moorish Proselytes of Archbishop Ximenes, Granada, 1500
397:, it was introduced by the Old Christians who claimed that
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Rivkin, Ellis. "How Jewish Were the New Christians?," in
1373:, ed. Issachar Ben-Ami. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1982
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Although the category of New Christian is meaningless in
372:
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal
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of the Iberian Peninsula. It required Jews to convert to
1364:
Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Jewish Studies
716:. Those remaining practicing Jews were expelled by the
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466:(i.e. "pigs") for New Christians of Jewish origin, and
1029:"Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review, Volumes 17-18"
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suspected a number of the "New Christians" of being
1410:Rowland, Robert. "New Christian, Marrano, Jew." In
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Secrecy and deceit: the religion of the crypto-Jews
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Introductory Note by Professor António José Saraiva
782:. The original article is under "Português" in the
635:(also known more ambiguously in the Netherlands as
1371:The Sepharadi and Oriental Jewish Heritage Studies
856:The governments of Spain and Portugal created the
739:of Spain, 200,000 of the 500,000 Muslims had been
451:The related Spanish development of an ideology of
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814:Knowledge:Pages needing translation into English
1240:, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1972,
1171:. Barcelona: Proyecto a Ediciones. p. 17.
951:The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
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941:
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1348:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
1138:Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain
1076:"Ferrand Martinez and the Massacres of 1391"
948:Tarver, Micheal; Slape, Emily, eds. (2016).
1421:. Paris: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1982
1267:Journal of the Cervantes Society of America
983:Bernardini, Paolo; Fiering, Norman (2001).
947:
918:Black Propaganda against Portugal and Spain
425:was a legal mechanism and manifestation of
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237:) while the Muslim converts were known as
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1035:
441:Cleanliness of blood and related concepts
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
1469:A history of the Marranos, by Cecil Roth
1257:
671:
556:apostatizing from the Christian religion
497:in Spain during the times of Inquisition
487:
50:This article includes a list of general
1323:História dos Cristãos Novos Portugueses
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631:. The descendants of these became the
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663:History of New Christian conversions
476:connotations) for New Christians of
127:move details into the article's body
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36:
1074:Lea, Henry Charles (January 1896).
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525:Spanish territories in the Americas
399:"pure unmixed" Christian bloodlines
24:
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1226:. Netherlands: BRILL. p. XXI.
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1211:. Netherlands: BRILL. p. IX.
643:Muslim "New Christian" emigration
571:Jewish "New Christian" emigration
527:, deportation from the colonies.
233:(or in a more derogatory fashion
1546:Spanish people of Jewish descent
1381:. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
759:
731:in 1492, following the Catholic
639:, among other names elsewhere).
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989:. Berghahn Books. p. 371.
844:provinces of the Roman Empire.
1165:Stallaert, Christiane (1998).
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882:New Christian (disambiguation)
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683:(1829–1891), depicting a mass
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348:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva
32:New Christian (disambiguation)
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1312:António José Saraiva (2001).
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1521:Jews and Judaism in Portugal
1321:J. Lúcio de Azevedo (1989).
627:they eventually returned to
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1541:Latin American caste system
1394:Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv
1325:. Lisboa: Clássica Editora.
1123:History of a Tragedy. p. 17
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1258:Childers, William (2005).
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517:civil and political rights
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342:and others) or political (
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1526:Jews and Judaism in Spain
1496:15th-century Christianity
1491:14th-century Christianity
1440:A history of the Marranos
1377:Jorun Poettering (2019).
1344:David M. Gitlitz (1996).
1144:: New Press. p. 40.
956:Santa Barbara, California
741:converted to Christianity
1506:History of the conversos
1336:Costigan, Lúcia Helena.
1046:. Princeton University.
1042:Hughes, Bethany (2007).
667:
554:("judaizers"), that is,
1064:Retrieved 29 Apr. 2023.
780:enhance the translation
625:Iberian cultural sphere
521:anti-miscegenation laws
352:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
186:
71:more precise citations.
1340:. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
1222:António José Saraiva.
1207:António José Saraiva.
1192:António José Saraiva.
1136:Carr, Matthew (2009).
1121:Pérez, Joseph (2012).
1031:. Simon Bronner. 1995.
1013:António José Saraiva.
862:Portuguese Inquisition
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1017:. Netherlands: BRILL.
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445:Further information:
298:-influenced areas of
225:Catholic Christianity
1531:Sephardi Jews topics
962:. pp. 210–212.
336:Francisco de Vitoria
258:. Subsequently, the
30:For other uses, see
1536:Spanish Inquisition
1396:11 (1985): 407–465.
1389:25 (2011): 129–151.
858:Spanish Inquisition
493:Marranos: A secret
427:racial antisemitism
385:as a legal category
328:Tomás de Torquemada
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552:judaizantes
536:prosecution
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507:Aside from
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256:Crypto-Jews
220:Reconquista
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69:introducing
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681:Edwin Long
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587:emigration
575:See also:
566:Emigration
545:After the
474:pejorative
368:Phillip II
282:, and the
167:Portuguese
77:March 2012
52:references
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513:ostracism
407:conversos
284:Caribbean
230:Conversos
217:upon the
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960:ABC-CLIO
887:Converso
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725:Isabella
655:and the
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364:baptized
308:converso
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193:and the
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183:Ladino
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1104:JSTOR
668:Spain
294:, or
268:Spain
203:Moors
151:Latin
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