2022:
stagnation throughout the 1980s and, towards the end of the decade, an economic crisis. The country's industrial capacity was eroded as equipment grew obsolete and energy intensity increased, and the standard of living deteriorated significantly. Draconian restrictions were imposed on household energy use to ensure adequate supplies for industry. Convertible currency exports were promoted at all costs and imports severely reduced. In 1988, real GDP contracted by 0.5%, mostly due to a decline in industrial output caused by significantly increased material costs. Despite the 1988 decline, the net foreign balance reached its decade-long peak (9.5% of GDP). In 1989, GDP slumped by a further 5.8% due to growing shortages and the increasingly obsolete capital stock. By March 1989, virtually all external debt had been repaid, including all medium- and long-term external debt. The remaining amount, totalling less than 1 million, consisted of short-term credits (mainly short-term export credits granted by
Romania). A 1989 decree legally prohibited Romanian entities from contracting external debt. The
1667:
Council for
Socialist Education and Culture, which had no precise counterpart in any of the other communist states of Eastern Europe, and the Romanian Communist Party was embedded into the daily life of the nation in a way that it never had been before. In 1974, the party programme of the Romanian Communist Party announced that structural changes in society were insufficient to create a full socialist consciousness in the people, and that a full socialist consciousness could only come about if the entire population was made aware of socialist values that guided society. The Communist Party was to be the agency that would so "enlighten" the population and in the words of the British historian Richard Crampton "...the party would merge state and society, the individual and the collective, and would promote 'the ever more organic participation of party members in the entire social life'".
3157:
2676:
2903:
1676:
1773:
1712:
1732:
Ceaușescu's plan was to make
Romania into Europe's number one oil refiner not only of its own oil, but also of oil from Middle Eastern states such as Iraq and Iran, and then to sell all of the refined oil at a profit on the Rotterdam spot market. As Romania lacked the money to build the necessary oil refining plants and Ceaușescu chose to spend the windfall from the high oil prices on aid to the Third World in an attempt to buy Romania international influence, Ceaușescu borrowed heavily from Western banks on the assumption that when the loans came due, the profits from the sales of the refined oil would be more than enough to pay off the loans.
1647:, contained seventeen proposals. Among these were: continuous growth in the "leading role" of the Party; improvement of Party education and of mass political action; youth participation on large construction projects as part of their "patriotic work"; an intensification of political-ideological education in schools and universities, as well as in children's, youth and student organizations; and an expansion of political propaganda, orienting radio and television shows to this end, as well as publishing houses, theatres and cinemas, opera, ballet, artists' unions, promoting a "militant, revolutionary" character in artistic productions. The
3367:
3551:
9085:
1085:
1474:
911:
3222:
1131:, working in the workshop of Alexandru Săndulescu, a shoemaker who was an active member in the then-illegal Communist Party. Ceaușescu was soon involved in the Communist Party activities (becoming a member in early 1932), but as a teenager he was given only small tasks. He was first arrested in 1933, at the age of 15, for street fighting during a strike and again, in 1934, first for collecting signatures on a petition protesting against the trial of railway workers and twice more for other similar activities. By the mid-1930s, he had been in missions in Bucharest,
713:
2365:". Upon arriving in the city center, thousands of workers from the Tractorul Brașov and Hidromecanica factories, pupils, students, and others joined the demonstration. From this moment on, the protest became political. Participants later claimed to have chanted slogans such as "Down with Ceaușescu!", "Down with communism!", "Down with the dictatorship!" or "Down with the tyrant!". During the march, members of the Securitate disguised as workers infiltrated the demonstrators, or remained on the sidelines as spectators, photographing or even filming.
1620:. Journalist Edward Behr claimed that Ceaușescu admired both Mao and Kim as leaders who not only totally dominated their nations but had also used totalitarian methods coupled with significant ultra-nationalism mixed in with communism in order to transform both China and North Korea into major world powers. Furthermore, that Kim and even more so Mao had broken free of Soviet control were additional sources of admiration for Ceaușescu. According to British journalist Edward Behr, Elena Ceaușescu allegedly bonded with Mao's wife,
2649:. The commanders wrote off Ceaușescu as a lost cause and made no effort to keep their men loyal to the government. Ceaușescu made a last desperate attempt to address the crowd gathered in front of the Central Committee building, but the people in the square began throwing stones and other projectiles at him, forcing him to take refuge in the building once more. He, Elena and four others managed to get to the roof and escape by helicopter, only seconds ahead of a group of demonstrators who had followed them there. The
1982:
2307:
1291:, Romania was the only Eastern European nation where the "home communists" triumphed over the "Muscovites". In the rest of the Soviet bloc, there were a series of purges in this period that led to the "home communists" being executed or imprisoned. Like his patron Gheorghiu-Dej, Ceaușescu was a "home communist" who benefited from the fall of the "Muscovites" in 1952. In 1954, Ceaușescu became a full member of the Politburo, effectively granting him one of the highest positions of power in the country.
3375:
9257:
1121:. The Olt County Service of National Archives holds excerpts from the catalogs of Scornicești Primary School, which certifies that Nicolae A. Ceaușescu passed the first grade with an average of 8.26 and the second grade with an average of 8.18, ranking third, in a class in which 25 students were enrolled. Journalist Cătălin Gruia claimed in 2007 that he ran away from his supposedly extremely religious, abusive and strict father. He initially lived with his sister, Niculina Rusescu.
762:
7573:
50:
3359:
1792:
1252:
9281:
2566:, leaving the duty of crushing the Timișoara revolt to his subordinates and his wife. Upon his return to Romania on the evening of 20 December, the situation became even more tense, and he gave a televised speech from the TV studio inside the Central Committee Building (CC Building), in which he spoke about the events at Timișoara in terms of an "interference of foreign forces in Romania's internal affairs" and an "external aggression on Romania's sovereignty".
2688:
9269:
2491:
1893:
1579:
1741:
9062:
1166:
1322:
6265:
4964:
2645:, later confirmed as a suicide (he tried to incapacitate himself with a flesh wound but a bullet severed his artery), was announced by the media. Immediately thereafter, Ceaușescu presided over the CPEx (Political Executive Committee) meeting and assumed the leadership of the army. Believing that Milea had been murdered, rank-and-file soldiers switched sides to the revolution almost
2381:
9245:
5335:"Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate by the Department of State, in Accordance with Section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988"
3593:). Nevertheless, according to opinion polls held in 2010, 41% of Romanians would have voted for Ceaușescu if given the opportunity and 63% felt their lives were better before 1989. In 2014, the percentage of those who would vote for Ceaușescu reached 46%. On 27 December 2018, a poll found 64% of people had a good opinion of him.
3036:). Although Ceaușescu maintained an independent, "national Communist" course, his absolute control over the country, as well as the intensity of the personality cult surrounding him, led many non-Romanian observers to describe his rule as one of the closest things to an old-style Stalinist regime. The last edition of the
972:, Ceaușescu was a member of the Romanian Communist youth movement. He was arrested in 1939 and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during the war in prisons and internment camps: Jilava (1940), Caransebeș (1942), Văcărești (1943), and Târgu Jiu (1943). Ceaușescu rose up through the ranks of
1307:(Vrancea county) which opposed the state program of expropriation of private holdings, when military units opened fire on the rebelling peasants, killing 9 and wounding 48. Ceaușescu personally led the investigation which resulted in 18 peasants being imprisoned for "rebellion" and "conspiring against social order".
1699:. He also appointed and dismissed the president of the Supreme Court and the prosecutor general whenever the legislature was not in session. In practice, from 1974 onward Ceaușescu frequently ruled by decree. Over time, he usurped many powers and functions that nominally were vested in the State Council as a whole.
2397:
in solidarity with the workers' revolt appeared on the campus, and some students distributed manifestos. Security teams conducted a total of seven arrests. Those arrested were investigated, expelled from the faculty, returned to their home localities and placed under strict supervision, along with their families.
2727:. A soldier standing guard in the proceedings was ordered to take the Ceaușescus outside one by one and shoot them, but the Ceaușescus demanded to die together. The soldiers agreed to this and began to tie their hands behind their backs, which the Ceaușescus protested against, but were powerless to prevent.
2451:
2801:
the bodies to perform DNA tests to prove conclusively that they were indeed the remains of the Ceaușescus. The body believed to be Elena's had decayed too much to allow for a positive identification, but
Nicolae was easily identifiable, wearing the bullet-riddled black winter coat he had been wearing
2360:
The first protests began practically on 14 November 1987, at the 440 "Molds" Section of the Red Flag truck company. Initially, the protests were for basic needs: "We want food and heating!", "We want our money!", "We want food for the children!", "We want light and heat!" and "We want bread without a
5295:
Country
Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives by the Department of State in Accordance with
2396:
A few days after the workers' revolt, Cătălin Bia, a student at the
Faculty of Forestry, sat in front of the canteen with a placard that read: "The arrested workers must not die". He was joined by colleagues Lucian Silaghi and Horia Șerban. The three were arrested immediately. Subsequently, graffiti
1666:
In a 1972 speech, Ceaușescu stated he wanted "a certain blending of party and state activities... in the long run we shall witness an ever closer blending of the activities of the party, state and other social bodies". In practice, a number of joint party-state organizations were founded such as the
3446:
To execute a massive redevelopment project during the rule of
Nicolae Ceaușescu, the government conducted extensive demolition of churches and many other historic structures in Romania. According to Alexandru Budistenu, former chief architect of Bucharest, "The sight of a church bothered Ceaușescu.
2914:
It had also engineered the publishing of several works that subverted the
Russian and Soviet image, no longer glossing over traditional points of tension with Russia and the Soviet Union (even alluding to an "unlawful" Soviet presence in Bessarabia). In the final years of Gheorghiu-Dej's rule, more
2660:
forces. The count increased rapidly until an estimated 64,000 fatalities were reported across front pages. The
Hungarian military attaché expressed doubt regarding these figures, pointing out the unfeasible logistics of killing such a large number of people in such a short period. After Ceaușescu's
2624:
Failing to control the crowd, the Ceaușescus took cover inside the building that housed the
Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. The rest of the day saw an open revolt of Bucharest's population, which had assembled in University Square and confronted the police and army at barricades.
2458:
In November 1989, the XIVth Congress of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) saw Ceaușescu, then aged 71, re-elected for another five years as leader of the PCR. During the Congress, Ceaușescu made a speech denouncing the anti-Communist revolutions happening throughout the rest of Eastern Europe. The
1760:
was the most significant expression of opposition to Ceaușescu's rule prior to the late 1980s. The striking miners were inspired by similar strikes along Poland's Baltic coast in December 1970, and just as in Poland in 1970, the striking Romanian miners demanded face-to-face negotiations with their
1497:
of the country which since 1959 had already doubled industrial production and had reduced the peasant population from 78% at the end of the 1940s to 61% in 1966 and 49% by 1971. However, for Romania, like other Eastern People's Republics, industrialization did not mean a total social break with the
1266:
In May 1948, Ceaușescu was appointed Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture, and in March 1949 he was promoted to the position of Deputy Minister. From the Ministry of Agriculture and with no military experience, he was made Deputy Minister in charge of the armed forces, holding the rank of Major
2918:
Ceaușescu was prepared to take a more decisive step in questioning Soviet policies. In the early years of his rule, he generally relaxed political pressures inside Romanian society, which led to the late 1960s and early 1970s being the most liberal decade in Socialist Romania. Gaining the public's
1827:
aircraft. The deal was said at the time to be the biggest between two countries involving a civil aircraft. This was the first state visit by a Communist head of state to the UK, and Ceaușescu was given a knighthood by the Queen, which was revoked on the day before his death in 1989. Similarly, in
1694:
Although Ceaușescu had been nominal head of state since 1967, he had merely been first among equals on the State Council, deriving his real power from his status as party leader. The new post, however, made him the nation's top decision-maker both in name and in fact. He was empowered to carry out
1501:
Universities were also founded in small Romanian towns, which served to train qualified professionals such as engineers, economists, planners or jurists necessary for the industrialization and development project of the country. Romanian healthcare also achieved improvements and recognition by the
1116:
8 February] 1918—his birth was registered with a three-day delay, which later led to confusion. According to the information recorded in his autobiography, Nicolae Ceaușescu was born on 26 January 1918. His father Andruță (1886–1969) owned 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of agricultural land and a
2967:
doctrine of "independent Socialist development" to suit his own objectives. Romania proclaimed itself a "Socialist" (in place of "People's") Republic to show that it was fulfilling Marxist goals without Moscow's oversight, a move mirroring Communist Yugoslavia which renamed itself from a "Federal
2388:
Those under investigation were beaten and tortured, 61 receiving sentences ranging from 6 months to 3 years in prison, including sentences to be carried out working at various state enterprises across in the country. Although many previous party meetings had called for the death penalty to set an
1542:
Measures to encourage reproduction included financial motivations for families who bore children, guaranteed maternity leave, and childcare support for mothers who returned to work, work protection for women, and extensive access to medical control in all stages of pregnancy, as well as after it.
2931:
earlier in the same year, during which the French President gave recognition to the incipient maverick, Ceaușescu's public speech in August deeply impressed the population, not only through its themes, but also because, uniquely, it was unscripted. He immediately attracted Western sympathies and
1731:
against the West, a period of prolonged high oil prices set in that characterised the rest of the 1970s. Romania as a major oil equipment producer greatly benefited from the high oil prices of the 1970s, which led Ceaușescu to embark on an ambitious plan to invest heavily in oil-refining plants.
1509:
The social and economic transformations resulted in improved living conditions for Romanians. Economic growth allowed for higher salaries which, combined with the benefits offered by the state (free medical care, pensions, free universal education at all levels, etc.) were a leap compared to the
1337:
When Gheorghiu-Dej died on 19 March 1965, Ceaușescu was not the obvious successor, despite his closeness to the longtime leader. But widespread infighting by older and more connected officials led the Politburo to choose Ceaușescu as a compromise candidate. He was elected general secretary on 22
1235:
claimed that Ceaușescu's role in these "self-criticism sessions" was that of the enforcer, the young man allegedly beating those Party members who refused to go with or were insufficiently enthusiastic about the "self-criticism" sessions. These "self-criticism sessions" not only helped to cement
1035:
in December 1989, Ceaușescu perceived the demonstrations as a political threat and ordered military forces to open fire on 17 December, causing many deaths and injuries. The revelation that Ceaușescu was responsible resulted in a massive spread of rioting and civil unrest across the country. The
1019:
led to a growing number of illegal abortions and increased the number of orphans in state institutions. Economic mismanagement due to failed oil ventures during the 1970s led to very significant foreign debts for Romania. In 1982, Ceaușescu directed the government to export much of the country's
2558:
Romanian students spontaneously joined the demonstration, which soon lost nearly all connection to its initial cause and became a more general anti-government demonstration. Regular military forces, police, and the Securitate fired on demonstrators on 17 December 1989, killing and injuring men,
2021:
Romania's record—having all of its debts to commercial banks paid off in full—has not been matched by any other heavily indebted country in the world. The policy to repay—and, in multiple cases, prepay—Romania's external debt became the dominant policy in the late 1980s. The result was economic
1702:
Effectively, Ceaușescu now held all governing power in the nation; virtually all party and state institutions were subordinated to his will. The principles of democratic centralism, combined with the legislature's infrequent sessions (it sat in full session only twice a year) meant that for all
3124:
trade union. He even went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland—a significant reversal, considering how violently he had opposed the invasion of Czechoslovakia 20 years earlier. For his part, Gorbachev made no secret of his distaste for Ceaușescu, whom he called "the Romanian
3430:
Ceaușescu was greatly concerned about his public image. For years, nearly all official photographs of him showed him in his late 40s. Romanian state television was under strict orders to portray him in the best possible light. Additionally, producers had to take great care to make sure that
1997:
drew the interest of Western powers, whose governments briefly believed that he was an anti-Soviet maverick and hoped to create a schism in the Warsaw Pact by funding him. Ceaușescu did not realise that the funding was not always favorable. Ceaușescu was able to borrow heavily (more than $
1437:
A series of official visits to Western countries (including the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Australia) helped Ceaușescu to present himself as a reforming Communist, pursuing an independent foreign policy within the Soviet Bloc. He also became eager to be seen as an
3040:
on Romania, for instance, referred to the PCR's "Stalinist repression of individual liberties". A new generation of committed supporters on the outside confirmed the administration's character. Ceaușescu probably never emphasized that his policies constituted a paradigm for theorists of
1543:
Medical control was seen as one of the most productive effects of the law, since all women who became pregnant were under the care of a qualified medical practitioner, even in rural areas. In some cases, if a woman was unable to visit a medical office, a doctor would visit her home.
2712:. They abandoned the helicopter near Târgoviște, having been ordered to land by the army, which by that time had restricted flying in Romania's airspace. The Ceaușescus were held by the police while the policemen listened to the radio. They were eventually handed over to the army.
1282:
had been purged. In the late 1940s-early 1950s, the Party had been divided into the "home communists" headed by Gheorghiu-Dej who remained inside Romania prior to 1944 and the "Muscovites" who had gone into exile in the Soviet Union. With the partial exception of Poland, where the
3422:
To lessen the chance of further treason after Pacepa's defection, Ceaușescu also invested his wife Elena and other members of his family with important positions in the government. This led Romanians to joke that Ceaușescu was creating "socialism in one family", a pun on
2609:, began like many of Ceaușescu's speeches over the years. He spoke of the achievements of the "Socialist revolution" and Romania's "multi-laterally developed Socialist society". He also blamed the Timișoara riots on "fascist agitators who want to destroy socialism".
