91:
1075:
76:
3713:
869:
2632:
2462:, however, established the Reformed Church as the official religious institution of New Netherland. Its successor church is the Reformed Church in America. The colonists had to attract the Indians and other non-believers to God's word, "through attitude and by example" but not "to persecute someone by reason of his religion, and to leave everyone the freedom of his conscience." In addition, the laws and ordinances of the states of Holland were incorporated by reference in those first instructions to the Governors Island settlers in 1624. There were two test cases during Stuyvesant's governorship in which the rule prevailed: the official granting of full residency for both
1412:
1287:
2331:
to encouraging immigration and developing local government. Stuyvesant's predecessors...had been dishonest or, at best, inept, so there was no tradition of respect and support for the governorship on which he could build. Furthermore, the colonists were vocal and quick to challenge authority....Throughout his administration there were constant complaints to the company of his tyrannical acts and pressure for more local self-government....His religious intolerance also exacerbated relations with the colonists, most of whom did not share his narrow outlook.
2224:
1907:
2907:
3286:
3166:
3314:
2659:
3300:
3328:
7944:
1041:
3342:
61:
1267:
1697:
3055:
2747:, Scotland, and Ireland resolved to annex New Netherland and "bring all his Kingdoms under one form of government, both in church and state, and to install the Anglican government as in old England". The Dutch West India Company directors concluded that the religious freedom they offered in New Netherland would dissuade English colonists from working toward their removal. They wrote to Director-General
1525:
2164:. Subsequently, a colonist was murdered in an act of revenge for some killings that had taken place years earlier and the Indians refused to turn over the perpetrator. Kieft suggested that they be taught a lesson by ransacking their villages. In an attempt to gain public support, he created the Citizens Commission the
2451:
children could be baptized. Slaves could testify in court, sign legal documents, and bring civil actions against whites. Some were permitted to work after hours earning wages equal to those paid to white workers. When the colony fell, the company freed the slaves, establishing early on a nucleus of free blacks.
2184:
enemies per their treaty understandings with the Dutch. The massacre left 130 dead. Within days, the surrounding tribes united and rampaged the countryside, in a unique move, forcing settlers who escaped to find safety at Fort
Amsterdam. For two years, a series of raids and reprisals raged across the
2450:
The Dutch West India
Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of 11 black slaves who worked as farmers, fur traders, and builders. They had a few basic rights and families were usually kept intact. They were admitted to the Dutch Reformed Church and married by its ministers, and their
2330:
Peter
Stuyvesant was essentially a difficult man thrust into a difficult position. Quick tempered, self-confident, and authoritarian, he was determined...to rule firmly and to repair the fortunes of the company. The company, however, had run the colony solely for trade profits, with scant attention
1671:
or manufactured goods was a trade agreement and defense alliance, which gave them exclusive rights to farming, hunting, and fishing. Often, the
Indians did not vacate the property or reappeared seasonally according to their migration patterns. They were willing to share the land with the colonists,
1380:
was one of the founders of the GWC, and he promoted the concept that the company's main goal should be to establish colonies in the New World. In 1620, Usselincx made a last appeal to the States
General, which rejected his principal vision as a primary goal. The legislators preferred the formula of
1936:
in 1626 and made a decision that greatly affected the new colony. Originally, the capital of the province was to be located on the South River, but it was soon realized that the location was susceptible to mosquito infestation in the summer and the freezing of its waterways in the winter. He chose
2755:
e are in hopes that as the
English at the north (in New Netherland) have removed mostly from old England for the causes aforesaid, they will not give us henceforth so much trouble, but prefer to live free under us at peace with their consciences than to risk getting rid of our authority and then
1302:
was the governing body of the
Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, and it proclaimed on 17 March 1614, that it would grant an exclusive patent for trade between the 40th and 45th parallels. This monopoly would be valid for four voyages, and all four voyages had to be undertaken within three
2273:
were trying to contain further Dutch expansion. Discontent in New
Amsterdam led locals to dispatch Adriaen van der Donck back to the United Provinces to seek redress. After nearly three years of legal and political wrangling, the Dutch Government came down against the GWC, granting the colony a
2171:
The
Council did not rubber-stamp his ideas, as he had expected them to, but took the opportunity to mention grievances that they had with the company's mismanagement and its unresponsiveness to their suggestions. Kieft thanked and disbanded them and, against their advice, ordered that groups of
2155:
from 1638 until 1647. The colony had grown somewhat before his arrival, reaching 8,000 population in 1635. Yet it did not flourish, and Kieft was under pressure to cut costs. At this time, Indian tribes that had signed mutual defense treaties with the Dutch were gathering near the colony due to
3014:
went so far as to say that "the origins of the two
Republics are so much alike that the history of one seems but a transcript from that of the other." The Articles of Capitulation (outlining the terms of transfer to the English) in 1664 provided for the right to worship as one wished, and were
2023:
calculated an equivalent of $ 72 in 1992. Historians James and Michelle Nevius revisited the issue in 2014, suggesting that using the prices of beer and brandy as monetary equivalencies, the price Minuit paid would have the purchasing power of somewhere between $ 2,600 and $ 15,600 in current
1198:, the Dutch Consul at London. This stimulated interest in exploiting this new trade resource, and it was the catalyst for Dutch merchant-traders to fund more expeditions. Merchants such as Arnout Vogels sent the first follow-up voyages to exploit this discovery as early as July 1610.
1381:
trading posts with small populations and a military presence to protect them, which was working in the East Indies, versus encouraging mass immigration and establishing large colonies. The company did not focus on colonization in America until 1654 when it was forced to surrender
2686:, some with permission from the colonial government and others with complete disregard for it. The English colonies grew more rapidly than New Netherland as they were motivated by a desire to establish communities with religious roots, rather than for trade purposes. The
1252:
was born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent. He arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613β1614, trapping for pelts and trading with the Indians as a representative of the Dutch. He was the first recorded non-native inhabitant of New York City.
5911:"Last Monday, the anniversary of St. Nicholas, otherwise called Santa Claus, was celebrated at Protestant Hall, at Mr. Waldron's; where a great number of sons of the ancient saint, the "Sons of Saint Nicholas", celebrated the day with great joy and festivity."
2264:
During the period of his governorship, the province experienced exponential growth. Demands were made upon Stuyvesant from all sides: the GWC, the States General, and the New Netherlanders. The English were nibbling at Dutch territory to the north and the
1193:
Upon returning to the Netherlands, Hudson reported that he had found fertile land and amicable people willing to engage his crew in small-scale bartering of furs, trinkets, clothes, and small manufactured goods. His report was first published in 1611 by
1090:
in the Netherlands. Nations vied for domination of lucrative trade routes around the globe, particularly those to Asia. Simultaneously, philosophical and theological conflicts were manifested in military battles throughout the European continent. The
3140:
was changed to "Santa Claus", a name first used in the American press in 1773, when Nicholas was used as a symbol of New York's non-British past. However, many of the "traditions" of Santa Claus may have simply been invented by Irving in his 1809
2438:
tended to speak French, and Scandinavians and Germans brought their own tongues. It is likely that the Africans in Manhattan spoke their mother tongues but were taught Dutch from 1638 by Adam Roelantsz van Dokkum. The arrival of refugees from
2314:. These conflicts were generally over settlement of land by New Netherlanders for which contracts had not been clarified, and were seen by the natives as an unwanted incursion into their territory. Previously, the Esopus, a clan of the
1652:
Company policy required land to be purchased from the Indians. The Dutch West India Company would offer a land patent, and the recipient would be responsible for negotiating a deal with representatives of the local tribes, usually the
1665:; they had vastly different conceptions of ownership and use of land than the colonists did, and difficulties sometimes arose concerning the expectations on both sides. The colonists thought that their proffer of gifts in the form of
2718:
were on land claimed by the United Provinces. Still, the Dutch could not populate or militarily defend their territorial claim and, therefore, could do nothing but protest the growing flood of English settlers. With the 1650
2536:
from the Lenape (and was soon after dismissed as director), knew that the Dutch would be unable to defend the southern flank of their North American territory and had not signed treaties with or purchased land there from the
1032:, and Africans imported as slave laborers. Not including Native Americans, the colonial population, many of whom were not of Dutch descent, was 4,301 in 1650 and 8,000 to 9,000 at the time of transfer to England in 1674.
1672:
but the Indians did not intend to leave or give up access. This misunderstanding and other differences led to violent conflict later. At the same time, such differences marked the beginnings of a multicultural society.
2156:
widespread warfare and dislocation among the tribes to the north. At first, he suggested collecting tribute from the Indians, as was common among the various dominant tribes, but his demands were simply ignored by the
2430:, South Americans, and even the Indians who were integral to the society. Dutch was the official language and likely the lingua franca of the province, although other languages were also spoken. There were various
3127:
had a large impact on the popular view of New Netherland's legacy. Irving's romantic vision of a Dutch yeomanry dominated the popular imagination about the colony since its publication in 1809. The tradition of
2926:
in the United States, and it left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life, "a secular broadmindedness and mercantile pragmatism" greatly influenced by the social and political climate in the
2787:"shall keep and enjoy the liberty of their consciences in religion" under English rule. The Articles were largely observed in New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley, but were violated in another part of the
2697:
There initially was limited contact between New Englanders and New Netherlanders, but the two provinces engaged in direct diplomatic relations with a swelling English population and territorial disputes. The
2202:
The colonists were disenchanted with Kieft, his ignorance of Indigenous peoples, and the unresponsiveness of the GWC to their rights and requests, and they submitted the Remonstrance of New Netherland to the
90:
1719:. Further south, a Swedish trading company that had ties with the Dutch tried to establish its first settlement along the Delaware River three years later. Without resources to consolidate its position,
2458:
is the founding document of the Dutch Republic, signed in 1579, and it stated "that everyone shall remain free in religion and that no one may be persecuted or investigated because of religion". The
1355:
operations with the Indians. The location of the fort proved to be impractical, however, due to repeated flooding of the island in the summers, and it was abandoned in 1618 when the patent expired.
8033:
6071:
2604:. These raids are sometimes considered revenge for the murder of a Munsee woman attempting to pluck a peach, though it is possible that they were an attempt to disrupt the attack on New Sweden.
4644:
8053:
4771:
2114:
to establish a settlement of at least 50 families within four years who would live as tenant farmers. Of the original five patents given, the largest and only truly successful endeavor was
2047:
outside the fort walls became a major hub for trade between North America, the Caribbean, and Europe, and where raw materials were loaded, such as pelts, lumber, and tobacco. Sanctioned
1336:(Iron Hog), a vessel built in America. Despite the survey, the company was unable to secure an exclusive patent from the States General for the area between the 38th and 40th parallels.
1574:
who lived in the area. The Dutch depended on the native nations to capture, skin, and deliver pelts to them, especially beaver. It is likely that Hudson's peaceful contact with the
7184:
4191:
Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien, uit veelerhande Schriften ende Aen-teekeningen van verscheyden Natien (Leiden, Bonaventure & Abraham Elseviers, 1625)
2000:
having a standard value of 2.5 guilders). " variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars," as authors
1290:
The storehouse of the Dutch West India Company in Amsterdam, built in 1642, became the headquarters of the board in 1647 because of financial difficulties after the loss of
6175:
1332:(South River) in 1616 from its bay to its northernmost navigable reaches. His observations were preserved in a map drawn in 1616. Hendricksz made his voyages aboard the
4759:
678.91 (2006), equal to about $ 1,000 in 2006 and $ 963 in 2020. However, these are underestimates because of the immediate devaluation of the euro at its introduction.
449:
435:
421:
407:
393:
379:
354:
2731:
on Long Island. The Dutch West India Company refused to recognize the treaty but failed to reach any other agreement with the English, so the Hartford Treaty set the
2576:
on the west bank in an attempt to disrupt trade and reassert control. Three years later, Fort Casimir was seized by the Swedes, who renamed it Fort Trinity. In 1655,
1712:. To that end, they cultivated contingent relations with the Five Nations of the Iroquois to procure greater access to key central regions from which the skins came.
8048:
7983:
2619:
had drawn up a charter for a utopian society that included equal education of all classes, joint ownership of property, and a democratically elected government.
