Province of New York

59: 6738: 428: 1771:. New York was the only colonial assembly which did not approve the proceeds of the First Continental Congress. Opposition to the Congress revolved around the opinion that the provincial houses of assembly were the proper agencies to solicit redress for grievances. In March, the Assembly broke with the rest of the colonies and wrote a petition to London, but London rejected the petition because it contained claims about a lack of authority of the "parent state" to tax colonists, "which made it impossible" to accept. The Assembly last met on April 3, 1775. 1124: 442: 6714: 73: 6666: 4833: 2026:, the governor approved two assembly initiatives; that the colony's revenue be approved annually rather than every five years and that the assembly must approve the purpose of each allocation. Elections to the house of assembly were initially held whenever the governor pleased, but eventually a law was passed requiring an election at least once every seven years. The city of New York was the seat of government and where the New York provincial assembly met. 6702: 6726: 6676: 2359:

organization of lawyers. The American Revolution saw the departure of many leading lawyers who were Loyalists; their clientele was often tied to royal authority or British merchants and financiers. They were not allowed to practice law unless they took a loyalty oath to the new United States of America. Many went to Britain or Canada after losing the war. Finally a Bar Association emerged in 1869 that proved successful and continues to operate.

1494: 715: 88: 1633:. In October, the merchants of New York agreed on the condition that the merchants of Boston and Philadelphia also agreed. In December, the assembly passed a resolution which stated the colonies were entitled to self-taxation. Governor Moore declared the resolution repugnant to the laws of England and dissolved the assembly. The De Lancey faction, again with Sons of Liberty support, won a majority in the assembly. 403: 1467:. It became a rallying point for mass meetings and an emblem of the American cause. In June, two regiments of British regulars arrived in New York and were quartered in the upper barracks. These troops cut down the liberty pole on August 10. A second and third pole were erected and also cut down. A fourth pole was erected and encased in iron to prevent similar action. 1318:. Forty New York ships were commissioned as privateers in 1756 and in the spring of 1757 it was estimated the value of French prizes brought into New York was two hundred thousand pounds. By 1759, the seas had been cleaned of French vessels and the privateers were diverted into trading with the enemy. The ending of the war caused a severe recession in New York. 836:

control, and government, subject only to the limitation that the government must be consistent with the laws of England. The Duke of York never visited his colony and exercised little direct control of it. He elected to administer his government through governors, councils, and other officers appointed by himself. No provision was made for an elected assembly.

1445:(a precursor to the Sons of Liberty) were able to take control of the mob. In New York, however, the "mob was largely made up of seamen, most of whom lacked deep community ties and felt little need to submit to the authority of the city's shorebound radical leaders." The New York Sons of Liberty did not take control of the opposition until after November 1. 1452:. A few days later the stamps stored at Fort George were surrendered to the mob. Nash notes that, "whether the Sons of Liberty could control the mariners, lower artisans, and laborers remained in doubt," and "they came to fear the awful power of the assembled lower-class artisans and their maritime compatriots." 2880:

became more important, the economy expanded and diversified and the agricultural areas of Long Island and the regions further up the Hudson River developed. Fishermen also made a decent living because New York was next to the ocean, making it a port/fishing state. Inland, farming crops made farmers a

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New York was required to recall all paper money. London allowed the issuance of additional paper money, but the attached conditions were unsatisfactory. While New York was boycotting British imports, other colonies including Boston and Philadelphia were not. The De Lanceys tried to reach a compromise

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were transported to New York by Queen Anne's government in ten ships in 1710, the largest single group of immigrants before the Revolutionary War. By comparison, Manhattan then had only 6,000 people. Initially, the Germans were employed in the production of naval stores and tar along the Hudson River

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fought back successfully. An important technique that developed especially in Boston, Philadelphia and New York in the 1720s and 1730s was to mobilize public opinion by using the new availability of weekly newspapers and print shops that produced inexpensive pamphlets. The lawyers used the publicity

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However, the tenant riots of 1766 showed the need for a police force in the colony. The Livingston-controlled New York assembly passed a quartering bill in 1766 to provide barracks and provisions in New York City and Albany which satisfied most, but not all of the requirements of the Quartering Act.