1534:
rates and made divorce more difficult—it was decreed that marriages could only be dissolved in exceptional cases. By the late 1960s, the population began to swell. In turn, a new problem was created, child abandonment, which swelled the orphanage population (see
2874:
and Party structures in Communism). A Romanian Encyclopedic Dictionary entry in 1978 underlines the concept as "a new, superior, stage in the Socialist development of Romania ... begun by the 1971–1975 Five-Year Plan, prolonged over several Five-Year Plans".
6482:
3431:
Ceaușescu's height (he was only 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall) was never emphasized on screen. Consequences for breaking these rules were severe; one producer showed footage of Ceaușescu blinking and stuttering, and was banned for three months.
3535:.) Much of the building remains empty, being larger than the Parliament needs, though Parliament shares it with three museums and an international conference center. It is also the heaviest building in the world, being constructed of 700,000 tonnes of
1526:
in order to reverse the Romanian population's low birth and fertility rates. Mothers of at least five children were entitled to receive significant benefits, while mothers of at least ten children were declared "heroine mothers" by the Romanian state.
1658:
offensive against cultural autonomy, reaffirming an ideological basis for literature that, in theory, the Party had hardly abandoned. Although presented in terms of "Socialist Humanism", the Theses in fact marked a return to the strict guidelines of
1438:
enlightened international statesman, able to mediate in international conflicts, and to gain international respect for Romania. Ceaușescu negotiated in international affairs, such as the opening of US relations with China in 1969 and the visit of
3096:
for sanctions to be taken against Romania. This meant that the later 1980s were marked by a pronounced anti-Hungarian discourse, which owed more to nationalist tradition than to Marxism, and the ultimate isolation of Romania on the world stage.
2569:
The country, which had little to no information of the events transpiring in Timișoara from the national media, learned about the revolt from anti-communist radio stations that broadcast news in the Eastern Bloc throughout the Cold War (such as
3447:
It didn't matter if they demolished or moved it, as long as it was no longer in sight." Nevertheless, a project organized by Romanian engineer Eugeniu Iordachescu was able to move many historic structures to less-prominent sites and save them.
3007:
as having "an unorganised State", part of a political continuum that culminated in the Socialist Republic. The government continued its cultural dialogue with ancient forms, with Ceaușescu connecting his cult of personality to figures such as
2938:
created on the spur of the moment, in order to meet the perceived threat. President Richard Nixon was invited to Bucharest in 1969, which was the first visit of a United States president to a communist country after the start of the Cold War.
2416:
The regime excluded the Romani from its list of "co-inhabiting nationalities", preventing them from gaining any government representation as an ethnic group. Their exclusion continued even after increased representation of minorities such as
9491:
4092:
Report during the joint solemn session of the CC of the Romanian Communist Party, the National Council of the Socialist Unity Front and the Grand National Assembly: Marking the 60th anniversary of the creation of a Unitary Romanian National
1948:, to accompany it. The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic center of Bucharest were leveled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted
6406:
1765:, with cries of 'Down with the Red Bourgeoisie!'". Ceaușescu ultimately negotiated a compromise solution to the strike. In the years after the strike, a number of its leaders died of accidents and "premature disease". Rumors emerged that
9391:
1150:, named him "a dangerous Communist agitator" and "distributor of Communist and antifascist propaganda materials". For these charges, he was convicted on 6 June 1936 by the Brașov Tribunal to 2 years in prison, an additional 6 months for
3434:
As part of a propaganda ploy arranged by the Ceaușescus through the consular cultural attachés of Romanian embassies, they managed to receive orders and titles from numerous states and institutions. France granted Nicolae Ceaușescu the
2749:, Romania's provisional president, said in 2009 that the trial was "quite shameful, but necessary" in order to end the state of near-anarchy that had gripped the country in the three days since the Ceaușescus fled Bucharest. Similarly,
2616:!" He tried to silence them by raising his right hand and calling for the crowd's attention before order was temporarily restored, then proceeded to announce social benefit reforms that included raising the national minimum wage by 200
2894:
fiasco. He carried this nationalist option inside the Party, manipulating it against the nominated successor, Apostol. This nationalist policy had more timid precedents: for example, Gheorghiu-Dej had overseen the withdrawal of the
2890:. Although he had previously been a careful supporter of the official lines, Ceaușescu came to embody Romanian society's wish for independence after what many considered years of Soviet directives and purges, during and after the
2741:
Later that day, the execution was also shown on Romanian television. The hasty show trial and the images of the dead Ceaușescus were videotaped and the footage released in numerous Western countries two days after the execution.
3612:
on Sunday 21 May 2017. It was written by Tom Bailey and Greg Jameson, with songs by Allan Stelmach, and depicted Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu and their son Valentin in a piece of meta musical theatre that was also a comment upon
2376:
surrounded the city center and disbanded the revolt by force. Some 300 protesters were arrested, and, in order to hide the political nature of the Brașov uprising, tried for disturbing the peace and "outrage against morals".
3916:
1928:
Beginning in 1974, systematization consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, with the stated goal of turning Romania into a "multilaterally developed
912:
1506:(WHO). In May 1969, Marcolino Candau, Director General of this organization, visited Romania and declared that the visits of WHO staff to various Romanian hospital establishments had made an extraordinarily good impression.
9416:
2620:
per month to a total of 2,200 per month by 1 January. Images of Ceaușescu's facial expression as the crowd began to boo and heckle him were among the most widely broadcast of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe.
2393:". Protesters were sentenced to deportation, with compulsory residence arranged in other cities, despite such measures having been repealed as far back as the late 1950s. The entire trial lasted only an hour and a half.
3483:
remarked "As if Ceaușescu and company are to bring down imperialism! If the world waits for the Ceaușescus to do such a thing, imperialism will live for tens of thousands of years..." According to Pacepa, Libyan leader
1815:: an agreement including Romania in the Community's Generalised System of Preferences was signed in 1974 and an Agreement on Industrial Products was signed in 1980. On 4 April 1975, Ceaușescu visited Japan and met with
1736:
which destroyed much of Bucharest led to delays in the oil plan. By the time the oil refining plants were finished in the early 1980s, a slump in oil prices had set in, leading to major financial problems for Romania.
1498:
countryside. The peasants returned periodically to the villages or resided in them, commuting daily to the city in a practice called naveta. This allowed Romanians to act as peasants and workers at the same time.
1210:
Enticed with substantial bribes, the camp authorities gave the Communist prisoners much freedom in running their cell block, provided they did not attempt to break out of prison. At Târgu Jiu, Gheorghiu-Dej ran
2932:
backing, which lasted well beyond the 'liberal' phase of his rule; at the same time, the period brought forward the threat of armed Soviet invasion: significantly, many young men inside Romania joined the
2915:
problems were openly discussed, with the publication of a collection of Karl Marx's writings that dealt with Romanian topics, showing Marx's previously censored, politically uncomfortable views of Russia.
3499:
in Bucharest, which broke ground in June 1984. It was previously called The House of the People and The People's House. The building of the Palace of the Parliament was the most extreme expression of the
2691:
The current resting place of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu at Ghencea Cemetery (photographed in 2018). Note that Elena Ceaușescu's year of birth is incorrectly recorded as 1919; her actual year of birth is
5826:
4250:
2017:
and managed to change the constitution, adding a clause that barred Romania from taking foreign loans in the future. According to official results, the referendum yielded a nearly unanimous "yes" vote.
8165:
3214:
Ceaușescu was among the most ardent supporters of dimming lingering tensions between different Balkan states, and went as far as to establish friendly relations with the vituperatively anti-communist
1628:
for the hoodwinking of gullible foreign guests" was something that never seemed to have crossed his mind. Shortly after returning home, he began to emulate North Korea's system. North Korean books on
8632:
2477:'s resignation on 10 December 1989 amounted to the fall of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, leaving Ceaușescu's Romania as the only remaining hard-line Communist regime in the Warsaw Pact.
6769:
1267:
General. Later, promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, he became First Deputy to the Ministry of Defense and head of the Army's Higher Political Directorate. Ceaușescu studied at the Soviet
9331:
3136:
and asked for the annulment of its consequences. In effect, this amounted to a demand for the return of Bessarabia (most of which was then a Soviet republic and since 1991 has been independent
5900:
3488:
had an opposite interpretation, allegedly saying, "My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!". Ceaușescu even received praise from anti-communists with the Shah (King) of Iran
7904:
3003:. The 1974 XIth Party Congress tightened the Party's grip on Romanian culture, guiding it towards Ceaușescu's nationalist principles. Notably, it demanded that Romanian historians refer to
1590:
Ceaușescu visited China, North Korea, Mongolia and North Vietnam in 1971. He took great interest in the idea of total national transformation as embodied in the programmes of North Korea's
6369:
9511:
2723:. Ceaușescu repeatedly denied the court's authority to try him, and asserted he was still legally the President of Romania. At the end of the trial, the Ceaușescus were found guilty and
3406:
to send a congratulatory telegram to the Romanian president, in which he sarcastically congratulated Ceaușescu on his "introducing the presidential sceptre". The Communist Party daily
1395:
All of Ceaușescu's economic, foreign and demographic policies were meant to achieve his ultimate goal: turning Romania into one of the world's great powers. In October 1966, Ceaușescu
3415:
The most important day of the year during Ceaușescu's rule was his official birthday, 26 January—a day which saw Romanian media saturated with praise for him. According to historian
1780:
He continued to follow an independent policy in foreign relations—for example, in 1984, Romania was one of few communist states (notably including the People's Republic of China and
9346:
9506:
6761:
6702:
1761:
nation's leader. When Ceaușescu appeared before the miners on the third day of the strike, he was greeted (in the words of the British historian Richard Crampton) "... once again
1236:
Gheorghiu-Dej's control over the Party, but also endeared his protégé Ceaușescu to him. It was Ceaușescu's time at Târgu Jiu that marked the beginning of his rise to power. After
9386:
8158:
4228:
1998:
13 billion) from the West to finance economic development programs, but these loans ultimately devastated the country's finances. He also secured a deal for cheap oil from
2625:
The rioters, however, were no match for the military apparatus concentrated in Bucharest, which cleared the streets by midnight and arrested hundreds of people in the process.
4867:
7818:
8625:
3585:
Praising the crimes of totalitarian governments and denigrating their victims is forbidden by law in Romania; this includes the Ceaușescu era. Dinel Staicu was fined 25,000
3527:
The Parliamentary Palace building has 1,100 rooms and is the largest civilian government building in the world as measured by volume in one continuous structure. (There are
2318:
Romanian workers began to mobilize against the economic policies of Ceaușescu. Spontaneous labor conflicts, limited in scale, took place in major industrial centers such as
2066:. In order to maintain net creditor status, Romania had to keep its external debt under $ 2.5 billion, the low estimate of the amount it was owed by oil producers and other
7080:
9381:
530:
7307:
Pinstripes and Reds: An American Ambassador Caught Between the State Department & the Romanian Communists, 1981–1985 Washington, D.C.: Selous Foundation Press, 1987.
5551:
3641:
2425:. Ceaușescu largely wished to ignore the living conditions of the Romani, who had suffered similar institutional neglect at the hands of his predecessors as far back as
1878:), claimed to expose details of Ceaușescu's government activities, such as massive spying on American industry and elaborate efforts to rally Western political support.
1299:
As a high-ranking state official in the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Defence Ceaușescu had an important role in the forced collectivisation, according to own
7234:
2802:
during the execution. DNA tests were able to conclusively prove his identity. His family organised a funeral service for the couple, and they were reburied together at
8151:
7193:
Gheorghe E. (2015) Nicolae Ceaușescu. In: Casey S., Wright J. (eds) Mental Maps in the Era of Détente and the End of the Cold War 1968–91. Palgrave Macmillan, London
3245:
Ceaușescu's Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country that retained diplomatic relations with Israel and did not sever diplomatic relations after Israel's strike on
2330:. The draconian measures taken by Ceaușescu involved reducing energy and food consumption, as well as lowering workers' incomes, leading to what political scientist
487:
8618:
7952:
7273:
5817:
5785:"DECRET-LEGE nr.6 din 7 ianuarie 1990 pentru abolirea pedepsei cu moartea, pentru modificarea și abrogarea unor prevederi din Codul penal și alte acte normative"
1260:
169:
5091:
1364:
Initially, Ceaușescu became a popular figure, both in Romania and in the West, because of his independent foreign policy, which challenged the authority of the
9396:
7691:
4739:
4260:
3649:
2612:
However, Ceaușescu had misjudged the crowd's mood. Roughly eight minutes into his speech, several people began jeering and booing, and others began chanting "
9426:
3145:
3129:". At a meeting between the two, Gorbachev upbraided Ceaușescu for his inflexible attitude. "You are running a dictatorship here", the Soviet leader warned.
2789:, and by supporters of their political views, to move their remains to mausoleums or to purpose-built churches. These demands were denied by the government.
6017:
3419:, it was one of the few days of the year when the average Romanian put on a happy face, since appearing miserable on this day was too risky to contemplate.
2670:
2035:
1995 was the last year in which Romania's economy was dominated by the state. From 1996 onwards, the private sector would account for most of Romania's GDP.
1073:
1065:
950:
807:
3492:
acclaiming Ceaușescu leadership: "I would like to salute intransigent patriotism and ferocious will for independence. A veritable amity links me to him."
3093:
2413:, which largely laid the foundation for the Ceaușescu regime's policies regarding the rights of ethnic minorities. The motion entirely ignored the Romani.
4285:
9451:
7614:
5498:
1866:. His defection was a powerful blow against the administration, forcing Ceaușescu to overhaul Romania's state security architecture. Pacepa's 1986 book,
3116:. He was very displeased when other Warsaw Pact countries decided to try their own versions of Gorbachev's reforms. In particular, he was incensed when
1388:. Although the Soviet Union largely tolerated Ceaușescu's recalcitrance, his seeming independence from Moscow earned Romania maverick status within the
1117:
few sheep, and Nicolae supplemented his large family's income through tailoring. He studied at the village school until the age of 11, when he left for
3739:
5891:
3443:(GCB) in the UK, a title of which he was stripped in 1989. Elena Ceaușescu was arranged to be "elected" to membership of a science academy in the US.
976:'s Socialist government and, upon Gheorghiu-Dej's death in 1965, he succeeded to the leadership of the Romanian Communist Party as general secretary.
9541:
7433:
3824:
3295:
3234:
2771:, in Bucharest, on opposite sides of a path; their graves were often decorated with flowers and symbols of communist rule. In April 2007, their son,
926:
7517:
3516:(1949–2013), who began her work on the building when she was 28 years old. The building was completed in 1997, after Ceaușescu's death in 1989. The
3068:
Nicolae Ceaușescu had a major influence on modern-day Romanian populist rhetoric. In his final years, he had begun to rehabilitate the image of pro-
7928:
5597:
5279:
4288:[Nicolae Ceaușescu's school catalogs and autobiography, made public by the National Archives] (in Romanian). Info Cultural. 26 January 2022
2730:
The Ceaușescus were executed by a group of soldiers: Captain Ionel Boeru, Sergeant-Major Georghin Octavian and Dorin-Marian Cîrlan, and five other
1177:
Soon after being freed, he was arrested again and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during the war in prisons and
6329:
9431:
7658:
6373:
4658:
2753:, who had been defence minister before going over to the revolution, said, in 2009, that the alternative would have been seeing the Ceaușescus
433:
389:
7208:
1303:
data, between 1949 and 1952 there were over 80,000 arrests of peasants and 30,000 ended with prison sentences. One example is the uprising of
9521:
6733:
6456:
3353:
1986:
1021:
9161:
5784:
4497:
3844:
3284:
3080:
have coupled the images of the two leaders into their versions of a national Pantheon. The conflict with Hungary over the treatment of the
2338:
1446:
to Israel in 1977. In addition, Romania was the only country in the world to maintain normal diplomatic relations with both Israel and the
1300:
6354:
5705:
3730:
9496:
9316:
9130:
3440:
6710:
4862:
4818:
The contradictions between domestic and foreign policies in the Cold War Romania (1956–1975), Ferrero, M.D, 2006, Historia Actual Online
1819:. In June 1978, Ceaușescu made a state visit to the UK where a £200m licensing agreement was signed between the Romanian government and
9466:
9171:
6043:
5612:
4386:
7280:
2583:
1557:
1552:
1510:
pre-WWII situation of the Romanian population. Certain extra retributions were allowed for the peasants, who started to produce more.
1377:
1259:
After the Communists seized power in Romania in 1947, and under the patronage of Gheorghiu-Dej, Ceaușescu was elected a member of the
988:
9546:
9501:
9125:
3689:
2738:" whilst being led towards the wall. The firing squad began shooting as soon as the two were in their positions up against the wall.
6870:
4843:
4442:
2350:
1399:
and imposed one of the world's harshest anti-abortion laws, leading to a spike in the number of Romanian infants turned over to the
9471:
7016:
4757:
4099:
Major problems of our time: Eliminating underdevelopment, bridging gaps between states, building a new international economic order
3156:
2960:
1781:
1427:
177:
64:
6648:
6572:
2354:
8775:
7607:
7088:
7048:
5065:
4412:
1560:
represented the apogee of Ceaușescu's rule. It marked the highest point in Ceaușescu's popularity, when he openly condemned the
9526:
6423:
3854:
3509:
2436:
in the country. Such conditions exist in modern-day Romania, as demonstrated by the policies of several subsequent presidents.
1964:
1561:
1423:
984:
712:
308:
7225:
3398:). After his election as President of Romania, he even had a "presidential sceptre" created for himself, thus appropriating a
1663:
and attacks on non-compliant intellectuals. Strict ideological conformity in the humanities and social sciences was demanded.
9446:
8341:
8059:
7231:
6944:
6538:
5622:
5573:
5481:
5454:
5420:
5359:
5304:
5263:
5236:
5196:
5156:
5129:
4921:
4697:
4605:
4523:
4323:
1316:
1212:
9411:
3589:(approx. 9,000 United States dollars) for praising Ceaușescu and displaying his pictures on his private television channel (
2987:
ideals. In 1971, the Party, which had already been completely purged of internal opposition (with the possible exception of
2675:
2508:
9351:
7696:
7471:
3528:
2952:
1757:
1605:
7204:: (in Romanian; link leads to table of contents, verifying that the article exists, but the article itself is not online).