2011:
In 1626, sixty guilders were valued at approximately $ 1,000 in 2006 and $ 963 in 2020, according to the Institute for Social History of Amsterdam. Based on the
1952:
Minuit traded some goods with the local population and reported that he had purchased it from the natives, as was company policy. He ordered the construction of
1848:, which also delivered 103 horses, steers, cows, pigs, and sheep. Most settlers were dispersed to the various garrisons built across the territory: upstream to
8073:
8063:
5238:
3015:
incorporated into subsequent city, state, and national constitutions in the United States, and are the legal and cultural code that lies at the root of the
1715:
The Dutch encouraged a kind of feudal aristocracy over time to attract settlers to the region of the Hudson River in what became known as the system of the
1613:
were seasonally migrational people. The Dutch called the numerous band collectively the River Indians, known the exonyms associated with place names as the
7978:
7177:
3107:
in the middle. The seven arrows in the lion's claw in the Dutch Republic's coat of arms was a precedent for the thirteen arrows in the eagle's claw in the
1590:) conquered the Mahicans, who retreated to Connecticut. The Mohawks gained a near-monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch, as they controlled the upstate
5580:
1298:
The immediate and intense competition among Dutch trading companies in the newly charted areas led to disputes in Amsterdam and calls for regulation. The
8068:
8058:
5626:
2290:
in Brazil to Portugal, encouraging some of its residents to emigrate north and making the North American colonies more appealing to some investors. The
8008:
1049:
7415:
4819:
Benchley, Nathaniel. "The $ 24 Swindle: The Indians who sold Manhattan were bilked, all right, but they didn't mind β the land wasn't theirs anyway."
4648:
1801:). Discovery, charting, and permanent settlement were needed to maintain a territorial claim. To this end in May 1624, the GWC landed 30 families at
442:
2723:, Stuyvesant provisionally ceded the Connecticut River region to New England, drawing New Netherland's eastern border 50 Dutch miles (approximately
7973:
3367:
2447:(with Hebrew as a liturgical language). Commercial activity in the harbor could have been transacted simultaneously in any of a number of tongues.
523:
2979:
imports. In 1682, visiting Virginian William Byrd commented about New Amsterdam that "they have as many sects of religion there as at Amsterdam".
7170:
4768:
4634:
Cornelis Meyln: "I was obliged to flee for the sake of saving my life, and to sojourn with wife and children at the Menatans till the year 1647."
5652:
2971:
was a haven for many religious and intellectual refugees fleeing oppression, as well as home to the world's major ports in the newly developing
75:
8013:
8003:
5742:
5109:
4088:
4073:
Oliver A. Rink, Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 156.
1339:
The States General issued patents in 1614 for the development of New Netherland as a private, commercial venture. Soon after, traders built
5595:
3154:
6471:
5882:
5358:
5181:
7333:
2776:
had been ignored. This left New Amsterdam effectively defenseless, but Stuyvesant negotiated good terms from his "too powerful enemies".
1773:
In 1624, New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic, which had lowered the northern border of its North American dominion to
1126:
to Asia, sailing around Scandinavia and Russia. The ice of the Arctic turned him back in his second attempt, so he sailed west to seek a
7660:
7654:
5550:
5335:
4731:
3210:
Early settlers and their descendants gave many place names that are still in use throughout the region of New Netherland. They adapted
1467:
8043:
8018:
7993:
6402:
1502:
4509:
7801:
7239:
6507:
3739:
1462:
895:
4990:
Both in the way it was set up and in the extent of its rights, the council of Twelve Men, as did the two later advisory bodies ...
4922:
4461:
3006:, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces from the Spanish throne, is strikingly similar to the later
7269:
5792:
4842:
2780:
1477:
1060:
4821:
7193:
4306:
2274:
measure of self-government and recalling Stuyvesant in April 1652. However, the orders were rescinded with the outbreak of the
1074:
6172:
7886:
7279:
7214:
7133:
7129:
6898:
6396:
6320:
6313:
6299:
6031:
5967:
4868:
4803:
4707:
4597:
4492:
3808:
3211:
2773:
1553:
1507:
1487:
1482:
1437:
1401:
1242:
1029:
975:
6259:
5003:
7715:
7204:
4132:
3007:
2887:
1777:
in acknowledgment of the claim by the English north of Cape Cod. The Dutch named the three main rivers of the province the
1492:
1432:
1233:
in four voyages made between 1611 and 1614. These surveys and charts were consolidated in Block's map, which used the name
7807:
7244:
7234:
7224:
7219:
6672:
5720:
4176:
Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien, uit veelerhande Schriften ende Aen-teekeningen van verscheyden Natien
3813:
3671:
1472:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1427:
1422:
827:
6249:
1048:'s 1614 expedition to New Netherland, featuring the first use of the name. It was created by Dutch cartographers in the
7612:
5596:"Behouden of opgeven ? Het lot van de nederlandse kolonie Nieuw-Nederland na de herovering op de Engelsen in 1673"
5480:
5318:
5221:
4022:
3906:
3600:
2227:
2071:
1716:
1447:
756:
5082:
7918:
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7209:
6321:
The Island at the Center of the World: the epic story of Dutch Manhattan and the forgotten colony that shaped America
5274:
5045:
4983:
4670:
4444:
4437:
The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America
4385:
4290:
4159:
3945:
3171:
3096:
2204:
1299:
5435:
3187:
speaking only Dutch, becoming the only president not to have spoken English as a first language. A dialect known as
2522:
was destroyed by the local Indigenous population soon after its founding in 1631 during the absence of their agent,
8028:
7721:
6570:
5822:
3863:
3753:
3374:
2999:
2553:. As expected, the government in New Amsterdam took no action other than to protest. Small settlements centered on
1687:
1497:
530:
4748:
7988:
7326:
6269:
4215:
3785:
3108:
2215:, condemning the GWC for mismanagement and demanding full rights as citizens of the province of the Netherlands.
924:
17:
8023:
6231:
McKinley, Albert E. "The Transition from Dutch to English Rule in New York: A Study in Political Imitation."
5078:
3031:
3002:, though that influence was more as an example of things to avoid than of things to imitate. In addition, the
2839:
2623:
attempted such a settlement near the site of Zwaanendael, but it was largely destroyed in 1664 by the British.
2032:, who were willing to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for the island that was mostly controlled by the
1512:
6428:
5929:
4268:"Grant of Exclusive Trade to New Netherland by the States-General of the United Netherlands; October 11, 1614"
7445:
2923:
2915:
2879:
2728:
2631:
2319:
2190:
1634:
1618:
1271:
1086:
During the 17th century, Europe was undergoing expansive social, cultural, and economic growth, known as the
6754:
2249:. Some years earlier, land ownership policy was liberalized, and trading was somewhat deregulated, and many
1968:
acquired the island of Manhattan on May 24, 1626, from unnamed native people, who are believed to have been
1960:
in the vocabulary of the day, rather than New Netherland. According to a letter by Pieter Janszoon Schagen,
6769:
6500:
3779:
3732:
3405:
3395:
3235:
2891:
2835:
2804:
2620:
1849:
1802:
1014:
1010:
888:
561:
551:
284:
271:
6061:
Peltries or Plantations. The Economic Policies of the Dutch West India Company in New Netherland 1633β1639
4671:"Peter Schaghen Letter with transcription. New Netherland Institute (1626-11-07). Retrieved on 2015-02-16"
1980:, often said to be worth US$ 24. The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a representative of the
7751:
4944:
4567:
4234:
3803:
3531:
3259:
3184:
3034:
and are descended from Claes van Roosevelt, who emigrated around 1650. The Van Buren family of President
2118:, at the highest navigable point on the North River, which became the main thoroughfare of the province.
1893:
687:
212:
204:
7727:
7093:
6827:
6148:
4038:
2875:
2799:
into slavery. Nicolls eventually forced Carr to return some of the confiscated property. In addition, a
7947:
7457:
7451:
7319:
6995:
6690:
6549:
3758:
3450:
3196:
2940:
2911:
2788:
2724:
2246:
2152:
1946:
1933:
1822:
1790:
1691:
1622:
993:
The colony experienced dramatic growth during the 1650s and became a major center for trade across the
606:
245:
6424:
5677:
2890:
to take on the responsibility for the New Netherland province, but to no avail. In February 1674, the
7998:
7733:
7557:
7397:
3400:
3390:
3192:
2720:
2699:
2157:
1854:
1739:
1630:
1579:
1546:
1340:
1186:
that now bears his name. He found the water too shallow to proceed several days later at the site of
987:
556:
546:
6100:
Cohen, Ronald D. "The Hartford Treaty of 1650: Anglo-Dutch Cooperation in the Seventeenth Century."
5463:
5392:
2910:
The original New Netherland settlements at Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Jersey City have grown into the
1366:) on 3 June 1621, which gave the company the exclusive right to operate in West Africa (between the
1166:, he began to sail upriver looking for the passage. This effort was foiled by sandy shoals, and the
7857:
7851:
7539:
7439:
6793:
6530:
6475:
4726:
3143:
Knickerbocker's History of New York from The Beginning of the World To the End of The Dutch Dynasty
2769:
2679:
2646:
was adjusted to 50 miles (80 km) west of the Fresh River, and the Lange Eylandt towns west of
2616:
2523:
2459:
2115:
2111:
2092:
2005:
1985:
1965:
1359:
1352:
1344:
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1119:
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encroached on its southern flank, while its eastern border was redrawn to accommodate an expanding
971:
967:
928:
400:
6088:
5155:
5098:
5065:
4973:
2702:
was formed in 1643 as a political and military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts,
1633:. These groups had the most frequent contact with the New Netherlanders. The Munsee inhabited the
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7600:
7582:
6493:
5750:
5117:
4096:
3725:
3581:
3516:
3496:
3347:
3100:
3078:
2593:
2173:
2060:
881:
737:
672:
652:
5603:
4014:
4004:
2931:
at the time, as well as by the character of those who immigrated to it. It was during the early
2122:
grew from a trading post to a bustling, independent town in the midst of Rensselaerwyck, as did
1988:, Pieter Janszoon Schagen, to the Estates General in November 1626. In 1846, New York historian
7910:
7813:
7427:
7252:
7098:
6857:
6822:
6011:. Original from Harvard University, Digitized May 10, 2007. Schenectady (N.Y.): Munsell's Sons.
5890:
5366:
5185:
3818:
3773:
3635:
3611:
3526:
3491:
3486:
3271:
3219:
3124:
2972:
2859:
2851:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2715:
2096:
1901:
1818:
1304:
1222:
1218:
1202:
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1095:
had become a home to many intellectuals, international businessmen, and religious refugees. In
1002:
998:
791:
767:
682:
647:
642:
386:
258:
1162:, so he sailed south to the Bay, then turned northward, traveling close along the shore. From
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7691:
7606:
6516:
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5412:
5033:
4895:
4203:
3704:
3561:
3119:
3070:
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2744:
2471:
2426:
generally includes all the Europeans who came to live there, but may also refer to Africans,
2275:
2212:
1981:
1755:
1319:
1018:
983:
974:. Settlement initially stalled because of policy mismanagement by the GWC and conflicts with
860:
717:
190:
109:
60:
6417:
5558:
5343:
4697:
4531:
2772:, since requests for troops to protect the Dutch colonists from their English neighbors and
7827:
7775:
7648:
7570:
7433:
7403:
7353:
7257:
7141:
6867:
6715:
6565:
6125:
DeJong, Gerald Francis. "The Formative Years of the Dutch Reformed Church on Long Island,"
6050:
5409:"Articles about the Transfer of New Netherland on the 27th of August, Old Style, Anno 1664"
3763:
3576:
3319:
2936:
2647:
2431:
2423:
1996:
24 (he arrived at $ 24 = Fl 60/2.5, because the US dollar was erroneously equated with the
1993:
1989:
1591:
1539:
1351:
up Hudson's river. The fort was to defend river traffic against interlopers and to conduct
1249:
1079:
732:
372:
152:
96:
6791:
6528:
5340:
Historical Committee & Archives of the Mennonite Church: Mennonite Historical Bulletin
5311:
Brothers among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America, 1580-1660
4869:"De West-Indische Compagnie En Haar Belangen in Nieuw-Nederland Een Overzicht (1621β1664)"
4314:
4267:
2580:
led a military expedition and regained control of the region, naming its main settlement "
8:
7902:
7763:
7630:
7503:
7463:
7363:
7162:
6947:
6923:
6893:
5388:
5097:
Jacobs, J. (2005) New Netherland: a Dutch colony in seventeenth-century America, p. 313.
4923:"The United States of America and the Netherlands: Nieuw Nederland β New Netherland"
4517:
4401:
4010:
3551:
3546:
3541:
2635:
2499:
2414:
were not necessarily Dutch, and New Netherland was never a homogeneous society. Governor
2064:
2051:
contributed to its growth. It was given its municipal charter in 1653, by which time the
2020:
1889:
1774:
1286:
1195:
1104:
1100:
707:
702:
697:
5038:
The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley
1726:
In 1613, temporary camp comprising a number of small huts was built by the crew of the "
8038:
7926:
7839:
7409:
7391:
6917:
6837:
6112:
5292:
4930:
4469:
4149:
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3305:
3291:
3267:
2707:
2511:
2299:
2123:
2025:
1997:
1747:
1649:
along the Susquehanna River, which the Dutch regarded as their boundary with Virginia.