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Easing the transition to British rule, the Articles of Capitulation guaranteed certain rights to the Dutch; among these were: liberty of conscience in divine worship and church discipline, the continuation of their own customs concerning inheritances, and the application of Dutch law to bargains and

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which was an excellent piece of political propaganda denouncing the De Lanceys for betraying the liberties of the people by acknowledging the British power of taxation. The Sons of Liberty switched their allegiance from the De Lanceys to the Livingstons. Alexander McDougall was arrested for libel.

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in Lower Manhattan, which was used through 1812. It was discovered nearly two centuries later during excavation before the construction of the Ted Weiss Federal Building at 290 Broadway. Historians estimated 15,000–20,000 Africans and African Americans had been buried in the approximately 8 acres

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and New York City emulated the English elite, purchasing English furniture, silverware, crystal, and jewelry. They were proud of the Dutch language, which was strongly reinforced through the church, but were much slower than the Yankees in setting up schools for their children. They finally set up

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and the De Lanceys. Both of these families had amassed considerable fortunes. New York City had an inordinate influence on New York province politics because several of the assembly members lived in New York City rather than in their district. In the 1752 election, De Lanceys' relatives and close

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on 6 May 1691, replacing the Court of Oyer and Terminer. Jurisdiction was based on the English Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas and Exchequer but excluded cases of equity which continued to be dealt with by the Court of Chancery. The Supreme Court continued in being under the Constitution of

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In July 1770, the merchants of New York decided to resume trade with Britain when news arrived of Parliament's plan to repeal the Townshend Duties and to give permission for New York to issue some paper currency. The Sons of Liberty were strongly opposed to the resumption of trade. The merchants

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But New York's plebeian element was not yet satisfied. Going beyond the respectable leaders of the Sons of Liberty, the lower orders rampaged through the town for four days. Some two thousand strong, they threatened the homes of suspected sympathizers of British policy, attacked the house of the

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The black population became a major element in New York City, and on large upstate farms. With its shipping and trades, New York had use for skilled African labor as artisans and domestic servants. New York sold these slaves using slave markets, giving slaves to the highest bidder at an auction.

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as Governor of his territories in America. Governor Edmund Andros in 1674 said "permit all persons of what religion soever, quietly to inhabit within the precincts of your jurisdiction" Nonetheless, he made the Quakers of West Jersey pay toll on the Delaware, but they applied to England and were

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negotiated by the English and Dutch colonies in 1650 but not recognized by either the Dutch or English governments) putting the new province in conflict with the Massachusetts charter. In general terms, the charter was equivalent to a conveyance of land conferring on him the right of possession,

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The British governors were upper class aristocrats not trained in the law, and felt unduly constrained by the legalistic demands of the Americans. In the period from the 1680s to about 1715 numerous efforts were made to strengthen royal control and diminish legal constraints on the power of the

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on October 29, 1733, is one of the better known political events in colonial America. Two hundred and seventy-five years after the contest, historians continue to cite the election to advance various arguments about colonial life. One recent student used the election to argue for the persistent

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to raise money from the colonies. New York had previously passed its own stamp act from 1756 to 1760 to raise money for the French and Indian war. The extraordinary response to the Stamp Act can only be explained by the build-up of antagonisms on local issues. New York was experiencing a severe

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at the southern end of Lake George in 1757. The British forces surrendered to the French, but many prisoners were then massacred by the Indians. Some prisoners had smallpox, and when Indians took the scalps to their home villages, they spread a disease that killed large numbers. In the end the