5146:
3328:. In line with his policy of keeping a façade of "popular democracy", he also ordered large rallies for peace to be held.
3076:. Although Antonescu's image was never a fully official myth in Ceaușescu's time, after his overthrow politicians such as
2432:
The Romani, long a highly vulnerable ethnic minority group across Europe, were left in significant poverty and at risk of
9120:
8835:
8470:
8337:
5865:
4005:
2907:
1829:
1688:
1613:
1215:
sessions" where various Party members had to confess before the other Party members to misunderstanding the teachings of
9456:
4001:
2858:
theory, to which he added his belief in a "multilaterally developed Socialist society" as a necessary stage between the
2292:
planned in October 1984 failed when the military unit assigned to carry out the plan was sent to harvest maize instead.
9401:
8826:
8523:
7638:
7600:
7301:
7198:
3645:
3325:
3310:
2716:
2715:
On Christmas Day, 25 December 1989, the Ceaușescus were tried before a court convened in a small room on orders of the
1994:
2062:
By April 1989, with its debt virtually zero, Romania was a net external creditor. Foreign borrowing was resumed after
1361:
head of state. His political apparatus sent many thousands of political opponents to prison or psychiatric hospitals.
991:, which resulted in a surge in popularity. However, this period of stability was brief, as his government soon became
9551:
9486:
9421:
9406:
9371:
9166:
8256:
7623:
7312:
7257:
7187:
7179:
7148:
6986:
6293:
4798:
4722:
3948:
3904:
3874:
3701:
2775:, lost an appeal for an investigation into whether the graves were genuine. Upon his death in 1996, the younger son,
2530:
2014:
1976:
1875:
1447:
891:
7219:
2997:, expressing Ceaușescu's disdain of Western models as a whole, and the reevaluation of the recent liberalisation as
1675:
9476:
9361:
8839:
8702:
8682:
8299:
6394:
6166:
5732:
4913:
4907:
3660:
3176:
1858:, State Security), defected to the United States. A two-star general, he was the highest-ranking defector from the
1836:
1489:. The evolution of his regime followed the path begun by Gheorghiu-Dej. He continued with the program of intensive
2661:
death, hospitals across the country reported a death toll of fewer than 1,000, and probably much lower than that.
1015:
and human rights abuses within the country, and controlled the media and press. Ceaușescu's attempts to implement
9461:
8805:
8394:
7335:
6792:
6407:
Obituaries: Eugeniu Iordachescu, Romanian engineer who saved condemned churches under communist rule, dies at 89.
6021:
4469:
4117:
The nation and co-habiting nationalities in the contemporary epoch (Philosophical thought of Romania's president)
4034:
Two documentaries have been made about Ceaușescu in the 21st century. The first film was written and directed by
3966:
3928:
3864:
3455:
In the 1980s under Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romania's secret police the 'Securitate' received six-figure payments from
3168:
3121:
2470:
1639:
On 6 July 1971, he delivered a speech before the executive committee of the Romanian Communist Party. This quasi-
980:
7823:
5039:
2902:
9536:
9481:
8795:
8687:
7643:
7285:
3976:
3208:
3117:
2512:
1941:
1341:
One of Ceaușescu's first acts was to change the name of the party from the Romanian Workers' Party back to the
8143:
3288:
2653:
disappeared soon afterwards; unlike its kindred parties in the former Soviet bloc, it has never been revived.
2600:
9436:
9326:
9084:
7893:
7888:
7506:
7197:
Marian Oprea, "Au trecut 15 ani – Conspirația Securității" ("15 Years Later: The Securitate Conspiracy"), in
6764:[POLL. 46% of Romanians surveyed would now vote for Nicolae Ceausescu in the presidential election].
6671:
5323:. U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. 3 September 1990 – via Google Books.
4229:"Unul dintre cele mai bine păzite secrete înainte de 1989: data reală a nașterii lui Nicolae Ceaușescu. Foto"
4009:
3081:
2815:
2761:
2342:
1772:
1113:
1109:
918:
817:
613:
568:
9311:
6841:
2579:
2362:
1458:
with its other Soviet bloc allies, but in 1984 was one of the few Communist countries to participate in the
1064:, but they were captured in Romanian territory by the military after the armed forces defected. After being
9366:
9356:
8915:
6960:
3273:
3269:
3253:
in 1967, to the consternation of the Soviet Union. Ceaușescu made efforts to act as a mediator between the
2863:
2606:
1660:
9341:
6887:
5915:
4549:
3317:. Many believe that Ceaușescu's death played a role in influencing Mobutu to "democratise" Zaïre in 1990.
1190:
8785:
3938:
3748:
3531:, mainly for the construction of aircraft, that have more continuous volume in one building, such as the
3200:
3133:
2947:
2871:
1648:
1431:
1415:
6597:
6274:
Turner, Thomas (1994). "Relations with the Communist World". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Merrill, Tim (eds.).
6116:"Managing the "Helsinki Spirit" in the Balkans: The Greek Initiative for Balkan Co-operation, 1975–1976"
5647:
5409:
Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter VI. The gypsies during the communist regime. A few points of reference".
3578:(1951–1996), a physicist. After the death of his parents, Nicu Ceaușescu ordered the construction of an
2734:
who were recruited from twenty volunteers. Before his sentence was carried out, Nicolae Ceaușescu sang "
1711:
1624:. Behr wrote that the possibility that what Ceaușescu had seen in both China and North Korea were "vast
9531:
9516:
9376:
9336:
9235:
8970:
8712:
8200:
7809:
7804:
7648:
7354:
6333:
6209:
6072:
5554:, University of Târgu Jiu, Letter and Social Science Series, Issue 4, 2013, Retrieved 27 February 2016.
5253:
3997:
3814:
2934:
2882:, one which arguably propelled Ceaușescu to power in 1965, and probably led the Party leadership under
1342:
1024:
experienced unprecedented elevation, followed by the deterioration of foreign relations, even with the
218:
142:
7449:
6622:
4183:
4082:, whose cult of personality, strong-arm tactics, and name, are similar to those of Nicolae Ceaușescu.
3050:
2373:
1162:, whom he married in 1946 and who would play an increasing role in his political life over the years.
8780:
8223:
6281:
5104:
4978:
4949:
Grosescu, R. (2004). "The Political Regrouping of Romanian Nomenklatura during the 1989 Revolution".
4199:
3501:
3321:
2067:
1900:
1887:
1503:
779:
9066:
8412:
6912:
4666:
3366:
3084:
in Romania had several unusual aspects: not only was it a vitriolic argument between two officially
3046:
2951:
was never suited to Romanian Communist goals. Ceaușescu found himself briefly aligned with Dubček's
2543:
Demonstrations in the city of Timișoara were triggered by the government-sponsored attempt to evict
1288:
9192:
8872:
8645:
8442:
8390:
7992:
7480:
7464:
7403:
5683:
3884:
3766:
3579:
3521:
3496:
3424:
3314:
2731:
2650:
2410:
2406:
1354:
1245:
1232:
942:
646:
499:
464:
445:
272:
8610:
7535:
4286:"Cataloagele școlare și autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, făcute publice de Arhivele Naționale"
3283:
Ceaușescu's Romania was the only Warsaw Pact country that did not sever diplomatic relations with
2582:. Official media presented it as a "spontaneous movement of support for Ceaușescu", emulating the
9441:
8722:
7329:
6067:
3989:
3783:
3634:
2719:, Romania's provisional government. They faced charges including illegal gathering of wealth and
2501:
2054:
1733:
1268:
6162:"An Uneasy Triangle: Nicolae Ceaușescu, the Greek Colonels and the Greek Communists (1967–1974)"
5788:
4501:
4105:
The solving of the national question in Romania (Socio-political thought of Romania's President)
9321:
9212:
9187:
8450:
8001:
7782:
7557:
7547:
7426:
6317:
Rumänien, 23. November 1986 : Verkleinerung des Heeres, Senkung der Rüstungsausgaben um 5%
5678:
4019:
3757:
3532:
3467:
and some of the overpayment funds were deposited into an account controlled by the Securitate.
3390:" ("Leader") and "Geniul din Carpați" ("The Genius of the Carpathians"), with inspiration from
3215:
2544:
1769:
had doctors give the strike leaders 5-minute chest X-rays to ensure the development of cancer.
1204:
973:
522:
335:
87:
8432:
6934:
6762:"SONDAJ. 46% dintre românii intervievați l-ar vota acum pe Nicolae Ceaușescu la prezidențiale"
6205:"A lost chance for Balkan cooperation? The Romanian view on 'regional micro-détente', 1969—75"
5396:, Ediția a II-a revăzută și adăugită (Polirom, Iași, 2009), pp. 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40
5349:
5334:
5293:
5212:
5172:
5119:
3305:. Relations were in fact not just state-to-state, but party-to-party between their respective
2331:
9156:
9135:
8892:
8093:
7961:
7913:
7324:
5226:
5186:
4790:
4784:
4013:
3793:
3630:
3550:
3489:
3009:
2988:
2851:
2459:
following month, Ceaușescu's government itself collapsed after a series of violent events in
1776:
Ceaușescu preparing to deliver a speech in Moscow on the 60th anniversary of the Soviet Union
728:
400:
356:
293:
8556:
8349:
5499:"Upheaval in the East; Hard-Line Czech President to Quit And Dissident Is Seen as Successor"
5320:
3567:
2963:. The latter friendship was to last until Tito's death in 1980, with Ceaușescu adapting the
2772:
2750:
1147:
688:
9306:
9301:
8566:
8508:
8269:
8063:
8036:
7859:
7798:
7572:
7376:
3970:
3679:
All titles and decorations were revoked by the provisional government on 26 December 1989.
3277:
3261:
3077:
2879:
1957:
1785:
1684:
1473:
1459:
1451:
1406:
During the following years, Ceaușescu pursued an open policy towards the United States and
1350:
1170:
946:
106:
7344:
5851:
4875:
4255:
4160:
3722:
Several foreign decorations were revoked at the time of the collapse of Ceaușescu's rule.
3221:
2842:) became widely used inside Romania, usually as a pejorative, it never achieved status in
2781:
1933:". The policy largely consisted in the mass construction of high-density blocks of flats (
1683:
In 1974, Ceaușescu converted his post of president of the State Council to a full-fledged
1654:
The Theses heralded the beginning of a "mini cultural revolution" in Romania, launching a
1430:
were also the only Eastern European countries that entered into trade agreements with the
1368:. In the 1960s, he eased press censorship and ended Romania's active participation in the
8:
8427:
8077:
8012:
7982:
7843:
7681:
7457:
7265:, "Societatea civilă românească și violența" ("Romanian Civil Society and Violence"), in
7192:
7167:
7160:("After 14 Years: The Double of Ceaușescu confesses"). Editura Ergorom. 31 July 2003 (in
6867:
6285:
4982:
4761:
4178:
3993:
3391:
3383:
3196:
3042:
2883:
2445:
2063:
1597:
1486:
1140:
1045:
1041:
954:
756:
203:
8546:
8364:
8274:
7023:
6813:
3475:
Ceaușescu had a mixed reputation among international leaders of his time. In his memoir
3344:
said that "the good relationship was initiated by Ceaușescu's visit to Soviet Moldova".
3204:
2942:
2301:
1385:
1105:
1084:
20:
9222:
9016:
8707:
8551:
7766:
7746:
7732:
7716:
7529:
7491:
6656:
6316:
6226:
6185:
6135:
6089:
5591:
5273:
4035:
3810:
2847:
2735:
2724:
2409:
were largely neglected. This can be seen, perhaps most blatantly, in a motion from the
2023:
2003:
1812:
1720:
1539:). Many of the children in these orphanages suffered mental and physical deficiencies.
1346:
746:
345:
9492:
Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
8586:
8422:
8402:
7706:
7055:
3648:
on the day before his execution. Queen Elizabeth II also returned the insignia of the
3563:
3362:
Stamp commemorating Ceaușescu's 70th birthday and 55 years of political activity, 1988
2760:
The Ceaușescus were the last people to be executed in Romania before the abolition of
2361:
card!". Next to the County Hospital, they sang the anthem of the revolution of 1848, "
1159:
1049:
659:
8950:
8857:
8800:
8576:
8513:
8493:
8369:
8279:
7933:
7814:
7523:
7501:
7308:
7297:
7253:
7226:
Lecture 24: The failure of Balkan Communism and the causes of the Revolutions of 1989
7221:
Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism)
7183:
7175:
7161:
7144:
6940:
6556:
6534:
6431:
6299:
6289:
6230:
6204:
6189:
6139:
6115:
6093:
6037:
5618:
5579:
5569:
5477:
5450:
5416:
5355:
5300:
5259:
5232:
5192:
5152:
5125:
4986:
4917:
4794:
4718:
4693:
4601:
4591:
4319:
4079:
3894:
3668:
3520:, which was originally housed in the former building of the Central Committee of the
3188:
3164:
3132:
In November 1989, at the XIVth and last congress of the PCR, Ceaușescu condemned the
3113:
2928:
2867:
2586:
in which he had spoken against the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces.
2575:
2474:
2311:
1993:
Ceaușescu's political independence from the Soviet Union and his protest against the
1904:
1871:
1832:
1820:
1633:
1490:
1470:
in the overall count) while most of the Eastern Bloc's nations boycotted this event.
1275:
1151:
1088:
Arrested in 1936 when he was 18 years old, Ceaușescu was imprisoned for two years at
1008:
930:
905:
441:
9392:
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
8111:
8099:
8087:
7262:
7017:"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1984"
3575:
3571:
2786:
2776:
2552:
2289:
1154:, and one year of forced residence in Scornicești. He spent most of his sentence in
698:
693:
33:
9261:
9249:
9217:
9031:
8960:
8790:
8571:
8536:
8455:
8284:
8264:
8236:
7972:
7923:
7552:
7496:
7172:
The Bloody Flag. Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Spotlight on Romania
6526:
6218:
6175:
6127:
6081:
5674:
4075:
3802:
3773:
3618:
3436:
3416:
3298:
3230:
2887:
2859:
2768:
2680:
2642:
2637:
had already spread to all major cities across the country. The suspicious death of
2571:
1851:
1696:
1625:
1601:
1400:
1384:
a week before the invasion to offer moral support to his Czechoslovak counterpart,
1220:
859:
8289:
8016:
7940:
7541:
6222:
6180:
6161:
4973:
Sergiu Verona (July 1989). "Government and Politics". In Bachman, Ronald D (ed.).
4057:, and an English language version of the film was released simultaneously, titled
3403:
3226:
2701:
208:
132:
9285:
8905:
8877:
8867:
8847:
8740:
8531:
8498:
8488:
8317:
8231:
8175:
7750:
7711:
7238:
6874:
6131:
5526:
5471:
5444:
5102:
Mungiu‐Pippidi, A. (2001). "The Return of Populism‐The 2000 Romanian Elections".
4871:
3656:
3517:
3485:
3306:
3085:
3037:
2956:
2924:
2709:
1999:
1930:
1728:
1330:
635:
352:
304:
5758:
4251:"Ceaușescu, între legendă și adevăr: data nașterii și alegerea numelui de botez"
3633:, but this appointment was revoked on 23 December 1989 by the queen of Denmark,
1981:
555:
9273:
9036:
9011:
9006:
8910:
8882:
8862:
8730:
8478:
8354:
8322:
8312:
8246:
8173:
8117:
8105:
7976:
7511:
7153:
4597:
3922:
3664:
3505:
3336:
In August 1976, Nicolae Ceaușescu was the first high-level Romanian visitor to
3180:
3013:
2306:
1912:
1824:
1716:
1407:
1284:
1224:
1155:
1089:
962:
958:
396:
8581:
8561:
8374:
7350:
6370:"Un Ceaușescu pe care nu îl știați: creț, cu ochii "blonzi" și nasul borcănat"
6359:("Ceaușescu's sceptre put up for sale"), "România Liberă" online, 23 June 2010
6085:
4827:
3374:
1097:
1012:
969:
618:
213:
137:
9417:
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
9295:
9021:
8996:
8965:
8955:
8945:
8852:
8755:
8750:
8735:
8677:
8503:
8483:
8417:
8307:
8241:
8020:
7865:
7054:(in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Archived from
6435:
6330:"Romanian-Moldavian SSR relations, by Patrick Moore and the Romanian Section"
6269:
5583:
5337:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 September 1991 – via Google Books.
5215:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 September 1990 – via Google Books.
4968:
3962:
3513:
3172:
3073:
3062:
3025:
3017:
2920:
2819:
2548:
2426:
2389:
example, the regime was eager to downplay the uprising as "isolated cases of
1953:
1945:
1839:
1745:
1655:
1478:
1419:
1373:
1326:
1228:
1182:
1000:
934:
761:
7870:
7592:
6303:
5066:"Goodwin joins Mugabe, Mussolini and Ceausescu in gang of disgraced figures"
5024:
Spainer, David (16 June 1978). "Britain and Romania sign £200m plane deal".
3917:
Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
3387:
3218:
in Greece to pursue his objectives of cooperation between Balkan countries.
1944:
of unprecedented proportions, along with an equally grandiose neighborhood,
1304:
1186:
36:
9026:
9001:
8940:
8822:
8541:
8407:
8179:
8006:
7396:
7109:
4054:
3828:
3586:
3340:
since World War II. In December 1976, at one of his meetings in Bucharest,
3192:
3184:
3089:
3069:
2638:
2617:
2346:
2010:
1859:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1651:
was condemned and an index of banned books and authors was re-established.