1571:
1179:
1155:
932:
799:
722:
428:
321:
156:
6209:
6118:
De Jong, Gerald Francis. "Dominie Johannes Megapolensis: Minister to New Netherland."
5993:
The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States
5800:
5528:
4840:
4339:
2967:
The concept of tolerance was the mainstay of the province's Dutch mother country. The
2666:
made in 1664, the year that it was surrendered to English forces under Richard Nicolls
1742:
was built at the confluence of the Hudson (North River) and Mohawk rivers, and small
7894:
7636:
7521:
7373:
7342:
7077:
6903:
6847:
6605:
6575:
6392:
6371:
6309:
6295:
6199:
6027:
5963:
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5270:
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5217:
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5011:
4979:
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4799:
4779:
4703:
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4381:
4286:
4242:
4155:
4128:
4122:
4018:
3953:
3556:
3476:
3435:
3333:
3114:
3038:, who even spoke Dutch as his first language, also originated in New Netherland. The
3003:
2995:
2883:
2675:
2223:
2208:
2070:
In the hope of encouraging immigration, the Dutch West India Company established the
2016:
1897:
1871:
1798:
1411:
1371:
1182:. Hudson believed that he had found the continental water route, so he sailed up the
1130:
rather than return home. He ended up exploring the waters off the northeast coast of
1127:
1123:
712:
632:
591:
6423:
Several primary sources (both translated and in the original Dutch) can be found in
6414:
Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present
6189:
6188:(State University of New York Press, 2014), 277 pp. specialized essays by scholars.
6141:
New Netherland in a nutshell: a concise history of the Dutch colony in North America
5692:
2906:
1906:
7666:
7642:
7576:
7551:
7509:
7368:
7262:
7114:
7061:
7019:
6888:
6590:
6427:
at the website of the New Netherland Institute. Also included on the NNI site is a
5773:"New Netherland and the Dutch Origins of American Religious Liberty β Evan Haefeli"
4722:
3680:
3659:
3511:
3461:
3430:
3204:
3180:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3035:
3027:
3016:
2862:
in 1689. Nevertheless, the Dutch Republic needed money after the conclusion of the
2784:
2748:
2711:
2642:, a reprint of 1685, which is not a completely accurate map, since the border with
2577:
2515:
2455:
2411:
2307:
2250:
2238:
2231:
2193:
2131:
2001:
1810:
1763:
1759:
1681:
1567:
1377:
1367:
1348:
1087:
1025:
940:
836:
815:
667:
617:
586:
490:
178:
148:
66:
6431:
broadly related to the seventeenth-century Dutch colony and its legacy in America.
6343:
American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America
5502:
4876:
4064:
Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen. Exploring Historic Dutch New York, 2013.
2161:
2033:
1738:, which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson. Soon after, the first of two
7863:
7781:
7739:
7703:
7545:
7527:
7515:
7421:
7378:
7358:
7274:
6749:
6376:
6179:
5772:
5019:
4846:
4825:
4793:
4775:
4752:
3619:
3536:
3471:
3104:
3043:
2991:
2808:
2796:
2765:
2761:
2703:
2671:
2589:
2444:
2177:
2029:
2012:
1957:
1826:
1638:
1315:
775:
692:
627:
414:
144:
6066:
Balmer, Randall H. "The Social Roots of Dutch Pietism in the Middle Colonies,"
5488:
7795:
7491:
6700:
6480:
6466:
6351:
Wright, Langdon G. "Local Government and Central Authority in New Netherland."
6236:
6169:
The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America
6162:
5925:
5878:
5823:"Oud Vossemeer β The cradle of the U.S.A. Roosevelt presidents and family"
5214:
The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America
4432:
3941:
3797:
3791:
3768:
3425:
3420:
3385:
3255:
3133:
3023:
2975:. Concepts of religious freedom and free trade (including a stock market) were
2968:
2932:
2928:
2894:
concluded the war. It took until 10 November 1674 for the new English governor
2612:
2554:
2546:
2503:
2463:
2427:
2283:
2186:
2143:
1953:
1859:
1782:
1646:
1529:
1327:
1187:
1159:
1111:, and the Spanish were developing colonies in South America and the Caribbean.
1092:
994:
920:
912:
581:
576:
541:
166:
130:
4857:
Map of Long Island Townshttp://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Town/OldBklyn.html
3712:
2588:). While Stuyvesant was conquering New Sweden, some villages and farms at the
2261:. The population had reached about 15,000, including 500 on Manhattan Island.
1723:
was gradually absorbed by New Holland and later in Pennsylvania and Delaware.
868:
7962:
7745:
7497:
7478:
7029:
7024:
6680:
6657:
6652:
6636:
6600:
6595:
6580:
6241:
5983:
5015:
4246:
3957:
3466:
2956:
2944:
2895:
2847:
2843:
2597:
2519:
2467:
2323:
2311:
2056:
2052:
2044:
1883:
1735:
1701:
1642:
1595:
1583:
1230:
1214:
1131:
1045:
1006:
622:
470:
120:
4462:"The United States of America and the Netherlands: The First Dutch Settlers"
3914:
3165:
3132:
is thought to have developed from a gift-giving celebration of the feast of
2850:
as governor and renamed the city New Orange, reflecting the installation of
2074:
in 1629, which gave it the power to offer vast land grants and the title of
7769:
7624:
7618:
7014:
6817:
6631:
6626:
6610:
6585:
6026:. Yonkers, NY: Fordham University Press; Hudson River Museum. p. 418.
3651:
3627:
3501:
3415:
3200:
3188:
2983:
2948:
2939:
actually developed the land and society that had an enduring impact on the
2838:
New Netherland in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships led by Vice Admiral
2828:
2608:
2573:
2566:
2529:
2440:
2422:
born in Germany who spoke English and worked for a Dutch company. The term
2415:
2303:
2287:
2254:
2148:
2100:
1961:
1942:
1929:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1382:
1323:
1308:
1291:
1183:
1163:
1144:
1115:
1096:
960:
956:
807:
783:
657:
571:
496:
359:
6993:
6456:
4795:
Footprints in New York: Tracing the Lives of Four Centuries of New Yorkers
4674:
4592:. Yonkers, NY: Fordham University Press; Hudson River Museum. p. 20.
4189:
4174:
2658:
7709:
7594:
7588:
7302:
Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia
6971:
6852:
6710:
6685:
5955:
5141:
Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613β1863
3571:
3521:
3440:
3410:
3263:
3137:
3129:
3039:
2987:
2976:
2952:
2855:
2691:
2683:
2651:
2643:
2291:
2258:
2085:
1175:
1108:
952:
727:
677:
596:
566:
475:
6485:
6446:
5826:
5743:"Remarks at the Welcoming Ceremony for Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands"
4549:
1956:
at its southern tip, around which grew the heart of the province called
7833:
7789:
7289:
6759:
6725:
6365:
6285:
Holland on the Hudson. An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York
6256:
The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch-Amerindian Encounters in New Netherland
6226:
6221:
McKinley, Albert E. "The English and Dutch Towns of New Netherland."
6186:
The Worlds of the Seventeenth-Century Hudson Valley. An American Region
6150:
Dutch and English on the Hudson : a chronicle of colonial New York
5987:
4745:
3794:, an inhabitant of the United States of whole or partial Dutch ancestry
3685:
3506:
3481:
3091:
3011:
2768:
and demanded New Netherland's surrender. They met no resistance to the
2581:
2550:
2266:
2165:
1925:
situated on the North River) with the north arrow pointing to the right
1767:
1720:
1205:
sent two covert expeditions to find a passage to China with the yachts
1139:
979:
944:
841:
662:
637:
485:
6945:
6294:. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011).
4354:
3819:
Records of the Dutch West India Company at the New York State Archives
3776:
to translate and publish 17th century Dutch documents about the colony
3010:, though there is no concrete evidence that one influenced the other.
2994:
were extended to large segments of the population. The framers of the
1746:
or trading posts went up, where commerce could be conducted with the
1708:
Like the French in the north, the Dutch focused their interest on the
1358:
The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands granted a charter to the
1213:, captained by Jan Cornelisz Mey and Symon Willemsz Cat respectively.
1154:
Hudson believed that the passage to the Pacific Ocean was between the
1040:
7697:
7284:
6966:
6739:
6705:
6076:
Barnouw, A.J. "The Settlement of New Netherland," in A.C. Flick ed.,
4769:
How much would the $ 24 paid for Manhattan be worth in today's money?
3851:
3690:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3136:
on December 5 each year by the settlers of New Netherland. The Dutch
2871:
2800:
2795:
Sir Robert Carr expropriated property for his own use and sold Dutch
2601:
2533:
2435:
2279:
2119:
2048:
2037:
1973:
1938:
1922:
1709:
1582:
in 1614, the first of many garrisoned trading stations. In 1628, the
1275:
1005:, surrendered New Netherland to the English following the capture of
846:
140:
7311:
6306:
Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570β1670
5627:"350 Years Ago, New Amsterdam Became New York. Don't Expect a Party"
3179:
Dutch continued to be spoken in the region for some time. President
3065:", featuring the blue, white, and orange of some flags in the region
1266:
7533:
7137:
6832:
6441:
4890:
3883:
See John Smith's 1616 map as self-appointed Admiral of New England.
3847:
3695:
3227:
2867:
2756:
falling again under a government from which they had formerly fled.
2483:
2419:
2242:
2181:
1867:
1863:
1751:
1626:
1587:
1226:
1148:
948:
936:
851:
480:
6009:
A History of the Schenectady Patent in the Dutch and English Times
5408:
5143:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
4632:. The New York Genealogical & Biographical Society. p. 6.
3026:
directly descended from the Dutch families of New Netherland. The
2819:; the Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland, and the
2694:) was originally built due to fear of an invasion by the English.
2502:, and the small community that supported it, settlement along the
1813:) at the mouth of the North River. They disembarked from the ship
1696:
6812:
6734:
6695:
6461:
5690:
4406:
Kingston: A national register of historic places travel itinerary
3859:
3591:
2792:
2475:
2076:
1977:
1874:(most as enslaved labor, some later gaining "half-free" status).
1575:
1135:
747:
173:
5716:
4891:"Conditions as Created by their Lords Burgomasters of Amsterdam"
2443:
in Brazil may have brought speakers of Portuguese, Spanish, and
1704:
and several Dutch settlements compared to present-day boundaries
8034:
Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch West India Company
7680:
Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
7045:
6883:
6862:
6764:
6744:
6662:
6451:
6329:
Beverwijck: a Dutch village on the American frontier, 1652β1664
6246:
Possessing Albany, 1630β1710: The Dutch and English Experiences
6083:
Bruchey, Eleanor. "Stuyvesant, Peter" in John A. Garraty, ed.
6022:
Voorhees, David William (2009). "The Dutch Legacy in America".
5991:
5551:"The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans"
5336:"The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans"
3160:
2870:
in which the French simultaneously attacked the republic under
2727:) west of Connecticut's mouth on the mainland and just west of
2558:
2542:
2538:
2479:
2315:
2295:
2270:
2196:
2088:
1969:
1667:
1602:
325:
6171:(2nd ed. Cornell U.P. 2009) 320pp; scholarly history to 1674
6122:(1968) 52#1 pp 6β47; the Dutch Reformed minister 1642 to 1670.
6006:
5004:"From Van der Donck to Visscher: A 1648 View of New Amsterdam"
4612:
3054:
2180:, even though they had sought refuge from their more powerful
2028:, Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys, chief of the
1657:
or high chief. The Indians referred to the Dutch colonists as
6109:
New York Beginnings. The Commercial Origins of New Netherland
5481:"Articles of Capitulation on the Reduction of New Netherland"
5060:
Eleanor Bruchey, "Stuyvesant, Peter" in John A. Garraty, ed.
4975:
New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America
4568:"Slavery in New Netherland / De slavernij in Nieuw Nederland"
4283:
New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America
2735:
border. Connecticut was mostly assimilated into New England.
2562:
2103:
2080:
to some of its invested members. The vast tracts were called
1241:
on maps. During this period, there was some trading with the
8054:
Populated places established by the Dutch West India Company
5996:(2nd revised and enlarged ed.). New York: bartleby.com.
5653:"Henry Hudson's View of New York: When Trees Tipped the Sky"
5294:
Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century
4647:. New Netherland Institute. November 7, 1626. Archived from
4235:"Useless Beauty β What is to be done with Governors Island?"
4216:
Honoring Juan Rodriguez, a Settler of New York β NYTimes.com
2738:
1862:
on the South River. Many of the settlers were not Dutch but
939:. Settlements were established in what became the states of
6216:
Peter Stuyvesant: New Amsterdam and the Origins of New York
4756:
2834:
Within six years, the nations were again at war. The Dutch
1385:
and forfeit the richest sugar-producing area in the world.