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was large, meaning that emigrants leaving the mother country had a wide variety of choices under full Dutch control. The major Dutch cities were centers of high culture, but they sent few immigrants. Most Dutch arrivals to the New World in the 17th century had been farmers from villages who on

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The lawyers of colonial New York organized a bar association, but it fell apart in 1768 during the bitter political dispute between the factions based in the Delancey and Livingston families. For the next century, various attempts were made, and failed, in New York state to build an effective

1197:. Many became tenant farmers or squatters. They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. 995:

An act of the assembly in 1683 naturalized all those of foreign nations then in the colony professing Christianity. To encourage immigration, it also provided that foreigners professing Christianity may, after their arrival, be naturalized if they took the oath of allegiance as required.

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to discuss their response. The New York assembly petitioned the British House of Commons on December 11, 1765, for the Americans' right of self taxation. In August, the intimidation and beating of stamp agents was widely reported. The New York stamp commissioner resigned his job.

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cutting the duty on tea and enabling the East India company to sell tea in the colonies cheaper than the smugglers could. This act primarily hurt the New York merchants and smugglers. The Sons of Liberty were the organizers of the opposition and in November 1773 they published

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was forced to leave New York for a British warship offshore, ending any appearances of British rule of the colony as the Continental Congress ordered the arrest of anyone endangering the safety of the colony. In April 1776 Tryon officially dissolved the New York assembly.

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which required colonial legislatures to provide quarters and supplies for the troops. The Quartering Act stirred little controversy and New Yorkers were ambivalent about the presence of the troops. The assembly had provided barracks and provisions every year since 1761.

2068:, under the supervision of the sheriff and sometimes at such short notice that many of the voting population could not get to the polls. The candidates were usually at the polls and the vote was taken by a show of hands unless this vote did not result in a clear winner. 1459:

carrying stamps for Connecticut was boarded in New York Harbor and the stamps destroyed. Up to the end of 1765 the Stamp Act disturbances had largely been confined to New York City, but in January the Sons of Liberty also stopped the distribution of stamps in Albany.

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in which anyone who assisted in support of the act would be an "enemy to the liberties of America". As a result, the New York East India agents resigned. The New York assembly took no action in regard to the Sons of Liberty assumption of extra-legal powers.

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which closed the port of Boston. The Sons of Liberty were in favor of resumption of a trade boycott with Britain, but there was strong resistance from the large importers. In May, a meeting in New York was called in which members were selected for a

2173:), Albany County technically extended to the Pacific Ocean. Most of this land, which was Indian land for most of the province's history, has now been ceded to other states and most of the land within New York has been divided into new counties. 2367:

Initially the Province of New York started with the system of courts it had had in its earlier period of English rule: the Court of Assizes, the Court of Sessions, and a series of town courts such as the Mayor's Court of the City of New York.

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operations occurred in New York in the spring of 1757 when three thousand British troops cordoned off the city and impressed nearly eight hundred persons they found in taverns and other gathering places of sailors. New York was the centre for

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recession from the effects of the end of the French and Indian war. The colonies were experiencing the effects of a very tight monetary policy caused by the trade deficit with Britain, a fiscal crisis in Britain restricting credit, and the

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importance of monarchy in the outlook of colonists, while another scholar treated the voting as an important point in the development of political awareness among New York artisans. Many writers address the election, held at what is today

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and was not submitted to the people for ratification. Under its provisions, the governor would be elected not appointed, voting restrictions were reduced, secret ballots were introduced, and civil rights were guaranteed. On July 30, 1777,

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in 1783. After its reoccupation, New York became the headquarters for the British army in America, and the British political center of operations in North America. Loyalist refugees flooded into the city raising its population to 33,000.

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arrived in New York harbor for repairs. The captain admitted that he had 18 chests of tea on board and he agreed that he would not attempt to have the tea landed, but the Sons of Liberty boarded the ship regardless and destroyed the tea.