1467:
1411:
1389:
1365:
1287:
crisis of 1956 brought to power the previously imprisoned "home communist"
1241:
1237:
1053:
1044:—the only violent overthrow of a communist government in the course of the
1025:
996:
992:
233:
7241:("Do not have mercy, they hold 2 billion lei in their account"), in
6994:
3504:
program imposed by Nicolae Ceaușescu upon Romania. Systematization was an
2968:
People's Republic" to a "Socialist Federal Republic" a few years earlier.
2919:
confidence, Ceaușescu took a clear stand against the 1968 crushing of the
2798:
2745:
The manner in which the trial was conducted has been criticised. However,
2613:
2460:
1197:
1136:
1032:
1020:
agricultural and industrial production in an effort to repay these debts.
8975:
8920:
8697:
8208:
8082:
8072:
7966:
7386:
6507:
5410:
5175:. Central Intelligence Agency. 3 September 1989 – via Google Books.
4524:"Eroi printre noi / Niţu Stan, căpetenia anticomuniştilor din Vadu Roşca"
4218:
Ratesh, N. (1991). Romania: The Entangled Revolution. Praeger Publishers.
4066:
4022:
3555:
3480:
3358:
3341:
3265:
3250:
3160:
3102:
3033:
2999:
2993:
2972:
2829:
2746:
2578:) and by word of mouth. On the next day, 21 December, Ceaușescu staged a
2390:
2319:
2026:
edition of 1990 listed Romania's external debt as "none" as of mid-1989.
1956:(Civic center) and the House of the Republic, now officially renamed the
1925:
ideology of that country, and began a major campaign shortly afterwards.
1916:
1791:
1644:
1609:
1583:
1573:
1518:
In 1966, in an attempt to boost the country's population, Ceaușescu made
1463:
1443:
1372:, but Romania formally remained a member. He refused to take part in the
1369:
1251:
1112:
5 February] 1918, rather than the official 26 January [
423:
379:
331:
297:
49:
9280:
7294:
Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989
7274:
Extracts from the minutes of a Romanian senate hearing, 14 December 1994
6738:
5415:. CEUP collection. Central European University Press. pp. 189–202.
5351:
Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989
3686:
Commemorative Medal of the 35th Anniversary of the Liberation of Romania
3582:
church, the walls of which are decorated with portraits of his parents.
3408:
2656:
The Western press published estimates of the number of people killed by
2070:. This was first achieved in 1988 and continued through the early 1990s.
8991:
8327:
8213:
7918:
7479:
6573:"Palace of the damned dictator: On the trail of Ceausescu in Bucharest"
4789:. Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University. p.
4071:
3601:
Ceaușescu is played by Constantin Cojocaru in the 2011 Swiss docudrama
3395:
3337:
3057:
Romanian-Italian émigré millionaire (Drăgan was already committed to a
3054:
2767:
Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu were originally buried in simple graves at
2687:
2657:
2515: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2433:
2418:
2369:
1855:
1621:
1617:
1523:
1396:
1376:
by Warsaw Pact forces and even actively and openly condemned it in his
1279:
1200:
1178:
1125:
1108:). Based on his birth certificate, he was born on 23 January [
1101:
1016:
1004:
791:
589:
551:
495:
5090:
Greensboro News And Record, 13 January 1990 (Updated 28 January 2015)
2870:(a critical view reveals that the main reason for the interval is the
8900:
8745:
8641:
8359:
6275:
5527:"Executing a dictator: Open wounds of Romania's Christmas revolution"
4204:
3817:, 1988) – for his defence of Marxism by rejecting Gorbachev's reforms
3683:
Commemorative Medal of the 5th Anniversary of the Republic of Romania
3617:
and the role social media and political correctness play in creating
3614:
3058:
2838:
2697:
2634:
2464:
2450:
1960:, were the most extreme manifestation of the systematization policy.
1753:
1216:
1128:
1118:
1037:
922:
833:
559:
7347:
Focuses on his death, but also discusses other matters. Many photos.
5497:
Tagliabue, John; Times, Special To the New York (10 December 1989).
4786:
Romania versus the United States: diplomacy of the absurd, 1985–1989
4044:
The King of Communism: The Pomp & Pageantry of Nicolae Ceaușescu
3126:
2971:
The system's nationalist traits grew and progressively blended with
2547:, an ethnic Hungarian pastor, accused by the government of inciting
2490:
2327:
2009:
In an attempt to correct this, Ceaușescu decided to repay Romania's
1940:
During the 1980s, Ceaușescu became obsessed with building himself a
8640:
7662:
6676:
4470:"Muzeul Sighet: Sala 18 - Colectivizarea. Rezistenţă şi represiune"
3260:
Similarly, Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to attend the
3238:
3141:
3108:
2896:
2843:
2754:
2720:
1949:
1892:
1863:
1816:
1578:
1519:
1069:
938:
797:
7357:, Video of the trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu.
6736:[The new Romanian Communist Party, led by a taxi driver].
6457:"Ikea paid millions to Romania's communist secret police in 1980s"
5648:"Ceausescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die"
4844:"Upheaval in the East: Romania's AIDS Babies: A Legacy of Neglect"
4200:"Ceaușescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die"
4148:
Kiss the hand you cannot bite: the rise and fall of the Ceaușescus
3302:
1740:
1353:. In 1967, he consolidated his power by becoming president of the
1173:, welcoming the Red Army as it entered Bucharest on 30 August 1944
1017:
policies that would lead to a significant growth of the population
929:
from 1965 to 1989. He was the second and last communist leader of
921:
13 January] 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian
8692:
7627:
6268:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5296:
Section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
4967:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4874:, "Ceaușescu Regime: From the 1968 to the 1989 Mass Meeting", in
4687:
4443:"Cum a devenit Nicolae Ceaușescu general-maior al Armatei Române"
3524:, has been headquartered in the Parliamentary Palace since 2004.
3464:
3399:
3137:
3012:(lit. "Mircea the Elder", whom he styled "Mircea the Great") and
3004:
2964:
2855:
2803:
2422:
1881:
1670:
1531:
1494:
1132:
1104:, being the third of nine children of a poor peasant family (see
1061:
6964:
6059:
4990:
4717:. London: Federal Trust for Education and Research. p. 13.
4111:
Ceaușescu: Builder of Modern Romania and International Statesman
3772:
Twentieth Anniversary Commemorative Medal of the Assault on the
2411:
Politburo of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party
2337:
Over 20,000 workers and a number of townspeople marched against
2323:
1466:(going on to win 53 medals, trailing only the United States and
1294:
9140:
9061:
6649:"Official communique of the National Board of the Audio-Visual"
4123:
The history of the Romanian people in the view of the President
3969:, 1984), for decision not to participate in the boycott of the
3717:
3655:
On his 70th birthday in 1988, Ceaușescu was decorated with the
3544:
3540:
3272:
by the Soviets and the rest of their allies in response to the
2984:
2891:
2705:
1756:
valley complaining of low pay and poor working conditions. The
1640:
1536:
1455:
1381:
1057:
9332:
Annulled Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
1165:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4740:"L.A.'s greatest sports moments No. 3: 1984 Olympics opening"
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4368:
4366:
3609:
3536:
3412:
published the message, unaware that it was a work of satire.
3246:
3088:, it also marked the moment when Hungary, a state behind the
2981:
2976:
2562:
On 18 December 1989, Ceaușescu departed for a state visit to
1921:
1803:
Also, the Socialist Republic of Romania was the first of the
1592:
1439:
883:
865:
862:
6732:
Crăciun, Iulian Andrei; Delcea, Cristian (7 November 2010).
6424:"Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era"
6372:(in Romanian). Realitatea.net. 3 August 2011. Archived from
3740:
Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
3065:
attitude that largely echoed the official cultural policy).
2029:
1706:
1321:
1271:
in Moscow for two consecutive months in both 1951 and 1952.
9512:
Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
7117:
6936:
Dictators: The Cult of Personality in the Twentieth Century
6818:
6068:"'Taunting the Bear': Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1963–89"
5818:"Nicolae Ceausescu exhumed 'wearing his black winter coat'"
5145:
Demekas, Mr Dimitri G.; Khan, Mr Mohsin S. (15 June 1991).
4864:
Regimul Ceaușescu – de la mitingul din 1968 la cel din 1989
4690:
European Union enlargement: background, developments, facts
4387:"Pagina de istorie: Ascensiunea şi decăderea unui dictator"
4318:. United Kingdom: Createspace Independent Pub. p. 42.
3642:
Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath
3608:
A comedy musical enjoyed a world premiere at Seven Arts in
3456:
2779:, was buried nearby in the same cemetery. According to the
2563:
2046:
874:
4997:
4614:
4363:
3674:
3294:
Nicolae Ceaușescu was a close ally and personal friend of
3120:'s leaders opted for a power-sharing arrangement with the
2380:
2310:
Communist leaders Nicolae Ceaușescu of Romania (left) and
1703:
intents and purposes, his decisions had the force of law.
1695:
those functions of the State Council that did not require
1072:, both were sentenced to death, and they were immediately
871:
6107:
5920:
5121:
The Impact of Governments on East-West Economic Relations
4078:
prominently feature a fictional Romanian President named
4039:
3254:
1410:. Romania was the first Warsaw Pact country to recognize
9347:
Collars of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
6734:"Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi"
6703:"In Romania, Opinion Polls Show Nostalgia for Communism"
5404:
5402:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4782:
3912:(All Soviet decorations and medals were revoked in 1990)
3845:
2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire
3049:, but there was a publicised connection between him and
1752:
In August 1977 over 30,000 miners went on strike in the
9507:
Recipients of the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour
3460:
3347:
1952:
sports stadium, in order to make way for the grandiose
1915:
carried out under Ceaușescu's regime. After a visit to
9387:
Grand Collars of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
7081:"President's Week in Review: April 7 – April 13, 1975"
5614:
Distorting defense: Network news and national security
5092:"U.S. Shares Blame Government Ignored Romania's Abused
3853:
Knight Grand Cross decorated with Grand Cordon of the
3650:
Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania
3016:(Michael the Brave). It also started adding Dacian or
1169:
Ceaușescu and other Communists at a public meeting in
9233:
6553:
5568:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 106.
5515:
Text of Speech in Revolution Square, 21 December 1989
5399:
4881:
4391:
RFI România: Actualitate, informaţii, ştiri în direct
3461:
National College for Studying the Securitate Archives
2605:
The mass meeting of 21 December, held in what is now
995:
and came to be considered the most repressive in the
892:
880:
877:
6696:
6694:
6252:
Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions
6250:
Valenzuela, J. Samuel and Arturo Valenzuela (eds.),
5916:"Palace of the damned dictator: The Ceausescu trail"
5299:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 February 1995.
4474:
Memorialul Victimelor Comunismului şi al Rezistenţei
3667:; through this he was honoured for his rejection of
3094:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2708:
residence, from which they fled again, this time to
2326:(February 1987), culminating in a massive strike in
1854:, a senior member of the Romanian political police (
1691:
and would be reelected every five years until 1989.
1338:
March 1965, three days after Gheorghiu-Dej's death.
1278:
months after the party's "Muscovite faction" led by
9382:
General secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party
7481:
General Secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party
7085:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
6793:"Ceaușescu still most beloved President of Romania"
5446:
Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe
5012:
Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After
4938:
Eastern Europe In the Twentieth Century – And After
4646:
Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After
4633:
Eastern Europe In the Twentieth Century – And After
3100:The strong opposition to Ceaușescu on all forms of
2696:Ceaușescu and his wife Elena fled the capital with
868:
6814:"IMDb entry for 'Die letzten Tage der Ceausescus'"
5890:
5816:
5646:
5228:OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Romania 2000
4692:. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 10.
4127:Istoria poporului român în concepția președintelui
3370:Ceaușescu receiving the presidential sceptre, 1974
2785:, requests were made by the Ceaușescus' daughter,
2671:Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu
2283:
808:Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu
674: 1946; their execution 1989)
19:"Ceaușescu" redirects here. For other people, see
7434:General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party
6691:
6531:Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief
5994:
5992:
5964:
5962:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4413:"10 lucruri de ştiut despre... Nicolae Ceauşescu"
3825:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
3463:, Ikea agreed to overcharge for products made in
2846:. This can be explained by the largely crude and
2038:Data for 1975, 1980 and 1982–1988 taken from the
1868:Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief
1263:, the new legislative body of communist Romania.
927:general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party
65:General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party
9293:
5913:
5866:"Reports: DNA Tests Confirm Ceausescu's Remains"
5733:"In Romania, Ceausescu's death haunts Christmas"
4712:
4053:(2011), was created by Romanian writer/director
3955:
3640:Ceaușescu was likewise stripped of his honorary
1244:influence, Ceaușescu served as secretary of the
7158:Dupa 14 ani – Sosia lui Ceaușescu se destăinuie
5219:
2850:character of the dogma. Ceaușescu attempted to
2555:surrounded his apartment in a show of support.
2002:, but the deal fell through after the Shah was
7232:"Nu vă fie milă, au 2 miliarde de lei în cont"
6939:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 177.
6866:The Official Website of the British Monarchy:
5989:
5959:
5892:"Exhumed body in Romania is Nicolae Ceausescu"
5496:
5443:East, Roger; Pontin, Jolyon (6 October 2016).
5117:
4593:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
4568:
3652:that Ceaușescu had bestowed upon her in 1978.
3148:in 1940 and again at the end of World War II.
2906:Moldavian workers during Ceaușescu's visit to
1882:Systematization: demolition and reconstruction
1788:in Los Angeles, despite a Soviet-led boycott.
1671:President of the Socialist Republic of Romania
1052:fled the capital in a helicopter enrouting to
1031:As anti-government protesters demonstrated in
937:from 1967 to 1989, and widely classified as a
107:President of the Socialist Republic of Romania
9397:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
8626:
8159:
7622:
7608:
7465:
6842:"Ceausescu the Musical | the culture vulture"
6731:
5846:
5844:
5394:"Decembrie '89. Deconstrucția unei revoluții"
4972:
2594:
2322:(November 1986) and the Nicolina platform in
1985:By the 1970s, the Ceaușescus had developed a
1295:Ceaușescu during the collectivization process
9427:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
9162:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
7276:, featuring the remarks of Filip Teodorescu.
7250:The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceaușescu
5759:"Ceausescu execution 'avoided mob lynching'"
5596:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5278:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4688:Martin Sajdik; Michaël Schwarzinger (2008).
4376:, New York: Villard Books, 1991 pp. 181–186.
4360:, New York: Villard Books, 1991 pp. 180–181.
3718:Foreign state orders, decorations and medals
3713:Order of the Star of the Republic of Romania
1807:nations to have official relations with the
1582:Ceaușescu meeting with North Korean Premier
1274:In 1952, Gheorghiu-Dej brought him onto the
1231:as interpreted by Gheorghiu-Dej; journalist
581:19 November 1946 – 25 February 1948
9131:Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public
6570:
6159:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5617:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 158.
5252:Staff, World Book, Inc (3 September 1987).
5213:"Statistical Abstract of the United States"
5144:
5040:"Nine controversial state visits to the UK"
4814:
4812:
4810:
4731:
4085:
3979:, an Italian non-profit organization (1979)
3441:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
3151:
3020:versions to the names of cities and towns (
1636:and widely distributed inside the country.
1546:
1485:Ceaușescu refused to implement measures of
1418:, and the first to receive a US president,
1240:, when Romania was beginning to fall under
1096:Ceaușescu was born in the small village of
458:21 October 1945 – 25 December 1989
190:9 December 1967 – 22 December 1989
9452:People executed by Romania by firing squad
9172:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
8633:
8619:
8166:
8152:
7615:
7601:
7472:
7458:
5841:
5442:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4179:"Nicolae Ceaușescu – president of Romania"
3629:Ceaușescu was made a knight of the Danish
2792:
1799:during a visit in Washington, D.C. in 1978
1422:. In 1971, Romania became a member of the
48:
9126:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
8136:indicates incumbent/current officeholder.
7325:Nicolae Ceaușescu's last speech in public
6913:"Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990"
6179:
6113:
5258:. World Book – Childcraft International.
4750:
4589:
3977:International Relations Institute of Rome
3731:Order of the Liberator General San Martín
3695:Hero of Socialist Labour (Romania) (1964)
3547:, and large amounts of crystal and wood.
3512:. The main architect of the building was
3459:. According to declassified files at the
2531:Learn how and when to remove this message
2400:
2040:Statistical Abstract of the United States
2030:Yearly evolution (in billions of dollars)
1707:Oil embargo, strike and foreign relations
1146:The profile file from the secret police,
543:28 March 1948 – 25 December 1989
119:28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989
77:19 March 1965 – 22 December 1989
9542:Romanian politicians convicted of crimes
7953:Presidium of the Great National Assembly
6932:
6700:
6065:
5803:
5751:
5724:
5566:Narcissism and politics: dreams of glory
5347:
4951:Romanian Journal of Society and Politics
4909:Narcissism and Politics: Dreams of Glory
4807:
4737:
4715:The EU and Romania: accession and beyond
3823:Special class of the Grand Cross of the
3646:Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
3549:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3220:
3155:
2901:
2686:
2674:
2628:
2449:
2379:
2305:
2295:
1980:
1965:massive rural resettlement program began
1919:in 1971, Ceaușescu was impressed by the
1891:
1790:
1771:
1739:
1710:
1674:
1577:
1472:
1320:
1310:
1250:
1164:
1083:
1079:
273:Presidium of the Great National Assembly
7136:("Small encyclopedic dictionary"), 1978
6669:
6356:Sceptrul lui Ceaușescu, scos la vânzare
6202:
5524:
5469:
5118:Elliott-Gowerd, Steven (27 July 2016).
5023:
4912:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
4896:, New York: Villard Books, 1991 p. 195.
