20:
227:. Scholar Paolo Palladino has explained Foucault's use of the image as showing that "practices as disparate as orthopedics and horticulture were increasingly predicated on operative principles that focused on the manipulation of these different life forms' presumed common material substance. Moreover, the image raises questions of agency, since it is unclear who exactly bound the tree: no human or divine form is visible anywhere in the background; the image therefore accorded with Foucault's understanding that the operation of these principles was invisible and pervasive."
149:, you shall discover in it such a hideous number of little worms, that you shall hardly be able to believe your own Eyes." Andry confirms an argument previously made by Leeuwenhoek, that spermatozoa are "the occasion of the Generation of all Animals." Though Andry recognizes the importance of sperm to reproduction, however, he addresses their workings primarily in the context of parasitology, and essentially considers spermatozoa to be a unique species of parasitic worm.
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An account of the breeding of worms in human bodies; their nature, and several sorts; their effects, symptoms, and prognostics. With the true means to avoid them, and med'cines to cure them, / by
Nicholas Andry ... with letters to the author on this subject from M. Nicholas Hartsoeker at Amsterdam,
180:
Aimed more at parents than physicians, the book presents a theory of human anatomy, skeletal structure, and growth, along with instructions for correcting deformity. Andry explains in the book that he formed its title "of two Greek Words, viz. Orthos, which signifies straight, free from deformity,
152:
The book seems to address a general audience in addition to a medical one. As medical historian Clara Pinto
Correia has observed, one of Andry's principal purposes was to educate the public about the new science that was emerging from under the microscope. He wrote, "We must admit that there are
447:
Orthopædia : or, the art of correcting and preventing deformities in children: by such means, as may easily be put in practice by parents themselves, and all such as are employed in educating children. To which is added, a defence of the orthopaedia, by way of supplement / by the author.
195:
Though the book was read and cited extensively in the period, its main lasting influence in medicine has been its title, which became the name of the field devoted to skeletal and related injuries and ailments (later modified to "orthopædics" and "orthopaedics" or, in
American spelling,
153:
animals a thousand times less than a grain of dust, which we can scarcely see. Our imagination loses itself in this thought, it is amazed at such a strange littleness; but to what purpose should it deny it? Reason convinces us of the existence of that which we cannot conceive."
181:
and Pais, a Child. Out of these two words I have compounded that of Orthopædia, to express in one Term the Design I Propose, which is to teach the different
Methods of preventing and correction of Deformities of Children."
123:, whom Andry cites frequently. Unlike Leeuwenhoek, Andry's purpose is specifically medical, and his experiments with the microscope led him to believe that the microorganisms he called "worms" were responsible for
145:, which Andry calls "spermatic worms." He observes: "If you cut up a dog, and after you have taken off one Testicle, by the help of a Microscope examine the Humour that comes out of the
27:, was originally recorded as anonymous, but later said to be Andry; according to modern research, its subject cannot be reliably established, and there is no certain portrait of Andry.
230:
A simplified version of Andry's illustration continues to serve as the international symbol for orthopedics, used by a number of different institutions in multiple countries.
196:"orthopedics"). Outside of medicine, the principal impact of the book derives from the engraving on the frontispiece, which shows a straight stake tied to a crooked
200:, a metaphor for the correction of deformities in children. The engraving captured the attention of contemporary readers; it is referred to, for example, in
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of eighteenth-century medicine. It is included, without comment, as the last in a series of ten eighteenth- and nineteenth-century illustrations in
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34:(1658 – 13 May 1742) was a French physician and writer. He played a significant role in the early history of both
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The book was well-received, and became a standard text in the field. Andry was appointed Dean of the
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Paolo
Palladino, "Life ... On Biology, Biography, and Bio-power in the Age of Genetic Engineering,"
24:
120:
130:
421:
104:
80:
464:, quoted in F. N. L. Poynter, "Christener of Orthopaedics" (review of a facsimile edition of
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62:. His early studies were widespread, however, and he published a book on the usage of the
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74:, receiving his degree in 1697, and in 1701 he was appointed to the faculty of the
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Les portraits de
Nicolas Andry, le père et le parrain de l'orthopédie infantile
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524:
596:. Rosemont, Illinois: Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Archived from
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314:
Reflexions ou
Remarques critiques sur l'usage present de la langue françoise
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35:
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London, 1701, p. 279, quoted in R. C. Punnet, "Ovists and
Animalculists,"
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Andry published his introduction to orthopedics in 1741 under the title
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presents three awards annually including the
Nicolas Andry Award.