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with France from 1702 to 1713, the province had little involvement with the military operations, but benefited from being a supplier to the British fleet. New York militia participated in two abortive attacks on Quebec in 1709 and 1711.

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Between 1692 and 1694 the governor of New York was also the governor of Pennsylvania. From 1698 to 1701 the governor was also the governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. From 1702 to 1738 he was also the governor of New Jersey.

1271:, the New York assembly refused to raise troops and only appropriated a token £3,000. The assembly was opposed to a significant war effort because it would interrupt trade with Quebec and would result in higher taxes. The French 1205:

The first slaves were introduced to the colonies by the Dutch, and thereafter by the British, largely bought from African tribal chiefs who exploited prisoners taken during the numerous tribal wars of that period. In the 1690s,

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Nash (2005) p. 54. Nash (p. 58) also wrote, "In New York City ... the Stamp Act demonstrators were led at first by men higher up on the social order – ship captains, master craftsmen, and even lawyers, but then escaped their

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famously wealthy governor Cadwallader Colden, paraded his effigy around town, and built a monstrous bonfire in the Bowling Green into which the shouting crowd hurled the governor's luxurious two sleighs and horse-drawn coach.

960:. The assembly passed the Province of New York constitution on October 30, the first of its kind in the colonies. This constitution gave New Yorkers more rights than any other group of colonists including the protection from 933:" which served as the first compilation of English laws in colonial New York. Nicholls returned to England after an administration of three years, much of which was taken up in confirming the ancient Dutch land grants. 1163:. They maintained their distinctive clothing and food preferences. They introduced some new foods to America, including beets, endive, spinach, parsley, and cookies. After the British takeover, rich Dutch families in 1665:

twice polled their members and went door to door polling residents of New York and all polls were overwhelming in support of resumption of trade. This was perhaps the first public opinion poll in American history.

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tried to organize a popular party to oppose the great families, thus earning the hatred of the city elite of both parties. The Livingstons looked to the imperial ties as a means of controlling the influence of

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organized a meeting at Burns Tavern of New York merchants, where they agreed to boycott all British imports until the Stamp Act was repealed. A leading moderate group opposing the Stamp Act were the local

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With very few new arrivals, the result was an increasingly traditional system cut off from the forces for change. The folk maintained their popular culture, revolving around their language and their

953:, to summon "...a general assembly of all the freeholders, by such persons they should choose to represent them to consult with you and said council what laws are fit and necessary to be made..." 937:

was next appointed Governor and held the position from May 1667 until the return of the Dutch in July 1673. A Dutch fleet recaptured New York and held it until it was traded to the English by the

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New York executive council met on April 24 and concluded that "we were unanimously of the opinion that we had no power to do anything." The British troops in New York never left their barracks.

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near Peekskill. In 1723 they were allowed to settle in the central Mohawk Valley west of Schenectady as a buffer against the Native Americans and the French. They also settled in areas such as

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arrival in New Netherland scattered into widely separated villages that had little cross contact with each other. Even inside a settlement, different Dutch groups had minimal interaction.

1975:, though his effective authority did not extend far beyond the southern tip of Manhattan (then the extent of New York City). Tryon retained his title of governor, but with little power. 6653: 1748:

was added to create the Committee of Fifty-One. The group adopted a resolution which said Boston was "suffering in the defence of the rights of America" and proposed the formation of a

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and officially became a part of the government of the United States of America, though it had been a part of the nation since it was declared in 1776 with signatories from New York.

3698: 1474:. They marched on New York expecting the Sons of Liberty to support them. Instead, the Sons of Liberty blocked the roads and the leader of the tenants was convicted of treason. 1267:. The assembly was determined to control expenditures for this war and only weak support was given. When the call came for New York to help raise an expeditionary force against 6464: 1275:

in 1745 destroyed that settlement, killing and capturing more than one hundred people. After this attack the assembly was more generous and raised 1,600 men and £40,000.