4440:
4332:
3675:Romanian orders, decorations and medals
3354:Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality
2809:
2052:Data for 1981 and 1985 provided by the
1823:for the production of more than eighty
1450:. In 1980, Romania participated in the
1074:executed by firing squad on 25 December
9432:Members of the Great National Assembly
9294:
7345:Death of the Father: Nicolae Ceaușescu
7209:Eu am fost sosia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu
7114:The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceaușescu
6790:
6590:
6525:
6273:
6160:Pechlivanis, Paschalis (14 May 2020).
6114:Karamouzi, Eirini (26 November 2013).
6042:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5814:
5730:
5231:. OECD Publishing. 29 September 2000.
4940:, London: Routledge, 1997 pp. 354–355.
4441:Catalan, Alexandru (25 October 2020).
4059:The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceaușescu
3855:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
3596:
3510:convert villages into miniature cities
2704:and flew by helicopter to Ceaușescu's
2334:called "generalized dissatisfaction".
1643:speech, which came to be known as the
1562:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1424:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
985:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
979:Upon achieving power, Ceaușescu eased
957:in December 1989, part of a series of
8614:
8147:
7905:Provisional Presidium of the Republic
7596:
7453:
7049:"Condecorados: Orden El Sol del Perú"
6920:ARCHIV KANCELÁŘE PREZIDENTA REPUBLIKY
6571:Malathronas, John (5 December 2014).
6506:
6421:
5903:from the original on 11 January 2022.
5731:Demian, Sinziana (25 December 2009).
5644:
5610:
5552:"Revolution of 1989: Milea's Suicide"
5525:McGrath, Stephen (25 December 2019).
5408:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5251:
4492:
4490:
4467:
4436:
4434:
4313:
4197:
4029:
3925:, twice (Soviet Union, 1973 and 1988)
3624:
2886:to select him over the more orthodox
2797:On 21 July 2010, forensic scientists
1434:before the fall of the Eastern Bloc.
1317:De-satellization of Communist Romania
904:
285:31 May 1950 – 3 October 1955
9522:Romanian Communist Party politicians
6701:Dragomir, Elena (27 December 2011).
6623:"The heaviest building in the world"
5914:John Malathronas (5 December 2014).
5829:from the original on 11 January 2022
5470:Abraham, Florin (17 November 2016).
5191:. OECD Publishing. 29 October 2002.
5148:The Romanian Economic Reform Program
4905:
4316:The Man They Killed on Christmas Day
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4280:
4278:
3495:He directed the construction of the
3348:Personality cult and totalitarianism
3163:leaders in 1987 from left to right:
2878:Ceaușism's main trait was a form of
2513:adding citations to reliable sources
2484:
2345:and Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies of
1842:also praised the Romanian dictator.
1687:. He was first elected to this post
1558:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
1553:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
1158:. While out of jail in 1939, he met
9121:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
8776:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair
8471:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
7408:9 December 1967 – 22 December 1989
6888:"Reply to a parliamentary question"
6772:from the original on 21 August 2016
6203:Stanciu, Cezar (13 November 2018).
6066:Deletant, Dennis (8 October 2007).
5378:. New York Times (30 December 1987)
5188:OECD Economic Surveys: Romania 2002
4783:Roger Kirk; Mircea Răceanu (1994).
4051:Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu
4006:University of Nice Sophia Antipolis
3692:, three times (1971, 1978 and 1988)
3378:Propaganda poster, Bucharest (1986)
2633:By the morning of 22 December, the
2045:Data for 1989–1995 provided by the
1845:
1830:Vice President of the United States
477:23 August 1944 – June 1945
16:Leader of Romania from 1965 to 1989
13:
9497:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
9317:20th-century executions by Romania
8827:Commonwealth of Independent States
8524:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
8342:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
7127:
6791:Albert, Dénes (27 December 2018).
6310:
6280:(4th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
6257:
5563:
5473:Romania since the Second World War
5381:
4956:
4832:American Psychological Association
4760:. Sports Reference. Archived from
4738:Mitchell, Houston (9 April 2013).
4500:. 15 December 2007. Archived from
4487:
4431:
3983:
3796:(1980; subsequently expelled 1989)
3786:(1987; subsequently expelled 1989)
3704:(accompanied each Hero of Romania)
3574:(1949–2006), a mathematician; and
3570:(born 1948), a nuclear physicist;
3320:Ceaușescu reduced the size of the
2683:, Bucharest (photographed in 2007)
2551:. Members of his ethnic Hungarian
1995:invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968
14:
9563:
9467:People of the Romanian revolution
9167:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
8257:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
7438:22 March 1965 – 22 December 1989
7381:28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989
7341:("A failed scheme") (In Romanian)
7318:
7269:, issue 3/IV, July–September 1991
5954:Communism with a Nationalist Face
5645:Boyes, Roger (24 December 2009).
5014:, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 356.
4648:, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 355.
4635:, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 355.
4300:
4275:
4198:Boyes, Roger (24 December 2009).
3949:Most Honourable Order of the Bath
3905:Order of Saint James of the Sword
3883:Grand Cross with Diamonds of the
3875:Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olaf
3702:Order of the Victory of Socialism
3386:, giving himself such titles as "
1977:1980s austerity policy in Romania
1481:during his visit to India in 1969
1448:Palestine Liberation Organization
1397:banned abortion and contraception
1255:Ceaușescu giving a speech in 1954
512:December 1946 – May 1948
9547:Romanian prisoners and detainees
9502:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
9279:
9267:
9255:
9243:
9083:
9060:
8703:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
8683:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
8338:Hungarian Working People's Party
8300:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
8132:indicate interim officeholders.
7659:United Principalities of Romania
7571:
7211:" ("I was Ceaușescu's double"),
7103:
7073:
7041:
7009:
6979:
6953:
6926:
6905:
6880:
6860:
6834:
6806:
6784:
6754:
6725:
6672:"Ceausescu – Back from the Dead"
6663:
6641:
6615:
6564:
6547:
6533:. Regnery Gateway. p. 101.
6518:
6500:
6475:
6395:List of honorary British Knights
6263:
6167:The International History Review
4962:
4530:(in Romanian). 25 September 2010
4002:Autonomous University of Yucatán
3661:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
3324:by 5%, for which he organized a
2489:
1837:United States Secretary of State
1679:Standard of President of Romania
1143:, being arrested several times.
906:[nikoˈla.etʃe̯a.uˈʃesku]
858:
760:
711:
170:National Salvation Front Council
9472:People who were court-martialed
8806:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
7585:indicate interim officeholders.
7289:, November 2007, pp. 41–65
6877:, retrieved on 13 October 2010.
6670:Horvath, John (8 August 2010).
6449:
6415:
6399:
6388:
6362:
6348:
6322:
6244:
6196:
6153:
6050:
6010:
6001:
5980:
5971:
5946:
5935:
5907:
5883:
5858:
5815:Osborn, Andrew (21 July 2010).
5777:
5698:
5673:
5667:
5638:
5604:
5557:
5544:
5518:
5509:
5490:
5463:
5436:
5368:
5341:
5327:
5313:
5286:
5245:
5205:
5179:
5165:
5151:. International Monetary Fund.
5138:
5111:
5096:
5084:
5058:
5032:
5017:
4943:
4930:
4899:
4853:
4837:
4828:"The Lasting Impact of Neglect"
4821:
4776:
4758:"1984 Los Angeles Summer Games"
4706:
4681:
4651:
4638:
4542:
4516:
4461:
4405:
4379:
4350:
3967:International Olympic Committee
3929:Order of the October Revolution
3865:Order of the Crown of the Realm
3603:Die letzten Tage der Ceaușescus
3529:larger private sector buildings
3402:. This excess prompted painter
2500:needs additional citations for
2355:electricity and central heating
2284:1984 failed coup d'état attempt
1970:
1530:The government targeted rising
1374:1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia
1196:In 1943, he was transferred to
671:
8796:Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews
7404:President of the State Council
7304:pub. M. E. Sharpe. p. 351
6554:Muhammad Reza Pahlavi (1979).
6524:Muammar Gaddafi, as quoted in
6514:. London: Chatto & Windus.
5706:"Der Diktator und sein Henker"
5432:– via OpenEdition Books.
5255:The World Book Year Book, 1987
4665:. 2 April 1973. Archived from
4243:
4221:
4212:
4191:
4171:
4153:
4140:
3698:Military Merit Medal (Romania)
3382:Ceaușescu created a pervasive
3112:placed Ceaușescu at odds with
1600:. He was also inspired by the
1567:
1513:
1203:, where he shared a cell with
1193:(1943), and Târgu Jiu (1943).
1036:demonstrations, which reached
945:and from 1974 concurrently as
941:, serving as President of the
178:President of the State Council
1:
9527:Romanian Land Forces generals
8655:
7894:Socialist Republic of Romania
7141:Kiss the Hand you Cannot Bite
6655:(in Romanian). Archived from
6223:10.1080/14682745.2018.1524878
6181:10.1080/07075332.2020.1764609
5787:(in Romanian). Archived from
4894:Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite
4374:Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite
4358:Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite
4010:University of the Philippines
3956:Foreign non-state decorations
3554:Ceaușescu and his successor,
3331:
2816:National Communism in Romania
2757:on the streets of Bucharest.
2439:
1345:and to declare the country a
925:politician who served as the
9447:People convicted of genocide
8395:Polish United Workers' Party
7330:Romania's Demographic Policy
6560:. Albin Michel. p. 190.
6483:"Programmable Search Engine"
6422:Rosca, Matei (4 July 2014).
6132:10.1080/09592296.2013.848697
5870:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
5712:(in German). 20 October 2005
5486:– via books.google.ro.
5459:– via books.google.ro.
5412:The Roma in Romanian History
4556:(in Romanian). 4 August 2005
4133:
3893:Grand Collar of the Ancient
3479:, Albanian communist leader
3146:occupied by the Soviet Union
2679:Ceaușescu's original grave,
2589:
2480:
2405:Under the Ceaușescu regime,
1744:Ceaușescu in a meeting with
933:. He was also the country's
7:
9352:Burials at Ghencea Cemetery
7286:National Geographic Romania
7281:Viata lui Nicolae Ceausescu
5354:. M.E.Sharpe. p. 351.
4393:(in Romanian). 19 July 2017
3939:Royal Order of the Seraphim
3843:Commemorative Medal of the
3749:Order of the Southern Cross
3543:, a million square feet of
2948:Socialism with a human face
2314:of the Soviet Union in 1985
1432:European Economic Community
1416:International Monetary Fund
413:13 May 1948 – 1949
10:
9568:
8971:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
8713:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
8201:Party of Labour of Albania
7889:Romanian People's Republic
7272:Filip Teodorescu, et al.,
7134:Mic Dicționar Enciclopedic
6120:Diplomacy & Statecraft
5956:, pp. 60–66; Tănase, p. 24
5952:Geran Pilon, Chapter III,
5942:Mic Dicționar Enciclopedic
5564:M., Post, Jerrold (2014).
5550:Marcau, Flavius Cristian,
4659:"Rumania: Enfant Terrible"
4590:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009).
4150:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
3998:University of Buenos Aires
3988:Honorary degrees from the
3947:Knight Grand Cross of the
3863:Honorary Recipient of the
3815:German Democratic Republic
3351:
2872:disappearance of the State
2813:
2668:
2598:
2595:Speech on 21 December 1989
2443:
2299:
1974:
1885:
1571:
1550:
1343:Communist Party of Romania
1314:
949:, until his overthrow and
757:Romanian Revolution (1989)
18:
9412:Inmates of Târgu Jiu camp
9402:Inmates of Doftana prison
9205:
9180:
9149:
9113:
9106:
9075:
9052:
9045:
8984:
8933:
8891:
8834:
8821:
8814:
8768:
8721:
8670:
8663:
8652:
8522:
8469:
8441:
8389:
8336:
8298:
8255:
8224:Bulgarian Communist Party
8222:
8199:
8190:
8186:
8127:
8058:
8035:
7991:
7951:
7903:
7887:
7852:
7836:
7791:
7775:
7759:
7745:
7725:
7690:
7674:
7657:
7639:Heads of state of Romania
7634:
7580:
7569:
7487:
7440:
7431:
7423:
7418:
7410:
7401:
7393:
7383:
7374:
7368:
7363:
7215:Nr 12, 2001 (in Romanian)
6282:Federal Research Division
6086:10.1080/14682740701621796
5684:Google Arts & Culture
5611:Aubin, Stephen P (1998).
5348:Deletant, Dennis (1995).
5309:– via Google Books.
5268:– via Google Books.
5241:– via Google Books.
5201:– via Google Books.
5161:– via Google Books.
5134:– via Google Books.
5105:Government and Opposition
4979:Federal Research Division
4906:Post, Jerrold M. (2014).
4713:David Phinnemore (2006).
4550:"Martirii din Vadu Rosca"
3710:Order of Homeland Defence
3470:
3144:, both of which had been
2732:non-commissioned officers
2580:mass meeting in Bucharest
2384:Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1986
1888:Systematization (Romania)
1758:Jiu valley miners' strike
1504:World Health Organization
1495:economic self-sufficiency
1092:for Communist activities.
1068:of economic sabotage and
1048:. Ceaușescu and his wife
947:President of the Republic
847:
843:
839:
828:
823:
813:
803:
789:
785:
780:Execution by firing squad
775:
768:
752:
742:
734:
724:
719:
707:
681:
653:
642:
625:
608:
603:
599:
585:
574:
566:
547:
536:
528:
516:
505:
493:
481:
470:
462:
451:
439:
429:
417:
406:
395:
385:
373:
362:
351:
341:
325:
314:
303:
289:
278:
270:
266:
262:
255:
251:
239:
227:
194:
183:
176:
163:
151:
123:
112:
105:
93:
81:
70:
63:
59:
47:
30:
9552:Romanian revolutionaries
9487:State Council of Romania
9422:Leaders ousted by a coup
9407:Inmates of Jilava Prison
9372:Executed Romanian people
8646:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
8443:Romanian Communist Party
7419:Party political offices
7292:Dennis Deletant (1995),
6933:Dikötter, Frank (2020).
6893:(in German). p. 277
6461:South China Morning Post
4975:Romania: a country study
4086:Selected published works
3975:Gold Medal Plate of the
3885:Order of the Sun of Peru
3837:Athens Gold Medal (1976)
3522:Romanian Communist Party
3497:Palace of the Parliament
3425:socialism in one country
3152:Non-aligned policy feats
2717:National Salvation Front
2664:
2651:Romanian Communist Party
2601:Ceaușescu's final speech
2407:Romani people in Romania
2015:1986 military referendum
1729:1973–74 Arab oil embargo
1719:during a state visit to
1547:Speech of 21 August 1968
1414:, the first to join the
1246:Union of Communist Youth
1207:, becoming his protégé.
989:speech of 21 August 1968
647:Romanian Communist Party
465:Union of Communist Youth
9477:Politicide perpetrators
9457:People from Scornicești
9362:Executed mass murderers
8786:Jackson–Vanik amendment
8037:President of SR Romania
7237:13 October 2004 at the
6873:16 January 2013 at the
6846:theculturevulture.co.uk
4870:1 November 2013 at the
4314:Gruia, Cătălin (2013).
4184:Encyclopædia Britannica
3990:University of Bucharest
3847:(Empire of Iran, 1971).
3784:Order of the White Lion
3450:
3289:Augusto Pinochet's coup
3134:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
3051:Iosif Constantin Drăgan
2793:Exhumation and reburial
1896:Civic Center, Bucharest
1522:illegal and introduced
1301:Romanian Workers' Party
1269:Frunze Military Academy
1261:Great National Assembly
1022:His cult of personality
917:; 26 January [
531:Great National Assembly
494:First Secretary of the
463:First Secretary of the
401:Ministry of Agriculture
54:Official portrait, 1965
9462:People of the Cold War
9213:Russian Jews in Israel
8451:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
8174:Leaders of the ruling
8002:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
7427:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
7224:, 1996, in particular
6602:Guinness World Records
6277:Zaire: a country study
6007:Geran Pilon, pp. 61–63
4020:Kim Il Sung University
3758:Order of Stara Planina
3559:
3533:Boeing Everett Factory
3439:. In 1978 he became a
3379:
3371:
3363:
3322:Romanian People's Army
3242:
3216:Regime of the Colonels
3211:
3047:Jean-François Thiriart
2911:
2693:
2684:
2455:
2401:Romani minority rights
2385:
2315:
1990:
1908:
1897:
1800:
1784:) to take part in the
1777:
1749:
1724:
1715:Ceaușescu (left) with
1680:
1649:liberalization of 1965
1587:
1482:
1334:
1256:
1205:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1174:
1093:
1040:, became known as the
1007:, was responsible for
974:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
523:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
496:Olt Regional Committee
336:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
88:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
9537:Romanian nationalists
9482:Presidents of Romania
9157:Jewish Defense League
9136:Moscow Helsinki Group
8391:Polish Workers' Party
7962:Constantin Ion Parhon
7914:Constantin Ion Parhon
7874:between 1940 and 1944
7644:Presidents of Romania
7339:638: Un complot ratat
6961:"Grand State Banquet"
5679:"Trial and Execution"
5374:Vladimir Tismăneanu:
4468:admin (29 May 2009).
4014:University of Liberia
3951:(1978; expelled 1989)
3794:Order of the Elephant
3631:Order of the Elephant
3553:
3490:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
3377:
3369:
3361:
3307:political machineries
3224:
3159:
2989:Gheorghe Gaston Marin
2927:. After a visit from
2905:
2690:
2678:
2629:Flight on 22 December
2559:women, and children.
2453:
2383:
2363:Deșteaptă-te, române!