7192:
4744:
The International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam
4334:
4332:
3901:
3899:
2670:
A few Dutch settlers to New Netherland made their home at
2572:
In 1651, the Dutch dismantled Fort Nassau and constructed
6336:
Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1586β1643): designing a new world
6206:
The Dutch schools of New Netherland and colonial New York
5883:"Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus: New York 1776"
5156:"Precursor of the Constitution Goes on Display in Queens"
4357:. Lowensteyn (November 3, 2006). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
4218:. Cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
3788:, the only remaining 17th century structure in Manhattan.
2557:
sprang up as the colony slowly grew, mostly populated by
6429:
comprehensive list of scholarly, nonfiction publications
6274:
Shaw Romney, Susanah. "Peter Stuyvesant: Premodern Man"
4637:
3981:
Wentz, Abel Ross (1955). "New Netherland and New York".
3042:
descendants from Flora Sheldon are descendants from the
1314:
The New Netherland Company also ordered a survey of the
5691:
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison (December 11, 1787).
4699:
Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City
4329:
3896:
2278:
a month later. Military battles were occurring in the
1311:'s map to win a patent that expired on 1 January 1618.
4945:"The Patroon System / Het systeem van patroonschappen"
4039:"P. Geyl, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse stam Β· DBNL"
2959:, Fairfield County, and ultimately the United States.
2269:
to the south, while in the heart of the province, the
7140:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
6338:. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2010).
6331:, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003).
3199:
counties in New Jersey until the early 20th century.
2302:, which was the Dutch settlement on the west bank of
2189:
ended with a treaty, in a large part brokered by the
1832:
In June 1625, 45 additional colonists disembarked on
7477:
Other British colonial entities in the contemporary
5717:"Was Declaration of Independence inspired by Dutch?"
4083:
4081:
4079:
3281:
2846:, then the largest ever seen in America. They chose
2600:) were attacked in an incident that is known as the
2106:
and the appointing of local officials. In return, a
1307:
was an alliance of trading companies, and they used
6007:Pearson, Jonathan; Junius Wilson MacMurray (1883).
5087:. The Chronicles of America. Yale University Press.
4178:(Leiden, Bonaventure & Abraham Elseviers, 1625)
3175:
was one of the three main rivers in New Netherland.
5793:"The United States of America and the Netherlands"
5291:
5262:
5110:"A Brief Outline of the History of New Netherland"
4627:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
1992:converted the figure of Fl 60 (or 60 guilders) to
6290:Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),
6024:Dutch New York:The Roots of Hudson Valley Culture
5397:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 461.
4916:
4914:
4630:The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record
4590:Dutch New York:The Roots of Hudson Valley Culture
4588:Rink, Oliver (2009). "Seafarers ad Businessmen".
4076:
4003:Purvis, Thomas L. (1999). Balkin, Richard (ed.).
443:Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
8049:Populated places established in the 17th century
7960:
6472:A Brief Outline of the History of New Netherland
5475:
5473:
5265:American Colonies: The Settling of North America
4762:
4689:
4483:Rink, Oliver A. (2001). Klien, Milton M. (ed.).
4228:
4226:
4224:
4151:The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524β1528
3782:, Jewish synagogue founded in the colony in 1655
2760:On 27 August 1664, four English frigates led by
2549:to establish a colony there in 1638, calling it
1877:
1225:explored, surveyed, and mapped the area between
7984:1674 disestablishments in the Thirteen Colonies
7661:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island
6143:. Albany, N.Y.: New Netherland Institute; 139pp
5179:
4866:
4360:
4307:"A Virtual Tour of New Netherland: Fort Nassau"
3246:, around which they grew. Among those that use
1700:A map showing the area claimed by the Dutch in
1170:continued north along the coast. After passing
6266:Stuyvesant Bound: An Essay on Loss Across Time
5918:
5877:
5359:"New England Articles of Confederation (1643)"
5216:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
4911:
4860:
3976:
3974:
2678:. As early as 1637, English settlers from the
2626:
2218:
1261:
919:) was a 17th-century colonial province of the
8074:States and territories disestablished in 1674
8064:States and territories disestablished in 1667
7327:
7178:
6501:
5714:
5542:
5470:
5442:(4 & 5). New Netherland Register: 49β64.
5298:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
5153:
4341:Charter of the Dutch West India Company: 1621
4221:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3733:
2506:was limited. The settlement sponsored by the
2493:
1734:), a Dutch ship under the command of Captain
1547:
889:
6054:New York City 1664β1710. Conquest and Change
5313:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
4791:
4782:(July 31, 1992). Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
4695:
4206:. Ccny.cuny.edu. Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
3985:. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press. p. 6.
3155:List of New Netherland placename etymologies
3069:The blue, white, and orange on the flags of
931:. The claimed territories extended from the
7979:1670s disestablishments in the Dutch Empire
6452:The New Netherland Museum and the Half Moon
5708:
5173:
5010:. Vol. 5, no. 4. pp. 28β33.
4280:
3971:
3148:
2998:were influenced by the Constitution of the
2241:arrived in New Amsterdam in 1647, the only
966:The colony was originally conceived by the
234:β’ Establishment of the first settlers
39:
8069:States and territories established in 1673
8059:States and territories established in 1614
7334:
7320:
7185:
7171:
6959:
6508:
6494:
6481:Old New York: Hear Dutch names of New York
6355:(1973) 37#1 pp 6β29; covers 1624 to 1663.
6278:(2014) 42#4 pp 584β589. review of Merwick.
6095:Gotham. A History of New York City to 1898
5962:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 93.
5555:Mennonite Historical Bulletin (April 2001)
5180:Michael Peabody (NovemberβDecember 2005).
5032:
4952:The Atlantic World / De Atlantische Wereld
4732:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
4645:"Peter Schaghen Letter with transcription"
4575:The Atlantic World / De Atlantische Wereld
4507:
4232:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3929:
3740:
3726:
3089:"), introduced in the 17th century as the
2898:to take over from governor Anthony Colve.
2541:. After gaining support from the Queen of
2488:
2326:. According to historian Eleanor Bruchey:
1554:
1540:
1388:
1114:In 1609, English sea captain and explorer
896:
882:
89:
27:17th-century Dutch colony in North America
8009:Colonization history of the United States
7144:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
6515:
6129:(1968) 8#2 pp 1β16. covers 1636 to 1700.
5924:
5333:
5308:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5001:
4613:van Rensselaer; Mariana Schulyer (1909).
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4375:
3983:A Basic History of Lutheranism in America
2823:was maintained, with the Dutch occupying
2739:Capitulation, restitution, and concession
1013:the colony but relinquished it under the
6093:Burrows, Edward G. and Michael Wallace.
6021:
6015:
5495:
5433:
5289:
5283:
5237:Covart, Elizabeth (September 16, 2016).
4948:(The Library of Congress Global Gateway)
4792:Nevius, James; Nevius, Michelle (2014).
4696:Nevius, Michelle; Nevius, James (2009).
4571:(The Library of Congress Global Gateway)
4487:. Cornell University Press. p. 26.
4460:Welling, George M. (November 24, 2004).
4100:(The Library of Congress Global Gateway)
3164:
3053:
2982:The Dutch Republic was one of the first
2905:
2657:
2630:
2222:
1976:, in exchange for traded goods worth 60
1905:
1825:. He was replaced the following year by
1695:
1285:
1265:
1073:
1039:
7974:1614 establishments in the Dutch Empire
6379:Narratives of New Netherland, 1609β1664
6370:(1909), edited by J.F. Jameson, at the
6367:Narratives of New Netherland, 1609β1664
6268:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) 212 pp
6194:Kessler, Henry K., and Eugene Rachlis.
5982:
5954:
5873:
5871:
5863:Knickerbocker: The Myth Behind New York
5790:
5678:"De Hollandse fundamenten van New York"
5650:
5624:
5485:New Netherland Museum and the Half Moon
5387:
5356:
5076:
4920:
4485:The Empire State: A History of New York
4459:
4120:
3989:
3911:The People of Colonial Albany live here
3095:("States Flag"), the naval flag of the
2682:began to settle along its banks and on
2318:Lenape, had much less contact with the
2172:Tappan and Wecquaesgeek be attacked at
2008:remarked in their history of New York.
1237:for the first time; it was also called
14:
7961:
7194:European colonization of North America
5850:Official Heraldry of the United States
5740:
5394:Narratives of New Netherland 1609β1664
5260:
5236:
5211:
5200:
5138:
4971:
4431:
4412:
4095:(in English and Dutch). Archived from
4002:
3946:"The Un-Pilgrims β The New York Times"
3940:
3866:). Also seen in Latin translations as
3864:referring to the original Dutch region
3769:New Netherland 1614β1667 β Documentary
2354:
1941:at the mouth of the river explored by
1103:, the French had small settlements at
8014:European colonization of the Americas
8004:Colonial settlements in North America
7887:Discourse Concerning Western Planting
7341:
7315:
7166:
6992:
6944:
6790:
6527:
6489:
6353:New York Historical Society Quarterly
6308:, Cambridge: University Press, 2001.
6120:New York Historical Society Quarterly
6102:New-York Historical Society Quarterly
6080:(10 vols., New York 1933), 1:215β258.
5960:The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal
5847:
5548:
5434:Versteer, Dingman, ed. (April 1911).
4241:(LXXXV, No 26 ed.). p. 56.
4147:
3980:
3809:List of English words of Dutch origin
2922:New Netherland grew into the largest
2298:that lived around Wiltwijck, today's
2286:coast. In 1654, the Netherlands lost
7716:Captaincy General of the Philippines
6070:Volume: 53. Issue: 2. 1984. pp 187+
5868:
5848:Velde, François (December 8, 2003),
5791:Welling, George M. (March 6, 2003).
5593:
5520:
5147:
5002:de Koning, Joep M.J. (August 2000).
4921:Welling, George M. (March 6, 2003).
4587:
4581:
4482:
4233:Paumgarten, Nick (August 31, 2009).
4154:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3834:
3008:American Declaration of Independence
2962:
2545:, Minuit chose the west bank of the
2478:in 1657. It was located in areas of
1364:Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie
7132:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
5915:(New York City), December 23, 1773.
5357:Welling, George M. (May 25, 2006).
4883:
4617:. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan.
4615:The History of the city of New York
3814:List of place names of Dutch origin
3800:, an architectural revival movement
2858:of Holland in 1672; he became King
2611:was begun in 1663, just before the
2084:, and the title came with powerful
1675:
1024:The inhabitants of New Netherland (
1001:New Sweden in 1655 but, during the
970:(GWC) in 1621 to capitalize on the
24:
6792:Colonies and trading posts of the
6529:Colonies and trading posts of the
6391:(1655; new ed. 2008) 208 pp.
6359:
6136:(Syracuse UP, 2005) pp 1048β1053..
6085:Encyclopedia of American Biography
6044:
5184:. Liberty Magazine. Archived from
5154:Glenn Collins (December 5, 2007).
5062:Encyclopedia of American Biography
4755:its value as 60 guilders (1626) =
4716:
3711:
3601:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
2470:in New Amsterdam in 1655, and the
2349:
2072:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
1717:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
1566:The first trading partners of the
1099:, the English had a settlement at
867:
757:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
25:
8085:
7919:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
7400:(1629β1641; 1679β1686; 1689β1776)
6462:Dutch Portuguese Colonial History
6435:
6292:Exploring Historic Dutch New York
6218:(Rosen, 2000) for middle schools.
6196:Peter Stuyvesant and His New York
5797:From Revolution to Reconstruction
5741:Reagan, Ronald (April 19, 1982).
5651:Roberts, Sam (January 24, 2009).
5363:From Revolution to Reconstruction
5241:. Penn State University Libraries
5079:"Patroons and Lords of the Manor"
4927:From Revolution to Reconstruction
4831:, Vol. 11, no. 1 (December 1959).
4702:. Simon and Schuster. p. 9.
4466:From Revolution to Reconstruction
4380:(3rd ed.). Hope Farm Press.
4124:Henry Hudson Dreams and Obsession
4089:"The Dutch in America, 1609β1664"
3952:(New York ed.). p. 39.
3097:States General of the Netherlands
3022:Many prominent U.S. citizens are
2607:A new experimental settlement on
2024:dollars. According to the writer
1919:Manatvs gelegen op de Noot Riuier
1508:Colonization of the United States
8044:History of the Thirteen Colonies
8019:Former colonies in North America
7994:17th century in the Dutch Empire
7943:
7942:
7722:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
6287:(Cornell University Press, 1986)
6184:Jacobs, Jaap, L. H. Roper, eds.
6146:
6078:History of the State of New York
5625:Roberts, Sam (August 25, 2014).
5526:
5436:"New Amsterdam Becomes New York"
5309:Van Zandt, Cynthia Jean (2008).
4798:. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press.