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took over, the great majority of Dutch families remained, with the exception of government officials and soldiers. However, new Dutch arrivals became very few. While the

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and present-day Maine. The New Netherland claim included western parts of present-day Massachusetts (to an extent that varied depending on whether the reference was the

992:. While the number of counties has been increased to 62, the pattern still remains that a town in New York State is a subdivision of a county, similar to New England. 4032: 1696:

had not obtained the support they had expected, the Sons of Liberty were afraid that if the tea was landed the population would demand its distribution for retail.

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accepted the capitulation of the garrison at Fort Orange, which he called Albany, after another of the Duke of York's titles. The capture was confirmed by the

6780: 1024:, and ruled at first directly from England. When the Duke of York ascended to the throne of England as James II in 1685, the province became a royal colony. 5323: 886:

The acquired territory land designations were reassigned by the crown, leaving the territory of the modern State of New York, including the valleys of the

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reached New York on April 23, which stunned the city since there was a widely believed rumor that Parliament was to grant the colonies self-taxation. The

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London approved a policy of keeping twenty regiments in the colonies to police and defend the back country. The enabling legislation took the form of the

6765: 2545: 1249:. Excavation and study of the remains has been described as the "most important historic urban archaeological project undertaken in the United States." 6805: 6775: 1865: 6037: 4304: 2863:

In 1756, the population of the province was about 100,000 of which about 14,000 were blacks. Most of the blacks in New York at this time were slaves.

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New York was peaceful after the repeal of the Townshend Act, but the economy of New York was still in a slump. In May 1773 the Parliament passed the

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Historian Fred Anderson contrasted the mob actions in New York with those in Boston. In Boston, after the initial unrest, local leaders such as the

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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

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was royally appointed. The governor selected his Executive Council which served as the upper house. The governor and king had veto power over the

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In 1683 the Court of Assizes was abolished, with its jurisdiction being transferred to a new Court of Oyer and Terminer and Court of Chancery.

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The New York City Sons of Liberty learned of Boston's plan to stop the unloading of any tea and resolved to also follow this policy. Since the

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dissolved the House of Assembly, February 6, 1768. The next month New Yorkers went to the polls for a new assembly. In this election, with the

3002: 534:, then under the Directorship of Peter Stuyvesant, from the Dutch. The Governor surrendered to the English fleet without recognition from the 6196: 2831:

Upstate New York (as well as parts of present Ontario, Quebec, Pennsylvania and Ohio) were occupied by the Five Nations (after 1720 becoming

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carried a lengthy report on the famous election, producing one of the few complete accounts of a colonial election available to historians."

6624: 6607: 6485: 1752:. In July, the committee select five of their members as delegates to this congress. Some of the other counties also sent delegates to the 2033:

Representation in the assembly in 1683 was six for Long Island, four for New York City, two for Kingston, two for Albany, one for each of

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The numbers of slaves imported to New York increased dramatically from the 1720s through 1740s. By the 17th century, they established the

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broke into the Arsenal at City Hall and removed 1,000 stand of arms. The armed citizens formed a voluntary corps to govern the city with

1301:, and other agents in upstate New York brought about the participation of the Iroquois. The French and their Indian allies laid siege to 4195: 5766: 5760: 4862: 4549: 4543: 3702: 6785: 5822: 2860:

The slave population grew after Queen Anne's war. The percentage of blacks in New York in 1731 and 1746 was 18% and 21% respectively.

1924: 1908: 343: 1996:, and was where more Americans died than in all of the battles of the war, combined. The British retained control of New York until 4690: 1822:; though a British governor was technically in office, much of the remainder of the upper part of the colony was held by the rebel 1558: 779: 678: 1530: 1233: 751: 5670: 2325: 2116: 2015: 231: 4176: 6031: 4855: 4775: 3577: 3289: 2568: 2142: 1511: 1357:

friends controlled 12 of the 27 seats in the assembly. The De Lanceys lost control of the assembly in the election of 1761.