2309:
2296:1987 Brașov rebellion
1984:
1911:) was the program of
1895:
1794:
1775:
1743:
1714:
1678:
1632:were translated into
1581:
1476:
1378:21 August 1968 speech
1324:
1311:Leadership of Romania
1254:
1168:
1087:
1080:Early life and career
735:Years of service
397:State Under Secretary
294:Constantin Ion Parhon
219:Constantin Dăscălescu
143:Constantin Dăscălescu
9437:Natalist politicians
9327:Anti-intellectualism
8509:Konstantin Chernenko
8064:President of Romania
7819:Constantin Sărăţeanu
7692:Princely Lieutenancy
7377:President of Romania
7371:Position established
7230:Victor Stănculescu,
7218:Stevens W. Sowards,
6659:on 20 December 2007.
5392:Ruxandra Cesereanu:
5376:"Tremors in Romania"
5173:"The World Factbook"
5028:. London. p. 1.
3971:Los Angeles Olympics
3782:Grand Collar of the
3566:had three children:
3278:1980 Summer Olympics
3262:1984 Summer Olympics
3249:at the start of the
3078:Corneliu Vadim Tudor
2880:Romanian nationalism
2810:Ceaușescu's policies
2509:improve this article
1958:Palace of Parliament
1786:1984 Summer Olympics
1685:executive presidency
1460:1984 Summer Olympics
1452:1980 Summer Olympics
1401:country's orphanages
616:13 January] 1918
569:Assembly of Deputies
488:Constantin Drăgoescu
257:Additional positions
158:Position established
9367:Executed presidents
9357:Executed communists
8433:Mieczysław Rakowski
8428:Wojciech Jaruzelski
8078:Emil Constantinescu
8013:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
7983:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
7682:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
7334:Gheorghe Brătescu,
7168:Juliana Geran Pilon
6868:"Queen and Honours"
6598:"Heaviest building"
6512:The Artful Albanian
6286:Library of Congress
6024:on 25 February 2021
5899:. 4 November 2010.
5070:www.theguardian.com
4983:Library of Congress
4846:, 8 February 1990,
4504:on 15 December 2007
4161:"Nicolae Ceaușescu"
3994:Lebanese University
3961:Gold Collar of the
3873:Grand Cross of the
3767:Order of José Martí
3597:Cultural depictions
3477:The Artful Albanian
3392:Proletarian Culture
3043:National Bolshevism
2884:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
2868:Communist societies
2806:under a tombstone.
2764:on 7 January 1990.
2446:Romanian Revolution
2332:Vladimir Tismăneanu
2133:Gross external debt
2013:. He organised the
1734:The 1977 earthquake
1598:Cultural Revolution
1487:economic liberalism
1066:tried and convicted
1046:Revolutions of 1989
1042:Romanian Revolution
955:Romanian Revolution
776:Cause of death
770:Criminal conviction
204:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
9017:Benjamin Netanyahu
8557:Dragoslav Marković
8461:Nicolae Ceaușescu
7747:Kingdom of Romania
7717:Nicolae Haralambie
7443:Position abolished
7413:Position abolished
7364:Political offices
7245:, 22 November 2004
7207:Viorel Patrichi, "
7029:on 29 October 2013
6713:on 11 January 2012
6336:on 3 February 2012
6056:Geran Pilon, p. 63
5998:Geran Pilon, p. 61
5986:Geran Pilon, p. 62
5968:Geran Pilon, p. 60
5765:. 25 December 2009
5503:The New York Times
5010:Crampton, Richard
4936:Crampton, Richard
4878:, 21 December 2005
4848:The New York Times
4669:on 3 November 2011
4644:Crampton, Richard
4631:Crampton, Richard
4030:In popular culture
3811:Order of Karl Marx
3625:Honours and awards
3568:Valentin Ceaușescu
3560:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3243:
3212:
3092:, appealed to the
2912:
2773:Valentin Ceaușescu
2762:capital punishment
2751:Victor Stănculescu
2736:The Internationale
2725:sentenced to death
2694:
2685:
2456:
2386:
2316:
2024:CIA World Factbook
1991:
1898:
1813:European Community
1801:
1778:
1750:
1727:Starting with the
1725:
1681:
1588:
1483:
1380:. He travelled to
1347:socialist republic
1335:
1257:
1175:
1148:Siguranța Statului
1094:
983:and condemned the
747:Lieutenant general
100:Position abolished
9532:Romanian Marxists
9517:Romanian atheists
9377:Filmed executions
9337:Atheism activists
9312:Nicolae Ceaușescu
9231:
9230:
9201:
9200:
9102:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9090:Nicolae Ceaușescu
9067:Władysław Gomułka
8951:George H. W. Bush
8929:
8928:
8858:Mikhail Gorbachev
8801:Operation Solomon
8764:
8763:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8514:Mikhail Gorbachev
8494:Nikita Khrushchev
8413:Władysław Gomułka
8383:
8382:
8176:Communist parties
8141:
8140:
8060:Post–1989 Romania
8054:
8053:
8046:Nicolae Ceaușescu
8027:Nicolae Ceaușescu
7883:
7882:
7815:Gheorghe Buzdugan
7741:
7740:
7649:Romanian monarchs
7590:
7589:
7448:
7447:
7441:Succeeded by
7411:Succeeded by
7384:Succeeded by
7243:Jurnalul Național
6946:978-1-5266-2698-1
6822:. 22 January 2011
6768:. 10 April 2014.
6629:. 1 November 2018
6557:Answer to History
6540:978-0-89526-570-8
6527:Pacepa, Ion Mihai
6405:Smith, Harrison.
5855:, 25 January 2005
5852:Jurnalul Național
5624:978-0-275-96303-3
5575:978-1-107-00872-4
5483:978-1-4725-2992-3
5456:978-1-4742-8748-7
5422:978-615-5053-93-1
5361:978-1-56324-633-3
5306:978-0-16-046793-6
5265:978-0-7166-0487-7
5238:978-92-64-18782-5
5198:978-92-64-19412-0
5158:978-1-55775-190-4
5131:978-1-349-12419-0
5108:, 36(2), 230–252.
5072:. 31 January 2012
4923:978-1-107-00872-4
4876:Jurnalul Național
4744:Los Angeles Times
4699:978-1-4128-0667-1
4607:978-0-375-42532-5
4596:. New York City:
4325:978-1-4922-8259-4
4256:Jurnalul Național
4231:. 27 January 2015
4146:Behr, E. (1991).
4080:Nicolae Carpathia
3895:Order of Sikatuna
3669:Mikhail Gorbachev
3615:celebrity culture
3268:, which had been
3239:Helsinki, Finland
3114:Mikhail Gorbachev
3010:Mircea cel Bătrân
2929:Charles de Gaulle
2852:include his views
2782:Jurnalul Național
2607:Revolution Square
2576:Radio Free Europe
2541:
2540:
2533:
2454:Ceaușescu in 1988
2343:Socialist Romania
2339:economic policies
2312:Mikhail Gorbachev
2281:
2280:
1931:socialist society
1833:George H. W. Bush
1821:British Aerospace
1661:Socialist Realism
1626:Potemkin villages
1602:personality cults
1491:industrialization
1351:people's republic
1289:Władysław Gomułka
1276:Central Committee
1152:contempt of court
1013:severe repression
1009:mass surveillance
854:Nicolae Ceaușescu
851:
850:
595:
594:
442:Central Committee
42:Nicolae Ceaușescu
9559:
9342:Ceaușescu family
9284:
9283:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9239:
9218:Yisrael BaAliyah
9111:
9110:
9088:
9087:
9065:
9064:
9050:
9049:
9032:Nehemiah Levanon
8961:Henry M. Jackson
8916:Eduard Kuznetsov
8832:
8831:
8819:
8818:
8791:Helsinki Accords
8668:
8667:
8657:
8635:
8628:
8621:
8612:
8611:
8572:Milanko Renovica
8547:Dušan Dragosavac
8537:Stevan Doronjski
8456:Gheorghe Apostol
8387:
8386:
8275:Alexander Dubček
8265:Klement Gottwald
8237:Valko Chervenkov
8197:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8188:
8187:
8168:
8161:
8154:
8145:
8144:
8094:Nicolae Văcăroiu
7973:Mihail Sadoveanu
7937:
7924:Mihail Sadoveanu
7901:
7900:
7827:
7757:
7756:
7700:
7672:
7671:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7594:
7593:
7575:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7451:
7450:
7424:Preceded by
7394:Preceded by
7369:Preceded by
7361:
7360:
7279:Cătălin Gruia, "
7121:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7087:. Archived from
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7060:
7053:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7028:
7022:. Archived from
7021:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6993:. Archived from
6983:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6963:. Archived from
6957:
6951:
6950:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6917:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6884:
6878:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6709:. Archived from
6698:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6419:
6413:
6403:
6397:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6366:
6360:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6332:. Archived from
6326:
6320:
6319:Direct Democracy
6314:
6308:
6307:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6210:Cold War History
6200:
6194:
6193:
6183:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6073:Cold War History
6063:
6057:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6041:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6020:. Archived from
6014:
6008:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5987:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5957:
5950:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5862:
5856:
5848:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5820:
5812:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5650:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5595:
5587:
5561:
5555:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5406:
5397:
5390:
5379:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5277:
5269:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5115:
5109:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5015:
5008:
4995:
4994:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4947:
4941:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4903:
4897:
4890:
4879:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4841:
4835:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4805:
4804:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4655:
4649:
4642:
4636:
4629:
4612:
4611:
4587:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4383:
4377:
4370:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4330:
4329:
4311:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4259:. Archived from
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4167:. December 2021.
4157:
4151:
4144:
4076:Jerry B. Jenkins
4026:
3913:
3803:Legion of Honour
3774:Moncada Barracks
3644:(GCB) status by
3508:program used to
3437:Legion of Honour
3417:Victor Sebestyen
3384:personality cult
3299:Mobutu Sese Seko
3274:U.S.-led boycott
3231:George Macovescu
3086:Socialist states
2991:), approved the
2943:Alexander Dubček
2935:Patriotic Guards
2888:Gheorghe Apostol
2769:Ghencea Cemetery
2681:Ghencea Cemetery
2643:defence minister
2572:Voice of America
2536:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2493:
2485:
2351:basic foodstuffs
2302:Brașov rebellion
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2074:
2073:
1987:personality cult
1852:Ion Mihai Pacepa
1846:Pacepa defection
1817:Emperor Hirohito
1386:Alexander Dubček
1349:, rather than a
1221:Friedrich Engels
1179:internment camps
1106:Ceaușescu family
981:press censorship
968:Born in 1918 in
916:
915:
914:
908:
903:
896:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
814:Criminal penalty
794:
764:
720:Military service
715:
675:
673:
632:
629:25 December 1989
612:26 January [
604:Personal details
579:
541:
519:
510:
484:
475:
456:
420:
411:
376:
367:
328:
319:
309:National Defence
283:
253:
252:
246:Office abolished
242:
230:
197:
188:
166:
154:
126:
117:
96:
84:
75:
52:
28:
27:
21:Ceaușescu family
9567:
9566:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9556:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9278:
9268:
9266:
9256:
9254:
9244:
9242:
9234:
9232:
9227:
9197:
9176:
9145:
9094:
9082:
9071:
9059:
9041:
8980:
8925:
8906:Natan Sharansky
8887:
8878:Adolf Shayevich
8868:David Dragunsky
8848:Leonid Brezhnev
8825:
8810:
8760:
8717:
8659:
8648:
8639:
8609:
8600:
8591:
8587:Milan Pančevski
8567:Vidoje Žarković
8532:Josip Broz Tito
8518:
8499:Leonid Brezhnev
8489:Georgy Malenkov
8465:
8437:
8423:Stanisław Kania
8403:Bolesław Bierut
8393:
8379:
8340:
8332:
8318:Walter Ulbricht
8294:
8270:Antonín Novotný
8251:
8232:Georgi Dimitrov
8218:
8182:
8172:
8142:
8137:
8123:
8062:
8050:
8031:
7987:
7947:
7931:
7896:
7892:
7879:
7848:
7832:
7821:
7805:Prince Nicholas
7787:
7771:
7751:King of Romania
7749:
7737:
7721:
7712:Nicolae Golescu
7707:Lascăr Catargiu
7694:
7686:
7661:
7653:
7630:
7621:
7591:
7586:
7576:
7567:
7483:
7478:
7444:
7437:
7429:
7414:
7407:
7399:
7389:
7380:
7372:
7321:
7239:Wayback Machine
7130:
7128:General sources
7125:
7124:
7108:
7104:
7094:
7092:
7079:
7078:
7074:
7064:
7062:
7061:on 8 April 2023
7058:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6997:on 7 March 2016
6985:
6984:
6980:
6970:
6968:
6967:on 2 March 2004
6959:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6931:
6927:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6881:
6875:Wayback Machine
6865:
6861:
6851:
6849:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6823:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6797:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6775:
6773:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6745:
6743:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6714:
6699:
6692:
6682:
6680:
6668:
6664:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6632:
6630:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6581:
6579:
6569:
6565:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6523:
6519:
6505:
6501:
6491:
6489:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6466:
6464:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6440:
6438:
6420:
6416:
6412:7 January 2019.
6410:Washington Post
6404:
6400:
6393:
6389:
6379:
6377:
6376:on 26 July 2014
6368:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6296:
6288:. p. 263.
6264:
6262:
6258:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6201:
6197:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6142:
6112:
6108:
6098:
6096:
6064:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6035:
6034:
6027:
6025:
6018:"Archived copy"
6016:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5967:
5960:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5912:
5908:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5813:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5791:on 25 July 2018
5783:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5713:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5672:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5609:
5605:
5589:
5588:
5576:
5562:
5558:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5533:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5407:
5400:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5346:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5116:
5112:
5101:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5022:
5018:
5009:
4998:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4953:, 4(1), 97–123.
4948:
4944:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4904:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4872:Wayback Machine
4859:
4858:
4854:
4842:
4838:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4808:
4801:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4686:
4682:
4672:
4670:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4643:
4639:
4630:
4615:
4608:
4588:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4439:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4371:
4364:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4333:
4326:
4312:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4263:on 12 June 2018
4249:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4196:
4192:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4088:
4032:
4017:
3986:
3984:Academic titles
3958:
3911:
3877:(expelled 1989)
3720:
3707:Order of Labour
3690:Hero of Romania
3677:
3657:Karl-Marx-Order
3627:
3599:
3564:Elena Ceaușescu
3518:Romanian Senate
3502:systematization
3486:Muammar Gaddafi
3473:
3453:
3356:
3350:
3334:
3326:mock referendum
3225:Ceaușescu with
3154:
3140:) and northern
3082:Magyar minority
2957:Josip Broz Tito
2925:Leonid Brezhnev
2908:Soviet Moldavia
2824:While the term
2822:
2812:
2795:
2673:
2667:
2631:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2506:
2494:
2483:
2448:
2442:
2403:
2372:forces and the
2304:
2298:
2286:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2032:
1979:
1973:
1901:Systematization
1890:
1884:
1848:
1795:Ceaușescu with
1721:Ba'athist Syria
1709:
1673:
1576:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1516:
1477:Ceaușescu with
1331:Leonid Brezhnev
1325:Ceaușescu with
1319:
1313:
1297:
1201:internment camp
1082:
910:
909:
901:
894:
861:
857:
790:
703:
677:
669:
665:
662:
643:Political party
634:
630:
617:
580:
575:
542:
537:
518:First Secretary
517:
511:
506:
500:Communist Party
482:
476:
471:
457:
452:
446:Communist Party
418:
412:
407:
374:
368:
363:
353:Deputy Minister
334:
326:
320:
315:
305:Deputy Minister
296:
284:
279:
271:Member of the
258:
240:
228:
223:
195:
189:
184:
164:
152:
147:
124:
118:
113:
94:
82:
76:
71:
55:
43:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9565:
9555:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9442:Neo-Stalinists
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9289:
9288:
9276:
9264:
9252:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9209:
9207:
9203:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9195:
9190:
9184:
9182:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9117:
9115:
9108:
9104:
9103:
9100:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9079:
9077:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9056:
9054:
9047:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9037:Yehuda Lapidot
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9012:Yitzhak Shamir
9009:
9007:Menachem Begin
9004:
8999:
8994:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8937:
8935:
8931:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8911:Yuli Edelstein
8908:
8903:
8897:
8895:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8883:Emomali Rahmon
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8863:Mikhail Suslov
8860:
8855:
8850:
8844:
8842:
8836:Pro-government
8829:
8816:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8727:
8725:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8674:
8672:
8665:
8661:
8660:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8638:
8637:
8630:
8623:
8615:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8528:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8479:Vladimir Lenin
8475:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8447:
8445:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8399:
8397:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8346:
8344:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8323:Erich Honecker
8320:
8315:
8313:Otto Grotewohl
8310:
8304:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8261:
8259:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8247:Petar Mladenov
8244:
8239:
8234:
8228:
8226:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8203:
8191:
8184:
8183:
8171:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8148:
8139:
8138:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8118:Klaus Iohannis
8114:
8112:Traian Băsescu
8109:
8106:Crin Antonescu
8102:
8100:Traian Băsescu
8097:
8090:
8088:Traian Băsescu
8085:
8080:
8075:
8069:
8067:
8066:(1989–present)
8056:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8042:
8040:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8009:
8004:
7998:
7996:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7977:Anton Moisescu
7969:
7964:
7958:
7956:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7929:Gheorghe Stere
7926:
7921:
7910:
7908:
7898:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7812:
7807:
7803:under regents
7795:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7763:
7761:
7754:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7703:
7701:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7669:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7624:Heads of state
7620:
7619:
7612:
7605:
7597:
7588:
7587:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7526:
7521:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7477:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7430:
7425:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7382:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7348:
7342:
7332:
7327:
7320:
7319:External links
7317:
7316:
7315:
7305:
7302:978-1563246333
7290:
7277:
7270:
7263:Stelian Tănase
7260:
7248:John Sweeney,
7246:
7228:
7216:
7205:
7195:
7190:
7165:
7154:Dumitru Burlan
7151:
7137:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7102:
7091:on 6 June 2021
7072:
7040:
7008:
6978:
6952:
6945:
6925:
6904:
6879:
6859:
6833:
6805:
6783:
6753:
6724:
6690:
6662:
6640:
6614:
6589:
6563:
6546:
6539:
6517:
6499:
6487:cse.google.com
6474:
6448:
6414:
6398:
6387:
6361:
6347:
6321:
6309:
6294:
6256:
6243:
6217:(3): 421–439.