3340:
3326:
3312:
3298:
3284:
3123:and its famous fictional author
3000:Republic of the United Provinces
2791:along the Delaware River, where
2055:included the isle of Manhattan,
1688:Fortifications of New Netherland
1598:through the center of New York.
1523:
1410:
447:
433:
419:
405:
391:
377:
352:
95:New Netherland map published by
74:
59:
6853:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
6405:A Description of New Netherland
6389:A Description of New Netherland
6348:Penguin Random House, 2011/2022
6214:Krizner, L. J., and Lisa Sita.
6000:
5976:
5948:
5905:
5855:
5841:
5815:
5783:
5765:
5734:
5721:University of WisconsinβMadison
5715:Barbara Wolff (June 29, 1998).
5684:
5670:
5644:
5618:
5587:
5573:
5427:
5401:
5381:
5350:
5327:
5302:
5253:
5230:
5132:
5116:. February 2003. Archived from
5102:
5091:
5084:Dutch and English on the Hudson
5070:
5054:
5026:
4995:
4965:
4937:
4851:
4834:
4812:
4785:
4738:
4663:
4621:
4606:
4560:
4542:
4532:"1624 In the Unity (Eendracht)"
4524:
4501:
4476:
4453:
4394:
4378:Indian Tribes of Hudson's River
4348:
4299:
4274:
4260:
4209:
4197:
4183:
4168:
4141:
4114:
3913:. February 2003. Archived from
3877:
3786:First Shearith Israel Graveyard
3191:was spoken in and around rural
3109:Great Seal of the United States
2294:are so named for the branch of
2228:St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery
2207:. This document was written by
1984:and member of the board of the
1050:Golden Age of Dutch exploration
6134:Encyclopedia of New York State
6127:Journal of Long Island History
5861:Bradley, Elizabeth L. (2009).
5747:Public Papers of Ronald Reagan
5600:De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant
5529:"New York under James 1664β88"
5139:Hodges, Russel Graham (1999).
4873:De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant
4514:De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant
4067:
4058:
4053:Encyclopedia of New York State
4045:
4031:
3840:
2840:Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest
2654:were under Dutch jurisdiction.
2532:, who had obtained a deed for
2137:
1934:Director of the New Netherland
1823:Director of the New Netherland
1256:
1174:, Hudson and his crew entered
13:
1:
7561:
5239:"New Sweden: A Brief History"
5077:Goodwin, Maud Wilder (1919).
4285:. Leiden: Brill. p. 35.
3829:
3754:New Netherland fortifications
3242:all refer to the streams, or
2880:Archbishop-Elector of Cologne
2690:or rampart at New Amsterdam (
1964:and Walloon colonists of the
1911:
1878:North River and the Manhattan
1578:encouraged them to establish
1064:
1053:
7667:Province of British Columbia
6457:The New Netherland Institute
6324:(New York: Doubleday, 2004).
6139:Fabend, Firth Haring. 2012.
6087:(2nd ed. 1996) p. 1065
4311:The New Netherland Institute
4055:(Syracuse UP, 2005) p. 1051.
3889:
3780:Congregation Shearith Israel
3214:names for locations such as
2805:Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy
2621:Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy
2053:Commonality of New Amsterdam
1143:. His first landfall was at
1078:A map of New Netherland and
1015:Treaty of Westminster (1674)
272:Reconquest of New Netherland
7:
6276:Reviews in American History
6204:Kilpatrick, William Heard.
6159:The Story of New Netherland
5865:. Rutgers University Press.
5581:"'Zeeuw' conquers New York"
5290:Trelease, Allan W. (1960).
5182:"The Flushing Remonstrance"
4628:Paul Gibson Burton (1937).
3854:translation of the name as
3804:Holland Society of New York
3277:
2866:in 1672β1674, the historic
2627:Fresh River and New England
2245:of the colony to be called
2219:Director-General Stuyvesant
1894:History of Albany, New York
1262:Chartered trading companies
1028:) were European colonists,
10:
8090:
7846:Brandenburger Saint Thomas
7655:Colony of British Columbia
6996:Kingdom of the Netherlands
6233:American Historical Review
6223:American Historical Review
5602:(in Dutch). Archived from
5081:. In Allen Johnson (ed.).
4824:November 28, 2018, at the
4751:September 2, 2017, at the
4516:(in Dutch). Archived from
4439:. New York: Random House.
3907:"The New Netherland Dutch"
3759:New Netherland settlements
3158:
3152:
3103:depicting the arms of the
2912:New York metropolitan area
2886:had tried to convince the
2789:conquest of New Netherland
2640:Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ
2494:South River and New Sweden
2335:
2185:province, until 1645 when
2153:Director of New Netherland
2141:
2095:, such as the creation of
1945:, at that time called the
1887:
1881:
1692:New Netherland settlements
1685:
1679:
7938:
7882:
7873:
7816:, 1682β1763 and 1801β1803
7734:Captaincy General of Cuba
7687:
7676:
7558:New England Confederation
7487:
7473:
7387:
7349:
7298:
7200:
7123:
7107:
7086:
7070:
7054:
7038:
7007:
7003:
6988:
6955:
6940:
6912:
6876:
6805:
6801:
6786:
6724:
6671:
6645:
6619:
6558:
6542:
6538:
6523:
6467:New Netherland and Beyond
5444:date = April and May 1911
4774:February 9, 2019, at the
2901:
2827:and the nutmeg island of
2700:New England Confederation
2404:
2367:β
1082:, with north to the right
1061:Netherlandish cartography
1035:
988:New England Confederation
955:, with small outposts in
463:
331:
317:
303:
298:
294:
281:
268:
255:
242:
232:
228:
223:
219:
200:
196:
186:
172:
162:
136:
126:
116:
104:
88:
55:
48:
34:
7728:Santa Fe de Nuevo MΓ©xico
7540:Massachusetts Bay Colony
7094:Curaçao and Dependencies
6828:Curaçao and Dependencies
6806:Colonies in the Americas
6794:Dutch West India Company
6531:Dutch East India Company
6476:University of Notre Dame
6387:Van Der Donck, Adriaen.
6235:(1901) 6#4 pp: 693β724.
6153:. Yale University Press.
6104:53#4 (1969): pp 310β332.
5694:Federalist Papers no. 20
5334:Plantenga, Bart (2001).
4376:Ruttenber, E.M. (2001).
4204:Juan Rodriguez monograph
4148:Wroth, Lawrence (1970).
4006:Colonial America to 1763
3672:People of New Netherland
3149:Language and place names
2876:Prince-Bishop of MΓΌnster
2811:was destroyed. The 1667
2770:capture of New Amsterdam
2680:Massachusetts Bay Colony
2617:Franciscus van den Enden
2524:David Pietersen de Vries
2460:Dutch West India Company
1986:Dutch West India Company
1858:on the Fresh River, and
1754:population, possibly at
1360:Dutch West India Company
1303:years of the award. The
1280:Dutch West India Company
1120:Dutch East India Company
972:North American fur trade
968:Dutch West India Company
929:United States of America
828:People of New Netherland
401:Province of Pennsylvania
246:Capture of New Amsterdam
8029:Former English colonies
7858:Scottish Darien Company
7802:Hospitaller Saint Croix
7601:Dominion of New England
7583:North-Western Territory
6877:Trading posts in Africa
6611:Northeast coast of Java
6132:Eisenstadt, Peter, ed.
5064:(2nd ed. 1996) p. 1065
4577:(in English and Dutch).
4510:"Walen in de Wildernis"
4121:Sandler, Corey (2007).
3348:New York (state) portal
3099:. The flag and seal of
3049:
2933:British colonial period
2489:Expansion and incursion
1836:from three ships named
1817:, under the command of
1389:Pre-colonial population
127:Official languages
7989:1674 disestablishments
7911:Of Plymouth Plantation
7633:(1779β1783; 1814β1815)
7542:(1629β1686; 1689β1691)
7518:(1620β1686; 1689β1691)
7430:(1664β1673; 1702β1776)
6442:The Mannahatta Project
6147:Goodwin, Maud (1921).
5458:Cite journal requires
5114:New Netherland History
4845:June 20, 2012, at the
4051:Peter Eisenstadt, ed.
3774:New Netherland Project
3716:
3636:Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
3612:Cornelius Jacobsen May
3176:
3125:Diedrich Knickerbocker
3066:
2919:
2860:William III of England
2817:Second Anglo-Dutch War
2779:Article VIII of these
2766:New Amsterdam's harbor
2758:
2667:
2655:
2498:Apart from the second
2253:considered themselves
2235:
2211:New Netherland lawyer
1937:instead the island of
1926:
1902:Bergen, New Netherland
1705:
1503:Colonization of Canada
1305:New Netherland Company
1295:
1283:
1278:, headquarters of the
1223:Cornelius Jacobsen Mey
1219:Hendrick Christiaensen
1203:Admiralty of Amsterdam
1083:
1071:
1003:Second Anglo-Dutch War
916:
872:
792:Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
768:Cornelius Jacobsen May
387:Province of New Jersey
40:
8024:Former Dutch colonies
7692:Columbian Viceroyalty
7130:constituent countries
6663:West coast of Sumatra
6517:Dutch colonial empire
6178:May 25, 2017, at the
6051:Archdeacon, Thomas J.
5928:(November 23, 2018).
5881:(November 20, 2008).
5753:on September 24, 2008
5503:"Sir Robert Carr, Kt"
5413:World Digital Library
5346:on December 21, 2010.
5261:Taylor, Alan (2001).
5212:Jacobs, Jaap (2009).
4972:Jacobs, Jaap (2005).
4933:on February 26, 2010.
4896:World Digital Library
4867:Johan van Hartskamp.
4550:"Slavery in New York"
4536:Rootsweb Ancestry.com
3944:(November 27, 2003).
3846:Inscribed around the
3715:
3705:Flushing Remonstrance
3168:
3153:Further information:
3120:A History of New York
3057:
2909:
2892:Treaty of Westminster
2864:Third Anglo-Dutch War
2753:
2745:Charles II of England
2661:
2634:
2472:Flushing Remonstrance
2341:Historical population
2276:First Anglo-Dutch War
2226:
2213:Adriaen van der Donck
2166:Council of Twelve Men
1982:Dutch Estates General
1909:
1699:
1637:, Hudson Valley, and
1402:European colonization
1289:
1269:
1077:
1043:
1019:Third Anglo-Dutch War
984:Swedish South Company
871:
861:Flushing Remonstrance
285:Treaty of Westminster
191:Self-governing colony
110:Dutch colonial empire
7828:Dutch Virgin Islands
7776:Spanish West Florida
7770:Spanish East Florida
7649:Stickeen Territories
7354:New England Colonies
7258:Fridtjof Nansen Land
7142:Netherlands Antilles
6157:Griffis, William E.
5680:. November 19, 2004.
5561:on December 21, 2010
5389:Jameson, J. Franklin
4879:on December 2, 2005.
4472:on February 6, 2012.
4402:"Dutch Colonization"
4317:on September 5, 2012
4281:Jaap Jacobs (2005).
4127:. Kensington Books.
3764:New Holland (Acadia)
3320:New York City portal
3185:Kinderhook, New York
2918:in the United States
2648:Oyster Bay, New York
2432:Algonquian languages
2424:New Netherland Dutch
2110:was required by the
1990:John Romeyn Brodhead
1819:Cornelis Jacobsz May
1609:and along the lower
1588:Iroquois Confederacy
1374:) and the Americas.
978:. The settlement of
373:Province of New York
97:Nicolaes Visscher II
7764:Provincias Internas
7740:Spanish Saint Croix
7364:Chesapeake Colonies
7253:Erik the Red's Land
6948:Noordsche Compagnie
6946:Settlements of the
6924:Society of Suriname
6770:Vietnam (1637β1643)
6543:Governorate General
6447:Slavery in New York
6425:Online Publications
6304:Schmidt, Benjamin,
6225:(1900) 6#1 pp 1β18
5913:Rivington's Gazette
5829:on October 19, 2007
5594:Westdorp, Martina.
5188:on December 4, 2007
5022:on August 16, 2000.
4677:on February 6, 2020
3401:Fort Nassau (South)
3391:Fort Nassau (North)
2874:, the English, the
2636:Nicolaes Visscher I
2342:
1890:History of Brooklyn
1775:42 degrees latitude
1639:northern New Jersey
1396:Part of a series on
1320:Cornelis Hendricksz
1196:Emanuel van Meteren
1101:Jamestown, Virginia
927:of what is now the
557:Fort Nassau (South)
547:Fort Nassau (North)
7927:Quintipartite Deed
7840:Danish West Indies
7808:French Saint Croix
6918:Society of Berbice
6412:Still, Bayrd, ed.
6403:online edition of
6173:online 1st edition
6107:Condon, Thomas J.