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that had authority over it. The province was renamed for the Duke of York, as its proprietor. England's rule was established

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This article is about New York prior to the formation of the United States. For New York after the American Revolution, see

6369: 5979: 5205: 4604: 1963:, and the first after the Declaration of Independence was signed. The British recaptured the city in September 1776 in the 497: 3785: 1763:

In January and February 1775, of the New York Assembly voted down successive resolutions approving the proceedings of the

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During the middle years of the 18th century, politics in New York revolved around the rivalry of two great families, the

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to protect the Indians from further English settlement in their lands. The treaty established a boundary line along the

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which assembled at White Plains on July 10, 1776, and after repeated adjournments and changes of venue, it concluded in

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Roger Champagne, "Family Politics versus Constitutional Principles: The New York Assembly Elections of 1768 and 1769."

2057: 2022:'s bills. However, all bills were effective until royal disapproval had occurred which could take up to a year. During 688:

New Amsterdam surrendered to Colonel Richard Nicholls on August 27, 1664; he renamed it New York. On September 24 Sir

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by passing a bill which allowed for the issuing of paper currency, of which half was for provisioning of the troops.

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In the spring of 1769, New York was in a depression from the recall of paper boycott and the British boycott. By the

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surrounding there. Because of the extraordinary find, the government commissioned a memorial at the site, where the

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were not allowed to vote between 1737 and 1747. In rural counties slightly more than half the males could vote. No

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on the Hudson was a strategic asset. And New York played a central role for the British in their attempt to divide

1321: 1298: 2165:: all of the region that is now northern and western New York. Also claimed the area, later disputed, that is now 1463:

In May 1766, when news arrived of the repeal of the Stamp Act the Sons of Liberty celebrated by the erection of a

6278: 6009: 4847: 4215: 2877: 2056:, in addition to requirements related to age, sex, and religion. The £40 freehold requirement was often ignored. 1945: 1807: 1526: 961: 747: 6572: 6100: 5714: 5608: 5425: 5109: 2972: 2468: 2424: 2009: 1936: 1515: 1194: 957: 736: 4092:

McGregor, Robert Kuhn. "Cultural Adaptation in Colonial New York: The Palatine Germans of the Mohawk Valley."

6760: 6382: 6146: 5897: 5338:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 5235: 5167: 4334: 3972: 3739:

Luke J. Feder, "'No Lawyer in the Assembly!": Character Politics and the Election of 1768 in New York City."

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New York's charter was re-enacted in 1691 and was the constitution of the province until the creation of the

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which was held in September. The New York delegates were unable to stop the adoption at the congress of the

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A colonial Assembly was created in October 1683. New York was the last of the English colonies to have an

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From the outset, New York led the protests in the colonies. Both New York political factions opposed the

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A. G. Roeber "Dutch colonists cope with English control" in Bernard Bailyn, and Philip D. Morgan, eds.

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In 1766, widespread tenant uprisings occurred in the countryside north of New York City centered on the

1176:. They published no newspapers, and published no books and only a handful of religious tracts annually. 988:, and are no longer within the territory of the State of New York, having been transferred by treaty to 6810: 6692: 6337: 6114: 6088: 5985: 5754: 4836: 4346: 4340: 4208: 2988: 1972: 1799: 1764: 1753: 1337: 1242: 1190: 614: 570: 508: 297: 4026:

Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775

3101: 6628:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 6271: 6227: 5949: 5660: 5335: 5305: 5063: 4622: 4446: 4286: 3197:

Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley, 1720–1850

2351:. By the 1750s and 1760s, however, there was a counterattack ridiculing and demeaning the lawyers as 2274: 2258: 2244: 2224: 2176: 2049:

and one for Pemequid on the Maine coast. In 1737, the assembly was expanded to 27 and in 1773 to 31.