6195:
6174:(3): 598–613.
6152:
6126:(4): 597–618.
6106:
6080:(4): 495–507.
6058:
6049:
6009:
6000:
5988:
5979:
5970:
5958:
5945:
5934:
5906:
5882:
5857:
5840:
5802:
5776:
5750:
5723:
5697:
5666:
5637:
5623:
5603:
5574:
5556:
5543:
5517:
5508:
5489:
5482:
5462:
5455:
5449:. Bloomsbury.
5435:
5421:
5398:
5380:
5367:
5360:
5340:
5326:
5312:
5305:
5285:
5264:
5244:
5237:
5218:
5204:
5197:
5178:
5164:
5157:
5137:
5130:
5110:
5095:
5083:
5057:
5031:
5016:
4996:
4955:
4942:
4929:
4922:
4898:
4880:
4852:
4836:
4820:
4806:
4799:
4775:
4764:on 7 July 2008
4749:
4730:
4723:
4705:
4698:
4680:
4650:
4637:
4613:
4606:
4598:Pantheon Books
4567:
4554:www.hotnews.ro
4541:
4515:
4486:
4460:
4430:
4404:
4378:
4362:
4349:
4331:
4324:
4299:
4274:
4242:
4220:
4211:
4190:
4187:. 10 May 2023.
4170:
4152:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4087:
4084:
4031:
4028:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3944:United Kingdom
3942:
3937:Knight of the
3935:
3932:
3926:
3923:Order of Lenin
3920:
3914:
3908:
3903:Collar of the
3901:
3898:
3891:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3871:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3821:
3818:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3792:Knight of the
3790:
3787:
3780:
3779:Czechoslovakia
3777:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3729:Collar of the
3727:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3676:
3673:
3665:Erich Honecker
3626:
3623:
3619:social pariahs
3598:
3595:
3576:Nicu Ceaușescu
3572:Zoia Ceaușescu
3506:urban planning
3472:
3469:
3452:
3449:
3400:royal insignia
3352:Main article:
3349:
3346:
3333:
3330:
3169:Czechoslovakia
3153:
3150:
3014:Mihai Viteazul
2953:Czechoslovakia
2945:'s version of
2854:in mainstream
2811:
2808:
2794:
2791:
2669:Main article:
2666:
2663:
2641:, Ceaușescu's
2630:
2627:
2599:Main article:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2539:
2538:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2444:Main article:
2441:
2438:
2402:
2399:
2300:Main article:
2297:
2294:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2028:
1975:Main article:
1972:
1969:
1913:urban planning
1909:Sistematizarea
1886:Main article:
1883:
1880:
1847:
1844:
1825:BAC One-Eleven
1763:à la polonaise
1717:Hafez Al Assad
1708:
1705:
1672:
1669:
1572:Main article:
1569:
1566:
1551:Main article:
1548:
1545:
1515:
1512:
1426:. Romania and
1408:Western Europe
1312:
1309:
1296:
1293:
1285:Polish October
1225:Vladimir Lenin
1213:self-criticism
1160:Elena Petrescu
1156:Doftana Prison
1141:Râmnicu Vâlcea
1090:Doftana Prison
1081:
1078:
963:Eastern Europe
959:anti-communist
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
830:
826:
825:
821:
820:
815:
811:
810:
805:
801:
800:
795:
787:
786:
783:
782:
777:
773:
772:
766:
765:
754:
750:
749:
744:
740:
739:
736:
732:
731:
726:
725:Branch/service
722:
721:
717:
716:
709:
705:
704:
702:
701:
696:
691:
685:
683:
679:
678:
667:
663:
660:Elena Petrescu
658:
657:
655:
651:
650:
644:
640:
639:
633:(aged 71)
627:
623:
622:
610:
606:
605:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
587:
583:
582:
572:
571:
567:Member of the
564:
563:
556:Pitești Region
549:
545:
544:
534:
533:
529:Member of the
526:
525:
520:
514:
513:
503:
502:
491:
490:
485:
479:
478:
468:
467:
460:
459:
449:
448:
440:Member of the
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:
421:
419:Prime Minister
415:
414:
404:
403:
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:
377:
375:Prime Minister
371:
370:
360:
359:
349:
348:
343:
339:
338:
329:
327:Prime Minister
323:
322:
312:
311:
301:
300:
291:
287:
286:
276:
275:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
249:
248:
243:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
200:
198:
196:Prime Minister
192:
191:
181:
180:
174:
173:
167:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
146:
145:
140:
135:
129:
127:
125:Prime Minister
121:
120:
110:
109:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
68:
67:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
41:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9564:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9322:Anti-fascists
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9275:
9265:
9263:
9253:
9251:
9241:
9240:
9237:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9194:
9193:Jewish Agency
9191:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9179:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9150:United States
9148:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9109:
9107:Organisations
9105:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9044:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9022:Simcha Dinitz
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8997:Yitzhak Rabin
8995:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8983:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8966:Charles Vanik
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8956:George Shultz
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8946:Ronald Reagan
8944:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8934:United States
8932:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8890:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8873:Yakov Fishman
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8853:Yuri Andropov
8851:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8767:
8757:
8756:Georgian Jews
8754:
8752:
8751:Bukharan Jews
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8736:Mountain Jews
8734:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8723:Jewish groups
8720:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8708:Slánský trial
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8688:Joseph Stalin
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8678:The Holocaust
8676:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8662:
8651:
8647:
8644:movement and
8643:
8636:
8631:
8629:
8624:
8622:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8552:Mitja Ribičič
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8504:Yuri Andropov
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8484:Joseph Stalin
8482:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8418:Edward Gierek
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8385:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8350:Mátyás Rákosi
8348:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8308:Wilhelm Pieck
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8290:Karel Urbánek
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8242:Todor Zhivkov
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8169:
8164:
8162:
8157:
8155:
8150:
8149:
8146:
8135:
8131:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8034:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8021:Avram Bunaciu
8018:
8017:Ștefan Voitec
8014:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:State Council
7990:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7950:
7942:
7941:Ștefan Voitec
7939:
7935:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7895:
7890:
7886:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7866:Ion Antonescu
7863:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7825:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7810:Miron Cristea
7808:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7660:
7656:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7613:
7611:
7606:
7604:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7558:Gheorghiu-Dej
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7548:Gheorghiu-Dej
7546:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7470:
7468:
7463:
7461:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7436:
7435:
7428:
7422:
7417:
7406:
7405:
7398:
7392:
7388:
7379:
7378:
7367:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7314:
7313:0-944273-01-7
7310:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7258:0-09-174672-8
7255:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7214:
7213:Lumea Magazin
7210:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7200:Lumea Magazin
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7188:1-56000-620-X
7185:
7181:
7180:1-56000-062-7
7177:
7173:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:0-679-40128-8
7146:
7142:
7139:Edward Behr,
7138:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7106:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7076:
7057:
7050:
7044:
7025:
7018:
7012:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6987:"badraie.com"
6982:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6948:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6929:
6921:
6914:
6908:
6889:
6883:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6863:
6848:. 23 May 2017
6847:
6843:
6837:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6809:
6794:
6787:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6757:
6742:(in Romanian)
6741:
6740:
6735:
6728:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6697:
6695:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6644:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6578:
6574:
6567:
6559:
6558:
6550:
6542:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6463:. 7 July 2014
6462:
6458:
6452:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6391:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6358:
6357:
6351:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6318:
6313:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6295:0-8444-0795-X
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6271:
6270:public domain
6260:
6253:
6247:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6156:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6062:
6053:
6045:
6039:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5993:
5983:
5977:Tănase, p. 23
5974:
5965:
5963:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5938:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5897:The Telegraph
5893:
5886:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5854:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5828:
5824:
5823:The Telegraph
5819:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5739:. Cluj Napoca
5738:
5734:
5727:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5654:
5649:
5641:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5607:
5599:
5593:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5547:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5466:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5439:
5424:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5405:
5403:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5371:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5336:
5330:
5322:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5289:
5281:
5275:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5222:
5214:
5208:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5174:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5114:
5107:
5106:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5046:. 4 June 2019
5045:
5041:
5035:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4969:public domain
4959:
4952:
4946:
4939:
4933:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4902:
4895:
4892:Behr, Edward
4889:
4887:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4860:(in Romanian)
4856:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4830:, June 2014,
4829:
4824:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4800:0-312-12059-1
4796:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4779:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4724:1-903403-79-0
4720:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4647:
4641:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4449:(in Romanian)
4448:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4419:(in Romanian)
4418:
4414:
4408:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4375:
4372:Behr, Edward
4369:
4367:
4359:
4356:Behr, Edward
4353:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4230:
4224:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4166:
4165:Biography.com
4162:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3963:Olympic Order
3960:
3959:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3910:Soviet Union
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:Anca Petrescu
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3404:Salvador Dalí
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:Ștefan Andrei
3223:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3195:, Ceaușescu,
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:Ion Antonescu
3071:
3066:
3064:
3063:protochronist
3060:
3056:
3055:Iron Guardist
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3038:Country Study
3035:
3031:
3027:
3026:Turnu Severin
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:Prague Spring
2916:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2820:Neo-Stalinism
2817:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:Manea Mănescu
2699:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:ethnic hatred
2546:
2535:
2532:
2524:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2498:This section
2496:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2427:Ion Antonescu
2424:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2064:December 1989
2061:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:foreign debts
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:Centrul Civic
1951:
1947:
1946:Centrul Civic
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1876:0-89526-570-2
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1840:George Shultz
1838:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1746:Robert Mugabe
1742:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1656:Neo-Stalinist
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1493:aimed at the
1492:
1488:
1480:
1479:Indira Gandhi
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:Richard Nixon
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1357:, making him
1356:
1355:State Council
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1327:Deng Xiaoping
1323:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1248:(1944–1945).
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1229:Joseph Stalin
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:He became an
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:secret police
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
966:
964:
961:uprisings in
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:State Council
940:
936:
935:head of state
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
907:
899:
898:
888:
855:
846:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
822:
819:
816:
812:
809:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:Conviction(s)
788:
784:
781:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
758:
755:
751:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
729:Romanian Army
727:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
684:
680:
661:
656:
652:
648:
645:
641:
637:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
591:
588:
584:
578:
573:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
546:
540:
535:
532:
527:
524:
521:
515:
509:
504:
501:
497:
492:
489:
486:
480:
474:
469:
466:
461:
455:
450:
447:
443:
438:
435:
432:
428:
425:
422:
416:
410:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
388:
384:
381:
378:
372:
366:
361:
358:
354:
350:
347:
346:Emil Bodnăraș
344:
340:
337:
333:
330:
324:
318:
313:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292:
288:
282:
277:
274:
269:
265:
261:
254:
250:
247:
244:
238:
235:
232:
226:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Manea Mănescu
207:
205:
202:
201:
199:
193:
187:
182:
179:
175:
171:
168:
162:
159:
156:
150:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
133:Manea Mănescu
131:
130:
128:
122:
116:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
92:
89:
86:
80:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
51:
46:
39:
38:
35:
29:
26:
22:
9114:Soviet Union
9089:
9027:Avraham Burg
9002:Shimon Peres
8941:Jimmy Carter
8823:Soviet Union
8781:1970s aliyah
8658:1970 – 2000)
8577:Boško Krunić
8542:Lazar Mojsov
8460:
8408:Edward Ochab
8370:Károly Grósz
8280:Gustáv Husák
8180:Eastern Bloc
8133:
8129:
8116:
8104:
8092:
8045:
8026:
8011:
8007:Chivu Stoica
7971:
7869:
7663:
7582:
7562:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7516:
7432:
7402:
7397:Chivu Stoica
7375:
7336:
7293:
7284:
7266:
7249:
7242:
7220:
7212:
7199:
7171:
7157:
7140:
7133:
7113:
7105:
7093:. Retrieved
7089:the original
7084:
7075:
7063:. Retrieved
7056:the original
7043:
7031:. Retrieved
7024:the original
7011:
6999:. Retrieved
6995:the original
6990:
6981:
6969:. Retrieved
6965:the original
6955:
6935:
6928:
6919:
6907:
6895:. Retrieved
6882:
6862:
6850:. Retrieved
6845:
6836:
6824:. Retrieved
6817:
6808:
6798:16 September
6796:. Retrieved
6786:
6774:. Retrieved
6765:
6756:
6744:. Retrieved
6737:
6727:
6715:. Retrieved
6711:the original
6707:Balkanalysis
6706:
6681:. Retrieved
6675:
6665:
6657:the original
6652:
6643:
6631:. Retrieved
6627:Via Capitale
6626:
6617:
6605:. Retrieved
6601:
6592:
6580:. Retrieved
6576:
6566:
6555:
6549:
6530:
6520:
6511:
6508:Hoxha, Enver
6502:
6490:. Retrieved
6486:
6477:
6465:. Retrieved
6460:
6451:
6439:. Retrieved
6428:The Guardian
6427:
6417:
6409:
6401:
6390:
6378:. Retrieved
6374:the original
6364:
6355:
6350:
6338:. Retrieved
6334:the original
6324:
6312:
6276:
6259:
6251:
6246:
6234:. Retrieved
6214:
6208:
6198:
6171:
6165:
6155:
6143:. Retrieved
6123:
6119:
6109:
6097:. Retrieved
6077:
6071:
6061:
6052:
6026:. Retrieved
6022:the original
6012:
6003:
5982:
5973:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5937:
5925:. Retrieved
5919:
5909:
5896:
5885:
5873:. Retrieved
5869:
5860:
5850:
5831:. Retrieved
5822:
5793:. Retrieved
5789:the original
5779:
5767:. Retrieved
5762:
5753:
5741:. Retrieved
5736:
5726:
5714:. Retrieved
5709:
5700:
5688:. Retrieved
5682:
5669:
5657:. Retrieved
5652:
5640:
5628:. Retrieved
5613:
5606:
5565:
5559:
5546:
5534:. Retrieved
5530:
5520:
5511:
5502:
5492:
5472:
5465:
5445:
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5411:
5393:
5375:
5370:
5350:
5343:
5329:
5315:
5294:
5288:
5254:
5247:
5227:
5221:
5207:
5187:
5181:
5167:
5147:
5140:
5124:. Springer.
5120:
5113:
5103:
5098:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5069:
5060:
5048:. Retrieved
5044:news.sky.com
5043:
5034:
5025:
5019:
5011:
4974:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4937:
4932:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4785:
4778:
4766:. Retrieved
4762:the original
4752:
4743:
4733:
4714:
4708:
4689:
4683:
4671:. Retrieved
4667:the original
4662:
4653:
4645:
4640:
4632:
4592:
4558:. Retrieved
4553:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4527:
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4502:the original
4477:. Retrieved
4473:
4463:
4451:. Retrieved
4446:
4421:. Retrieved
4416:
4407:
4395:. Retrieved
4390:
4381:
4373:
4357:
4352:
4347:Gruia, p. 43
4315:
4290:. Retrieved
4265:. Retrieved
4261:the original
4254:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4223:
4214:
4203:
4193:
4182:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4147:
4142:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4091:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4055:Andrei Ujica
4050:
4049:The second,
4048:
4043:
4033:
3987:
3829:West Germany
3820:West Germany
3807:East Germany
3721:
3678:
3671:'s reforms.
3663:(SED) chief
3654:
3639:
3635:Margrethe II
3628:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3584:
3562:Nicolae and
3561:
3526:
3494:
3476:
3474:
3454:
3445:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3381:
3335:
3319:
3293:
3282:
3259:
3257:and Israel.
3244:
3235:CSCE Meeting
3213:
3193:Soviet Union
3185:East Germany
3131:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3090:Iron Curtain
3067:
3029:
3021:
2998:
2992:
2975:
2973:North Korean
2970:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2917:
2913:
2877:
2862:concepts of
2837:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2796:
2780:
2766:
2759:
2744:
2740:
2729:
2714:
2695:
2655:
2646:
2639:Vasile Milea
2632:
2623:
2611:
2604:
2584:1968 meeting
2568:
2561:
2557:
2553:congregation
2545:László Tőkés
2542:
2527:
2521:October 2018
2518:
2507:Please help
2502:verification
2499:
2475:Gustáv Husák
2471:Czechoslovak
2469:
2457:
2431:
2415:
2404:
2395:
2387:
2367:
2359:
2353:, rationing
2336:
2317:
2288:A tentative
2287:
2190:
2132:
2053:
2039:
2020:
2008:
1992:
1971:Foreign debt
1962:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1899:
1867:
1860:Eastern Bloc
1849:
1835:and in 1985
1809:Western bloc
1805:Eastern bloc
1802:
1797:Jimmy Carter
1779:
1766:
1762:
1751:
1726:
1701:
1693:
1682:
1665:
1653:
1638:
1629:
1596:and China's
1591:
1589:
1556:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1508:
1500:
1484:
1468:West Germany
1436:
1412:West Germany
1405:
1394:
1390:Eastern Bloc
1366:Soviet Union
1363:
1358:
1340:
1336:
1298:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1238:World War II
1209:
1195:
1176:
1145:
1123:
1095:
1030:
1026:Soviet Union
997:Eastern Bloc
993:totalitarian
978:
967:
853:
852:
769:
753:Battles/wars
631:(1989-12-25)
586:Constituency
576:
548:Constituency
538:
507:
483:Succeeded by
472:
453:
434:Vasile Vaida
408:
390:Vasile Vaida
364:
316:
280:
245:
241:Succeeded by
234:Chivu Stoica
185:
165:Succeeded by
157:
114:
99:
95:Succeeded by
72:
32:
25:
9307:1989 deaths
9302:1918 births
8976:Meir Kahane
8921:Iosif Begun
8840:antisemitic
8698:Six-Day War
8582:Stipe Šuvar
8562:Ali Šukrija
8375:Rezső Nyers
8365:János Kádár
8285:Miloš Jakeš
8209:Enver Hoxha
8083:Ion Iliescu
8073:Ion Iliescu
8039:(1974–1989)
7995:(1961–1974)
7967:Petru Groza
7955:(1948–1961)
7932: [
7907:(1947–1948)
7822: [
7783:Ferdinand I
7753:(1881–1947)
7695: [
7668:(1862–1881)
7387:Ion Iliescu
7202:Nr 10, 2004
6991:badraie.com
6746:28 December
6717:28 December
6683:28 December
6236:13 February
6099:12 February
6028:4 September
5737:Global Post
5690:15 December
4528:adevarul.ro
4417:historia.ro
4267:8 September
4067:Left Behind
4023:North Korea
3890:Philippines
3591:3TV Oltenia
3556:Ion Iliescu
3481:Enver Hoxha
3342:Ivan Bodiul
3280:in Moscow.