5631:The New York Times
5160:The New York Times
5040:. Berghahn Books.
4554:www.slavenorth.com
4093:The Atlantic World
3950:The New York Times
3824:Zwaanendael Colony
3717:
3644:Wouter van Twiller
3592:The Patroon System
3306:Connecticut portal
3292:Netherlands portal
3203:was spoken around
3177:
3067:
3017:New York Tri-State
2920:
2803:settlement led by
2721:Treaty of Hartford
2714:. Connecticut and
2668:
2656:
2615:takeover in 1664.
2340:
2236:
2026:Nathaniel Benchley
1998:Dutch rijksdaalder
1966:West India Company
1927:
1706:
1645:lived west of the
1605:population around
1530:History portal
1296:
1284:
1201:In 1611β1612, the
1180:Upper New York Bay
1156:St. Lawrence River
1147:and the second at
1084:
1072:
933:Delmarva Peninsula
873:
800:Wouter van Twiller
748:The Patroon System
429:Connecticut Colony
322:Dutch rijksdaalder
137:Minority languages
7956:
7955:
7931:
7923:
7915:
7907:
7899:
7895:Mayflower Compact
7891:
7876:Related Documents
7758:Spanish Louisiana
7637:Columbia District
7560:(1643β1654; 1675β
7446:Massachusetts Bay
7374:Southern Colonies
7343:Thirteen Colonies
7309:
7308:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7138:full independence
7078:Dutch East Indies
6984:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6397:978-0-8032-1088-2
6381:from Google Books
6372:Project Gutenberg
6341:Woodard, Colin,
6318:Shorto, Russell.
6314:978-0-521-80408-0
6300:978-0-486-48637-6
6258:(2006) 332 pages
6033:978-0-8232-3039-6
5969:978-0-313-33658-4
5549:Plantenga, Bart.
5527:Beck, Sanderson.
5415:. August 27, 1664
5369:on August 1, 2009
4978:. Leiden: Brill.
4829:American Heritage
4805:978-0-7627-9636-6
4780:The Straight Dope
4709:978-1-4165-8997-6
4651:on March 24, 2016
4599:978-0-8232-3039-6
4494:978-0-8014-3866-0
3835:Explanatory notes
3750:
3749:
3436:Fort Nya Korsholm
3334:New Jersey portal
3115:Washington Irving
3081:are those of the
3004:Act of Abjuration
2996:U.S. Constitution
2963:Political culture
2937:New Netherlanders
2924:metropolitan area
2916:metropolitan area
2888:States of Holland
2884:States of Zeeland
2852:William of Orange
2785:New Netherlanders
2412:New Netherlanders
2409:
2408:
2405:Source: 1630β1660
2251:New Netherlanders
2043:The port city of
2017:The Straight Dope
1898:Rondout, New York
1770:, and elsewhere.
1663:salt water people
1568:New Netherlanders
1564:
1563:
1372:Cape of Good Hope
1282:from 1623 to 1647
1128:Northwest Passage
1124:Northeast Passage
1118:was hired by the
1026:New Netherlanders
906:
905:
592:Fort Nya Korsholm
508:
507:
459:
458:
455:
454:
365:
364:
290:February 19, 1674
16:(Redirected from
8081:
7999:Christian states
7946:
7945:
7929:
7921:
7913:
7905:
7903:Mourt's Relation
7897:
7889:
7814:French Louisiana
7643:Red River Colony
7566:
7563:
7510:Berkeley Hundred
7369:Tobacco Colonies
7336:
7329:
7322:
7313:
7312:
7263:Sverdrup Islands
7187:
7180:
7173:
7164:
7163:
7145:
7005:
7004:
6994:Colonies of the
6990:
6989:
6957:
6956:
6942:
6941:
6922:Governed by the
6916:Governed by the
6803:
6802:
6788:
6787:
6540:
6539:
6525:
6524:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6487:
6486:
6283:Rink, Oliver A.
6264:Merwick, Donna.
6254:Merwick, Donna.
6154:
6097:(1999) pp 14β74.
6038:
6037:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5922:
5916:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5889:. Archived from
5875:
5866:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5825:. Archived from
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5799:. Archived from
5787:
5781:
5780:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5749:. Archived from
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5557:. Archived from
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5491:on 19 June 2013.
5487:. Archived from
5477:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5446:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5365:. Archived from
5354:
5348:
5347:
5342:. Archived from
5331:
5325:
5324:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5268:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5209:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5120:on July 13, 2009
5106:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5074:
5068:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5018:. Archived from
5008:Mercator's World
4999:
4993:
4992:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4949:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4929:. Archived from
4918:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4875:. Archived from
4864:
4858:
4855:
4849:
4838:
4832:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4789:
4783:
4766:
4760:
4742:
4736:
4723:Edwin G. Burrows
4720:
4714:
4713:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4673:. Archived from
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4520:on May 17, 2008.
4508:Bert van Steeg.
4505:
4499:
4498:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4468:. Archived from
4457:
4451:
4450:
4429:
4410:
4409:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4373:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4313:. Archived from
4303:
4297:
4296:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4230:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4187:
4181:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4134:978-08065-2739-0
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4085:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4000:
3987:
3986:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3938:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3917:on March 3, 2016
3903:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3844:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3681:New Netherlander
3660:Peter Stuyvesant
3552:Nieuw Amersfoort
3472:Rensselaerswijck
3431:Fort Beversreede
3362:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3181:Martin Van Buren
3036:Martin Van Buren
3028:Roosevelt family
2986:of Europe where
2941:Capital District
2868:"disaster years"
2797:prisoners of war
2774:Native Americans
2749:Peter Stuyvesant
2516:Samuel Blommaert
2456:Union of Utrecht
2356:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2247:Director-General
2239:Peter Stuyvesant
2232:Peter Stuyvesant
2036:, a band of the
2021:newspaper column
2002:Edwin G. Burrows
1970:Canarsee Indians
1916:
1913:
1811:Governors Island
1682:Governors Island
1676:Early settlement
1586:(members of the
1556:
1549:
1542:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1414:
1393:
1392:
1378:Willem Usselincx
1368:Tropic of Cancer
1272:West India House
1122:(VOC) to find a
1088:Dutch Golden Age
1069:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1030:Native Americans
976:Native Americans
898:
891:
884:
837:New Netherlander
816:Peter Stuyvesant
708:Nieuw Amersfoort
628:Rensselaerswijck
587:Fort Beversreede
518:
510:
509:
499:
451:
450:
437:
436:
423:
422:
409:
408:
395:
394:
381:
380:
369:
368:
356:
355:
349:
348:
333:
332:
311:4,301 (in 1650)
179:New Netherlander
93:
78:
63:
43:
32:
31:
21:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8078:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7934:
7878:
7869:
7864:Russian America
7782:Alta California
7752:Las Californias
7704:Spanish Florida
7683:
7672:
7564:
7483:
7469:
7383:
7379:United Colonies
7359:Middle Colonies
7345:
7340:
7310:
7305:
7294:
7196:
7191:
7161:
7148:
7127:
7119:
7103:
7082:
7066:
7050:
7034:
6999:
6976:
6951:
6928:
6908:
6872:
6797:
6774:
6720:
6667:
6641:
6615:
6554:
6534:
6519:
6514:
6438:
6377:online edition
6362:
6360:Primary sources
6334:Venema, Janny,
6327:Venema, Janny,
6180:Wayback Machine
6047:
6045:Further reading
6042:
6041:
6034:
6020:
6016:
6005:
6001:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5956:Sturgis, Amy H.
5953:
5949:
5939:
5937:
5926:Lendering, Jona
5923:
5919:
5910:
5906:
5896:
5894:
5893:on May 13, 2011
5876:
5869:
5860:
5856:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5804:
5803:on May 18, 2011
5788:
5784:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5754:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5713:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5689:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5659:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5606:on 30 June 2008
5592:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5479:
5478:
5471:
5459:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5370:
5355:
5351:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5307:
5303:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5210:
5201:
5191:
5189:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5152:
5148:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5092:
5075:
5071:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5031:
5027:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4919:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4847:Wayback Machine
4839:
4835:
4826:Wayback Machine
4817:
4813:
4806:
4790:
4786:
4776:Wayback Machine
4767:
4763:
4753:Wayback Machine
4743:
4739:
4735:, (1999: xivff)
4721:
4717:
4710:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4626:
4622:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4586:
4582:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4481:
4477:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4433:Shorto, Russell
4430:
4413:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4374:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4279:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4231:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4184:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4102:on May 28, 2019
4099:
4087:
4086:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4050:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4001:
3990:
3979:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3942:Shorto, Russell
3939:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3746:
3620:Willem Verhulst
3586:
3467:Nieuw Amsterdam
3445:
3406:Fort Goede Hoop
3357:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3105:House of Nassau
3052:
3044:Schuyler family
2992:civil liberties
2965:
2904:
2813:Treaty of Breda
2809:Lewes, Delaware
2783:confirmed that
2762:Richard Nicolls
2743:In March 1664,
2741:
2672:Fort Goede Hoop
2664:Nieuw Amsterdam
2650:on present-day
2629:
2496:
2491:
2482:all the way to
2434:; Walloons and
2428:Indo-Caribbeans
2338:
2221:
2209:Leiden-educated
2146:
2140:
2126:, south of the
2116:Rensselaerswyck
2057:Staaten Eylandt
2013:price of silver
1914:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1827:Willem Verhulst
1815:Nieu Nederlandt
1694:
1684:
1678:
1560:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1404:of the Americas
1403:
1391:
1347:in the area of
1334:IJseren Vercken
1316:Delaware Valley
1264:
1259:
1243:Native American
1067:
1056:
1044:A map based on
1038:
1017:that ended the
1009:. In 1673, the
923:located on the
917:Nieuw Nederland
902:
776:Willem Verhulst
742:
623:Nieuw Amsterdam
601:
562:Fort Goede Hoop
513:
504:
495:
448:
434:
420:
415:Delaware Colony
406:
392:
378:
353:
313:9,000 (in 1674)
312:
310:
306:
305:β’ Estimate
287:
274:
261:
259:Treaty of Breda
251:August 27, 1664
248:
235:
208:
181:
100:
84:
83:
82:
79:
71:
70:
64:
50:
44:
41:Nieuw Nederland
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:New Netherlands
15:
12:
11:
5:
8087:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7969:New Netherland
7954:
7953:
7951:
7950:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7932:
7924:
7916:
7908:
7900:
7892:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7822:New Netherland
7819:
7818:
7817:
7811:
7805:
7799:
7796:French Florida
7787:
7786:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7695:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7634:
7628:
7622:
7616:
7610:
7607:Indian Reserve
7604:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7461:
7458:South Carolina
7455:
7452:North Carolina
7449:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7425:
7419:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7339:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7316:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7190:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7167:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7011:
7009:
7001:
7000:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6963:
6961:
6953:
6952:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6920:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6868:Virgin Islands
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6843:New Netherland
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6809:
6807:
6799:
6798:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6729:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6677:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6536:
6535:
6521:
6520:
6513:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6436:External links
6434:
6433:
6432:
6421:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6349:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6316:
6302:
6288:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6262:
6252:
6242:Merwick, Donna
6239:
6229:
6219:
6212:
6202:
6192:
6182:
6167:Jacobs, Jaap.
6165:
6155:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6081:
6074:
6072:online edition
6068:Church History
6064:
6059:Bachman, V.C.
6057:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6032:
6014:
5999:
5975:
5968:
5947:
5934:www.livius.org
5917:
5904:
5879:Jona Lendering
5867:
5854:
5840:
5814:
5782:
5764:
5733:
5707:
5683:
5669:
5657:New York Times
5643:
5617:
5586:
5572:
5541:
5519:
5494:
5469:
5460:|journal=
5426:
5400:
5391:, ed. (1909).