2019: 1997: 1980: 1953: 1869: 1173: 919: 832: 582: 309: 3616: 3526:

Edward Countryman, "Consolidating Power in Revolutionary America: The Case of New York, 1775–1783."

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redressed. He was followed by Colonel Thomas Dongan in 1682. Dongan was empowered, on the advice of

6815: 6452: 6160: 6107: 6015: 5973: 5937: 5891: 5506: 5155: 5097: 4746: 4740: 4428: 4328: 3894: 3017: 2284: 2218: 1815: 1803: 1136: 1037: 914:). The province remained an important military and economic link to Canada throughout its history. 635: 609:

This British crown colony was established upon the former Iroquois nation and then Dutch colony of

535: 112: 87: 64: 1884:, and brought it to New York in 1776, correctly anticipating the British would return there. The 1551: 772: 6730: 6669: 6501: 6376: 6344: 6325: 5991: 5943: 5885: 5594: 5538: 4914: 4489: 4471: 4185: 2947: 2927: 2513: 2290: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2228: 2162: 2102: 1757: 1504: 1306:

British won the war and took over all of Canada, thereby ending French-sponsored Indian attacks.

1052: 725: 642:, on Manhattan Island. The Dutch colony included claims to an area comprising all of the present 3814: 3804: 3679:"A Meddling Royal Official: Turnout at a Famous Colonial Election in Westchester County in 1733" 2857:

In 1698, the population of the province was 18,607. 14% of the population of New York was black.

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to Sir George Carteret in exchange for settlement of a debt. The territory was named after the

693: 578: 551: 356: 3170: 1079:. In July, New York participated in an abortive attack on Montreal and Quebec. A new governor 6706: 6679: 6285: 5440: 5217: 5199: 5008: 4939: 4646: 4580: 4495: 3118: 1960: 1834: 1819: 1795: 1740:

was formed which was dominated with moderates, the Sons of Liberty only obtained 15 members.

1654: 1591: 1290: 1284: 1238: 1072: 964:. On November 1, 1683, the government was reorganized, and the state was divided into twelve 519: 206: 4008:

A People in Revolution: The American Revolution and Political Society in New York, 1760–1790

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A People in Revolution: The American Revolution and Political Society in New York, 1760–1790

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A People in Revolution: The American Revolution and Political Society in New York, 1760–1790

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of local representatives assumed the government on May 22, 1775, declared the province the

1749: 1448:

On November 1, the crowd destroyed a warehouse and the house of Thomas James, commander at

1329: 1264: 1258: 1076: 169: 159: 3870: 3860: 8: 6069: 5872: 5779: 5727: 5614: 5602: 5582: 5570: 5482: 5273: 5185: 4791: 4652: 4519: 4392: 4352: 4252: 3933: 3866: 3810: 2343: 1642: 1429: 1425: 1111: 1056: 1045: 1041: 812: 523: 154: 2873: 2293:: now Ulster and Sullivan counties and part of what is now Delaware and Greene counties. 1432:. Historian Gary B. Nash wrote of what was called the "General Terror of November 1–4": 855:, who was a close friend of the Duke. As a result, Carteret and Berkeley became the two 6315: 6297: 6237: 6128: 5854: 5816: 5792: 5773: 5664: 5211: 5137: 5103: 5002: 4982: 4908: 4815: 4728: 4298: 4280: 3236:

A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies

2898: 2439: 2352: 2196: 1932: 1885: 1737: 1404: 1361: 1302: 1169: 1060: 1055:. However, in April 1689, when news arrived that King James had been overthrown in the 999: 930: 816: 704: 618: 559: 500: 174: 105: 2508:

Died March 1715. Also Chief Justice of New Jersey (1704–1710) and Pennsylvania (1706)

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The election for an open seat in the New York assembly, held on the Village Green in

1877: 1353: 941:. A second grant was obtained by the Duke of York in July 1674 to perfect his title. 903: 876: 594: 566: 4169:

The King's Letter Recognizing the Proprietors' Right to the Soil and Government 1683

4101:

The Urban Crucible, The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution

4079:

Loyal Whigs and Revolutionaries, The making of the revolution in New York, 1765–1776

3744: 2854:

In 1690, the population of the province was 20,000, of which 6,000 were in New York.