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111:, was published in 1700, and translated into English in 1701 as
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Bulletin de la Société française d'histoire de la médecine
213:
Andry's frontispiece has played a significant role in the
115:. The book was an account of Andry's experiments with the
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Daniel O'Quinn, "Mercantile
Deformities: George Colman's
379:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 74–76.
134:
Illustrations drawn from microscopic observation, from
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An Account of the Breeding of Worms in Human Bodies,
291:. San Francisco: Norman Publishing. pp. 21–23.
221:'s influential study of the history of correction,
113:
An Account of the Breeding of Worms in Human Bodies
109:
De la génération des vers dans les corps de l'homme
103:Andry's early medical work lies within the nascent
561:The American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
413:
96:Title page of the English translation of Andry's
617:
377:The Ovary of Eve: Egg and Sperm and Preformation
42:, the name for which is taken from Andry's book
588:Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons (2007).
416:Jacob's Ladder: The History of the Human Genome
521:Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
58:, and spent his early life preparing for the
332:. London: Printed for H. Rhodes and A. Bell.
176:. It was translated into English in 1743 as
505:and the Racialization of Class Relations,"
141:The book contains a detailed discussion of
66:in 1692. In his 30s he studied medicine at
241:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
486:Nicolas Andry and 250 years of orthopaedy
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448:Translated from the French of M. Andry
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289:Orthopedics: a History and Iconography
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246:Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons
490:The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
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492:, vol. 73-B, no. 2 (1991), 361–362.
420:. New York: W. W. Norton. pp.
408:
13:
472:, Vol. 2, No. 5248 (1961), p. 360.
342:"The History of the Germ Theory,"
119:, building on the earlier work of
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23:The subject of this portrait, by
450:. London: Printed for A. Millar.
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362:vol. 62 no. 683 (1928), p. 491.
78:and the editorial board of the
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636:17th-century French physicians
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346:vol. 1 no. 1415 (1888), p.312.
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316:. Paris: Chez Laurent d'Houry.
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1:
646:History of medicine in France
375:Correia, Clara Pinto (1997).
330:and M. George Baglivi at Rome
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287:Peltier, Leonard F. (1993).
158:Faculté de Médecine de Paris
32:Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard
7:
470:The British Medical Journal
344:The British Medical Journal
16:French physician and writer
10:
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651:French orthopedic surgeons
519:Foucault, Michel (1977).
87:
445:Andry, Nicolas (1743).
360:The American Naturalist
327:Andry, Nicolas (1701).
312:Andry, Nicolas (1692).
121:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
661:French medical writers
656:French parasitologists
192:
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105:germ theory of disease
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527:. New York: Vintage.
224:Discipline and Punish
187:
133:
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50:Early life and career
25:Jean François de Troy
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238:In conjunction with
204:'s 1787 comic opera
127:and other diseases.
81:Journal des savants
569:on 7 November 2015
272:32 (1928), 209214.
234:Modern recognition
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139:
107:. His first book,
101:
54:Andry was born in
29:
534:978-0-679-75255-4
431:978-0-393-05083-7
386:978-0-226-66952-6
298:978-0-930405-47-2
136:Breeding of Worms
98:Breeding of Worms
76:Collège de France
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565:. Archived from
563:"About the AAOS"
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503:Inkle and Yarico
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215:cultural studies
207:Inkle and Yarico
188:Frontispiece of
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600:on May 19, 2012
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509:54 (2002), 396.
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484:J. B. Kirkup, "
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399:Punnet, 493-94.
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551:11 (2003), 82.
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602:. Retrieved
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571:. Retrieved
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36:parasitology
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631:1742 deaths
626:1658 births
190:Orthopaedia
178:Orthopædia.
143:spermatozoa
40:orthopedics
620:Categories
573:12 January
466:Orthopædia
462:Orthopædia
410:Gee, Henry
252:References
170:Orthopédie
164:Orthopædia
117:microscope
60:priesthood
44:Orthopédie
594:abjs.org/
523:. trans.
174:neologism
172:, then a
160:in 1724.
590:"Awards"
412:(2004).
125:smallpox
604:May 16,
198:sapling
531:
428:
383:
295:
244:, the
460:From
422:35–36
88:Worms
72:Paris
68:Reims
606:2012
575:2010
529:ISBN
426:ISBN
381:ISBN
293:ISBN
70:and
56:Lyon
38:and
488:,"
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389:.
301:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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