5380:
5349:
5326:
5320:978-0195181241
5319:
5301:
5282:
5275:
5252:
5229:
5223:978-0801475160
5222:
5199:
5172:
5146:
5131:
5101:
5090:
5069:
5053:
5046:
5025:
4994:
4984:
4964:
4936:
4910:
4882:
4859:
4850:
4833:
4811:
4804:
4784:
4761:
4737:
4715:
4708:
4688:
4662:
4636:
4620:
4605:
4598:
4580:
4559:
4541:
4523:
4500:
4493:
4475:
4452:
4445:
4411:
4393:
4386:
4359:
4347:
4328:
4298:
4291:
4273:
4259:
4239:The New Yorker
4220:
4208:
4196:
4182:
4167:
4160:
4140:
4133:
4113:
4075:
4066:
4057:
4044:
4030:
4024:978-0816025275
4023:
3988:
3970:
3928:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3876:
3850:beaver with a
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3798:Dutch Colonial
3795:
3792:Dutch American
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Fort Wilhelmus
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Fort Amsterdam
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:Fortifications
3371:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3359:New Netherland
3352:
3351:
3337:
3323:
3309:
3295:
3279:
3276:
3256:Constable Hook
3150:
3147:
3134:Saint Nicholas
3051:
3048:
3024:Dutch American
2973:global economy
2969:Dutch Republic
2964:
2961:
2929:Dutch Republic
2914:, the largest
2903:
2900:
2842:and Commodore
2740:
2737:
2628:
2625:
2555:Fort Christina
2547:Delaware River
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2284:South Atlantic
2282:and along the
2220:
2217:
2205:States General
2178:Corlear's Hook
2142:Main article:
2139:
2136:
2034:Weckquaesgeeks
1958:The Manhattoes
1954:Fort Amsterdam
1882:Main article:
1879:
1876:
1860:Fort Wilhelmus
1795:Versche Rivier
1680:Main article:
1677:
1674:
1647:Delaware River
1643:Susquehannocks
1601:The Algonquin
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1513:Decolonization
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1300:States General
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1250:Juan Rodriguez
1235:New Netherland
1188:Troy, New York
1160:Chesapeake Bay
1093:Dutch Republic
1037:
1034:
995:North Atlantic
921:Dutch Republic
909:New Netherland
904:
903:
901:
900:
893:
886:
878:
875:
874:
864:
863:
857:
856:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
831:
830:
824:
823:
822:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
762:
761:
760:
759:
751:
750:
744:
743:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
614:
611:
610:
603:
602:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
582:Fort Wilhelmus
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
542:Fort Amsterdam
538:
535:
534:
531:Fortifications
527:
526:
520:
519:
515:New Netherland
506:
505:
503:
502:
501:
500:
493:
488:
483:
478:
467:
465:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
445:
439:
438:
431:
425:
424:
417:
411:
410:
403:
397:
396:
389:
383:
382:
375:
366:
363:
362:
357:
345:
344:
339:
329:
328:
326:leeuwendaalder
319:
315:
314:
309:350 (in 1630)
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
282:
279:
278:
277:August 9, 1673
275:
269:
266:
265:
262:
256:
253:
252:
249:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
221:
220:
217:
216:
209:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
176:
170:
169:
167:Dutch Reformed
164:
160:
159:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
94:
86:
85:
80:
73:
72:
65:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
38:
36:New Netherland
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8086:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7949:
7941:
7940:
7937:
7928:
7925:
7920:
7917:
7912:
7909:
7904:
7901:
7896:
7893:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7872:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7797:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7746:Spanish Texas
7744:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7668:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7577:Rupert's Land
7575:
7572:
7569:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7480:
7479:United States
7476:
7475:
7472:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7398:New Hampshire
7396:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7344:
7337:
7332:
7330:
7325:
7323:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7176:
7174:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6987:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6943:
6939:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:Loango-Angola
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6571:Banda Islands
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6511:
6506:
6504:
6499:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6191:
6190:online review
6187:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6145:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6035:
6029:
6025:
6018:
6010:
6003:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5984:Mencken, H.L.
5979:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5935:
5931:
5930:"Santa Claus"
5927:
5921:
5914:
5908:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5864:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5777:www.upenn.edu
5774:
5768:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5696:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5673:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5636:September 19,
5632:
5628:
5621:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5576:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5530:
5523:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5465:
5452:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5286:
5278:
5276:9780142002100
5272:
5267:
5266:
5256:
5240:
5233:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5142:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5094:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5049:
5047:1-57181-672-0
5043:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4987:
4985:90-04-12906-5
4981:
4977:
4976:
4968:
4953:
4946:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4915:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4854:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4788:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4741:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4569:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4496:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4446:1-4000-7867-9
4442:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4389:
4387:0-910746-98-2
4383:
4379:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4292:90-04-12906-5
4288:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4263:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4163:
4161:0-300-01207-1
4157:
4153:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4070:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4011:Facts on File
4008:
4007:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3977:
3975:
3959:
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3933:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3880:
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3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3856:Novum Belgium
3853:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3825:
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3820:
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3807:
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3602:
3599:
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3593:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Nieuw Utrecht
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
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3515:
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3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Nieuw Haarlem
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Noten Eylandt
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
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3424:
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3404:
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3387:
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3369:
3366:
3365:
3360:
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3355:
3349:
3338:
3335:
3324:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3296:
3293:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3117:'s satirical
3116:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:Nassau County
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3087:Prince's Flag
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3071:New York City
3064:
3063:Prince's Flag
3060:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:produced two
3029:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:nation-states
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2957:New York City
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:Hudson Valley
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2896:Edmund Andros
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:Anthony Colve
2845:
2844:Jacob Binckes
2841:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:Lange Eylandt
2681:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:Staten Island
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:Samuel Godijn
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:Sephardi Jews
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:River Indians
2317:
2313:
2312:New Amsterdam
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:entrepreneurs
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2065:Lange Eylandt
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:New Amsterdam
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1884:New Amsterdam
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:Adriaen Block
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:North America
1698:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1596:Mohawk Valley
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Castle Island
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:explored the
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:Massachusetts
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:Adriaen Block
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:North America
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1062:
1051:
1047:
1046:Adriaen Block
1042:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:New Amsterdam
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
879:
877:
876:
870:
866:
865:
862:
859:
858:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
832:
829:
826:
825:
820:
817:
814:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
796:
793:
790:
788:
785:
782:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
766:
765:
764:
763:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
749:
746:
745:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:Nieuw Utrecht
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:Nieuw Haarlem
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Noten Eylandt
616:
615:
613:
612:
608:
605:
604:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
537:
536:
532:
529:
528:
525:
522:
521:
516:
512:
511:
498:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:United States
469:
468:
466:
464:Today part of
462:
446:
444:
441:
440:
432:
430:
427:
426:
418:
416:
413:
412:
404:
402:
399:
398:
390:
388:
385:
384:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
361:
358:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
327:
323:
320:
316:
308:
302:
297:
293:
289:
286:
280:
276:
273:
267:
264:July 23, 1667
263:
260:
254:
250:
247:
241:
237:
231:
227:
224:Establishment
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
206:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:New Amsterdam
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
92:
87:
77:
68:
62:
54:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
7875:
7852:Krabbeninsel
7821:
7625:West Florida
7619:East Florida
7440:Pennsylvania
7416:Rhode Island
7229:
6842:
6646:Commandments
6620:Directorates
6559:Governorates
6413:
6404:
6388:
6378:
6366:
6352:
6344:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6319:
6305:
6291:
6284:
6275:
6265:
6255:
6245:
6232:
6222:
6215:
6205:
6195:
6185:
6168:
6158:
6149:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6084:
6077:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6023:
6017:
6008:
6002:
5992:
5978:
5959:
5950:
5938:. Retrieved
5933:
5920:
5912:
5907:
5895:. Retrieved
5891:the original
5886:
5862:
5857:
5849:
5843:
5833:February 28,
5831:. Retrieved
5827:the original
5817:
5807:December 10,
5805:. Retrieved
5801:the original
5796:
5785:
5776:
5767:
5755:. Retrieved
5751:the original
5746:
5736:
5726:December 14,
5724:. Retrieved
5710:
5698:. Retrieved
5693:
5686:
5672:
5662:December 12,
5660:. Retrieved
5656:
5646:
5634:. Retrieved
5630:
5620:
5608:. Retrieved
5604:the original
5599:
5589:
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5559:the original
5554:
5544:
5532:. Retrieved
5522:
5510:. Retrieved
5506:
5497:
5489:the original
5484:
5451:cite journal
5443:
5439:
5429:
5417:. Retrieved
5403:
5393:
5383:
5371:. Retrieved
5367:the original
5362:
5352:
5344:the original
5339:
5329:
5310:
5304:
5293:
5285:
5264:
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5232:
5213:
5190:. Retrieved
5186:the original
5175:
5163:. Retrieved
5159:
5149:
5140:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5118:the original
5113:
5104:
5093:
5083:
5072:
5061:
5056:
5037:
5028:
5020:the original
5007:
4997:
4989:
4974:
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4951:
4939:
4931:the original
4926:
4901:. Retrieved
4894:
4885:
4877:the original
4872:
4862:
4853:
4836:
4828:
4814:
4794:
4787:
4764:
4740:
4730:
4727:Mike Wallace
4718:
4698:
4691:
4679:. Retrieved
4675:the original
4665:
4655:February 16,
4653:. Retrieved
4649:the original
4639:
4629:
4623:
4614:
4608:
4589:
4583:
4574:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4518:the original
4513:
4503:
4484:
4478:
4470:the original
4465:
4455:
4436:
4405:
4396:
4377:
4350:
4340:
4319:. Retrieved
4315:the original
4310:
4301:
4282:
4276:
4262:
4252:September 5,
4250:. Retrieved
4238:
4211:
4199:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4150:
4143:
4123:
4116:
4106:December 25,
4104:. Retrieved
4097:the original
4092:
4069:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4033:
4009:. New York:
4005:
3982:
3961:. Retrieved
3949:
3919:. Retrieved
3915:the original
3910:
3879:
3871:
3868:Nova Belgica
3867:
3855:
3842:
3662:
3654:
3652:Willem Kieft
3646:
3638:
3630:
3628:Peter Minuit
3622:
3614:
3577:Nieuw Amstel
3502:Vriessendael
3416:Fort Casimir
3358:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3209:
3201:Mohawk Dutch
3189:Jersey Dutch
3178:
3172:Noort Rivier
3170:
3142:
3118:
3113:
3090:
3082:
3068:
3058:
3021:
3019:traditions.
2981:
2966:
2949:North Jersey
2921:
2833:
2820:
2778:
2764:sailed into
2759:
2754:
2742:
2732:
2696:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2639:
2609:Delaware Bay
2606:
2586:Nieuw-Amstel
2585:
2574:Fort Casimir
2571:
2530:Peter Minuit
2528:
2507:
2497:
2453:
2449:
2416:Peter Minuit
2410:
2304:Hudson River
2263:
2237:
2201:
2170:
2162:Wecquaesgeek
2149:Willem Kieft
2147:
2127:
2107:
2082:patroonships
2081:
2075:
2069:
2049:privateering
2042:
2010:
2006:Mike Wallace
1962:Peter Minuit
1951:
1930:Peter Minuit
1928:
1918:
1855:Kievits Hoek
1853:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:Noten Eylant
1833:
1831:
1821:, the first
1814:
1807:Noten Eylant
1806:
1794:
1787:Noort Rivier
1786:
1778:
1772:
1743:
1740:Fort Nassaus
1731:
1727:
1725:
1714:
1707:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1641:, while the
1615:Wecquaesgeek
1611:Hudson River
1607:New York Bay
1600:
1565:
1383:Dutch Brazil
1376:
1363:
1357:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:Monnickendam
1313:
1309:Adrian Block
1297:
1292:Dutch Brazil
1247:
1245:population.
1239:Nova Belgica
1238:
1234:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1167:
1164:Delaware Bay
1153:
1145:Newfoundland
1138:
1116:Henry Hudson
1113:
1097:the Americas
1085:
1068: 1570s
1059:β1720s) and
1057: 1590s
1023:
1011:Dutch retook
997:. The Dutch
992:
965:
961:Rhode Island
957:Pennsylvania
908:
907:
818:
810:
808:Willem Kieft
802:
794:
786:
784:Peter Minuit
778:
770:
733:Nieuw Amstel
658:Vriessendael
572:Fort Casimir
514:
497:Pennsylvania
360:Lenapehoking
342:Succeeded by
341:
336:
203:
29:
7914:(1630β1651)
7866:(1799β1867)
7854:(1689β1693)
7848:(1685β1754)
7842:(1672β1917)
7836:(1638β1655)
7830:(1625β1672)
7824:(1614β1667)
7810:, 1665β1733
7804:, 1651β1665
7798:, 1562β1565
7794:1534β1763;
7784:, 1804β1821
7778:, 1783β1821
7772:, 1783β1821
7766:, 1776β1821
7760:, 1769β1801
7754:, 1767β1804
7748:, 1690β1821
7742:, 1650β1651
7736:, 1607β1801
7730:, 1598β1821
7724:, 1580β1898
7718:, 1565β1898
7712:, 1565β1821
7710:New Navarre
7706:, 1565β1763
7702:1521β1821;
7694:(1492β1535)
7669:(1871β1903)
7663:(1866β1871)
7657:(1863β1866)
7651:(1862β1863)
7645:(1811β1818)
7639:(1810β1846)
7631:New Ireland
7627:(1763β1783)
7621:(1763β1783)
7615:(1763β1783)
7609:(1763β1783)
7603:(1686β1689)
7597:(1674β1702)
7595:West Jersey
7591:(1674β1702)
7589:East Jersey
7585:(1670β1870)
7579:(1670β1811)
7573:(1663β1712)
7565: 1680
7554:(1638β1664)
7548:(1635β1644)
7536:(1629β1663)
7530:(1625β1650)
7528:Saint Croix
7524:(1622β1658)
7506:(1607β1699)
7500:(1607β1608)
7494:(1585β1590)
7466:(1732β1776)
7460:(1712β1776)
7454:(1712β1776)
7448:(1691β1776)
7442:(1681β1776)
7436:(1664β1776)
7424:(1664β1776)
7418:(1636β1776)
7412:(1636β1776)
7410:Connecticut
7406:(1632β1776)
7394:(1607β1776)
7240:Hospitaller
6998:(1815β1975)
6972:Smeerenburg
6960:Settlements
6950:(1614β1642)
6904:Slave Coast
6796:(1621β1792)
6728:settlements
6686:Banjarmasin
6673:Residencies
6576:Cape Colony
6533:(1602β1798)
5940:February 7,
5700:January 15,
5534:January 16,
5512:January 16,
5419:February 8,
5269:. Penguin.