3266:Los Angeles
3251:Six-Day War
3161:Warsaw Pact
3103:perestroika
2994:July Theses
2830:portmanteau
2747:Ion Iliescu
2434:hate crimes
2391:hooliganism
2320:Cluj-Napoca
2290:coup d'état
1917:North Korea
1862:during the
1645:July Theses
1610:Kim Il Sung
1606:North Korea
1584:Kim Il Sung
1574:July Theses
1568:July Theses
1514:1966 decree
1464:Los Angeles
1444:Anwar Sadat
1370:Warsaw Pact
1233:Edward Behr
1098:Scornicești
1011:as well as
970:Scornicești
965:that year.
649:(1932–1989)
619:Scornicești
562:(1969–1989)
558:(1952–1969)
554:(1948–1952)
424:Petru Groza
380:Petru Groza
357:Agriculture
332:Petru Groza
298:Petru Groza
229:Preceded by
214:Ilie Verdeț
153:Preceded by
138:Ilie Verdeț
83:Preceded by
9296:Categories
9076:Pro-Jewish
9053:Pro-Soviet
8992:Golda Meir
8731:Ashkenazim
8664:Background
8328:Egon Krenz
8214:Ramiz Alia
7919:Ion Niculi
7871:Conducător
7666:of Romania
7536:Pîrvulescu
7502:Holostenco
7065:7 February
6897:13 October
5825:. Moscow.
4072:Tim LaHaye
4070:novels of
3396:Proletkult
3388:Conducător
3338:Bessarabia
3332:Bessarabia
3197:Jaruzelski
3122:Solidarity
2961:Yugoslavia
2814:See also:
2710:Târgoviște
2658:Securitate
2473:President
2440:Revolution
2419:Hungarians
2370:Securitate
2191:Net status
2055:World Book
2004:overthrown
1856:Securitate
1782:Yugoslavia
1767:Securitate
1622:Jiang Qing
1618:Mao Zedong
1524:Decree 770
1442:president
1428:Yugoslavia
1315:See also:
1305:Vadu Roșca
1280:Ana Pauker
1187:Caransebeș
1126:apprentice
1102:Olt County
1005:Securitate
834:dissidents
636:Târgoviște
590:Olt County
552:Olt County
37:Conducător
9262:Communism
9250:Biography
9223:Channel 9
9206:Aftermath
8901:Ida Nudel
8746:Krymchaks
8642:Refusenik
8360:Imre Nagy
8355:Ernő Gerő
7897:(1965–89)
7891:(1947–65)
7860:Michael I
7853:1940–1947
7837:1930–1940
7799:Michael I
7792:1927–1930
7776:1914–1927
7760:1881–1914
7726:1866–1881
7675:1862–1866
7563:Ceaușescu
7507:Stefanski
7492:Cristescu
7033:29 August
6826:11 August
6766:DIGI24.ro
6633:12 August
6607:12 August
6582:12 August
6436:0261-3077
6231:158433175
6190:219486083
6140:153905441
6094:153941556
5716:3 October
5653:The Times
5592:cite book
5584:878953196
5536:21 August
5428:29 August
5321:"Romania"
5274:cite book
5026:The Times
4447:IMPACT.ro
4235:14 August
4208:. London.
4205:The Times
4134:Citations
4042:, titled
4036:Ben Lewis
3726:Argentina
3558:, in 1976
3270:boycotted
3189:Gorbachev
3072:dictator
3059:Dacianist
3000:bourgeois
2899:in 1958.
2864:Socialist
2848:syncretic
2839:communism
2834:Ceaușescu
2698:Emil Bobu
2635:rebellion
2614:Timișoara
2590:Overthrow
2481:Timișoara
2465:Bucharest
2461:Timișoara
2368:By dusk,
2347:rationing
2057:Year Book
1850:In 1978,
1754:Jiu River
1217:Karl Marx
1198:Târgu Jiu
1191:Văcărești
1171:Colentina
1137:Câmpulung
1129:shoemaker
1119:Bucharest
1038:Bucharest
1033:Timișoara
951:execution
923:communist
902:Romanian:
832:Romanian
738:1944–1989
708:Signature
638:, Romania
621:, Romania
577:In office
560:Bucharest
539:In office
508:In office
473:In office
454:In office
409:In office
369:1949–1950
365:In office
321:1950–1954
317:In office
290:President
281:In office
186:In office
172:(interim)
115:In office
73:In office
34:Tovarășul
9286:Politics
7844:Carol II
7664:Domnitor
7530:Bodnăraș
7512:Stefanov
7235:Archived
7162:Romanian
7116:(2010).
7001:19 March
6971:12 April
6871:Archived
6770:Archived
6739:Adevărul
6677:Heise.de
6529:(1987).
6510:(1986).
6492:25 March
6467:25 March
6441:25 March
6340:21 April
6304:30666705
6254:, p. 321
6145:15 March
6038:cite web
5927:12 April
5901:Archived
5875:12 April
5833:30 March
5827:Archived
5795:12 April
5769:30 March
5743:30 March
5710:stern.de
5655:. London
4991:90006449
4868:Archived
4046:(2002).
4038:for the
4012:(1975),
4008:(1975),
4004:(1975),
4000:(1974),
3996:(1974),
3992:(1973),
3900:Portugal
3860:Malaysia
3754:Bulgaria
3659:by then
3580:Orthodox
3409:Scînteia
3313:and the
3296:dictator
3181:Honecker
3177:Bulgaria
3142:Bukovina
3109:glasnost
3045:such as
2897:Red Army
2860:Leninist
2844:academia
2826:Ceaușism
2721:genocide
2647:en masse
2374:military
2256:creditor
2251:creditor
2246:creditor
2241:creditor
1963:In 1988
1950:Art Deco
1905:Romanian
1864:Cold War
1811:and the
1634:Romanian
1520:abortion
1440:Egyptian
1189:(1942),
1185:(1940),
1070:genocide
939:dictator
798:Genocide
689:Valentin
682:Children
430:Minister
386:Minister
342:Minister
9274:Romania
9236:Portals
8693:Zionism
8178:of the
8130:Italics
7767:Carol I
7733:Carol I
7628:Romania
7583:Italics
7553:Apostol
7542:Rangheț
7518:Breiner
7355:YouTube
7110:Awards.
6776:25 June
6653:cna.org
6380:22 July
5630:28 June
4768:9 April
4292:6 March
4129:), 1988
4025:(1988).
4016:(1988)
3831:, 1971)
3789:Denmark
3736:Austria
3465:Romania
3276:of the
3241:in 1975
3209:Hungary
3191:of the
3173:Zhivkov
3138:Moldova
3022:Drobeta
3005:Dacians
2982:Chinese
2965:Titoist
2910:in 1972
2856:Marxist
2804:Ghencea
2799:exhumed
2755:lynched
2423:Germans
1935:blocuri
1748:in 1976
1697:plenums
1689:in 1974
1586:in 1971
1532:divorce
1359:de jure
1333:in 1965
1133:Craiova
1062:Austria
1054:Vatican
987:in his
953:in the
931:Romania
829:Victims
824:Details
676:
668:
664:
498:of the
444:of the
399:at the
9181:Israel
9141:Pamyat
8985:Israel
8893:Jewish
8815:People
8769:Events
8741:Karaim
8671:Causes
8019:&
7975:&
7497:Köblös
7311:
7300:
7283:", in
7256:
7186:
7178:
7147:
7095:22 May
6943:
6852:24 May
6537:
6434:
6302:
6292:
6272::
6229:
6188:
6138:
6092:
5659:20 May
5621:
5582:
5572:
5480:
5453:
5419:
5358:
5303:
5262:
5235:
5195:
5155:
5128:
5076:20 May
5050:20 May
4989:
4971:.
4920:
4797:
4721:
4696:
4673:20 May
4604:
4560:4 July
4534:4 July
4508:4 July
4498:"ZIUA"
4479:4 July
4453:4 July
4423:4 July
4397:4 July
4322:
4119:, 1983
4113:, 1983
4107:, 1980
4101:, 1980
4095:, 1978
3941:(1980)
3934:Sweden
3931:(1983)
3919:(1975)
3907:(1975)
3897:(1975)
3887:(1973)
3870:Norway
3867:(1984)
3857:(1973)
3834:Greece
3799:France
3776:(1976)
3769:(1973)
3760:(1983)
3751:(1975)
3745:Brazil
3742:(1969)
3733:(1974)
3545:marble
3541:bronze
3471:Legacy
3309:, the
3287:after
3203:, and
3201:Poland
3127:führer
3118:Poland
3030:Napoca
2985:Maoist
2892:SovRom
2706:Snagov
2328:Brașov
2276:debtor
2271:debtor
2266:debtor
2261:debtor
2236:debtor
2231:debtor
2226:debtor
2221:debtor
2216:debtor
2211:debtor
2206:debtor
2201:debtor
2196:debtor
1942:palace
1874:
1828:1983,
1723:, 1974
1641:Maoist
1537:Cighid
1456:Moscow
1382:Prague
1242:Soviet
1227:, and
1183:Jilava
1058:Vienna
1003:, the
999:. His
759:
654:Spouse
9188:Nativ
9046:Other
7936:]
7864:with
7826:]
7699:]
7524:Foriș
7351:Video
7337:Clipa
7267:Agora
7059:(PDF)
7052:(PDF)
7027:(PDF)
7020:(PDF)
6916:(PDF)
6891:(PDF)
6227:S2CID
6186:S2CID
6136:S2CID
6090:S2CID
4093:State
3850:Italy
3610:Leeds
3537:steel
3303:Zaïre
3285:Chile
3247:Egypt
3205:Kádár
3165:Husák
3053:, an
3018:Roman
2977:Juche
2692:1916.
2665:Death
2127:1995
2124:1994
2121:1993
2118:1992
2115:1991
2112:1990
2109:1989
2106:1988
2103:1987
2100:1986
2097:1985
2094:1984
2091:1983
2088:1982
2085:1981
2082:1980
2079:1975
1922:Juche
1630:Juche
1614:China
1593:Juche
1050:Elena
895:SHESK
893:chow-
818:Death
804:Trial
670:(
666:
8134:Bold
7309:ISBN
7298:ISBN
7254:ISBN
7184:ISBN
7176:ISBN
7145:ISBN
7118:IMDb
7112:In:
7097:2020
7067:2024
7035:2019
7003:2014
6973:2016
6941:ISBN
6899:2012
6854:2017
6828:2015
6819:IMDb
6800:2022
6778:2016
6748:2012
6719:2012
6685:2012
6635:2020
6609:2020
6584:2020
6535:ISBN
6494:2024
6469:2024
6443:2024
6432:ISSN
6382:2014
6342:2010
6300:OCLC
6290:ISBN
6238:2023
6147:2023
6101:2023
6044:link
6030:2021
5929:2016
5877:2016
5835:2013
5797:2016
5771:2013
5745:2013
5718:2020
5692:2023
5661:2010
5632:2008
5619:ISBN
5598:link
5580:OCLC
5570:ISBN
5538:2023
5478:ISBN
5451:ISBN
5430:2019
5417:ISBN
5356:ISBN
5301:ISBN
5280:link
5260:ISBN
5233:ISBN
5193:ISBN
5153:ISBN
5126:ISBN
5078:2020
5052:2020
4987:LCCN
4918:ISBN
4795:ISBN
4770:2013
4719:ISBN
4694:ISBN
4675:2010
4663:Time
4602:ISBN
4562:2023
4536:2023
4510:2023
4481:2023
4455:2023
4425:2023
4399:2023
4320:ISBN
4294:2022
4269:2016
4237:2020
4074:and
4064:The
4018:and
3880:Peru
3840:Iran
3763:Cuba
3539:and
3457:Ikea
3451:Ikea
3229:and
3106:and
3070:Nazi
3061:and
3034:Cluj
2980:and
2955:and
2866:and
2836:and
2818:and
2787:Zoia
2777:Nicu
2700:and
2574:and
2564:Iran
2463:and
2421:and
2324:Iași
2185:6.7
2143:10.2
2068:LDCs
2047:OECD
2000:Iran
1872:ISBN
1612:and
1329:and
1139:and
1114:O.S.
1110:O.S.
1056:via
919:O.S.
743:Rank
699:Nicu
694:Zoia
626:Died
614:O.S.
609:Born
7868:as
7626:of
7353:on
6577:CNN
6219:doi
6176:doi
6128:doi
6082:doi
5921:CNN
5763:BBC
5675:TVR
5531:BBC
4914:103
4040:BBC
3587:lei
3427:".
3315:PCR
3311:MPR
3301:of
3264:in
3255:PLO
3237:in
3233:at
3207:of
3199:of
3183:of
3175:of
3167:of
3032:to
3024:to
2959:'s
2923:by
2832:of
2618:lei
2511:by
2349:of
2341:in
2182:5.5
2179:4.5
2176:3.5
2173:2.2
2170:0.2
2167:0.0
2164:2.2
2161:5.1
2158:6.4
2155:6.6
2152:7.1
2149:8.8
2146:9.8
2140:9.4
2137:2.9
1937:).
1616:'s
1608:'s
1604:of
1462:in
1454:in
897:-oo
355:of
307:of
9298::
8656:c.
8015:,
7934:ro
7824:ro
7817:/
7697:ro
7296:,
7252:,
7182:;
7174:,
7170:,
7164:).
7156:,
7143:,
7083:.
6989:.
6918:.
6844:.
6816:.
6705:.
6693:^
6674:.
6651:.
6625:.
6600:.
6575:.
6485:.
6459:.
6430:.
6426:.
6298:.
6284:,
6225:.
6215:19
6213:.
6207:.
6184:.
6172:43
6170:.
6164:.
6134:.
6124:24
6122:.
6118:.
6088:.
6076:.
6070:.
6040:}}
6036:{{
5991:^
5961:^
5918:.
5895:.
5868:.
5843:^
5821:.
5805:^
5761:.
5735:.
5708:.
5681:.
5677:.
5651:.
5594:}}
5590:{{
5578:.
5529:.
5501:.
5476:.
5401:^
5383:^
5276:}}
5272:{{
5068:.
5042:.
4999:^
4985:.
4981:,
4977:.
4916:.
4883:^
4809:^
4793:.
4791:81
4742:.
4661:.
4616:^
4600:.
4570:^
4552:.
4526:.
4489:^
4472:.
4445:.
4433:^
4415:.
4389:.
4365:^
4334:^
4302:^
4277:^
4253:.
4202:.
4181:.
4163:.
4061:.
3637:.
3621:.
3605:.
3291:.
3187:,
3179:,
3171:,
3028:,
2467:.
2429:.
2357:.
2006:.
1967:.
1907::
1564:.
1403:.
1392:.
1223:,
1219:,
1181::
1135:,
1100:,
1076:.
1060:,
1028:.
900:;
884:uː
866:aʊ
863:tʃ
672:m.
9238::
8838:/
8654:(
8634:e
8627:t
8620:v
8167:e
8160:t
8153:v
7616:e
7609:t
7602:v
7539:/
7533:/
7473:e
7466:t
7459:v
7120:.
7099:.
7069:.
7037:.
7005:.
6975:.
6949:.
6922:.
6901:.
6856:.
6830:.
6802:.
6780:.
6750:.
6721:.
6687:.
6637:.
6611:.
6586:.
6543:.
6496:.
6471:.
6445:.
6384:.
6344:.
6306:.
6240:.
6221::
6192:.
6178::
6149:.
6130::
6103:.
6084::
6078:7
6046:)
6032:.
5931:.
5879:.
5837:.
5799:.
5773:.
5747:.
5720:.
5694:.
5663:.
5634:.
5600:)
5586:.
5540:.
5505:.
5364:.
5282:)
5080:.
5054:.
4993:.
4926:.
4850:.
4834:.
4803:.
4772:.
4746:.
4727:.
4702:.
4677:.
4610:.
4564:.
4538:.
4512:.
4483:.
4457:.
4427:.
4401:.
4328:.
4296:.
4271:.
4239:.
4125:(
3965:(
3827:(
3813:(
3423:"
3394:(
2828:(
2534:)
2528:(
2523:)
2519:(
2505:.
2059:.
2049:.
2042:.
1989:.
1903:(
1870:(
1211:"
887:/
881:k
878:s
875:ɛ
872:ʃ
869:ˈ
860:/
856:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.