1210:

was the largest importer of the colonies of slaves and a supply port for pirates.

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The Supreme Court of Judicature of the Province of New York was established by the

1873: 1791: 1721: 1700: 1471: 1272: 1164: 1128: 1123: 1099: 1091: 985: 934: 915: 856: 828: 598: 472: 435: 421: 136: 31: 4877: 3286: 638:

in New Netherland created a settlement at present-day Albany, and in 1624 founded

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Robert A Emery, "Chapter 33: New York Pre-Statehood Legal Research Materials" in

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Conflict between the Sons of Liberty and the troops in New York erupted with the

1608: 1417: 1080: 1021: 926: 689: 250: 2987:

The province was also called "the Province of New Caesaria or New Jersey". See:

1818:

in September 1776, using it as its military and political base of operations in

839:

Also in 1664, the Duke of York gave the part of his new possessions between the

6470: 6458: 6303: 5919: 5848: 5837: 5626: 5588: 5494: 5458: 5452: 5418: 4956: 4879: 4710: 4684: 4380: 3964: 2529: 2192: 2184: 1880:

took the Continental Army from Boston after the British withdrew following the

1630: 1620: 1595: 1483: 1449: 1396: 1384: 1378: 1341: 1294: 1185: 1033: 1014: 969: 844: 820: 610: 531: 408: 374: 149: 3147:(Vol. 1, A-M), eds. Michael Chiorazzi & Marguerite Most (Routledge, 2013). 1971:

in the common, and placed the province under martial law under the command of

565:

In the late 18th century, colonists in New York rebelled along with the other

6754: 6511: 6331: 5512: 5396: 4634: 4386: 4367: 3994:

Cities in the Wilderness-The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625–1742

2848: 2408: 2278: 2155: 2061: 2034: 1989: 1976: 1912: 1857: 1745: 1369:. The De Lanceys regarded imperial ties to be a tool for personal advantage. 1207: 1084: 1064: 989: 945: 663: 639: 586: 574: 512: 463: 330: 263: 126: 3172:

Remembrance of Patria: Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, 1609–1776

1923:, and "acts as legislature without an executive." While adjourned it left a 1611:

support, the De Lancey faction gained seats, but not enough for a majority.

6541: 6249: 5810: 5804: 5785: 5550: 5285: 5192: 5131: 5125: 4658: 4513: 4507: 3723:

Gregory Afinogenov, "Lawyers and Politics in Eighteenth-Century New York."

1985: 1968: 1919:. On July 10, 1776, the Fourth Provincial Congress changed its name to the 1658: 1637: 1464: 1400: 1389: 1218: 1144: 950: 891: 887: 840: 671: 590: 527: 504: 180: 6713: 3699:"The Supreme Court of the Province of New York 1674–1776 - Jacob Milborne" 2881:

lot of money in the colony. Tradesmen made a fortune selling their wares.

851:, Carteret's ancestral home. The other section of New Jersey was sold to 6658: 6154: 6055: 5866: 5470: 5370: 5085: 5079: 4598: 4483: 4477: 4138:

The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution

4043:

Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863

3568: 3544:

The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution

3345:

Michael J. Mullin, "Personal Politics: William Johnson and the Mohawks."

3262:

Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863

2038: 1893: 1846: 1629:

called for the universal boycott of British imports in opposition to the

1421: 1310: 1160: 1140: 880: 872: 659: 3728: 3458: 3223:

Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British Empire

2948:

Lincoln. Charles Zebina, Johnson, William H., and Northrup, Ansel Judd.

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