5245:December 1,
5192:December 5,
5165:December 5,
4013:. pp.
3921:December 8,
3572:Swaanendael
3522:Colen Donck
3451:Settlements
3421:Fort Altena
3396:Fort Orange
3368:Exploration
3264:Paulus Hook
3183:grew up in
3138:Sinterklaas
3130:Santa Claus
3083:Prinsenvlag
3079:Jersey City
3059:Prinsenvlag
3040:Bush family
2988:citizenship
2977:Netherlands
2953:Long Island
2856:Stadtholder
2708:Connecticut
2692:Wall Street
2676:Fresh River
2652:Long Island
2644:New England
2512:Zwaanendael
2504:Zuyd Rivier
2500:Fort Nassau
2441:New Holland
2292:Esopus Wars
2288:New Holland
2259:free market
2187:Kieft's War
2144:Kieft's War
2138:Kieft's War
2128:patroonship
1947:North River
1915: 1639
1850:Fort Orange
1803:Fort Orange
1799:Fresh River
1793:), and the
1791:North River
1783:South River
1779:Zuyd Rivier
1756:Schenectady
1619:Hackensacks
1592:Adirondacks
1580:Fort Nassau
1463:Hospitaller
1353:fur trading
1341:Fort Nassau
1329:Zuyd Rivier
1257:Development
1248:Fur trader
1184:major river
1176:the Narrows
1134:aboard the
1080:New England
953:Connecticut
728:Swaanendael
678:Colen Donck
607:Settlements
577:Fort Altena
552:Fort Orange
524:Exploration
476:Connecticut
337:Preceded by
99:(1649β1702)
69:(1614β1652)
7963:Categories
7834:New Sweden
7790:New France
7428:New Jersey
7270:Portuguese
7249:Norwegian
7115:New Guinea
7108:Until 1962
7087:Until 1954
7071:Until 1949
7062:Gold Coast
7055:Until 1872
7039:Until 1853
7020:Coromandel
7008:Until 1825
6899:Senegambia
6889:Gold Coast
6726:Opperhoofd
6591:Coromandel
5887:livius.org
5610:1 November
5034:Otto, Paul
4746:calculates
4355:Lowensteyn
3872:Neerlandia
3830:References
3686:Twelve Men
3582:Nieuw Dorp
3547:Breuckelen
3542:Gravesende
3517:Oude Dorpe
3512:Vlissingen
3507:Achter Col
3482:Beverwijck
3441:De Rondout
3272:Sandy Hook
3260:Kinderhook
3250:, meaning
3220:Hackensack
3159:See also:
3092:Statenvlag
3032:Presidents
3012:John Adams
2951:, western
2836:recaptured
2821:status quo
2815:ended the
2729:Oyster Bay
2590:Manhattans
2582:New Amstel
2578:Stuyvesant
2551:New Sweden
2474:involving
2230:, site of
2191:Hackensack
2120:Beverwijck
2093:privileges
2063:, and the
1888:See also:
1768:Communipaw
1764:Quinnipiac
1748:Algonquian
1744:factorijen
1721:New Sweden
1686:See also:
1659:Swannekins
1572:Algonquins
1478:Portuguese
1423:First wave
1172:Sandy Hook
1168:Halve Maen
1140:Halve Maen
1105:Port Royal
980:New Sweden
945:New Jersey
925:East Coast
842:Twelve Men
738:Nieuw Dorp
703:Breuckelen
698:Gravesende
673:Oude Dorpe
668:Vlissingen
663:Achter Col
638:Beverwijck
597:De Rondout
486:New Jersey
299:Population
187:Government
174:Demonym(s)
153:Algonquian
8039:Fur trade
7698:New Spain
7552:New Haven
7504:Jamestown
6967:Jan Mayen
6838:Essequibo
6750:Mauritius
6716:Pontianak
6706:Palembang
6161:. (1909)
5986:(2000) .
5897:March 26,
5565:March 13,
5016:1086-6728
4247:0028-792X
3958:0362-4331
3890:Citations
3852:Neo-Latin
3691:Eight Men
3663:(1647β64)
3655:(1638β47)
3647:(1633β38)
3639:(1632β33)
3631:(1626β32)
3623:(1625β26)
3615:(1620β25)
3532:Heemstede
3527:Greenwich
3240:Cresskill
3232:Peekskill
3224:Sing-Sing
3216:Manhattan
2935:that the
2872:Louis XIV
2801:Mennonite
2716:New Haven
2712:New Haven
2662:Image of
2602:Peach War
2534:Manhattan
2464:Ashkenazi
2436:Huguenots
2280:Caribbean
2134:country.
2038:Wappinger
1974:Manhattoe
1939:Manhattan
1923:Manhattan
1868:Huguenots
1866:, French
1809:(today's
1710:fur trade
1635:Highlands
1570:were the
1276:Amsterdam
1178:into the
999:conquered
847:Eight Men
819:(1647β64)
811:(1638β47)
803:(1633β38)
795:(1632β33)
787:(1626β32)
779:(1625β26)
771:(1620β25)
688:Heemstede
683:Greenwich
182:New Dutch
163:Religion
141:Low Saxon
51:1673β1674
49:1614β1667
7948:Category
7571:Carolina
7546:Saybrook
7534:Carolana
7516:Plymouth
7434:New York
7422:Delaware
7404:Maryland
7392:Virginia
7280:Scottish
7215:Curonian
7134:Suriname
6848:Pomeroon
6833:Demerara
6711:Preanger
6696:Cheribon
6606:Moluccas
6420:pp 3β14.
6237:in JSTOR
6227:in JSTOR
6198:(1959).
6176:Archived
5958:(2007).
5936:. Livius
5757:March 6,
5507:WeRelate
5373:March 6,
5036:(2006).
4957:March 6,
4903:July 28,
4843:Archived
4822:Archived
4772:Archived
4749:Archived
4435:(2004).
3963:March 6,
3858:("(New)
3848:heraldic
3696:Nine Men
3537:Rustdorp
3487:Wiltwijk
3278:See also
3268:Red Hook
3236:Catskill
3228:Canarsie
2825:Suriname
2733:de facto
2704:Plymouth
2508:patroons
2484:Delaware
2322:and the
2308:Beverwyk
2306:between
2300:Kingston
2243:governor
2234:'s grave
2194:sagamore
2124:Wiltwyck
2101:criminal
2086:manorial
2030:Canarsee
1978:guilders
1872:Africans
1864:Walloons
1752:Iroquois
1627:Canarsee
1623:Raritans
1576:Mahicans
1488:Scottish
1438:Curonian
1370:and the
1227:Maryland
1149:Cape Cod
1070:β1670s).
949:Delaware
941:New York
937:Cape Cod
852:Nine Men
693:Rustdorp
643:Wiltwijk
491:New York
481:Delaware
318:Currency
205:Director
157:Delaware
108:Colony (
7492:Roanoke
7464:Georgia
7290:Swedish
7285:Spanish
7275:Russian
7210:Belgian
7205:British
7136:gained
7128:Became
7099:Surinam
7030:Suratte
7025:Malacca
6858:Surinam
6823:Cayenne
6813:Berbice
6735:Myanmar
6691:Batavia
6658:Malabar
6637:Suratte
6601:Malacca
6596:Formosa
6581:Celebes
6550:Batavia
6474:at the
6416:(1956)
6270:excerpt
6260:excerpt
6250:excerpt
6248:(1990)
6208:(1912)
6111:(1968)
6063:(1969).
6056:(1976).
5988:"Dutch"
5124:July 8,
4681:May 11,
4321:June 9,
4270:. 2008.
4015:128β129
3862:" here
3860:Belgium
3567:Boswijk
3557:Midwout
3497:Pavonia
3197:Passaic
2793:Colonel
2674:on the
2613:British
2594:Pavonia
2476:Quakers
2420:Walloon
2389:+111.9%
2378:+480.0%
2336:Society
2324:Mohawks
2182:Mohican
2174:Pavonia
2112:Company
2108:patroon
2077:patroon
2067:towns.
2061:Pavonia
1972:of the
1932:became
1785:), the
1631:Tappans
1584:Mohawks
1498:Swedish
1493:Spanish
1483:Russian
1468:Italian
1433:British
1362:(GWC) (
1136:flyboat
982:by the
723:Boswijk
713:Midwout
653:Pavonia
283:β’
270:β’
257:β’
244:β’
202:β’
149:English
117:Capital
7930:(1676)
7922:(1638)
7906:(1622)
7898:(1620)
7890:(1584)
7860:(1698)
7613:Quebec
7512:(1619)
7498:Popham
7235:French
7225:German
7220:Danish
7046:Dejima
7015:Bengal
6884:Arguin
6863:Tobago
6818:Brazil
6765:Tonkin
6745:Dejima
6740:Canton
6701:Malang
6681:Bantam
6653:Bantam
6632:Persia
6627:Bengal
6586:Ceylon
6418:online
6395:
6312:
6298:
6210:online
6200:online
6163:online
6113:online
6089:online
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4802:
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3361:series
3270:, and
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3252:corner
3238:, and
3226:, and
3212:Indian
3205:Albany
3193:Bergen
3161:Yankee
3075:Albany
3061:, or "
2943:, the
2902:Legacy
2882:. The
2878:, and
2725:250 km
2710:, and
2565:, and
2559:Swedes
2543:Sweden
2539:Lenape
2480:Canada
2445:Ladino
2418:was a
2400:+27.3%
2316:Munsee
2296:Lenape
2271:Esopus
2267:Swedes
2197:Oratam
2158:Tappan
2132:Esopus
2104:courts
2089:rights
1943:Hudson
1900:; and
1844:, and
1760:Esopus
1728:Tijger
1668:sewant
1655:sachem
1629:, and
1603:Lenape
1458:German
1453:French
1443:Danish
1428:Basque
1349:Albany
1318:, and
1221:, and
1109:Quebec
1036:Origin
951:, and
648:Bergen
567:De Wal
517:series
145:French
105:Status
7522:Maine
7245:Norse
7230:Dutch
6760:Timor
6566:Ambon
2807:near
2781:terms
2567:Dutch
2563:Finns
2397:5,476
2386:4,301
2375:2,030
2257:in a
2097:civil
1917:map,
1870:, or
1852:, to
1846:Sheep
1838:Horse
1732:Tiger
1661:, or
1473:Norse
1448:Dutch
1207:Craen
913:Dutch
131:Dutch
6755:Siam
6393:ISBN
6310:ISBN
6296:ISBN
6028:ISBN
5964:ISBN
5942:2020
5899:2020
5835:2008
5809:2008
5759:2009
5728:2007
5702:2008
5664:2010
5638:2017
5612:2008
5567:2011
5536:2016
5514:2016
5464:help
5421:2013
5375:2009
5315:ISBN
5271:ISBN
5247:2023
5218:ISBN
5194:2007
5167:2007
5126:2009
5042:ISBN
5012:ISSN
4980:ISBN
4959:2009
4905:2013
4800:ISBN
4725:and
4704:ISBN
4683:2020
4657:2015
4594:ISBN
4489:ISBN
4441:ISBN
4382:ISBN
4323:2009
4287:ISBN
4254:2015
4243:ISSN
4194:p.84
4180:p.84
4156:ISBN
4129:ISBN
4108:2008
4019:ISBN
3965:2009
3954:ISSN
3923:2008
3248:hoek
3244:kils
3195:and
3169:The
3077:and
3050:Lore
2990:and
2596:and
2518:and
2466:and
2454:The
2394:1660
2383:1650
2372:1640
2361:1630
2350:Pop.
2346:Year
2310:and
2176:and
2160:and
2151:was
2099:and
2091:and
2004:and
1994:US$
1805:and
1750:and
1690:and
1594:and
1270:The
1229:and
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1158:and
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213:List
81:Seal
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3870:or
2854:as
2829:Run
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